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  • Articles  (9)
  • planning  (9)
  • Springer  (9)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregate expenditure elasticity for transport and communication in Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Transportation 19 (1992), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: survey data ; transport ; demand ; expenditure ; elasticity ; income inequality ; projection ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract For the purpose of estimating Engel elasticity, one needs to find the best functional form among various alternatives. In this paper, a new function, which is called the double semi-log Engel function turns out to be the best functional form for the transport and communication items in Australia on the basis of the distance function (D2) criterion, and the non-nested hypothesis testing procedure. This function is then used to estimate total expenditure elasticity, and the percentage change in consumer demand due to changes in total expenditure and total expenditure inequalities; using the 1975–76 Household Expenditure Survey data. The results of the analyses demonstrate that transport and communication is a necessary item in Australia on the basis of two criteria, viz., its elasticity is not significantly greater than unity, and the percentage change in demand increases with a decrease of the total expenditure inequality [emphasised by Iyengar (I960)]. Policy implication of the analyses has also been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130773
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives (1995)
    Springer
    Transportation 22 (1995), S. 295-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: densities ; development ; environment ; externalities ; land-use ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand. Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed. The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling. A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01099474
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Things planners believe in, and things they deny (1997)
    Springer
    Transportation 24 (1997), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: travel demand ; planning ; public policy ; utility maximization ; psychoanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the economic theory of consumer behavior from the Modern Psychoanalytic point of view with a metaphor of (transport) planning as a backdrop. It is claimed that the utility maximization principle of economic theory, no matter how broadly interpreted, does not envelop the motivation of human behavior and that the economic explanation of the aims of human behavior, which disregards the "dark side" of man, will result in narrowly conceived plans and policies. The application of economic theory, and other social sciences, to public policy has led to disjointedness of data collection, method of analysis, and planning and implementation. This, combined with a tautological behavioral theory, has made the current planning and public policy procedures self-verifying, and issues an invitation for a new theoretical approach which is comprehensive, does not ignore complexity and the large "error term", and appreciates the unity of data collection, method of investigation, and process of implementation. It is argued that unsatisfactory performance of the transport system, large errors inherent in data and models, the inability of extant transportation planning and policy to address key issues successfully, the environmental problem, and the value of the individual all call for new kinds of skills from the planners and policy makers. Freud's dualistic formulation of instinctual drives -- the life and death instincts -- is used as the new framework of explanation. This theory is seen to offer a convincing, more realistic and deeper understanding of the forces motivating human behavior, and one which is more in accordance with observable facts. If applied, the theory will lead to significantly different planning processes and to a profoundly different approach to public policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017957016112
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transportation agencies experiences with decision support systems for airport ground access planning (1998)
    Springer
    Transportation 25 (1998), S. 37-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: airport ; decision support ; model ; planning ; rail extensions ; transit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article reports on a field investigation into the ways that transportation agencies use quantitative and qualitative information for making strategic decisions regarding airport ground access. The study analyzes the value of this information for planning airport ground access improvements at seven major international airport sites.The major finding of the research is that quantitative modeling for strategic decision support is very difficult, costly and time consuming. Modelers are confident that the models are accurate and reliable but executives generally lack confidence in the results. Transportation officials believe that the information supplied is flawed by a number of defects that minimize its value for strategic decision makers. The information defects described in this article provide an analysis of the structural difficulty of using quantitative modeling for transportation problems of strategic importance. To date, qualitative information is not frequently used, but some transportation agencies are considering its application to designing transportation services. Although this study is limited to airport ground access, the authors feel that this evidence, in conjunction with the evidence from other studies in the transportation area, dictates a need for wariness in the development of decision support systems for transportation planners. Developers of decision support systems for transportation planners must be aware of modeling costs and defects and consider how to improve the timeliness, relevance and credibility of information quantitative models provide transportation executives. Fundamentally it is important to recognize that decision makers tend, either singularly or in concert with other individuals or groups, to be the champions of a long-term vision for the community. When modeling produces inconsistent or wide ranging results that contradict their position, decision makers may not only discard modeling activities, but lose confidence in the models altogether. As a consequence, transportation planners are faced with the challenge of how to improve quantitative modeling. The most reliable and effective means for improvement is incorporation of qualitative techniques which provide greater understanding of customer perceptions and human behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004900508573
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis by an expert system of initial irrigation canal renovation project planning (1992)
    Springer
    Water resources management 6 (1992), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Irrigation ; expert-system ; project ; renovation ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Initial irrigation canal renovation project planning stages were specifically analyzed since these stages are not conventionally systematically performed. Following extensive interviews with project planning experts, two main observations surfaced, i.e., experts make plants to cope with estimated future degraded canal conditions rather than present conditions, and they heavily rely on a set of easily perceived logics between task completion effects. A model system is developed which is set into operation when a ‘present state list (vector)’, which includes seven values representing the results of a present condition evaluation, is input to the model. The larger the degree of observed problems, the larger the assigned values. The model system subsequently estimates a future state by adding estimated future degradation factors to values in the list. The actual project plan is considered as an aggregate of countermeasures (task elements) which reduce future troubles. A task element's effect is expressed by a task effect list which is subtracted from the future state list, with the smaller the remaining values, the better effect the task element has on the project. This process is repeated using a generic decision tree formed by various task elements to select the best, most effective set of task elements. Each element in the tree is also related to previously assigned monetary and environmental costs. The model then recommends several best combinations using the selected best task elements, thereby forming an entire set of project plans by calculating the combined effects of the selected result lists. This model system was applied to several irrigation canals in the Tone River Basin, Japan and produced practical results which showed good agreement with expected expert decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872357
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vegetative characteristics of urban land covers in metropolitan Tucson (1998)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 2 (1998), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: vegetation ; habitats ; wildlife ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this study we developed a methodology that associated land cover categories to aerial photographs. We selected 4, 42-mile (10 km2) study sites within metropolitan Tucson, Arizona for our pilot study. Land uses within these sites covered the range of landscapes found within Pima County, Arizona, although not necessarily in proportions representative of the metropolitan area. We designated land cover categories within the pilot sites based on recent (March, 1990) aerial photographs and developed a geographical information system (GIS) database of these land cover categories. We measured vegetation attributes on randomly selected samples within each land cover category and classified vegetation occurring on specific land cover categories according to the Brown et al. (1979) system. Our land cover classification system was nominal with a hierarchical structure, facilitating organization and providing flexibility for adding new categories. Our results showed that although neighborhood parks contained the greatest vegetated areas within our four study plots, very low density housing (≥4 acres/house), rivers whose banks were partially stabilized, naturally occurring washes (with no bank stabilization), and natural open space contained the highest percentage of native vegetation. Within our four study sites, low density housing (≥4 acres/house), rivers with partially stabilized banks, naturally occurring washes (no bank stabilization), and natural open space land cover categories contained the most area that was covered with vegetation providing escape cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009517312486
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use of Object-Oriented Modeling for Water Resources Planning in Egypt (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 243-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: water resources ; planning ; object-oriented programming ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Water problems are omnipresent and are already becoming a limiting factor in the development of many countries. Currently the balance between the available and required water in Egypt is fragile. Any movement away from the balancing point means either less ambitious economic development or depletion of the resources and degradation of the environment. The continuing revolution in computer hardware and software is expected to provide more insight into the water problems and to alleviate some of the future water crises. In this paper we have investigated potential benefits which can be accrued from the application of object-oriented modeling in water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007988424353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of robustness in water resource systems (1988)
    Springer
    Water resources management 2 (1988), S. 231-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Robustness ; performance ; planning ; operation ; trade-off ; dual variables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract System robustness is defined as a system's capability of adjusting its operation to accommodate changes in design conditions. To measure a system's performance under changes in the design conditions, an operation model is proposed. A robustness index in terms of the dual variables associated with the resource constraints of the operation model is suggested. For illustrating the proposed methodology, a simple example of a hypothetical agricultural expansion is used. Via a planning model, planning alternatives for this example are generated. Performance of the alternative plans measured in terms of achieved net benefits, and their robustness under various conditions of resource inputs, are determined. The conflict between system performance and robustness is investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424656
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sprawl tales: Maryland's Smart Growth Initiative and the evolution of growth management (1999)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 3 (1999), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: growth management ; smart growth ; land use ; planning ; environmental policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Over the last 25 years, momentum has grown for a policy response to issues raised by development and land use patterns at the urban-suburban-rural interface. Various states and municipalities throughout the country have experimented with legislative and planning approaches, often referred to as “growth management,” to address these land use issues. This paper examines one of the most recent steps in the evolution of growth management, the Smart Growth Initiative enacted by Maryland in April 1997. The paper addresses several questions: What is the Smart Growth Initiative and where does it fit in the evolution of growth management? What processes were used to incorporate diverse values and perspectives in developing the initiative? What are the prospects for its implementation? The paper briefly reviews growth management, its evolution over the last quarter century, and the use of stakeholder involvement and consensus-building processes for policy development. With this background, the Smart Growth Initiative is examined in detail, including the group processes employed to incorporate diverse values in both developing and implementing the initiative. Finally, the paper closes by placing the Smart Growth Initiative in the context of evolving growth management approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009527930434
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