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  • Articles  (488)
  • Fluorescence  (488)
  • Elsevier  (432)
  • Springer  (56)
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  • Physics  (488)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Fluorescence ; Optical ; Raman ; Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy will allow eradication of the disease prior to invasive cancer. At present, fluorescence spectroscopy offers the most realistic prospect of an early clinical system and is currently under evaluation. Optical coherence tomography can differentiate the layers of the oesophageal wall and has greater reolution than ultrasound. Although complicated, Raman spectroscopy offers the greatest information with possible development of a molecular endoscope.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Seminal plasma protein ; PDC-109 ; Membrane ; Fluorescence ; ESR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract PDC-109 is the major protein of bovine seminal plasma. It binds to the bovine sperm surface at ejaculation and modulates sperm capacitation. PDC-109 displays phosphorylcholine- and heparin-binding activities which are thought to account for its sperm surface coating and glycosaminoglycan-induced sperm capacitating activities, respectively. We have characterized the interaction of isolated PDC-109 with membranes of phospholipid vesicles using a biophysical approach. Our results show that PDC-109 interacts not only with the solvent-exposed phosphorylcholine head group but also with the hydrophobic core of liposomes. Binding of PDC-109 to membranes is a very rapid, biphasic process with half times of less than one second. Maximal binding of PDC-109 to small unilamellar vesicles was achieved with a stoichiometric ratio of 10–11 phosphatidylcholine molecules/PDC-109 molecule. Incorporation of phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine into phosphatidylcholine vesicles reduced the binding of PDC-109, suggesting that both the density of phosphorylcholine groups and the surface charge determine the interaction of the seminal plasma protein with the surface of the membrane. Electron spin resonance measurements showed that binding of PDC-109 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles caused a rigidification of the membrane. The relevance of the data for describing the role of PDC-109 in the modulation of sperm capacitation is discussed.
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  • 3
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 14-21 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Lanthanide chelate ; Probes ; Tissue selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new class of polyazamacrocyclic chelates of terbium is studied that have rich spectroscopic properties, tissue selectivity [1], millisecond fluorescence lifetimes, sharply spiked emission spectra (〈15 nm FWHM), large Stokes shifts (〉280 nm), good water solubility [1] and high fluorescence quantum yields (∼0.6 for PCTMB) [1]. We report our in vitro and ex vivo spectroscopic evaluation of these chelates. Additionally, results from cellular binding specificity studies using Sprague-Dawley rats with UMR 108 osteosarcomas are presented. Finally, endoscopic imaging of dosed tissue demonstrates the potential to use the Tb(III) chelates as contrast enhancement markers.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Melittin ; Permeability ; Cholesterol ; Lipid-protein interaction ; Fluorescence ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Melittin, an amphiphathic peptide, affects the permeability of vesicles. This can be demonstrated using the dye release technique. Calcein, a fluorescent marker, is trapped in large unilamellar 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles and melittin-induced leakage of the dye can be monitored directly by increasing fluorescence intensity. First, we characterized the effect of increasing cholesterol content in the membrane on melittin-induced leakage and our results reveal that cholesterol inhibits the lytic activity of the peptide. Using intrinsic fluorescence of the single tryptophan of melittin and 2H-NMR of headgroup deuterated phosphatidylcholine, we demonstrated that the affinity of melittin for phosphatidylcholine vesicles is reduced in the presence of cholesterol; this is associated with the tighter lipid packing of the cholesterol-containing bilayer. This reduced binding is responsible for the reduced melittin-induced leakage from cholesterol-containing membranes. The pathway of release was determined to be an all-or-none mechanism. Finally, we investigated the possibility of achieving specific membrane targeting with melittin, when vesicles of different lipid composition are simultaneously present. Melittin incubated together with vesicles made of pure POPC and POPC containing 30(mol)% cholesterol can empty nearly all the cholesterol-free vesicles while the cholesterol-containing vesicles remain almost intact. Owing to the preferential interaction of melittin with the pure POPC vesicles, we were able to achieve controlled release of encapsulated material from a specific vesicle population.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Hydrodynamics programs ; Bead modelling ; Fluorescence ; Birefringence ; Scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single-valued hydrodynamic coefficients of a rigid particle can be calculated from existing theories and computer programs for either bead models or ellipsoids. Starting from these coefficients, we review the procedures for the calculation of complex solution properties depending on rotational diffusion, such as the decays of electric birefringence and fluorescence anisotropy. We also describe the calculation of the scattering form factor of bead models. The hydrodynamic coefficients and solution properties can be combined to give universal, shape-dependent functions, which were initially intended for ellipsoidal particles, and are extended here for the most general case. We have implemented all these developments in a new computer program, SOLPRO, for calculation of SOLution PROperties, which can be linked to existing software for bead models or ellipsoids.
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  • 6
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Time-resolved confocal microscopy ; Porphyrins ; Fluorescence polarization ; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The application of a novel time-resolved confocal fluorescence microspectrometer to studies of the distribution and speciation of porphyrin photosensitizers in rat C6 cerebral glioma cells is described. The instrument combines a mode-locked argon ion laser excitation source with time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence detection and has sub-micron spatial and sub-nanosecond temporal resolution. The porphyrins studied were haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), haematoporphyrin IX (HP), porphyrinc (Pc) and the tetrakiscarborane carboxylate ester of 2,4-(α,β-dihydroxyethyl) deuteroporphyrin IX (BOPP). From the heterogeneous emission observed in vitro, assignments and spatial location of various porphyrin species are proposed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Energy transfor ; Oxytocin ; Vasopressin ; Distance distribution ; Time-resolved fluorescence ; Frequency-domain fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the fluorescence intensity decays of oxytocin and [Arg8]-vasopressin resulting from the single tyrosyl residue in each peptide, and the intensity decay of the Asu 1,6-analogues in which the disulfide bridge is substituted by a CH2-CH2 bridge. Viscosity-dependent steady state and intensity decay measurements indicated that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tyrosyl phenol to the disulfide bridge is responsible for the decrease in fluorescence relative to the Asu-analogues. The frequency-domain phase and modulation data for the tyrosyl donor were interpreted in terms of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the weakly absorbing disulfide bridge and a distribution of donor-to-acceptor distances. Energy transfer efficiencies were determined from both time-resolved and steady-state measurements. Fitting the frequency-domain phase and modulation data to a Gaussian distance distribution indicated that the average inter-chromophoric distance (Rav) is similar in both compounds, Rav=7.94 Å for oxytocin and Rav = 8.00 Å for vasopressin. However, the width of the distance distribution is narrower for vasopression (hw =2.80 Å) than for oxytocin (hw =3.58 Å), which is consistent with restriction of the tyrosine phenol motion due to its stacking with the Phe3 side chain of vasopressin. Finally, the recovered distance distribution functions are compared with histograms describing the distance between the chromophores during the course of long, in vacuo, molecular dynamics runs using the computer program CHARMm and the QUANTA 3.0 parameters.
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  • 8
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    European biophysics journal 24 (1996), S. 359-370 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Voltage-sensitive dyes ; Fluorescence ; Leech
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A single ganglion of the nervous system of the leechHirudo medicinalis was isolated. One or both roots emerging from each side of the ganglion were sucked into suction pipettes used either for extracellular stimulation or for recording the gross electrical activity. The ganglion was stained with the fluorescence voltage sensitive dye Di-4-Anepps. The fluorescence was measured with a nitrogen cooled CCD camera. Our recording system allowed us to measure in real time slow optical signals corresponding to changes in light intensity of at least 5‰. These signals were caused by the direct polarization of neuronal structures, the afterhyperpolarization or the afterdischarge induced by a prolonged stimulation. When images were acquired at fixed times, several of them could be averaged and optical signals of at least 2‰ could be reliably measured. These optical signals originated from well identified neurons, such as T, P and N sensory neurons. By taking images at different times and at different focal planes, electrical events could be followed at a temporal resolution of 50 Hz. The three dimensional dynamics of electrical events, initiated by a specific stimulation, was imaged and the spread of excitation among leech neurons was followed. When two roots were selectively stimulated, their neuronal interactions could be imaged and the linear and non-linear terms of the interaction could be characterized.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; anisotropy ; one-photon excitation ; two-photon excitation ; anisotropy spectra ; horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase ; time-resolved fluorescence ; proteins ; tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We examined the steady-state and time-resolved emission of liver alcohol dehydrogenase resulting from one-photon and two-photon excitation. Previous studies with one-photon excitation revealed that the two nonidentical tryptophan residues display different emission spectra and decay times. The use of two-photon excitation resulted in similar emission spectra, multiexponential intensity decays, time-resolved emission spectra, and anisotropy decays as was observed for one-photon excitation. These results suggest that both nonidentical tryptophan residues are excited to a similar extent for one- and two-photon excitation. However, the limiting anisotropy (r 0) with two-photon excitation from 585 to 610 nm is below 0.1 and appears distinct from that observed previously forN-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide.
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  • 10
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    Journal of fluorescence 6 (1996), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; microscopy ; imaging ; membrane fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An inexpensive, dual-wavelength, videoimaging system that can be used for parallel observation of two fluorescent dyes is described. All four filters, two for excitation and two for emission, are placed on the same oscillating holder. Filters are coupled with a single dichroic mirror having two spectral windows. A coil driven by an electronic circuit connected to photosensors, which determine the position of the holder, moves the magnet that shifts the position of the filters. Since the filter holder is placed between two springs, it oscillates with the frequency of mechanical resonance. As a result the filter switching did not require much power and did not produce significant vibrations of the base. Switching frequencies up to 4.5 s−1 were reached with the first experimental device. System performance was tested using phospholipid vesicles loaded with water-soluble and membrane dyes. It has been demonstrated that the device can be used successfully in experiments on membrane fusion with rhodamine- and calcein-labeled liposomes.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; quenching ; electron transfer ; time-resolved fluorescence ; frequency-domain fluorometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescence quenching of Nile Blue by amines is thought to be due to electron transfer to the excited dye molecule from the amine electron donor. We used electron transfer quenching of Nile blue byN,N-diethylaniline in propylene glycol as a model system for an interaction which depends exponentially on distance. We investigated the time dependence of the presumed distance-dependent process using gigahertz harmonic-content frequency-domain fluorometry. The frequency-domain data and the steady-state quantum yield were analyzed globally based on either the Smoluchowski-Collins-Kimball radiation boundary condition (RBC) model or the distancedependent quenching (DDQ) model, in which the rate of quenching depends exponentially on the flourophore-quencher distance. We performed a global analysis which included both the frequencydomain time-resolved decays and the steady-state intensities. The latter were found to be particularly sensitive to the model and parameter values. The data cannot be satisfactorily analyzed using the RBC model for quenching. The analysis shows the excellent agreement of the DDQ model with the experimental data, supporting the applicability of the DDQ model to describe the quenching by the electron transfer process, which depends exponentially on the donor-acceptor distance.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; hydrostatic pressure ; Stokes shift ; indole ; tryptophan ; Cu, Zn Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the fluorescence emission of L-tryptophan, N-acetyl-L-trytophanamide and indole were investigated. An increase in pressure ranging from 1 bar to 2.4 kbar results in reversible red-shifts of the emission of the three fluorophores. The pressure-induced redshift amounts to about 170 cm−1 at 2.4 kbar, and appears related to changes in Stokes shift of the fluorophores caused by pressure effects on the dielectric constant and/or refractive index of the medium. As the pressure range investigated here is the range commonly used in studies of protein subunit association and/or folding, these observations raise the need for caution in interpreting pressure-induced spectral shifts. The significance of these observations to pressure studies of proteins is illustrated by investigation of pressure effects on human Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and azurin fromPseudomonas aeruginosa. A reversible 170 cm−1 red-shift of the emission of SOD was observed upon pressurization to 2.4 kbar. This might be interpreted as pressure-induced conformational changes of the protein. However, further studies using SOD that had been fully unfolded by guanidine hydrochloride, and fluorescence anisotropy measurements indicated that the observed red-shift was likely due to a direct effect of pressure on the fluorescence of the single tryptophan residue of SOD. Similar pressure-induced red-shifts were also observed for the buried tryptophan residue of azurin or for azurin that had been previously denatured by guanidine hydrochloride. These observations further suggest that the effective dielectric constant of the protein matrix is affected by pressure similarly to water.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Early stage carcinoma ; Bronchi ; mTHPC ; Light dosimetry ; Fluorescence ; Spectroscopy ; Photosensitizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Under identical conditions (drug and light dose, timing), the results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of carcinomas of the bronchi with tetra(meta-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) show large variations between patients. Before patients underwent PDT treatment, the mTHPC level was measured in the lesion, the normal surrounding tissue and the oral cavity, with an apparatus based on fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluctuations in degree of tissue reaction and tumour destruction between patients could be explained by individual variations in the mTHPC level in the mucosa of the bronchi. The patients who showed the highest mTHPC fluorescence signal also had the strongest response to PDT. In addition, a correlation between the mTHPC level in the oral cavity and bronchial mucosa was found. It is concluded that PDT can be improved by measuring the mTHPC level in the bronchi or the oral cavity before treatment by fluorescence spectroscopy, and then by adjusting the light dose to be applied to the observed mTHPC level.
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  • 14
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    European biophysics journal 24 (1995), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Influenza virus ; Membrane fusion ; Inactivation ; Fluorescence ; Dequenching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the kinetics of low pH-induced fusion between influenza virus A/PR 8/34 and human erythrocyte membranes in suspension by using an assay based on fluorescence dequenching (FDQ) of the lipophilic dye octadecylrhodamine B chloride (R 18). As shown previously (Clague et al. 1991) the onset of FDQ is preceded by a characteristic lag time (t lag) following pH reduction. Whereas t lag represents only a subpopulation of fusing viruses with the shortest delay time we suggest here that a representative mean lag time µ1ag of virus-cell fusion can be deduced from the R 18-assay. Kinetics of FDQ reflects the cumulative distribution function of lag times τlag of single fusion events with the mean value µlag. We show that t lag obtained from the onset of FDQ does not always reflect the fusion behaviour of the whole population of fusing viruses. While both lag times, t lag and µlag exhibit a similar temperature dependence we found a significantly different dependence of both delay times on virus inactivation by low pH-pretreatment. We conclude that the mean lag time µlag appears to be a more appropriate parameter describing the kinetics of virus-cell fusion. The analysis of delay times offers a new approach to test the validity of different kinetic models of HA-mediated fusion and to gain valuable information about HA-mediated fusion. The analysis confirms that the inactivation process proceeds via steps of the formation of the fusion pore. Although the increase of lag times can be explained by a depletion of fusion competent HA's, our data suggest that intermediate structures of HA along the inactivation pathway can still transform into a fusion site.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Motilin ; Fluorescence ; Rotational correlation time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time resolved fluorescence was used to study the dynamics on the nanosecond and subnanosecond time scale of the peptide hormone motilin. The peptide is composed of 22 amino acid residues and has one tyrosine residue in position 7, which was used as an intrinsic fluorescence probe. The measurements show that two rotational correlation times, decreasing with increasing temperature, are needed to account for the fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay data. Viscosity measurements combined with the fluorescence measurements show that the rotational correlation times vary approximately as viscosity with temperature. The shorter rotational correlation time (0.08 ns in an aqueous solution with 30% hexafluoropropanol, HFP at 20°C) should be related to internal movement of the tyrosine side chain in the peptide while the longer rotational correlation time (2.2 ns in 30% HFP at 20°C) describes the motion of the whole peptide. In addition, the interaction of motilin or the derivative motilin (Y7F) −23W (with tyrosine substituted by phenylalanine and with a tryptophan fluorophore added to the C-terminal) with negatively charged phospholipid vesicles (DOPG) was studied. The results show the development of a long anisotropy decay time which reflects partial immobilization of the peptide by interaction with the vesicles.
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  • 16
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    Journal of fluorescence 5 (1995), S. 39-50 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; order parameters ; lipid membranes ; refractive index ; microheterogeneity ; diphenylhexatriene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This article reviews the determination of orientational order parameters in non-macroscopically oriented membranes from the data obtained with the fluorescent probe all-trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). Special attention is paid to the effect of microheterogeneity in the probe environment on the recovered values of the order parameters. An effort is made to accommodate new findings in the existing picture of orientational order in membranes.
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  • 17
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    Journal of fluorescence 5 (1995), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; hydration ; DPH ; lipid bilayer ; fluorescence lifetime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used as a highly sensitive and localized probe for hydration in lipid bilayers. Water associates with the head-group region, where it participates in an interlipid network of hydrogen bonds. Deeper in the bilayer, water is contained within acyl-chain packing defects. Fluorescence methodology is available to probe both the interstitial and head-group hydration in lipid bilayers, and results are in good agreement with other techniques. Using fluorescence spectroscopic approaches, cholesterol is shown to dehydrate the acyl-chain region, while hydrating the head-group region. Membrane proteins appear to increase acyl-chain hydration at the protein-lipid interface. Overall fluorescence spectroscopic techniques may be most effective in studying the water content of lipid bilayers and especially of biological membranes.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; photochemistry ; rhodamine dyes ; time-resolved spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The increased sensitivity together with the advent of low-cost optical sources and detectors in the visible-near IR region has led us to current efforts to develop new efficient fluorescent labels for biodiagnostics with absorption and emission beyond 600 nm. In view of the general fluorescence decrease with increasing emission wavelength, we investigated the possibility to shift the absorption of rhodamine dyes toward the region 620–670 nm. The hydrophobic nature of all known long-wavelength dyes results in the tendency to form intra- and intermolecular aggregates in hydrophilic solvents, especially in aqueous environment. Due to the aggregation with biological materials, fluorescence quenching of the dyes is often observed. New strategies for prevention of these processes are considered.
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  • 19
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    European biophysics journal 23 (1994), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Influenza virus ; Hemagglutinin ; Conformation ; Fusion ; Fluorescence ; Dequenching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Binding of the fluorophore 1,1′-bis(4-anili-no) naphthalene-5,5′-disulfonic acid (bis-ANS) to influenza virus A/PR 8/34 is strongly enhanced at low pH. Binding is accompanied by a significant increase in fluorescence intensity. The binding and the fluorescence increase are associated with the low-pH induced conformational change of the viral spike protein, hemagglutinin, exposing hydrophobic binding sites. The data indicate that in addition to the hydrophobic N-terminus of HA2 other hydrophobic sequences of the HA ectodomain become accessible to bis-ANS at low pH. It is shown that the time course of the fluorescence increase of bis-ANS at low pH is determined by the conformational change of HA. The application of this assay for continuously monitoring the kinetics of the structural alteration in HA is discussed and its relevance for elucidating the temporal relationship between the conformational change of HA and virus-membrane fusion is outlined.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Muscle ; Crossbridge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fluorescence depolarization study of the orientational distribution of crossbridges in dye-labelled muscle fibres is presented. The characterization of this distribution is important since the rotation of crossbridges is a key element in the theory of muscle contraction. In this study we exploited the advantages of angle-resolved experiments to characterize the principal features of the orientational distribution of the crossbridges in the muscle fibre. The directions of the transition dipole moments in the frame of the dye and the orientation and motion of the dye relative to the crossbridge determined previously were explicitly incorporated into the analysis of the experimental data. This afforded the unequivocal determination of all the second and fourth rank order parameters. Moreover, this additional information provided discrimination between different models for the orientational behaviour of the crossbridges. Our results indicate that no change of orientation takes place upon a transition from rigor to relaxation. The experiments, however, do no rule out a conformational change of the myosin S 1 during the transition.
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  • 21
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    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 3-6 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; fluorescence anisotropy ; batch acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation ; NADH ; 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene ; membrane fluidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photophysical techniques have potential for the development of optical sensors in monitoring and controlling fermentors. In the particular case of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, carried out by bacteria of the speciesClostridium acetobutylicum, we have developed two studies based on fluorescence spectroscopy. First, we measured the intrinsic fluorescence of NADH related to bacteria metabolism, leading to a linear relationship between the NADH specific fluorescence and the specific rate of butyric acid production. At the same time, we have correlated enzymatic activities (acetate kinase, butyrate kinase, acetoacetate decarboxylase) with NADH specific fluorescence. Second, we studied the fluorescence polarization of extrinsic DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) related to membrane fluidity. A simultaneous increase in both DPH anisotropy (order parameter increase) and butanol production is observed. Even though these results seem contradictory, because of the well-known fluidizing effect of butanol on lipids, they can be explained by a homeoviscous response ofC. acetobutylicum to the presence of butanol during fermentation. Thus the apparent changes in fluidity could be the result of the adaptative membrane alteration.
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  • 22
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    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; red shifts ; twisted intramolecular charge transfer ; boranes ; pyrrole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pyrrole substituted mesitylboranes and benzonitriles show highly solvent sensitive forbidden emission. In twisted model compounds, both fluorescence red shift and forbiddenness are increased.
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  • 23
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    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 7-10 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; fiber-optic ; nitrate ; nitrite ; water pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fiber-optic sensors allow remote analyses of chemical substances and they now find many applications in chemistry and biology [1,2]. The purpose of this short report is to give our first results in the development of optical-fiber chemical sensors. Among the numerous known spectrometric methods, we chose the fluorometric one, generally described as a suitable method for determining substances at the parts per million or parts per billion level, with the objective of analyzing nitrate and nitrite anions, using modifications of the fluorescence emission of suitable dyes. The detection of nitrates is based on the irreversible nitration of fluorescein, which leads to a subsequent inhibition of fluorescence emission [3]; determination of nitrites corresponds to their addition on 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, which on the contrary, improves the fluorescence emission [4]. To set up simple instrumentation, we are developing fiber-optic sensors. This consists of (i) realizing an extrinsic active optical fiber by chemical linkage of suitable fluorescent dyes on silica fiber involving silanization reaction (APTES) and chemical methods and (ii) designing an optical device which is appropriate for measurements with optical fibers. The threshold of detection, coating efficiency, and stability with time are presented.
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  • 24
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    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Stokes shift ; photochemical mechanism ; pyrazolocoumarin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various adiabatic photochemical mechanisms are compared which lead to a product in the excited state and therefore often to strongly red-shifted fluorescence. The applicational aspects of this strong red shift are outlined with respect to scinitillators, solar collectors, and biological fluorescence probese. As an example, the unusual fluorecence properties of a pyrazalocoumarin derivative are described.
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  • 25
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    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; single molecules ; rhodamine 6G ; autocorrelation ; CW
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a modified confocal fluorescence microscope and a CW argon laser, we have measured fluorescence bursts from diffusing single Rh6G molecules that clearly exceed the background intensity. The exact average number of molecules in the observable volume elements was measured directly via the fluorescence intensity autocorrelation function. This allowed us to estimate the probability of finding several molecules simultaneously in the volume element. A tradeoff between the number of detected fluorescence photons and the signal-to-background ratio was observed. In a volume element of 0.24 fl, 4 photoelectrons on average were detected from a molecule of Rh6G with a fluorescence-to-background ratio of 1000, while the volume element of 60 fl yielded on average 100 photoelectrons with a background of 25 counts. In fast single-molecule detection the intersystem crossing into the triplet state plays an important role, affecting the maximum emission rate from the molecule.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; flow cytometry ; electron transfer ; energy transfer ; cell surface ; protein association ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flow cytometry is a fast analysis and separation method for large cell populations, based on collection and processing of optical signals gained on a cell-by-cell basis. These optical signals are scattered light and fluorescence. Owing to its unique potential ofStatistical data analysis and sensitive monitoring of (micro)heterogeneities in large cell populations, flow cytometry—in combination with microscopic imaging techniques—is a powerful tool to study molecular details of cellular signal transduction processes as well. The method also has a widespread clinical application, mostly in analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations for diagnostic (or research) purposes in diseases related to the immune system. A special application of flow cytometry is the mapping of molecular interactions (proximity relationships between membrane proteins) at the cell surface, on a cell-by-cell basis. We developed two approaches to study such questions; both are based ondistance-dependent quenching of excited state fluorophores (donors) by fluorescent or dark (nitroxide radical) acceptors via Förstertype dipole-dipole resonance energy transfer (FRET) and long-range electron transfer (LRET) mechanisms, respectively. A critical evaluation of these methods using donor- or acceptor-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (or their Fab fragments) to select the appropriate cell surface receptor or antigen will be presented in comparison with other approaches for similar purposes. The applicability of FRET and LRET for two-dimensional antigen mapping as well as for detection of conformational changes in extracellular domains of membrane-bound proteins is discussed and illustrated by examples of several lymphoma cell lines. Another special application area of flow cytometry is the analysis of different aspects of cellular signal transduction, e.g., changes of intracellular ion (Ca2+, H+, Na+) concentrations, regulation of ion channel activities, or more complex physiological responses of cell to external stimuli via correlated fluorescence and scatter signal analysis, on a cell-by-cell basis. This way different signaling events such as changes in membrane permeability, membrane potential, cell size and shape, ion distribution, cell density, chromatin structure, etc., can be easily and quickly monitored over large cell populations with the advantage of revealing microheterogeneities in the cellular responses. Flow cytometry also offers the possibility to follow the kinetics of slow (minute- and hour-scale) biological processes in cell populations. These applications are illustrated by the example of complex flow cytometric analysis of signaling in extracellular ATP-triggered apoptosis (programmed cell death) of murine thymic lymphocytes.
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  • 27
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    European biophysics journal 22 (1993), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: 9-aminoacridine ; Fluorescence ; Membrane vesicles ; Surface charge density ; Surface potential
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A large number of surface charge density (σ) and surface potential (Ψo) estimations have been based on 1) titrations of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine released from the diffuse double layer adjacent to negatively charged membrane surfaces by non-adsorbing monovalent and divalent cations, and 2) calculations using experimental data from the titration curves and the Gouy-Chapman theory of the diffuse double layer. In this paper we discuss the different simplifying approximations employed in the earlier calculations and recommend modified formulas for the calculations. The latter have been derived without any simplifying approximation concerning the ionic (electrolyte) composition of the titration assays. We also show that δ depends, to some extent, on the concentrations of buffer and vesicles in the assays and present experimental evidence that decamethonium (decane-1,10-bis-trimethylammonium), a bulky organic divalent cation, can be satisfactorily used for the estimation of σ under well-defined conditions, despite its putative interaction with membranes.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; multiplex dyes ; photochemistry ; time-resolved spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New dyes with characteristic fluorescence lifetimes have been developed for bioanalytical applications. Based upon the concept of “multiplex dyes,” we have designed rhodamine dyes with nearly identical absorption and emission spectral characteristics but different fluorescence lifetimes. Extending this principle to applications with laser diodes, new rhodamines with functional groups for covalent coupling of analytes have been developed. The new labels exhibit absortion and fluorescence beyond 600 nm and have a high quantum efficiency, even in aqueous buffer systems.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Muscle ; Myosin ; Fluorescence ; Transition dipoles
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescence and phosphorescence depolarization techniques can provide information on orientational order and rotational motion of crossbridges in muscle fibres. However the depolarization experiment monitors the orientation and motion of the crossbridges indirectly. The changes in depolarization arise from a change in the orientation of the transition dipoles of the dye attached to the crossbridge. In order to extract the physiologically relevant orientations from the data it is therefore necessary to characterize the orientation of the dye molecule relative to the crossbridge and the orientation of the transition moments in the frame of the dyes. The dyes 1,5-1-AEDANS and eosin-5-maleimide are commonly used for labelling the crossbridge in muscle fibres. The orientations of the absorption and fluorescence emission dipoles of these two dyes in the molecular frame were determined. Angle resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments on the dyes, macroscopically aligned in a stretched polymer matrix of poly vinyl alcohol, were carried out. The data were analyzed in terms of an orientational distribution of the dye molecules in the film and the orientations of the absorption and emission dipoles in the frame of the dye molecule. Experimental data, obtained from a given sample at different excitation wavelengths, were analyzed simultaneously in a global target approach. This leads to a reduction in the number of independent parameters optimized by the non-linear least squares procedure.
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  • 30
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    Journal of fluorescence 2 (1992), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; anomalous fluorescence ; 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ; dimerization
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract 4-N,N-Dimethylaminobenzoic acid exhibits anomalous fluorescence in polar and hydrogen-bonding solvents. The fluorescence spectra and kinetics suggest that this arises due to the formation of a ground-state dimer or higher polymer. Preliminary measurements in hexane containing small amounts of polar acetonitrile do not rule out the possibility of exciplex formation also occurring.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; A2a-adenosine receptors ; receptor binding ; bovine striatum
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescein conjugate, FITC-APEC (2-[2-[4-[2-[2-[1,3-dihydro-1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxo-5-isobenzofuranthioureidyl]ethylaminocarbonyl]ethyl] phenyl]ethylamino]-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine), is a novel ligand derived from a series of functionalized congeners that act as selective A2a-adenosine receptor agonists. The binding of FITC-APEC to bovine striatal A2a-adenosine receptors measured by fluorescence techniques was saturable and of a high affinity, with aB max of 2.3±0.3 pmol/mg protein andK D of 57±2 nM. TheK D value estimated by fluorescence was consistent with theK i (11±0.3 nM) obtained by competition studies with [3H]CGS 21680. Additionally, theB max value found by FITC-APEC measurement was in agreement withB max values obtained using radioligand binding. FITC-APEC exhibited rapid and reversible binding to bovine striatum. The potencies of chemically diverse A2a-adenosine receptor ligands estimated by inhibition of FITC-APEC binding were in good agreement with their potencies determined using radioligand binding techniques (r=0.97,P=0.0003). FITC-APEC binding was not altered by purine derivatives that do not recognize A2a-adenosine receptors. These findings demonstrate that the novel fluorescent ligand FITC-APEC can be used in the quantitative characterization of ligand binding to A2a-adenosine receptors.
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  • 32
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    Journal of fluorescence 2 (1992), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; quenching ; diffusion ; dimensionality
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence decay curves obtained from diffusion-influenced quenching in various spatial dimensions are discussed. The two-dimensional quenching has, because of intractable fitting functions, previously been dealt with only in the completely diffusion-controlled case (corresponding to the Smoluchowski boundary condition). In this paper, an approximation for the two-dimensional (2D)-quenching behavior with the Collins-Kimball boundary condition is presented. The nonlinear least-squares method has been used to analyze simulated decay data. The consequences the choice of an incorrect model has on the final results as well as the possibility to discriminate between different dimensionalities are investigated. Also, some inherent properties of the fitting functions are studied.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Fluorescence ; Laser spectroscopy ; Tumour detection ; Tumour diagnosis
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced autofluorescence spectra from humans were recorded in vivo at three different clinics in a study aimed at investigating the capability of this method to discriminate between malignant tumours and normal surrounding tissues. For the recordings a mobile trolley with the necessary equipment was constructed for use in an examination room or in an operating theatre environment. Laser light was guided through a 600μm optical fibre to the target tissue. The fluorescence from the excited tissue was collected with the same fibre and was fed to an optical multichannel analyser. Two excitation wavelengths were used (337 and 405 nm) in order to optimize the fluorescence signals in two interesting wavelength regions (380–500 and 550–700 nm). Oral and oropharyngeal tumours excited with 405 nm light contained detectable endogenous porphyrins and were in this way discriminated from the normal mucosa. Astrocytoma grade III–IV fluorescence different from that of normal brain tissue, while tumours in the bronchial tree were not detectable using the spectral shape of the pure tissue autofluorescence.
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  • 34
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    European biophysics journal 20 (1991), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Tryptophan ; Life-time ; Phase fluorometry ; Imidazole ; Histidine
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence life-time of N-acetyl-tryptophan-amide (NATA) was measured by multifrequency phase fluorometry, in the presence of increasing concentrations of imidazole. Two pH values were tested, pH 4.5 where imidazole is fully protonated and pH 9.0 where it is fully unprotonated. At both pH values, the inverse life-time increases in a non-linear way with the imidazole concentration, showing that imidazole is not a high efficiency collisional quencher. The data can be analysed in terms of the formation of a complex with a reduced fluorescence life-time. The rate constants for association (at 25°C) are around 5 (±0.2) × 109 M−1 s−1 and are thus diffusion controlled. The association equilibrium constant is strongly pH dependent and is much higher than the expected value of 0.4 M−1 for a collisional complex. The intrinsic fluorescence life-time of the complex is 1.56 (±0.02) ns at pH 9.0 and 1.82 (±0.03) ns at pH 4.5, as compared to 2.37 (±0.03) ns for free NATA at pH 9.0 and 2.83 (±0.05) at pH 4.5 (all atI = 0.34). This means that at both pH values the fluorescence life-time of NATA in the complex is reduced to 61 (±0.5)% of its value in the free state. Despite this, the protonated form of imidazole is a better quencher at low concentrations, owing to a longer residence-time of the complex. At high viscosity the association equilibration is too slow and the system is described by two life-times. The quenching effect ofHis-18 on the fluorescence of the proximalTrp-94 of barnase (Locwenthal et al. 1991, Willaert et al. 1991) is discussed in terms of these findings.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Protein dynamics ; Anisotropy ; Fluorescence ; Proteins ; Frequency-domain fluorescence ; Quenching ; Fluorescence quenching
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We used harmonic-content frequency-domain fluorometry to determine the anisotropy decays of a variety of single tryptophan peptides and proteins. Resolution of the rapid and complex anisotropy decays was enhanced by global analysis of the data measured in the presence of quenching by either oxygen or acrylamide. For each protein, and for each quencher, data were obtained at four to six quencher concentrations, and the data analyzed globally to recover the anisotropy decay. The decrease in decay times produced by quenching allows measurements to an upper frequency limit of 2 GHz. The chosen proteins provided a range of exposures of the tryptophan residues to the aqueous phase, these being ACTH, monellin, Staphylococcus nuclease and ribonuclease T 1, in order of decreasing exposure. Examination of indole and several small peptides demonstrates the resolution limitations of the measurements; a correlation time of 12 ps was measured for indole in methanol at 40°C. Comparison of the anisotropy decays of gly-trp-gly with leu-trp-leu revealed stearic effects of the larger leucine side chains on the indole ring. The anisotropy decay of gly-trp-gly revealed a 40 ps component for the indole side chain, which was resolved from the overall 150 ps correlation time of the tripeptide. Only the longer correlation time was observed for leu-trp-leu. With the exception of ribonuclease T 1, each of the proteins displayed a subnanosecond component in the anisotropy decay which we assign to independent motions of the tryptophan residues. For example, Staphylococcus nuclease and monellin displayed segmental tryptophan motions with correlation times of 80 and 275 ps, respectively. The amplitudes of the rapid components increased with increasing exposure to the aqueous phase. These highly resolved anisotropy decays for proteins of known structure are suitable for comparison with molecular dynamic simulations.
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  • 36
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    European biophysics journal 19 (1991), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Membrane potential ; Fluorescence ; diS-C3(5) ; Synchronous excitation spectroscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence of the voltage sensitive dye, diS-C3-(5), has been analyzed by means of synchronous excitation spectroscopy. Using this rather rare fluorescence technique we have been able to distinguish between the slightly shifted spectra of diS-C3-(5) fluorescence from cells and from the supernatant. It has been found that diS-C3-(5) fluorescence in the supernatant can be selectively monitored at λexc = 630 nm and λem= 650 nm, while the cell associated fluorescence can be observed at λexc= 690 nm and λem = 710 nm. A modified theory for the diSC3-(5) fluorescence response to the membrane potential is presented, according to which a linear relationship exists between the logarithmic increment of the dye fluorescence intensity in the supernatant, In I/I°, and the underlying change in the plasma membrane potential, Δψp=ψp-ψ°p. The theory has been tested on human myeloid leukemia cells (line ML-1) in which membrane potential changes were induced by valinomycin clamping in various K+ gradients. It has been demonstrated that the membrane potential change, Δψp,can be measured on an absolute scale.
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  • 37
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    European biophysics journal 19 (1991), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Tubulin ; Structural transition ; Hydrophobicity ; Thermal denaturation ; Fourth derivative spectrophotometry ; Difference absorption ; Fluorescence ; Circular dichroism
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The environment of aromatic aminoacids in the thermal transition of brain tubulin has been studied by several spectroscopic techniques (Fourth Derivative, Difference Absorption, Fluorescence and Circular Ditchroism), in order to study its denaturation. An irreversible, temperature-induced, structural transition was found at around 48°C. In order to establish the relative degree of hydrophobicity of tubulin aromatic residues, before and after the thermal transition, difference and fourth derivative absorption spectra at different temperatures were compared with spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan model compounds in different media. It was found that at high temperatures, tubulin acquires a partially denatured stable state, with a significant amount of residual structure still preserved. This state is characterized by a general increase of the exposure of tyrosine residues to the medium, while the environment of tryptophans becomes more hydrophobic.
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  • 38
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    Journal of fluorescence 1 (1991), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; energy transfer ; distance distributions ; calmodulin
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An engineered calmodulin (VU-9-CaM) has been prepared in which a tryptophan group is present at position 99 and a tyrosine at position 138. The tyrosine was converted to nitrotyrosine. Timedomain dynamic fluorescence measurements were made of energy transfer from the tryptophan donor to the nitrotyrosine acceptor. These were analyzed to yield the parameters characterizing the distribution of separations between the two groups, which are located on Ca2+-binding domains III and IV. Their mean separation is in reasonable agreement with the crystallographic value.
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  • 39
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    Journal of fluorescence 1 (1991), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; tyrosine ; rotamers ; dynamic and static quenching
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the environments of the three phenol rotamers about the Cα−Cβ bond in tyrosinamide by fluorescence quenching. Steady-state acrylamide quenching yields a nonlinear stern-Volmer plot. With three distinct emitting species and no other information about the system, it is impossible to analyze the data due to the number of variables which have to be determined. We therefore reduced the number of variables by independently determining the fractional intensity and dynamic quenching constant for each rotamer through time-resolved fluorescence quenching studies. These parameters were then used to analyze the steady-state data for any contribution of static quenching. We conclude that the nonlinear Stern-Volmer plot for the quenching of tyrosinamide by acrylamide is a consequence of each rotamer having a distinct dynamic quenching constant and the presence of static quenching. The static quenching can be represented by either the sphere-of-action model involving two of the three rotamers or the ground-state complex model involving all three rotamers.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; liquid crystals ; polymers
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electric field-induced director reorientation is investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and turbidimetry. The dynamics of this reorientation are studied as a function of temperature, applied voltage, and frequency.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Bladder tumour ; Diagnosis ; Fluorescence ; Photodynamic therapy ; Photosensitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Most methods of modern laser tumour therapy are physically based on the conversion of light to heat. Recently tumours have also been treated using ionizing processes for tissue ablation. Photodynamic laser therapy (PDT), however, involves light-induced non-thermal biochemical processes and the use of a photosensitizer. Several drugs are known to be stored selectively in tumours after systemic application. This transient marking can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The marker most commonly used is dihaematoporphyrin ether/ester (DHE) intravenously injected at doses of 0.2–3.0 mg/kg bodyweight for diagnosis and therapy, respectively. The corresponding clearance intervals after injection of DHE range from 3–48 h to 25–75 h. Detection of photosensitized tumours might offer great advantages. The highly sensitive two-wavelength laser excitation method with computerized fluorescence imaging recently has been transferred to the hospital for clinical tests. Photoinduced production of singlet oxygen is claimed to be the initial process which leads to later tumour destruction and therapy. PDT has been applied to 20 patients suffering from superficial tumours (TIS GII–III) recurred after application of other treatments. The results after PDT were evaluated by three-monthly check-ups (endoscopy, cytology, bladder mapping, renal ultrasonography) as well as by computed tomography (CT) examination at 8–13 month intervals. In six patients treated by PDT no tumour recurrence has been found over the whole observation period of up to 5 years. Four patients have remained free of tumour (12 and 14 months) after repeated transurethral resection (TUR) and Nd-YAG laser therapy following PDT. Due to an initial application of insufficient irradiation four patients required a second PDT. In one patient a circumscribed dysplasia appeared at the left ostium 26 months following PDT and was treated successfully by means of thermal Nd-YAG laser irradiation following TUR. In six patients slight mucosal atypia persisted for a period of at least 2.5 years. One cystectomy had to be performed because of bladder shrinkage. The dissected bladder, however, was free of tumour. These preliminary results suggest that PDT is justified in patients who are in a worst-case situation with cystectomy recommended in case of recurrent superficial TIS bladder carcinoma and indicate the future potential of photodynamic therapy of tumours. Homogeneous irradiation of the area to be treated and a reliable light dosimetry are prerequisites for an effective tumour therapy. Standard instruments for a routine application do not exist, but are under development.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; PDT ; Fluorescence ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; HPD ; Diagnosis ; Murine tumour ; Laser ; Pharmacodynamic ; Pharmacokinetic ; Regrowth delay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eight commercially available HPD-photosensitizers intended for photodynamic therapy were tested in a murine tumour model with regard to their therapeutic efficacy. The regrowth delay of the fibrosarcoma SSK-2 on the mouse C3H, Neuherberg-line, was determined 3, 24, 48 and 72 h after injection of the drugs (dose: 9 mg kg−1 body weight). The corresponding pharmacodynamics, as measured by regrowth delay, were approximated by an exponential function and the characterizing coefficients derived. These coefficients served to quantify the photodynamic properties of the drugs. The pharmacodynamics of five substances were compared with those obtained fluorometrically. The latter showed shorter decay constants than the therapy-correlated substances which indicates different metabolic behaviour of the therapeutic and diagnostically useful fluorescent components of haematoporphyrin-derived photosensitizers.
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  • 43
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    European biophysics journal 17 (1990), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; DAPI ; DNA
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Steady-state and dynamic fluorescence measurements have been performed on DAPI in solution and in complexes formed with a number of synthetic and natural polydeoxynucleotides. The decay of DAPI in buffer at pH 7 was decomposed using two exponentials having lifetime values of approximately 2.8 ns and 0.2 ns. The double exponential character of the decay was maintained over a large pH range from 3 to 9. At pH 1 the short component dominated, whereas at pH 12, only the long component was detectable. Two distinct spectra were associated with the two lifetime components; the short component was shifted to the red. The short lifetime component occurs in the presence of water. In water the excitation spectra depended on the emission wavelength and there was no viscosity dependence of the two forms. To explain these results we propose that there is a ground state conformer in which preferential solvation of the indole ring allows proton transfer in the excited state. DAPI complexed with polydeoxynucleotides retained most of the features of the decay of DAPI in solution. However, the complexes with fuly AT-containing polymers stabilized the longer lifetime form of DAPI because the stronger binding enhanced solvent shielding. A gradual increase of the short lifetime component, which monitors dye solvent exposure, was obtained as the AT content was decreased. For polyd(GC) the decay was similar to that of free DAPI.
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  • 44
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    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Plaques ; Haematoporphyrin ; Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out on atheromatous plaques which had been incubated with the fluorescent dye haematoporphyrin. By varying the wavelength of excitation, it was possible to obtain fluorescence signals from different depths in plaque, since enhanced tissue penetration occurs when the wavelength of exciting light is increased. Moreover, the presence of ulcerated regions altered both excitation and emission spectra. These results suggest that corresponding measurements using laser/fibre-optic systems may be used to characterize plaques in vivo.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
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  • 46
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    European biophysics journal 16 (1988), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; energy transfer ; ribosome ; tRNA
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using the technique of singlet-singlet (Förster-type) resonance energy transfer, we have determined five distances in the programmed ribosome, either with the P site or with both the A and the P sites occupied. Two of the distances are new and two agree with earlier measurements; the fifth showed disagreement in detail with earlier results of others, but a consistent general trend. The distances substantiate a current model for the location of ribosomally bound tRNA, except in regard of the position of the 3′ end of P-site tRNA, which seems according to our results to lie too far away from the 3′ terminus of the 16 S RNA to be accomodated in the model. We present new evidence for the hypothesis that anomalously charged tRNA does not bind to the cognately programmed A site in the same way as does tRNA charged with an amino acid. Occupation of the A site restricts mobility of the 3′ end of tRNA in the P site.
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  • 47
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    European biophysics journal 13 (1985), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; anisotropy ; deconvolution ; reference ; global analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method based on quenched references and global analysis was used to deconvolute timeresolved single photon counting data. The results from both computer simulated data and real experiments showed that highly accurate and reliable deconvolutions were possible. Fluorescence lifetimes and Stern-Volmer quenching constants for quenching with NaI were determined for the reference substances para-terphenyl, PPO (2,5-diphenyloxazol), POPOP (1,4-bis-(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)-benzene), and dimethyl-POPOP, all in ethanol. The fluorescence from a mixture of POPOP, anthracene, and diphenylanthracene in ethanol at different wavelengths was successfully resolved into the known relative contributions from the species at each wavelength. Fluorescence intensity decays of tryptophan in solution were studied at different wavelengths and globally analyzed with the method. Also, fluorescence anisotropy described by isotropic and anisotropic rotations in homogeneous and heterogeneous emitting systems were simulated and successfully deconvoluted. The method was applied to real fluorescence anisotropy data of diphenylanthracene and POPOP in paraffin oil, as well as to data from experiments on the blue copper-containing protein stellacyanin and its apo-form. In these cases, the method both corrected for errors due to, for example, the wavelength-dependent transit-times in the photomultiplier, and realized global deconvolutions of the total, parallel, and perpendicular components of the fluorescence. General algorithms for arbitrary fluorescence impulse responses are given.
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  • 48
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 578-588 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; phosphorescence ; radiationless transitions (intersystem crossing, internal conversion)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Usando una tecnica a fluorescenza indotta da laser, sono state misurate le vite medie di CS2 in funzione della pressione, raccogliendo le emissioni in varie regioni di lunghezza d'onda. Si sono ottenute costanti di spegnimento per CS2 puro e CS2 piú CH3CN e CO2 come associati nella collisione. Quando si registra emissione a lunghezza d'onda molto grande, si prova l'esistenza di rilassamento vibrazionale nello stato di singoletto che porta all'esistenza di un percorso a bassa energia dell'incrocio intersistemico. Sono anche determinati due differenti stati a lunga vita nella regione di lunghezza d'onda centrata a 5860 Å, uno nel regime di bassa pressione e l'altro approssimativamente a pressione sopra i 0.2 Torr. Le costanti di spegnimento del tripletto CS2 mediante CO2 sono quasi le stesse per entrambi gli stati a lunga vita, e ciò suggerisce che il rilassamento vibrazionale potrebbe verificarsi anche nello stato di tripletto.
    Abstract: Резюме Используя технику лазера, возбужденного флуоресценцией, мы измеряем времена жизни CS2, как функцию давления, собирая излучение в различных областях длин волн. Мы получаем постоянные скорости гашения для чистого CS2 и для CS2 плюс CH3CN и CO2, которые участвуют в соударениях. Когда излучение собирается для очень больших длин волн, то отмечается вибрационная релаксация в синглетном состоянии. Были обнаружены два различных долгоживущих состояния с длиной волны при 5860 Å, одно при низком давлении, а другое при давлениях около 0.2 тор. Постоянные скорости гашения триплетного CS2, обусловленные CO2, оказываются примерно одинаковыми для обоих долгоживущих состояний. Этот факт свидетельствует о том, что вибрационная релаксация может иметь место также в триплетном состоянии.
    Notes: Summary Using a laser-induced fluorescence technique, we have measured lifetimes of CS2 as functions of pressure, collecting the emission at various wave-length regions. We have obtained quenching rate constants for pure CS2 and CS2 plus CH3CN and CO2 as collision partners. When the emission is collected at a very long wave-length, evidence is given of vibrational relaxation in the singlet state which leads to the existence of a low-energy pathway of intersystem crossing. Two different long-lived states are also detected in the wave-length region centred at 5860 Å, one in the low-pressure regime and the other at pressures above 0.2 Torr approximately. Quenching rate constants of triplet CS2 by CO2 are about the same for both long-lived states, suggesting that vibrational relaxation could occur in the triplet state as well.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 1050-1056 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; phosphorescence ; radiationless transitions (intersystem crossing, internal conversion)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Dalle costanti per il decadimento CS2(3 A 2) ottenute con la fluorescenza indotta da laser e usando un modello di cascata vibrazionale si è calcolato il valore medio del quanto vibrazionale trasferito in ogni collisione deattivante, cosí come le costanti di second'ordine per lo smorzamento vibrazionale ed elettronico.
    Abstract: Резюме Из постоянной интенсивности распада CS2(3 A 2), полученной с помощью флуоресценции, индуцированной лазером, и используя вибрационную каскадную модель, мы вычисляем среднюю величину вибрационного кванта, переданного в каждом соударении дезактивации, а также константы второго порядка для вибрационного и электронного тушения.
    Notes: Summary From the rate constants for the CS2(3 A 2) decay obtained by laser-induced fluorescence and using a vibrational cascade model we have calculated the average value of the vibrational quantum transferred on each deactivating collision, as well as the second-order rate constants for vibrational and electronic quenching.
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1983), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Fly ; Photoreceptor ; Metarhodopsin
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The visual pigment of blowfly peripheral photoreceptors displays a marked red fluorescence when the pigment is in the metarhodopsin state as demonstrated in vivo by simultaneous measurements of transmission and fluorescence. The rhodopsin state is non-fluorescent. It is argued that fluorescence offers a unique means to study visual pigment properties in completely intact living animals and, furthermore, provides the opportunity for studying the photoreceptor optics of visual waveguides. As an example the action of the pupil mechanism of blowfly visual sense cells on the fluorescence signal is demonstrated.
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    European biophysics journal 10 (1983), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Chromosomal stains ; DNA ; Orientation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel fluorescence procedure has been used to study the binding characteristics of DNA with three modern fluorochromes currently used in chromosome cytochemistry. The transient changes in the polarised components of fluorescence have been recorded for dye-tagged DNA solutions when subjected to short duration electric pulses. From these data, it has been inferred that, like ethidium bromide, berberine sulphate and quinacrine mustard both intercalate the DNA structure whilst the bi-benzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258 binds with a distinctively different geometry, probably within the helical grooves.
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    European biophysics journal 2 (1976), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Valinomycin ; Lipid membranes ; Fluorescence ; Relaxation methods
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dansyllysine-valinomycin, a fluorescent analogue of the ionophore valinomycin was synthesized and incorporated into black lipid membranes. Its concentration inside the membrane was measured fluorometrically and was also determined from electrical relaxation experiments, which were analyzed on the basis of a previously proposed carrier model. The results of both methods agreed within less than one order of magnitude. This appears satisfactory in view of the sources of error inherent in both procedures. A conductance increment per carrier molecule of about 3 · 10−17 Ω−1 was obtained for dansyllysine-valinomycin in diphytanoyllecithin membranes at 25
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Resorption ; Caudal ; Vertebra ; Fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode de mesure de l'apposition et de la résorption osseuse est mise au point au niveau de la septième vertèbre caudale de jeunes rats, pesant 25–90 g, pendant la période de croissance. Cette pièce osseuse a des avantages certains par rapport à d'autres localisations, car elle est symétrique en coupe transversale et non affectée par des forces corticales. En utilisant trois marqueurs d'os différents, fluorescents en lumière ultra-violette, administrés à des intervalles de 3, 5 ou 7 jours, les modifications de croissance sont observées sur des coupes transversales centrales, non décalcifiées, de la septième vertèbre caudale. Une formation osseuse linéaire se développe à une vitesse moyenne de 10.0 μ/jour et une résorption linéaire de 6.1μ/jour est notée. Pendant la période de croissance observée, la formation osseuse s'observe exclusivement à la surface du périoste et la résorption se fait le long de la surface de l'endoste. A ce niveau l'os est totalement résorbé, chez des animaux de 25 g en 22–26 jours. Il semble que chez des animaux plus âgés, une formation osseuse endostée se développe rendant alors impossible toute étude prolongée dans cette région.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Messung der Knochenbildungs- und Resorptionsgeschwindigkeiten im siebten Caudalwirbel junger Ratten während ihrer Wachstumsperiode von 25–90 g beschrieben. Dieser Knochen hat gegenüber jenen, die vorgängig untersucht wurden, den großen Vorteil, in transversalen Schnitten symmetrisch und unbeeinflußt von kortikalen Unregelmäßigkeiten zu sein. Die Art der Wachstumsveränderungen wurden an nichtentkalkten zentralen Transversalschnitten der siebten Caudalwirbeln bestimmt; dazu wurden drei verschiedene, farbige, im UVbereich fluoreszierende Knochenmarkierungssubstanzen verabreicht und zwar in 3-, 5- oder 7tägigen Intervallen. Die lineare Knochenbildung fand mit einer mittleren Geschwindigkeit von 10,0 μ pro Tag statt, die lineare Knochenresorption mit einer solchen von 6,1 μ pro Tag. Während der untersuchten Wachstumsperiode fand die Knochenbildung ausschließlich an der Periostoberfläche und die Knochenresportion an der endostalen Oberfläche statt. Der Knochen, der beim 25 g schweren Tier an diesem Ort vorlag, verschwand durch die endostale Resorption innerhalb von 22–26 Tagen
    Notes: Abstract A method for measuring bone formation and resorption rates in the seventh caudal vertebra of young rats during the growth period from 25–90 g is reported. This bone site has unique advantages over those previously studied, being symmetrical in transverse section and uncomplicated by cortical drift. Utilising three different coloured ultraviolet fluorescent bone labelling substances administered at either 3, 5 or 7 day intervals, the nature of growth changes was determined from undecalcified central transverse sections of the seventh caudal vertebrae. Linear bone formation occurred at a mean rate of 10.0 μ/day and linear bone resorption at 6.1 μ/day. During the growth period studied, bone formation occurred exclusively on the periosteal surface and bone resorption on the endosteal surface. Bone existing in this site in 25 g animals was completely removed by endosteal resorption within 22–26 days. Evidence exists that in older rats endosteal bone formation occurs and renders the site unsuitable for long term studies.
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    European biophysics journal 1 (1974), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Nerves ; Bilayers
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Changes in extrinsic fluorescence intensity, associated with step changes in membrane potential, have been studied in intracellularly or extracellularly stained squid axons, and in lipid bilayers, using six different aminonaphthalene dyes: 1,8-TNS; 2,6-TNS; 1,8-MANS; 2,6-MANS; 2,6-ANS and NPN. In all preparations the optical signals were found to be roughly proportional to the voltage applied. All signals had a very fast initial component, which was followed in some case by a slower change in the same direction. The slow component was observed only in intracellularly stained axons, and not for all chromophores studied. 1,8-TNS, 1,8-MANS and 2,6-MANS yielded the largest fluorescence signals in all preparations. The sign of these signals was independent of the type of membrane studied. However, the fluorescence changes of 2,6-MANS were opposite to those of 1,8-TNS and 1,8 MANS. Staining of both sides of the axolemma with 1,8-MANS or 2,6-MANS showed that these dyes yield larger signals when applied to the extracellular face. The changes in fluorescence light intensity of 2,6-TNS, 2,6-ANS and NPN were smaller and their sign depended on the membrane preparation studied. The comparison of the extrinsic fluorescence signals from the nerve membrane and the phosphatidylcholine bilayer suggests strong similarities between the basic structures of the two systems. The variety of observed signals cannot be easily interpreted in terms of changes in membrane structure. A possible alternative interpretation in terms of electrically induced displacements, rotations and changes in partition coefficient of bound chromophores, is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Calcium ; Collagen ; Chemistry ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des composants fluorescents de l'os et la dentine sont séparés des hydrolysats alcalins de leur marice sur des colonnes Sephadex C25 CM d'échange cationique. Les concentrations en fluorescence et le spectre d'excitation (λ max 330 nm) et d'émission (λ max 395 nm) sont les mêmes que ceux observés au niveau des matrices intactes et gélatinisées. Les paramètres de fluorescence ne sont pas altérés par hydrolyse. La filtration sur gel à l'aide de colonnes Sephadex G 10 perment de différencier le matériel isolé en deux composants, ayant la même fluorescence et la même absorption UV. La fluorescence est indépendante de pH de 3.5–9.5. Des études de dialyse et de filtration sur gel de matrices gélatinisées indiquent une association étroite du matériel fluorescent avec les chaines polypeptidiques de collagène.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Fluorescierende Bestandteile aus Knochen und Dentin wurden in Sephadex C25 CM Kationen-Austauschersäulen von alkalischen Hydrolysaten ihrer Matrices getrennt. Die Fluorescenzintensitäten sowie die Erregungs- (λ max 330 nm) und Emissions- (λ max 395 nm) Spektren waren dieselben wie bei intakten und gelatinisierten Matrices. Die Fluorescenzparameter wurden durch die Hydrolyse nicht verändert. Eine Gelfiltration über Sephadex-G10-Säulen trennte das isolierte Material in 2 Komponenten auf, welche gleiche Fluorescenz- und UV-Absorptionseigenschaften zeigten. Im pH-Bereich zwischen 3,5 und 9,5 war die Fluorescenz unabhängig vom pH. Dialysierversuche sowie Gelfiltrationsexperimente mitden gelatinisierten Matrices zeigten eine starkgefügte Bindung des fluorescierenden Materials mit den Polypeptidketten des Kollagens.
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent components in bone and dentine were separated from alkaline hydrolysates of their matrices on Sephadex C25 CM cationic exchange columns. The fluorescence levels, and the excitation (λ max 330 nm) and emission (λ max 395 nm) spectra, were the same as those observed in the intact and gelatinised matrices. The fluorescence parameters were unaltered by the hydrolysis procedure. Gel filtration on Sephadex G. 10 columns further resolved the isolated material into two components with the same fluorescence and UV absorption properties. The fluorescence was independent of pH over the range 3.5–9.5. Dialysis and gel filtration studies on the gelatinised matrices indicated a firmly-bonded association of the fluorescent material with the collagen polypeptide chains.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluorescence ; Resorption ; Deposition ; Calcium ; Microradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Divers agents chimiques, colorés, fluorescents et se localisant dans les os, à savoir la tétracycline, l'alazazine rouge S et le DCAF, ont été administré en série à des rats sevrés et on a mesuré le taux de la formation et de la résorption osseuse sur les coupes transversales du tiers supérieur de la diaphyse. Ici la formation osseuse périostale s'effectue progressivement avec peu de changement endostéal. Avec alimentation carnée, la croissance des rats est significativement restreinte pendant la première semaine, mais se rétablit ensuite. Bien qu'il y ait croissance des os, ceux-ci ne se minéralisent pas normalement et ils deviennent rapidement fragiles et amincis. La résorption osseuse est lente d'abord, puis s'accelère pendant 2–3 semaines pour atteindre un taux de 15μ par jour, après quoi elle se ralentit de nouveau. Bien que le taux de formation osseuse soit réduit, en comparaison avec celui des os normaux, la résorption s'effectue environ deux à trois fois plus rapidement que la croissance osseuse. Des études microradiographiques sur des rats à régime carné mais carencés en calcium ont permis la constatation suivante: tandis que la résorption s'effectue à la marge endostéale et que la formation osseuse a lieu sur l'aspect périostéal, la matière osseuse nouvellement formée est moins calcifiéc que chez les témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige farbige, fluoreszierende, knochensuchende Chemikalien, z. B. Tetracyclin, Alazarin-Rot S und CDAF, wurden nacheinander an entwöhnten Ratten verabreicht, worauf man die Knochenbildungs- und Knochenresorptionswerte an hartgeschliffenen Schnitten des oberen Drittels der Diaphyse gemessen hat. Hier findet fortschreitend periostale Knochenbildung statt, mit geringer Veränderung des Endosteums. Bei Fleischdiät wird das Körperwachstum während der ersten Woche erheblich beschränkt; danach aber normalisiert es sich wieder. Obwohl die Knochen noch wachsen, zeigen sie keine normale Mineralisierung und werden schnell zerbrechlich und dünn. Die Knochenresorption ist anfangs langsam, dann beschleunigt sie sich während einer Zeitspanne von 2–3 Wochen bis auf 15 μ pro Tag, um sich dann wieder zu verlangsamen. Während die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit relativ zum Normalwert heruntergesetzt wird, verläuft die Resorption ungefähr 2–3mal so schnell wie die Knochenbildung. Mikroradiographische Untersuchungen an mit Fleisch ernährten Ca-armen Ratten haben bestätigt, daß während die Resorption am Endosteumrande stattfindet und sich die Knochenbildung an der Periostenfläche fortsetzt, die neugebildete Knochensubstanz weniger kalzifiziert ist, als die der Kontrolltiere.
    Notes: Abstract Different coloured, fluorescent bone-seeking chemicals, viz., tetracycline, Alizarin Red S, and DCAF, have been administered sequentially to weanling rats and the rate of formation and resorption of bone measured from hard-ground cross sections of the upper third of the diaphysis of the femur. On a meat diet, bodily growth is significantly restricted for the first week and then recovery occurs. While bones grow they fail to mineralize normally and rapidly become fragile and rarefied. Resorption of bone is at first slow, then accelerates for a period of 2–3 weeks to about 15μ/day and then slows again. While the rate of bone formation is reduced relative to normal bone, resorption proceeds at approximately two to three times the rate of bone growth. Microradiographic studies confirm tht while resorption occurs on the endosteal margin and formation proceeds on the periosteal aspect of meat fed Ca-deficient rats, new bone is less calcified than that in control animals.
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 781 (1984), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: (E. coli) ; DNA conformation ; DNA-protein interaction ; Fluorescence ; Ionic strength ; RecA protein
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1044 (1990), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: 16-(9-Anthroyloxy)palmitoyl-CoA ; Anthracene ; Bovine serum albumin ; Fluorescence ; Palmitoyl-CoA
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1085 (1991), S. 299-305 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Flotation ; (Human) ; Affinity chromatography ; Fluorescence ; Ganglioside ; LDL
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 861 (1986), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Anesthetic-membrane interaction ; Fluorescence ; Membrane asymmetry ; Phospholipid composition ; Transbilayer distribution
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 816 (1985), S. 313-320 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat prostate, Rat liver) ; Alcohol-membrane interaction ; Fluorescence ; Hormone binding ; Membrane fluidity ; Prolactin receptor
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 861 (1986), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Carrot) ; Ca^2^+ ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence ; Membrane fusion ; Osmotic stress ; Protoplast fusion
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 923 (1987), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: Cylodextrin ; Fluorescence ; Protein-steroid interaction ; Steroid binding
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 923 (1987), S. 88-97 
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Chroomonas sp. CS24) ; Cryptoviolin ; Fluorescence ; Phycoerythrin ; Phycoerythrobilin ; Polypeptide
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 923 (1987), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Chroomonas sp. CS24) ; Energy transfer ; Fluorescence ; Isoelectric focusing ; Phycoerythrin
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 815 (1985), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Dansyl probe ; Fluorescence ; Lipid bilayer ; Solvent relaxation
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 858 (1986), S. 294-300 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Porcine intestine) ; Fluorescence ; Lipid peroxidation ; Membrane fluidity ; α-Tocopherol
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 940 (1988), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Calcium ion, intracellular ; Fluorescence ; Ionophore ; Sodium ion, intracellular ; pH
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 812 (1985), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Porcine intestine) ; Fluorescence ; Lipid peroxidation ; Membrane surface charge
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 601 (1980), S. 386-402 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase ; ATP ; Eosin ; Fluorescence ; K^+ selectivity ; Maleimide ; Na^+
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 860 (1986), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Liposome charge ; Membrane fusion ; Membrane-virus interaction ; Sendai virus
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1067 (1991), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Confocal microscopy ; Exocytosis ; Fluorescence ; Hormone release ; Imaging ; Mast cell
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1105 (1992), S. 333-335 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Liposome ; Merocyanine 540 ; Micelle ; Oxygen, singlet ; Singlet oxygen
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 985 (1989), S. 26-32 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Lateral diffusion ; Phospholipid vesicle ; α-Tocopherol
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1068 (1991), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Dye ; Electrochromism ; Fluorescence ; Membrane potential ; Neuron ; Solvatochromism ; Styryl dye
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 944 (1988), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Pig kidney) ; ATPase, Na^+/K^+- ; Fluorescence ; Ouabain binding
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 946 (1988), S. 270-280 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; Dehydroergosterol ; Fluorescence ; Multilamellar liposome ; Time correlated fluorescence
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1110 (1992), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Eel) ; Acridine orange ; Fluorescence ; Intestine ; Proton/dipeptide cotransport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1112 (1992), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Calcium permeability ; Fluid force ; Fluorescence ; Ion transport ; Liposome ; Shear stress
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1166 (1993), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Cholesterol ester ; Fluorescence ; Lipoprotein
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 962 (1988), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Adenine ; Fluorescence ; Lipid oxidation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 920 (1987), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Fibroblast) ; 1-Pyrenedecanoic acid ; Fluorescence ; Lipid storage myopathy ; Triacylglycerol
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 619 (1980), S. 572-586 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Bovine) ; Apolipoprotein C ; Fluorescence ; HDL ; Protein-phospholipid interaction
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 710 (1982), S. 172-180 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Apolipoprotein structure ; Fluorescence ; LDL ; Lipoprotein ; Pyrene
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 795 (1984), S. 100-107 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Ascorbic acid ; DNA ; Fluorescence ; Lipid peroxidation ; Malonaldehvde ; Thioharhituric acid
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 985 (1989), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Emission ratio ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Phospholipid vesicle ; pH indicator
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1070 (1991), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (E, coli) ; Fluorescence ; Lipid membrane ; Permeability ; Tachyplesin I
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 983 (1989), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Anesthesia ; Ethanol ; Fluorescence ; Membrane ; Temperature
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 986 (1989), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Cardiolipin ; Fluorescence ; Hexagonal H"I"I phase ; Lipid polymorphism ; Non-bilayer
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 943 (1988), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human) ; (Mouse) ; Cell culture ; Fatty acid transport ; Fluorescence ; Medium-chain fatty acid ; Pyrenedodecanoic acid
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 943 (1988), S. 511-521 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Dehydroergosterol ; Fluorescence ; Small unilamellar vesicle ; Sterol exchange
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    Keywords: (Human) ; ESR ; Fluorescence ; Hyperlipidemia ; Lipopolysaccharide-low density lipoprotein complex ; NMR, ^3^1P- ; Phospholipid packing ; Toxin inactivation ; Ultracentrifugation
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  • 93
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 983 (1989), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Cholesterol analog ; Dehydroergosterol ; Fluorescence ; Phospholipid vesicle
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  • 94
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    Keywords: 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein ; Fluorescence ; Liposome ; Membrane permeability ; Microwave radiation
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 945 (1988), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human placenta) ; Chloride conductance ; Cystic fibrosis ; Fluorescence ; Membrane transport
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  • 96
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    Keywords: (Bovine blood) ; Binding ; Blood platelet ; Fluorescence ; Platelet activation ; Pyrene ; Transbilayer incorporation
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1212 (1994), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Aminoquinoline ; Biguanide ; Endotoxin-antagonism ; Fluorescence ; Lipid A ; Lipopolysaccharide ; NMR ; Pentamidine ; Phenothiazine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 917 (1987), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Cell culture) ; Fatty acid ; Flow cytometry ; Fluorescence
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 754 (1983), S. 142-149 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Human pancreas) ; Carboxylesterase ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Substrate specificity ; Taurocholate
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 917 (1987), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Enzyme kinetics ; Fluorescence ; Glycerophospholipid ; Phospholipase A"2
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