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  • Articles  (630,579)
  • Springer  (547,413)
  • Wiley  (46,487)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)  (28,225)
  • Public Library of Science  (8,454)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (521,251)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on the adsorption of some cationic dyes onto acrylamide/itaconic acid hydrogels (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 745-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acrylamide/itaconic acid (AAm/IA) hydrogels prepared by irradiating with γ radiation were used in experiments on the adsorption of some cationic dyes such as basic red 9 (BR 9), basic green 4 (BG 4), cresyl violet (CV), and basic blue 20 (BB 20). Adsorption of the cationic dyes onto AAm/IA hydrogels is studied by batch adsorption technique. In the experiments of the adsorption, Langmiur type adsorption in the Giles classification system was found. Monolayer coverages for AAm/IA hydrogel-dye systems were calculated by using B point method. Adsorption studies indicated that monolayer coverages of AAm/IA hydrogel by these dyes were increased with following order; BB 20〉CV〉BR9〉BG 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338639
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of styrene by diphenylzinc-additive systems (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Styrene was polymerized using combined systems of diphenylzinc, Ph2Zn, and metallocene compounds activated by methylaluminoxane, MAO. From the various metallocenes employed bis (indenyl) zirconium dichloride, Ind2ZrCl2, [isopropyl (cyclopentadienyl) (1-fluorenyl)] zirconiumdichloride, i-Pr (Flu) (Cp) ZrCl2, and bis (cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride, Cp2TiCl2, produced the larger amounts of polymer. Ph2Zn-Cp2TiCl2-MAO system gave polystyrene, PSt, whose DSC analysis indicated a major endotherm peak at 256°C. A butanone insoluble fraction of the polymer was separated from the crude PSt. The proportion of insoluble polymer depends on the metallocene employed and on the conversion to polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313813
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotactic polymerization of propylene with zirconocene catalysts in the presence of a lewis base (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of propylene was carried out at 0°C in the presence of methyl methacrylate(MMA) or ethyl benzoate(EB) using rac-Et(Ind)2ZrMe2 or rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 as catalyst, which resulted in highly isotactic poly(propylene) with [mmmm]〉98%, Tm=160–161°C and very few 1,3- or 2,1 regioirregular units. With the use of an achiral zirconocene Cp2ZrMe2, a polymer with Tm=139°C was resulted as well. Base on these experimental fact that the zirconocene can form a C1-symmetrical complex with a Lewis base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313815
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly active rare earth catalysts for the solution polymerization of ε-caprolactone (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By using γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) as the reaction media, highly active catalysts--light rare earth chloride-epoxidy-γ--BL-for the solution polymerization of ε-caprolactone, have been obtained for the first time. With these catalyst, PCL with molecular weight as his as 40x104(Mv) can be prepared at 60°C for 1.5 hr. The amount of epoxide in catalyst solution, catalyst aging temperature and time affect the catalyst activity significantly. The mechanism study shows that in γ-BL, the weakening of Ln-Cl bonds by the donation of coordinated γ-BL with Ln3+ and the homogenous effect promote the reaction between light rare earth chloride and epoxide. The produced rare earth alkoxide initiates CL polymerization via a ‘coordination-insertion’ mechanism with Acyl-oxygen bond cleavage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313814
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer films by the attachment of triethoxysilane functionality (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Triethoxysilane groups were covalently attached onto the surface of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer film via a urethane linkage through reaction between the hydroxyl groups in EVOH and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. This reaction was confirmed by ATR-IR and XPS analysis. XPS results also indicated that this reaction was not surface sensitive and the modified layer was at least 40 Å in depth. The modified film samples were further reacted with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) for partial hydrolysis and condensation and XPS results showed a significant increase in the contents of oxygen and silicone on the surface which confirmed the above reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313818
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of poly(6-vinyl-1,4-benzodioxane) (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title monomer was synthesized from the corresponding aldehyde via a Wittig reaction. The monomer was polymerized using free radical initiation and its high field 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded. When analyzed in terms of stereochemistry the spectra showed poly(6-vinyl-1,4-benzodioxane) is an atactic polymer when synthesized via free radical initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313819
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual sorption of metal-ions on a crosslinked resin of 2-acrylamidoglycolic acid and 4-vinylpyridine (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A resin containing 4-vinylpyridine and 2-acrylamidoglycolic acid was synthesized by radical polymerization with subsequent crosslinking by N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The resin was characterized by elemental analyses and FT-IR spectroscopy. The ability of this resin as well as both crosslinked homopolymers to bind Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) and U(VI) was studied at different pHs depending on the metal ion. From pH=2 U(VI) was sorbed above 96% from an aqueous solution of 1.0 g/L. A dual sorption mechanism to U(VI) depending on the pH is suggested. The elution of the metal ions from the loaded resins was assayed with H2SO4 and Na2CO3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294121
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the sulfide group on photopolymerization kinetics of di(meth)acrylates (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photopolymerization of four analogous monomers: 2,2′-thiobisethanol diacrylate and its dimethacrylate plus 2,2′-oxybisethanol diacrylate and its dimethacrylate has been studied by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over a range of incident light intensities. The results obtained prove that the sulfide group accelerates polymerization both in the presence and absence of oxygen and enhances the conversion. The light intensity exponents for each monomer were determined and the mechanism of termination was discussed. The intensity exponents of sulfur-containing monomers are lower than their corresponding oxygen analogues, pointing to a greater participation of the bimolecular termination during their polymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294122
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size distribution of polymers during the photoinitiated free-radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Photoinitiated methyl methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MMA/EGDM) copolymerization has been investigated in toluene at a monomer concentration of 35 w/v %. Diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide (DPTPO) was used as a photoinitiator at 0.3 wt% concentration. Monomer conversions and the size distribution of the polymer molecules were measured as a function of the reaction time up to the onset of macrogelation. Compared to the photoinitiators benzoin or benzoin derivatives, gelation process proceeds at much higher rates in the presence of DPTPO. The size distribution curves obtained by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) change from monomodal to bimodal distributions as the polymerization proceeds. Strongly bimodal SEC curves were obtained in the close vicinity of the gel point. This finding confirms the coagulation type gelation mechanism of compact primary particles. It also indicates that the present gelation theories cannot describe the structure dependent kinetics of free-radical crosslinking copolymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294123
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FT-Raman analysis of the effects of γ-radiation on nylon 6–12 filaments (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary FT-Raman spectroscopy of commercial amorphous and crystalline nylon 6–12 filaments subjected to various γ-radiation doses are presented. The results show that a difference exists in the interaction of γ-radiation with these polyamides, depending on the crystallinity which can be evaluated by measuring the CH-stretching/CH-bending Raman band intensity ratio as a function of applied γ-dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294125
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state NMR study of natural rubber blended with EVA and EVA modified with mercaptoacetic acid (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy involving magic angle spinning (MAS) techniques with and without cross-polarization was employed for interaction studies in natural rubber (NR)/EVA and NR/mercapto-modified EVA (EVASH) blends. From arrayed of variable contact time spectra, the proton T1ϱ values were determined at short contact times to analyze the EVA or EVASH domains and longer contact times to investigate the interactions in the NR domains. Substantial changes have been observed when dicumyl peroxide was employed as curing agent in NR/EVASH and NR/EVA/EVASH blends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294124
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermogravimetric analysis of starch-based biodegradable blends (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been shown to be a useful technique to determine the content of starch and other components that are usually present in blends of starch with synthetic polymers. However, some of these blends are composed of elements with an important superposition in their temperature degradation range. In these cases interpretation of the TGA results becomes quite difficult and usually important errors are committed in the determination of blend composition. We present here a method to improve the accuracy of the interpretation of TGA data. The analysis was developed to study blends containing starch, an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, and water plus glycerin as plasticizers. Using this procedure it is possible to predict blend composition with an error less than 3%, even when there is an appreciable superposition between the temperature degradation range of starch and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol). As the proposed method of analysis is quite general it may be extended to be used with other types of blends that give thermograms with similar characteristics to those described in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294126
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of polysulfone block copolymers containing polydimethylsiloxane (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of polysulfone-polydimethylsiloxane (PSU-PDMS)linear block copolymers has been carried out in solution by condensation of chloro-terminated bisphenol A, diphenylsulfone and α, ω-di (hydrogensilyl)-polydimethylsiloxane with Si−C bond. 1H-NMR spectra of the block copolymers allow the estimation of siloxane and polysulfone ratio. The molecular weight of the polysulfone and polysiloxane oligomers and the block copolymers was determined by GPC. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates a thermal stability of block copolymers up to 400°C and allows estimation of the process activation energy. Microphase separation of the block copolymers was observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318065
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibilization of PP/PBT and PP/PA6 blends with a new oxazoline-functionalized polypropylene (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of a novel oxazoline-functionalized polypropylene as a compatibilizer for PP/PBT and PP/PA6 blends. This polypropylene-based compatibilizer mixes well with the polypropylene and is capable of reacting with the carboxylic and amine end groups of PBT and PA6. Significant improvements in blend toughness were achieved without reduction in strength and stiffness. These effects were related to stabilized morphology of finely dispersed minor phase well attached to the matrix. The enhanced interfacial interactions between the two phases, in particular at high PBT content were evidenced by increased melt viscosity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318068
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miscibility of polyamide-6,6 with aromatic polyamides (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polyamides with aromatic rings in the main chain were synthesized by the solution polymerization of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in the presence of catalyst. The thermal properties and the miscibility behaviours with polyamide-6,6 of these aromatic polyamides were studied. The aromatic polyamides synthesized with one kind of dicarboxylic acid had typical thermal properties of crystalline polymers, whereas those synthesized with the mixtures of dicarboxylic acids were not easily crystallized. The observed miscibility behaviours showed some differences from those predicted by binary interaction model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318069
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miscibility and mechanical properties of aryl-aliphatic polyamides/nylon 6 molecular composites (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A series of aryl-aliphatic polyamides, copoly(4,4′-diaminobenzanilide-adipamide/2,6-naphthalamide)s, with feed mole ratios of adipic acid/2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid of 1/9, 3/7, and 5/5 were synthesized. A new family of molecular composites based on the synthesized aryl-aliphatic polyamides and nylon 6 has been discovered. The molecular composites were found to have at least partial miscibility between aryl-aliphatic polyamides and nylon 6. Well-defined aryl-aliphatic polyamide microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter were observed in the molecular composites. 10 wt% aryl-aliphatic polyamide clearly promoted the toughness of nylon 6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318070
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of ultrafine metal particles/polyurethane composites (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new type of coordination polyurethane was prepared by incorporating the transition metal ions into the pyridine containing thermoplastic polyurethane films. Then the metal ions dispersed in the polyurethane matrix were reduced by controlling the exposure of the metal sites to NaBH4 under mild condition. The reduction of the polyurethane metal complex films resulted in the production of amorphous ultrafine metal powders. The size of these powders was controlled by the content of the metal ions and the polarity of the polymer matrix. A polar polymer backbone and lower metal ion concentration favored to achieve a smaller particle. It was also found that the polymer chains prohibited the excessive aggregation of the metal atoms and have protective effect on the final metal powders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318071
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toughening mechanisms in modified epoxy resins with different crosslink densities (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crack-tip deformation has been investigated in pre-cracked samples of core-shell rubber particle modified epoxy resins with different degrees of crosslinking. Light cross linking resulted in cavitation of the modifier, the formation of croids and extensive crack-tip yielding, whereas these deformation mechanisms were suppressed at room T in highly crosslinked specimens. A zone of particle debonding was observed in these latter at high T, but this appeared detrimental to the toughness. Indeed it was possible to increase the toughness in this case by oxygen plasma treatment of the modifier particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318074
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenethyloxy)piperidine, an initiator for living free radical styrene polymerization (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An initiator for living free radical polymerization may be prepared by trapping the benzylic ethylbenzene radical with the stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) radical. The adduct, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenethyloxy)piperidine (TMPEP), smoothly undergoes thermal fragmentation at temperatures approaching 140° C to afford an active carbon radical capable of initiating polymerization and a passive mediating nitroxyl radical to reversibly cap and preserve the propagating polymer chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556804
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of association processes of d-fructose dehydrogenase onto liposome surfaces (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Association processes of D-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) onto surfaces of liposomes which were composed of N-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl)-L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamide and L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine or L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (1:9) were investigated by the fluorescence stopped-flow technique. The association processes were divided into two relaxation processes: the faster process whose apparent rate constant monotonously increased with the concentration of FDH, and the slower process whose rate constant showed a saturation behavior. Taking the number of binding sites on the liposome surface into consideration, the corrected association rate constant of the faster process was 4.4% of the theoretical value for a binary collision, probably due to a disadvantageous surface-searching and dehydration processes on the liposome and protein surfaces. The Arrhenius plots of the rate constants both for the faster and slower steps showed a discontinuous change around the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature of the liposomes. Strong influences of deformability of liposomes, and state of hydrating water molecules around polar heads, on the rate of association processes were suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318075
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ruthenium catalyzed copolymerization of 2-acetylphenanthrene and α,ω-dienes (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers with 2-aceto-1,3-phenanthrenylene units in the chain have been directly prepared by Ru catalyzed step-growth copolymerization of 2-acetyl phenanthrene and α,ω-dienes such as 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane. Copolymers which incorporate 2-aceto-1,3-phenanthrenylene units possess higher TgS and increased thermal stability compared to analogous copolymers which have 2-aceto-5-phenyl-1,3-phenylene(biphenyl) or 2-aceto-1,3-phenylene units. Fluorescence spectra of these copolymers have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556800
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and regeneration of reactive polymers bearing triphenylphosphine dichloride functional groups using triphosgene (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new methodology is described for the synthesis of reactive polymers bearing triphenylphosphine dichloride groups by the use of triphosgene. These materials show high reactivity for the room temperature conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzyl chloride. In one hour, yields higher than 90% were achieved using reactive copolymers with up to 25 w% divinylbenzene (DVB). The functional groups can be easily and efficiently regenerated using 1.0 mol of triphosgene for every 2.6 moles of phosphine in the polymer. Preliminary results showed up to 40% conversion of benzyl alcohol in column reactions using regenerated polymers at 5 to 10 min contact times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556799
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) produced byBacillus circulans (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 429-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The biosynthesis of poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) byBacillus circulans was carried out through cultivation in nutrient broth in a single step. $$\overline {\text{M}} {\text{v}}$$ of polymer fractions soluble in chloroform were close to 2 x 105. IR,1H and13C NMR spectra of the isolated PHB were in agreement with the assumed structure of this poly-β-hydroxyester. NMR spectroscopy pointed out a high percentage of isotactic polymer, while differential scanning calorimetry showed that the PHB was crystalline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556801
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    Polyacrylonitrile-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 437-442 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Graft copolymers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were synthesized by radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methacrylate-headed poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer. The macromonomer was prepared by reaction of methacryloyl chloride with PEO. The effects of solution concentration, initiator concentration and acrylonitrile/macromonomer molar ratio on the conversion, molecular weight and PEO branch content in the graft copolymer were studied. The graft copolymers were characterized by GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR and Kjeldhal method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556802
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    Copolymerization of 2,5-dimethyl-3-vinylthiophene with methyl methacrylate, styrene and isobutyl methacrylate (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 457-462 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title vinyl thiophene monomer was synthesized by dehydration of the corresponding secondary alcohol. Free radical initiated copolymerizations with methyl methacrylate, styrene or isobutyl methacrylate were performed and the copolymer compositions were used in the calculation of reactivity ratios. The data was analyzed via a nonlinear least squares error-in-variables method. The 2,5-dimethyl-3-vinylthiophene was shown to have equal or slightly less reactivity than each of the monomers chosen as comonomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556805
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    Synthesis and radical polymerization of novel vinyl monomers having the imidazoline and pyrimidine moiety (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 443-450 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alkylation of the methylene bridged tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives by chloromethylstyrene produces the bridged bis(4-vinylbenzyl)-1,4,5,6,-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts in high yields. Similar procedures are used to prepare 2-imidazolinium derivatives. The quaternary salts which support functional side groups of potential biomedical interest are characterized by means of spectroscopic methods. These monomers are readily polymerized free radically in solution of dimethyl formamide at moderate temperatures. The soluble and insoluble polymers containing 2-imidazolinium and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts were found to exhibit antibacterial activites againstEscherichia coli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556803
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  • 27
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    Synthesis, characterization of poly(allylamine)chelates with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 463-468 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The parent polymer, poly(allylamine) as ligand polymer was employed to synthesize polychelates of heavy metal ions. The functional poly(allylamine) and its Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) metal chelates were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, and SEM. For the polychelates magnetic and conductivimetry studies were also carried out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556806
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    Novel chemically amplified imaging materials containing malonate pendant groups (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 475-482 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new chemically amplified polymeric imaging system based on polymers containingt-butylmalonate pendant groups has been demonstrated. Both the homopolymer of di-t-butyl (vinylbenzyl)benzylmalonate and its copolymer with styrene have been tested in coatings containing a photoacid generator. Imaging experiments confirm that the materials have very high sensitivities when exposed to UV radiation near 250nm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556808
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  • 29
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    Preparation of new gels derived from poly(sucrose acrylate) with immobilized Cibacron Blue and their application in affinity chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 483-488 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New pseudoaffinity chromatography supports were prepared and characterized from poly(sucrose acrylate) crosslinked with MDI or TDI and Cibacron Blue dye as ligand. Blue gels were useful in the retention of albumin and the results are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556809
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  • 30
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    The effect of the ethylene pressure on its reaction with 1-hexene, 1-octene and 4-methyl-1-pentene (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 469-474 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers of ethylene and 1-hexexe, 1-octene and 4-methyl-1-pentene were obtained using Et[In]2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst at various pressures. The increase of 1-hexene and 1-octene concentration in the feed increases catalyst activity(g/nZr.h.bar) and productivity(g/nZr.h). For 4-methyl-1-pentene the activity is independent on comonomer concentration. Increasing the ethylene pressure the productivity of the copolymerization increases and the activity shows a weak decay. Characterization of the copolymer shows that at higher pressure the cristallinity of the copolymers is higher due to lower comonomer incorporation. There is a good linear correlation of cristallinity with comonomer concentration in the feed for 1-hexene and 1-octene at a fixed pressure, but not for 4-methyl-1-pentene.
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    Copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate with nickel acetylacetonate/methylaluminoxane catalyst system (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 423-429 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present work deals with copolymerization of styrene (STY) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) catalysed by nickel acetylacetonate - Ni(acac) 2 , employing methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. This catalyst system presented low catalyst activities for STY homopolymerization and very high activities for MMA. It seems that the catalyst system based on Ni(acac) 2 /MAO is effective for the copolymerization of MMA and STY to give block copolymer but it also produced polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymers. The polymers were characterized by 13 C NMR, GPC and FTIR. The polystyrene homopolymer was identified by IR and NMR analyses of the cyclohexane soluble fraction. The presence of absorption bands correspondent to carbonyl group and aromatic ring was observed in the IR spectrum of the acetic acid soluble part. This result is a clue that STY-MMA copolymer with low molecular weight was produced. The high molecular weight copolymer (acetic acid insoluble fraction) was also characterized by IR analysis which indicated the presence of characteristic absorption bands of carbonyl group and aromatic ring. These results were confirmed by 13 C NMR analysis.
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering from sodium hyaluronate in aqueous sodium chloride (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 555-562 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Four narrow-distribution samples of sodium hyaluronate with weight-average molecular weights M w of 3.8 × 103 to 1.1 × 104 in 0.02 and 0.1 M aqueous NaCl at 25°C have been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. Data for their z-average radii of gyration 〈S2〉z 1/2 and particle scattering functions P(θ), together with previous 〈S2〉z data from light scattering for high molecular weights, are compared with relevant theories for the wormlike chain with or without excluded volume, using the parameters estimated previously from intrinsic viscosity ([η]) data. It is shown that for M w lower than 1.1 × 104, 〈S2〉z, P(θ), and [η] of the polysaccharide in the aqueous salts are all consistently explained by this model without excluded volume.
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    Functional polythiiranes 8. Influence of the terminal group on the thermotropic behaviour of side chain liquid crystalline polythiiranes and identification of a crystalline phase (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 569-574 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three new side chain liquid crystalline polythiiranes were prepared with new substituants on the mesogenic groups. Their thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviour was studied by the usual techniques (DSC, X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy). Unlike the polyoxiranes described in the literature, the size of the terminal group has no influence on the nature of the mesophases of polythiiranes ; only slight changes of the transition temperatures were observed. In this series of polymers, a phase, denoted X, appeared at temperatures below the smectic E phase, and could not be identified by usual characterization techniques. An isothermal kinetic study for the smectic E / X phase transition resulted in an Avrami exponent close to 1, suggesting a one-dimensional ordering occurred during the transformation from the smectic phase. This result, combined with other observations, helped us to assign the X phase to the crystalline phase.
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    Properties of PVC-titania hybrid materials prepared by the sol-gel process (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 583-590 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid materials from Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and titania were prepared using sol-gel technique. In-situ generation of titania network in the PVC matrix was carried out by introducing required amounts of tetrapropylorthotitanate (TPOT) followed by hydrolysis/condensation of TPOT in the matrix. Homogeneous and semi-transparent films were obtained by casting and solvent evaporation. Mechanical properties of these films up to 15 wt. % titania contents were studied. The results showed an increase in the Young's modulus, length at rupture and toughness of the unplasticised PVC. However, the tensile strength and stress at break point decreased with the addition of titania contents. Thermal stability of the material was studied using dehydrochlorination (DHCl) technique and thermogravimetric analysis. The PVC samples with small amount of titania were found to be more stable as compared with the pure PVC.
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    An improvement of the Mc Bain's microbalance to study transport of solvent vapours into polymeric films (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 591-598 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: SUMMARY The sorption characteristics of benzene and cyclohexane vapours in the poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) with well defined structure were measured using an improved version of the Mc Bain's microbalance. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for the different vapour activities from the kinetics of solvent uptake, i.e. the sorption isotherms over time. Sorption and diffusion coefficients measured, showed a strong dependence of the applied vapour activity. The obtained transport parameters were discussed with regard to the polymer structure. Based on the sorption and diffusion data, the pervaporation performance of the PUU-based membrane in separation of the benzene/cyclohexane mixtures was predicted and compared with the experimental pervaporation characteristic.
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    Isospecific polymerization of styrene with supported nickel acetylacetonate/methylaluminoxane catalysts (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 689-694 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of styrene with catalysts based on Ni(acac)2 supported on SiO2 and Al2O3 was investigated. Using catalysts based on MAO supported on silica, a highly isotactic polystyrene was obtained. Nevertheless, the Al2O3-supported catalyst can promote isospecific polymerization activated by common. alkyl aluminum compounds even by any prior support treatment with MAO.
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    Synthesis of polymer having β,β-triketone unit in the main chain and its copper (II) complex (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 701-706 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel polymer having β,β-triketone unit in the main chain was prepared by polycondensation of triethylene glycol bis(p-butoxycarbonylphenyl) ether (1) with triethylene glycol bis(p-acetylacetophenyl) ether (4). The obtained polymer was soluble in CHCl3, DMF, and DMSO. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by 1H-NMR. Insoluble brownish yellow copper (II) chelate was obtained by adding a methanol solution of copper (II) acetate to a chloroform solution of the polymer. The IR analysis and the measurement of copper content by iodometric titration showed the quantitative formation of binuclear copper (II) complex.
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  • 38
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    Synthesis and polymerization of 1-trimethylsiloxy- or 1-triphenylsiloxysilacyclobutanes (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 715-720 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Synthesis and polymerization behavior of 1-trimethylsiloxy- or 1-triphenylsiloxy-silacyclobutane derivatives were studied. These monomers gave polymers with reasonably high molecular weight by platinum catalyst like platinum 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisfloxane complex. Side-chain smectic, liquid crystalline polymer was obtained from 1-methyl-1-[3-{(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yl)oxy}propyl]dimethylsiloxysilacyclobutane. In the polymerization by butyllithium or phenyllithium, monomers corresponding to the amounts of the initiator were consumed, but no polymers were formed. Apparently, elimination of the trimethylsiloxy or triphenylsiloxy group occurred in the nucleophilic attack of the initiator or propagating species on the silicon atom of the monomer.
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    Preliminary investigations on polymerization catalysts composed of lanthanocene and methylaluminoxane (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 729-734 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: (Keywords: lanthanocene; methylaluminoxane; polymerization; butadiene; isoprene; styrene.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of butadiene(Bd), isoprene(Ip) and styrene(St) has been examined using the six catalyst systems composed of lanthanocene, (C5H9Cp)2NdCl(I), (C5H9Cp)2SmCl(II), (MeCp)2Sm OAr'(III), (Ind)2NdCl(IV), Me2Si(Ind)2NdCl(V) and (Flu)2NdCl(VI), and methylaluminoxane(MAO) respectively. All of them can be used to form the polyisoprene with molecular weights of 1 to 10 thousand and cis-1,4-unit contents of 41 to 47%. (I), (II) and (III) of them can be also used to form the polybutadiene with molecular weights of 10 to 20 thousand and cis-1,4-unit contents of 62 to 78%. In addition, the catalysts from (II) to (V) are still active for St polymerization and (II) of them gives a syndio -rich random polystyrene. It is noteworthy that (II) and (III) are active for homopolymerization of Bd, Ip and St in the same polymerization condition.
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  • 40
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    Phase transition of 2,3-O-methylcellulose (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 741-747 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this work, a series of 2,3-O-methylcellulose (MC) with different DS value were prepared. Its phase transition behavior in aqueous solution was studied in terms of DS value, concentration and molecular weight. The the following conclusions were obtained. (1) All the 2,3-O-MC samples show no sol-gel transition in aqueous solution despite the molecular weight. (2) No phase separation was observed for the 2,3-O-MCs with a DS value lower than 1.0, even when the temperature was raised to 95°C. (3) The precipitation temperature is surprisingly different between 2,3-O-MCs. and other MCs possessing comparable total DS value. (4) The precipitation temperature of 2,3-O-MCs depends on the molecular weight rather than on the concentration.
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  • 41
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    Polyacrylamide obtained by plasma-induced polymerization for a possible application in enhanced oil recovery (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 757-764 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultrahigh molecular weight polyacrylamides (PAAM) were obtained by plasma-induced polymerization in water solutions. The influenceof monomer concentration, sealing pressure, initiation time and post polymerization period on polymer yield and molecular weight were investigated. The viscosity and “screen factor” measurements, as well as the thermally stimulated depolarization currents spectroscopic data of the synthesized polymers, indicate good properties as efficient viscosity modifiers in displacement of fluids for enhance oil recovery (EOR).
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  • 42
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    The relaxation behavior of amorphous PET in global chain orientation but nearly random segmental orientation (GOLR) state (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 40 (1998), S. 773-778 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this report, the relaxation behavior of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in global chain orientation but nearly random segmental orientation (GOLR) state is studied by infrared dichroism, optical birefringence and hot shrinkage measurements at temperatures below or up PET's glass transition temperature, Tg. The results indicate that the difference in the relaxing rate between global chains and segments is at least in ∼ 102 times order above PET's Tg (∼ 84°C), with a rough approximation; while the sudden decrease of small Δn of the sample (∼ 10−4) upon being treated at about 85 ∼ 90°C, implies us that the small Δn is closely related with the orientation of global chains.
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    In memoriam: Reimund Stadler, Editor of Polymer Bulletin (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 129-130 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 44
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    High molecular weight polyurethanes and a polyurethane urea based on 1,4-butanediisocyanate (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New biomedical polyurethanes and a polyurethane urea based on Ε-caprolactone and 1,4-butanediisocyanate have been developed. On degradation, only non-toxic products are produced. The polyurethane urea with poly(Ε-caprolactone) soft segments and butanediisocyanate/butanediamine hard segments shows a high tensile strength, a high modulus and a high resistance to tearing but as a result of the strong interactions between the solvent and the polymer processing is difficult. When butanediamine is replaced by butanediol in the chain extension step, a processible polyurethane is obtained but the polymer lacks the desired mechanical properties for biomedical applications. By chain extending with a longer urethane diol block, a processible polymer was obtained with mechanical properties comparable to the polyurethane urea. This polyurethane has been made porous and can be used as a meniscal prosthesis.
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    Inversion of stereoselectivity in 1,3-butadiene polymerization with a niobium catalyst induced by a change in the solvent system (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 175-182 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Catalytic 1,3-butadiene polymerization systems can be obtained with the new complex [NbO(C16H11O6 −)(C2O4 2−)] as a catalyst. When the catalysis occurs in a homogeneous medium (toluene as a solvent) in conjunction with AlEt2Cl, cis-1,4-polybutadiene is obtained. A remarkable inversion of stereoselectivity has been observed when the catalysis is carried out in a two phase system with the molten salt AlCl3.1-methyl-3-n-butyl-imidazolium chloride (MBIC) as a solvent and AlEt2Cl as a cocatalyst, giving the trans 1,4-polybutadiene.
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    Use of branched aliphatic linkers for the preparation of selective chiral media for the HPLC separation of enantiomers (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Highly branched aliphatic molecules have been used for the first time as tethers in the preparation of polymeric chiral stationary phases. Attachment of a specifically designed chiral selector to organic porous polymer beads through a branched linker substantially increases the enantioselectivity compared to that of the equivalent separation medium with a traditional linear tether.
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  • 47
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    An EPR study of polysaccharide copper(II) complexes in composite dextran/epichlorohydrin gels (1998)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The EPR spectra of composite dextran and carboxymethyldextran gels were studied in order to identify the functional groups involved in copper(II) complexation depending on pH. The porous structure resulting from crosslinking of polymer chains of dextran, via epichlorohydrin, forces the immobilization of Cu2+ ions surrounded by different oxygen groups of the polymer gel matrix. The different polynuclear structures are postulated to be formed depending on the type of polysaccharide derivatives. The results indicate that carboxyl and deprotonated hydroxyl groups participate in the complex formation.
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    Electronic absorption spectroscopy of liquid systems containing polystyrene and polyacrylonitrile 1. Individual polymer solutions (1998)
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    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 207-213 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Individual polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solutions in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy. Upon increasing the polymer concentration in the PS-DMF binary system a bathochromic shift of the band at about 260 nm was found. This spectral effect could be explained by an association of PS phenyl groups and/or by a complex formation between DMF and PS. The UV spectrum of PAN in DMF solution was interpreted in terms of the variety of possible donor-acceptor complex formations. The specific intermolecular interactions in the investigated binary liquid systems were discussed on the basis of the spectral data.
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    Swelling behavior of emulsion polymer particles: comparison between fully cross-linked and partially cross-linked poly(acrylate) latexes (1998)
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    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 231-237 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurement of swelling is used to estimate the extent of cross-linking of latex particles prepared by emulsion polymerization. In this paper we report swelling data as a function of solvent activity for two latexes: (1) a poly(butylacrylate) (PBA) latex, and (2) a poly(isodecylacrylate) latex. In the latter case comparison is made between the swelling behavior of fully cross-linked, i.e., networks without free polymer chains, and partially cross-linked latexes. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium swelling properties are only slightly affected by the presence of uncross-linked chains. Swelling gives reliable results for the cross-link density only if the latex does not contain free chains.
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    The strength of the tailored polymer/inclusion interface in polymer composites evaluated in situ by acoustic emission (1998)
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    Polymer bulletin 41 (1998), S. 247-252 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A correlation between interface strength and data of acoustic emission measurements in particle filled polymer composites was found. The method allows the evaluation of the interface strength in situ in polymer composite specimens at uniaxial loading. The measurements have shown that the tailored interface with the monomolecular tethered polymer layers of various grafting density change the mechanism of microdefect formation.
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    Explicit duality for convex homogeneous programs (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 176-191 
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    Notes: Abstract When all the functions that define a convex program are positively homogeneous, then a dual convex program can be constructed which is defined in terms of the primal data only (the primal variables do not appear). Furthermore, the dualizing process, carried out on the dual program, yields the primal. Several well-known examples of convex programs with explicit duals are shown to be special cases.
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    Optimized relative step size random searches (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 230-244 
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    Notes: Abstract New results concerning the family of random searches as proposed by Rastrigin are presented. In particular, the random search with reversals and two optimized relative step size random searches are investigated. Random searches with reversals are found to be substantially better than their counterparts. A new principle of updating the step size for this family of searches is proposed.
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    On generalizing shapley's index theory to labelled pseudomanifolds (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 245-262 
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    Notes: Abstract For a bimatrix game one may visualize two bounded polyhedronsX andY, one for each player. OnX × Y one may visualize, as a graphG, the set of almost-complementary points (see text). $$\bar G$$ consists of an even number of nodes, one for each complementary point (one for the origin, others corresponding to extreme points which are equilibrium points); arcs (extreme point paths of almost complementary points); and possibly loops (paths with no equilibrium points). Shapley has shown that one may assign indices (+) and (−) to nodes, and directions called (+) and (−) to arcs or loops in such a way that, leaving a (+) node one moves always in a (+) direction, terminating at a (−) node. Indices and directions for a point are determined knowing only the point. In this paper, these concepts are generalized to labelled pseudomanifolds. An integer labelling of the vertices identifies theG-set of almost-completely labelled simplexes. It is shown that in order for theG-set of any labelling to be directed as above it is necessary and sufficient that the pseudomanifold be orientable. Realized examples for situations of current interest are also developed.
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    On triangulations for computing fixed points (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 322-346 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces theoretical measures of efficiency for triangulations used in computing fixed points. The measures, for both regular triangulations ofR n and those with continuous refinement of grid size, are based on an average count of the number of simplices met by straight line segments. The computation of these measures is facilitated by a description of the facets as well as the vertices of a triangulation. We give a simple description of a modification of Eaves' and Saigal's K3 and compute the measures of efficiency of three regular triangulations ofR n and two triangulations of (0, 1] ×R n with continuous refinement of grid size, including the modified K3.
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    Integer programming approaches to the travelling salesman problem (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 367-378 
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    Notes: Abstract The availability of an LP routine where we can add constraints and reoptimize, makes it possible to adopt an integer programming approach to the travelling-salesman problem. Starting with some of the constraints that define the problem we use either a branching process or a cutting planes routine to eliminate fractional solutions. We then test the resulting integer solution against feasibility and if necessary we generate the violated constraints and reoptimize until a “genuine” feasible solution is achieved. Usually only a small number of the omitted constraints is generated. The generality of the method and the modest solution times achieved leads us to believe that such an LP approach to other combinatorial problems deserves further consideration.
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    Mathematical programming study 4 (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 409-412 
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    Convergence conditions for restarted conjugate gradient methods with inaccurate line searches (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 32-51 
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    Notes: Abstract Convergence properties of restarted conjugate gradient methods are investigated for the case where the usual requirement that an exact line search be performed at each iteration is relaxed. The objective function is assumed to have continuous second derivatives and the eigenvalues of the Hessian are assumed to be bounded above and below by positive constants. It is further assumed that a Lipschitz condition on the second derivatives is satisfied at the location of the minimum. A class of descent methods is described which exhibitn-step quadratic convergence when restarted even though errors are permitted in the line search. It is then shown that two conjugate gradient methods belong to this class.
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    Feasible directions algorithms for optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 67-80 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper two algorithms, of the feasible-directions and dual feasible-directions type, are presented for optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. An associated problem, having only inequality constraints, is defined, and shown to be equivalent to the original problem if a certain parameter is sufficiently large. The algorithms solve the associated problem, but incorporate a method for automatically increasing this parameter in order to ensure global convergence to a solution to the original problem. Any feasible directions algorithm can be similarly modified to enable it to handle equality constraints.
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    Superlinearly convergent variable metric algorithms for general nonlinear programming problems (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 263-282 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper sufficient conditions for local and superlinear convergence to a Kuhn—Tucker point are established for a class of algorithms which may be broadly defined and comprise a quadratic programming algorithm for repeated solution of a subproblem and a variable metric update to develop the Hessian in the subproblem. In particular the DFP update and an update attributed to Powell are shown to provide a superlinear convergent subclass of algorithms provided a start is made sufficiently close to the solution and the initial Hessian in the subproblem is sufficiently close to the Hessian of the Lagrangian at this point.
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    The Mathematical Programming Society (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 301-301 
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    Bilinear programming: An exact algorithm (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 173-194 
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    Notes: Abstract The Bilinear Programming Problem is a structured quadratic programming problem whose objective function is, in general, neither convex nor concave. Making use of the formal linearity of a dual formulation of the problem, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality, and an algorithm to find an optimal solution.
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    On the existence and uniqueness of solutions in nonlinear complementarity theory (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 110-130 
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    Notes: Abstract A complementarity problem is said to be globally uniquely solvable (GUS) if it has a unique solution, and this property will not change, even if any constant term is added to the mapping generating the problem. A characterization of the GUS property which generalizes a basic theorem in linear complementarity theory is given. Known sufficient conditions given by Cottle, Karamardian, and Moré for the nonlinear case are also shown to be generalized. In particular, several open questions concerning Cottle's condition are settled and a new proof is given for the sufficiency of this condition. A simple characterization for the two-dimensional case and a necessary condition for then-dimensional case are also given.
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    Quadratic termination properties of Davidon's new variable metric algorithm (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 141-147 
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    Notes: Abstract Davidon [1] provides a variable metric algorithm for minimization calculations that achieves quadratic termination without any line searches by a method that uses positive definite second derivative approximations. We give a new and elementary proof of these termination properties. It shows the great freedom allowed by the algorithm in the choice of search directions and it explains the effect of a restart procedure.
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    The Mathematical Programming Society (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 155-155 
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    The zero pivot phenomenon in transportation and assignment problems and its computational implications (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 226-240 
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    Notes: Abstract Transportation and assignment models have been widely used in many applications. Their use was motivated, among other reasons, by the existence of efficient solution methods and their occurrence as sub-problems in the solution of combinatorial problems. A previous study [10] observed that, in large-scale Transportation and Assignment Problems, 95 percent of the pivots were zero or degenerate pivots. This study investigates the ratio of zero pivots to the total number of pivots and verifies the above observation under conditions of small rim variability. Rules are introduced that pay special attention to the zero pivot phenomenon, and significantly reduce CPU time in both phase-1 (generating the initial basic feasible solution) and in phase-2 (selecting the variable leaving the base and the variable entering the base). When these rules were applied, they reduced the CPU time substantially: a 500×500 assignment problem was solved in 1.3 seconds.
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    Matrix factorizations in optimization of nonlinear functions subject to linear constraints — an addendum (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 279-280 
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    The use of augmented lagrangian functions for sensitivity analysis in nonlinear programming (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 281-284 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear programming ; Augmented Lagrangian functions ; Sensitivity analysis
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    Constructive proofs of theorems relating to:F(x) = y, with applications (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 328-343 
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    Notes: Abstract Some theorems are given which relate to approximating and establishing the existence of solutions to systemsF(x) = y ofn equations inn unknowns, for variousy, in a region of euclideann-space E n . They generalize known theorems. Viewing complementarity problems and fixed-point problems as examples, known results or generalizations of known results are obtained. A familiar use is made of homotopies H: E n × [0, 1]→E n of the formH(x, t) = (1 −t)F 0 (x) + t[F(x) − y] where theF 0 in this paper is taken to be linear. Simplicial subdivisionsT k of E n × [0, 1] furnish piecewise linear approximatesG k toH. The basic computation is via the generation of piecewise linear curvesP k which satisfyG k (x, t) = 0. Visualizing a sequence {T k } of such subdivisions, with mesh size going to zero, arguments are made on connected, compact limiting curvesP on whichH(x, t) = 0. This paper builds upon and continues recent work of C.B. Garcia.
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    A practicable steepest-edge simplex algorithm (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 361-371 
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    Keywords: Simplex Method ; Linear Programming ; Steepest-edge ; LU Factorization
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that suitable recurrences may be used in order to implement in practice the steepest-edge simplex linear programming algorithm. In this algorithm each iteration is along an edge of the polytope of feasible solutions on which the objective function decreases most rapidly with respect to distance in the space of all the variables. Results of computer comparisons on medium-scale problems indicate that the resulting algorithm requires less iterations but about the same overall time as the algorithm of Harris [8], which may be regarded as approximating the steepest-edge algorithm. Both show a worthwhile advantage over the standard algorithm.
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    The Mathematical Programming Society (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 423-423 
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    On monotonicity in parametric linear complementarity problems (1977)
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    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 60-66 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper generalizes the answers that were given by R.W. Cottle to questions that were originally raised by G. Maier. Essentially, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for some notions of monotonicity of solutions for the parametric linear complementarity problem. Our proofs are direct ones and not algorithmic, as Cottle's proofs are, and also cover a broader class of matrices.
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    Progressive global random search of continuous functions (1978)
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    Mathematical programming 15 (1978), S. 330-342 
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    Keywords: Global Optimization ; Random Search ; Convergence ; Sequential Minimization ; Lipschitz Functions ; Stochastic Programming
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    Notes: Abstract A sequential random search method for the global minimization of a continuous function is proposed. The algorithm gradually concentrates the random search effort on areas neighboring the global minima. A modification is included for the case that the function cannot be exactly evaluated. The global convergence and the asymptotical optimality of the sequential sampling procedure are proved for both the stochastic and deterministic optimization problem.
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    Tenth International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (1978)
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    Mathematical programming 15 (1978), S. 364-364 
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    Least distance methods for the scheme of polytopes (1978)
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    Mathematical programming 15 (1978), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: APL-Codes ; Polytope ; Point Set ; Vertices ; Faces ; Facets ; Quadratic Programming ; Distance ; Decomposition
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    Notes: Abstract Methods are described and APL-codes are supplied to find vertices, edges, other faces and facets of polytopes given by point sets. The basic subroutine is a simplicial decomposition version of least distance, i.e. quadratic, programming. Computational experience indicates high efficiency.
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    Tenth International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 261-261 
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    On a class of least-element complementarity problems (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 111-126 
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    Keywords: Least Element ; Linear Complementarity ; Quadratic Programs ; Special Structure ; Applications ; Computational Experience
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    Notes: Abstract The present paper studies the linear complementarity problem of finding vectorsx andy inR + n such thatc + Dx + y ≧ 0,b − x ≧ 0 andx T (c + Dx + y) = y T (b − x) = 0 whereD is aZ-matrix andb 〉 0. Complementarity problems of this nature arise, for example, from the minimization of certain quadratic functions subject to upper and lower bounds on the variables. Two least-element characterizations of solutions to the above linear complementarity problem are established first. Next, a new and direct method to solve this class of problems, which depends on the idea of “least-element solution” is presented. Finally, applications and computational experience with its implementation are discussed.
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    Editorial policy (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 139-139 
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    An algorithm for a piecewise linear model of trade and production with negative prices and bankruptcy (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 190-209 
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    Keywords: Algorithm ; Piecewise Linear ; Complementary Pivot ; Equilibrium Model ; Trade ; Production Prices ; Linear Programming ; Fixed Point Methods
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    Notes: Abstract The general equilibrium model is approximated as a piecewise linear convex model and solved from the point of view of welfare economics using linear programming and fixed point methods.
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    Referees 1978 (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 260-260 
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    The Mathematical Programming Society (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 263-263 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582115
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    On the solution of some (parametric) linear complementarity problems with applications to portfolio selection, structural engineering and actuarial graduation (1979)
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 325-347 
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    Keywords: Complementarity Problem ; Computational Results ; Structural Engineering ; Applications ; Portfolio Selection ; Actuarial Graduation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss three applications of a class of (parametric) linear complementarity problems arising independently from such diverse areas as portfolio selection, structural engineering and actuarial graduation. After explaining how the complementarity problems emerge in these applications, we perform some analytical comparisons (based on operation counts and storage requirements) of several existing algorithms for solving this class of complementarity problems. We shall also present computational results to support the analytical comparisons. Finally, we deduce some conclusions about the general performance of these algorithms.
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    Some recent results inn-person game theory (1971)
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    Mathematical programming 1 (1971), S. 58-67 
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    Notes: Abstract The discussion will center mainly on some work on two solution concepts: the core for gaines without side payments and the nucleolus for games with side payments (characteristic funtion games). The core has become an important equilibrium concept in mathematical economics. The nucleolus is related to the theory of bargaining sets.
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    Publications (1971)
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    Mathematical programming 1 (1971), S. 117-120 
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    The Mathematical Programming Society (1971)
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    Mathematical programming 1 (1971), S. 123-125 
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    Hybrid programs: Linear and least-distance (1971)
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    Mathematical programming 1 (1971), S. 153-167 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a quadratic program equivalent to the general problem of minimizing a convex quadratic function of many variables subject to linear inequality constraints. In previous work [12], one of us presented an algorithm related to such problems, and classified them under “combinatorial equivalence”. The classification contained linear programs at one end (where the function has zero quadratic part) and least-distance programs at the other. A least-distance program is a problem of finding a point of a convex polyhedron which is at least distance from a given point; such programs have been studied by one of us [15, 17] and were shown to correspond to that case of the general problem where the function has positive definite quadratic part. We now extend the work on least-distance programs to those programs intermediate between linear and least-distance (called “essentially bisymmetric” in [12]), and show that such programs are really “hybrids”, with traits inherited from both parent programs: linear and leastdistance.
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    An “out-of-kilter” algorithm for solving minimum cost potential problems (1971)
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    Mathematical programming 1 (1971), S. 275-290 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract An algorithm is given for solving the optimum potential problem, which is the dual of the classical “out-of-kilter” algorithm for flow problems. Moreover, a new proof of finiteness is provided, which holds even for non-rational data; it applies to all the algorithms of network theory which include a labeling process.
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    The 8th IFIP Conference on optimization techniques (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 199-199 
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    Editor's note (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 203-203 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580390
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    An existence theorem for solutions tof(x) = 0 (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 252-262 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract InR 1, if a continuous function has opposite signs at the endpoints of an interval, then the function has a zero in the interval. If the function has a nonvanishing derivative at a zero, then there is an interval such that the function has opposite signs at the endpoints. In this paper each of these results is extended toR n .
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    Fractional programming without differentiability (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 11 (1976), S. 283-290 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of quasi-differentiability is examined and related to fractional programming. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given and various other properties of quasi-differentiable functions are discussed. Differentiability is not assumed.
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    Projections in minimax algebra (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 111-123 
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    Notes: Abstract An axiomatic theory of linear operators can be constructed for abstract spaces defined over (R, ⊕, ⊗), that is over the (extended) real numbersR with the binary operationsx ⊕ y = max (x,y) andx ⊗ y = x + y. Many of the features of conventional linear operator theory can be reproduced in this theory, although the proof techniques are quite different. Specialisation of the theory to spaces ofn-tuples provides techniques for analysing a number of well-known operational research problems, whilst specialisation to function spaces provides a natural formal framework for certain familiar problems of approximation, optimisation and duality.
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    Council of the Mathematical Programming Society (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 137-137 
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    Editorial policy (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 144-144 
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    A set of geometric programming test problems and their solutions (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 192-213 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to provide a set of standard test examples for researchers working in the area of geometric programming and general nonlinear, continuous, nonconvex programming algorithms. The examples consist partly of applications of nonlinear programming that have appeared in the literature and partly of original geometric programming applications. Solutions to all the problems are provided as well as the starting points from which these solutions were computed. Other computationally important aspects such as tolerances and degree of accuracy with which these problems were solved, are also included.
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    Analytical solution of A dynamic transaction flow problem (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 214-229 
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    Notes: Abstract We analyze a mathematical programming model of a fractional flow process which consists ofn sectors and all possible time-dependent streams of flow between, into and out of the sectors. Assuming specific constraints on flow, least cost policies are determined for control of the system transactions involved over a given finite time horizon and over an infinite horizon. Several applications of the model are presented and discussed.
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    Quadratic duality over convex cone domains (1976)
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    Mathematical programming 10 (1976), S. 277-283 
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    Shadow prices in nonconvex mathematical programming (1980)
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 300-312 
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    Keywords: Equilibrium Prices ; Nonconvex Mathematical Programming ; Shadow Prices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a definition is proposed for the concept of shadow prices in nonconvex programming. For a nonlinear program with equality and inequality constraints, existence of these prices and bounds for their possible values are obtained under the Mangasarian—Fromowitz regularity condition. Their exact values and some continuity properties are obtained under the more restrictive linear independence regularity condition. A definition of equilibrium prices is also proposed. Under convexity assumptions, all definitions and results coincide with those already known on this subject in convex programming.
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    Infinite retrogression in the Eaves—Saigal algorithm (1980)
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 313-327 
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    Keywords: Retrogressing Paths ; Homotopy Method ; Fixed-point Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract For certain functionsf fromR n toR n , the Eaves—Saigal algorithm computes a path inR n × (0, 1] which converges to a zero off. In this case, it is shown that even whenf is of classC ∞ and has a unique zero, the converging path may retrogress infinitely many times.
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    Publications (1972)
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    Mathematical programming 2 (1972), S. 130-132 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01584539
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    An algorithm for solving linearly constrained optimization problems (1972)
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    Mathematical programming 2 (1972), S. 133-165 
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    ISSN: 1436-4646
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm for minimization of functions of many variables, subject possibly to linear constraints on the variables, is described. In it a subproblem is solved in which a quadratic approximation is made to the object function and minimized over a region in which the approximation is valid. A strategy for deciding when this region should be expanded or contracted is given. The quadratic approximation involves estimating the hessian of the object function by a matrix which is updated at each iteration by a formula recently reported by Powell [6]. This formula enables convergence of the algorithm from any feasible point to be proved. Use of such an approximation, as against using exact second derivatives, also enables a reduction of about 60% to be made in the number of operations to solve the subproblem. Numerical evidence is reported showing that the algorithm is efficient in the number of function evaluations required to solve well known test problems.
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