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  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
  • viscosity
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (42)
  • American Institute of Physics  (2)
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  • 1
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    Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation and Optimization (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 2
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    Flow and Transport Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs 2018 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Unconventional reservoirs are usually complex and highly heterogeneous, such as shale, coal, and tight sandstone reservoirs. The strong physical and chemical interactions between fluids and pore surfaces lead to the inapplicability of conventional approaches for characterizing fluid flow in these low-porosity and ultralow-permeability reservoir systems. Therefore, new theories and techniques are urgently needed to characterize petrophysical properties, fluid transport, and their relationships at multiple scales for improving production efficiency from unconventional reservoirs. This book presents fundamental innovations gathered from 21 recent works on novel applications of new techniques and theories in unconventional reservoirs, covering the fields of petrophysical characterization, hydraulic fracturing, fluid transport physics, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Clearly, the research covered in this book is helpful to understand and master the latest techniques and theories for unconventional reservoirs, which have important practical significance for the economic and effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; shale gas ; permeability ; prediction by NMR logs ; matrix–fracture interaction ; faults ; remaining oil distributions ; unconventional reservoirs ; coal deformation ; reservoir depletion ; carbonate reservoir ; nanopore ; fracturing fluid ; pseudo-potential model ; shale reservoirs ; matrix-fracture interactions ; multi-scale fracture ; succession pseudo-steady state (SPSS) method ; fluid transport physics ; integrated methods ; chelating agent ; dissolved gas ; non-equilibrium permeability ; effective stress ; fractal ; fracture network ; spontaneous imbibition ; tight oil ; porous media ; 0-1 programming ; the average flow velocity ; geothermal water ; micro-fracture ; pore types ; pore network model ; petrophysical characterization ; nitrogen adsorption ; analysis of influencing factors ; mudstone ; rheology ; velocity profile ; shale permeability ; flow resistance ; global effect ; tight sandstones ; fractal dimension ; contact angle ; temperature-resistance ; fractured well transient productivity ; reservoir classifications ; deep circulation groundwater ; viscosity ; NMR ; fractional diffusion ; lattice Boltzmann method ; multiporosity and multiscale ; fractal geometry ; imbibition front ; productivity contribution degree of multimedium ; wetting angle ; pH of formation water ; enhanced oil recovery ; isotopes ; tight sandstone ; fracture diversion ; shale ; SRV-fractured horizontal well ; low-salinity water flooding ; shale gas reservoir ; tight reservoirs ; fracture continuum method ; tight oil reservoir ; Lucaogou Formation ; hydraulic fracturing ; clean fracturing fluid ; recovery factor ; flow regimes ; local effect ; complex fracture network ; pore structure ; gas adsorption capacity ; polymer ; non-linear flow ; conformable derivative ; production simulation ; analytical model ; enhanced geothermal system ; multi-scale flow ; experimental evaluation ; extended finite element method ; fluid-solid interaction ; groundwater flow ; well-placement optimization ; thickener ; imbibition recovery ; equilibrium permeability ; slip length ; large density ratio ; clay mineral composition ; finite volume method ; volume fracturing ; influential factors ; sulfonate gemini surfactant ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 3
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    Biomass Derived Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysts (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 4
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    Phase Change Materials (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: There is increasingly intensive research for energy storage technologies development due to the enhanced energy needs of the contemporary societies. Increased global energy consumption results in the reduction in the availability of traditional energy resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systems development based on the conversion and storage of sustainable and clean energy. Phase change materials (PCMs) are one of the key components for the development of advanced sustainable solutions in renewable energy and engineering systems. In order to update the field of renewable energy and engineering systems with the use of PCMs, a Special Issue entitled “Phase Change Materials: Design and Applications” is introduced. This book gathers and reviews the collection of ten contributions (nine articles and one review), with authors from Europe, Asia and Americam accepted for publication in the aforementioned Special Issue of Applied Sciences.
    Keywords: phase change materials ; thermal energy storage ; energy efficiency ; building applications ; construction materials ; phase-change material ; dispersion ; thermal-mechanical stability ; viscosity ; supercooling ; nucleating agent ; cold storage ; battery cooling ; LPMO ; Fourier Transform ac Voltammetry (FTacV) ; cyclic voltammetry ; Direct Electron Transfer (DET) ; lathrate hydrate ; tetrabutylammonium acrylate (TBAAc) ; crystal growth ; ultrasonic vibration ; polyurethane elastomers ; microencapsulated PCMs ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; phase change material ; sugar alcohol ; erythritol ; latent heat storage ; thermal stability ; degradation kinetics ; PCM ; mini-channels ; air ; melting ; solidification ; latent heat thermal energy storage ; phase change materials (PCM) ; macro-encapsulation ; rectangular slab ; experimental study ; sodium nitrate ; thermal conductivity ; microencapsulation ; latent heat ; multicriteria decision ; finite element ; automotive ; energy storage ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation and Optimization (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 6
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    Achievements and Prospects of Functional Pavement (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In order to further promote the development of functional pavement technology, a Special Issue entitled “Achievements and Prospects of Functional Pavement” has been proposed by a group of guest editors. To achieve this objective, the articles included in this Special Issue are related to different aspects of functional pavements, including green roads to decrease carbon emissions, noise, and pollution, safety pavements to increase skid resistance through water drainage and snow removal, intelligent roads for monitoring, power generation, temperature control and management, and durable roads to increase service life with new theories, new design methods, and prediction models, as highlighted in this editorial.
    Keywords: oyster shell powder ; calcite filler ; asphalt mastics ; rutting ; fatigue cracking ; thermal stability ; glass transition temperature ; modified asphalt ; fatigue resistance ; MSCR ; intermediate temperature ; cement-treated aggregate base ; fatigue equation ; loading rates ; true stress ratio ; flexural strength ; algorithm ; aggregates ; reconstitution ; image processing ; virtual modelling ; asphalt pavements ; top-down cracking mechanism ; shear damage ; tension propagation ; rock asphalt ; creep test ; thermal crack ; viscoelastic model ; oil shale waste ; silane coupling agent ; replace fine aggregate ; response surface methodology ; central composite design ; bio-char ; asphalt ; microscopic morphology ; rheological properties ; anti-aging properties ; non-Newtonian behavior ; viscosity ; bitumen ; crumb rubber modifier (CRM) ; warm mix asphalt ; asphalt mixture ; PAN fiber ; fatigue performance ; fatigue model ; loading condition ; intermediate principle stress ; compressive strength ; true-triaxial ; asphalt mixtures ; cement stabilized macadam ; gradation ; cement content ; preparation technique ; emulsified asphalt ; nano-TiO2 ; photocatalytic coating ; degradation of exhaust gas ; road engineering ; crack resistance ; fatigue crack propagation test ; reliability ; rubber asphalt stress absorption layer (RASAL) ; high viscous asphalt sand stress absorption layer (HVASAL) ; asphalt overlay ; concrete pavement ; textural characteristics ; noise ; correlation analysis ; asphalt mortar ; ageing ; FTIR ; stiffness ; strength ; Induction heating ; pavement compaction ; porous asphalt mixes ; computational tools ; HMAC ; dynamic response ; moving load ; temperature field ; rutting resistance ; the permanent deformation ; rejuvenation ; alginate ; capsules ; diatomite ; rheological characteristics ; high temperature performance ; low temperature performance ; red clay ; additive ; resilient modulus ; prediction models ; new comprehensive prediction model ; functional pavement ; green road ; safety pavement ; intelligent road ; durable road ; pavement materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades
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  • 7
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    Optimization of Heat and Mass Exchange (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue of Processes operates on the basis of a rigorous peer-review with a single-blind assessment and at least two independent reviewers, thereby ensuring a high quality final product. I would like to thank our reviewers, for providing the authors with constructive comments, and Editorial Board, for their professional advice that led to the final decision. I am sure that, in coming years, readers of this Special Issue will find the scientific manuscripts interesting and beneficial to their research.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; three-dimensional temperature field ; n/a ; forced convection ; RNG k-? model ; PIV measurements ; water friction loss ; flat plate ; horizontal ; optimization ; casson fluid ; finned tube ; plate-fin heat sink ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; plate heat exchanger ; partial heating ; thermo-diffusion ; HEN synthesis ; Keller-Box technique ; visualization experiment ; ice-cream ; modelling ; computational intelligence techniques ; canned motor ; boiling ; heat transfer ; operating condition ; vertical ; phase change ; flow distribution characteristics ; scraped surface heat exchanger ; heat flux ; numerical simulation ; aspect ratio ; orientation ; axisymmetric flow ; CACRS ; natural convection ; MINLP ; multi-slip ; ice storage ; viscosity ; axial piston pump ; crystallization ; multiphase flow ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 8
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    Biocatalytic Process Optimization (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.
    Keywords: catechin ; degalloylation ; flavonol ; glycoside hydrolase ; optimization ; tannase ; immobilized DERA ; statin side chain ; continuous flow synthesis ; alginate-luffa matrix ; design of experiments ; Anguilla marmorata ; eel protein hydrolysates ; functional properties ; herbal eel extracts ; agarose ; agarase ; agarotriose ; agaropentaose ; expression ; calycosin ; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucosyltransferase ; sucrose synthase ; UDP-glucose recycle ; UGT–SuSy cascade reaction ; Candida antarctica lipase A ; surface-display system ; shear rate ; mass transfer rate ; enzymatic kinetic study ; enzymatic synthesis ; β-amino acid esters ; microreactor ; aromatic amines ; Michael addition ; kraft pulp ; cellulose ; xylan ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; Penicillium verruculosum ; glucose ; xylose ; lipase ; acidolysis ; docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester ; eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ; ethyl acetate ; kinetics ; styrene monooxygenase ; indole monooxygenase ; two-component system ; chiral biocatalyst ; solvent tolerance ; biotransformation ; epoxidation ; NAD(P)H-mimics ; superoxide dismutase (SOD) ; catalase (CAT) ; glutathione reductase (GR) ; aluminum (Al) ; selenium (Se) ; mouse ; brain ; liver ; phosphatidylcholine ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid ; enzymatic interesterification ; biocatalysis ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; enenzymatic hydrolysis ; peptide ; antioxidant ; hepatoprotective activity ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; whole–cell biocatalysis ; indolizine ; cycloaddition ; trehalose ; viscosity ; enzymes ; protein dynamics ; Kramers’ theory ; protein stabilization ; enzyme inhibition ; Lipase ; transesterification ; 2-phenylethyl acetate ; packed-bed reactor ; solvent-free ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; carbon nanotubes ; redox mediators ; CYP102A1 ; naringin dihydrochalcone ; neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone ; regioselective hydroxylation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 9
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    Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.
    Keywords: 7075 aluminum alloy ; thixoforming ; post-welding-heat treatment ; electron beam welding (EBW) ; nano-sized SiC particle ; wear rate ; friction coefficient ; rheoformed ; thixoformed ; semi-solid ; microstructure ; mechanical properties ; wear ; corrosion ; Al–Si alloys ; rheocasting ; HPDC ; electrochemical evaluation ; rheological model ; semi-solid state ; Mg alloys ; high-temperature rheology ; rheological properties ; rheology ; semi-solid alloys ; thixotropy ; rheometer ; compression test ; viscosity ; semi-solid material ; A356 alloy ; electromagnetic stirring ; compression ; primary α-Al particle ; enclosed cooling slope channel ; ZCuSn10P1 ; microstructure refinement ; properties ; thixowelding ; thixojoining ; semisolid joining ; cold-work tool steel ; semisolid processing ; thixoformability ; Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy ; 2024 aluminum matrix composites ; Al2O3 nanoparticles ; polarized light microscopy ; anodic etching ; EBSD ; grain ; globule ; Al-Si alloy ; semi-solid metal processing ; EMS ; thixocasting ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 10
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    Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: For many years, the trend of increasing energy demand has been visible. Despite the search for alternative energy sources, it is estimated that oil and natural gas will be the main source of energy in transport for the next several dozen years. However, the reserves of renewable raw materials are limited in volume. Along with the degree of depletion, oil recovery becomes more and more difficult, even though the deposits are not yet completely empty. Therefore, it is essential to find new methods to increase oil and gas recovery. Actions aimed at intensifying oil recovery are very rational use of energy that has not yet been fully used. Usually, an increase in oil recovery can be achieved by using extraction intensification methods. However, measures to increase oil recovery can be implemented and carried out at any stage of the borehole implementation. Starting from the well design stage, through drilling and ending with the exploitation of oil and gas. Therefore, in order to further disseminate technologies and methods related to increasing oil recovery, a special edition has been developed, entitled "Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery". This Special Issue mainly covers original research and studies on the above-mentioned topics, including, but not limited to, improving the efficiency of oil recovery, improving the correct selection of drilling fluids, secondary methods of intensifying production and appropriate energy management in the oil industry.
    Keywords: gas migration ; well cementing ; cement slurry ; cement sheath ; corrosion resistance ; gas outflows ; oil-based mud ; invert drilling fluid ; water phase ; oil phase ; emulsion stability ; emulsifier ; drilling mud ; oxidants ; enzymes ; filter cake ; improving the sealing of the borehole ; rational selection of drilling fluids ; cleaning the borehole ; adhesion ; spacer fluid ; CO2 and H2S geological sequestration ; acid gas reinjection ; acid gas migration ; bottomhole sampling ; isotopic composition ; gas and water chemical analysis ; soil gas analysis ; leakage risk analysis ; improved borehole sealing ; nanosilica ; cement stone ; mechanical parameters ; drilling fluids ; wash ; mud cake ; annular space ; borehole cleaning ; cementing ; wash contact time ; high temperature on corrosion of mining pipes ; water ; aggressive natural gas components ; L80-1 steel ; water shut-off treatment ; gas production ; water-gas ratio (WGR) ; formation permeability ; well logging data quality and quantity interpretation ; gas well ranking ; water flooding ; pore scale ; enhanced oil recovery ; viscosity ; capillarity ; jet pump ; oil ; well ; sucker-rod pump ; gas-water-oil mixture ; chrome coating ; unconventional resources ; shale gas ; oil gas ; total organic carbon (TOC) ; cluster analysis ; genetic type of kerogen ; WAG ; carbonate reservoir ; CO2 ; acid gas ; high-nitrogen natural gas ; water alternating gas ; EOR ; recovery factor ; genetic programming ; fine-grained material ; borehole sealing efficiency ; technological parameters ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 11
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    Current Perspective on the Study of Liquid-Fluid Interfaces: From Fundamentals to Innovative Applications (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Fluid interfaces are promising candidates for confining different types of materials - e.g., polymers, surfactants, colloids, and even small molecules - and for designing new functional materials with reduced dimensionality. The development of such materials requires a deepening of the Physico-chemical bases underlying the formation of layers at fluid interfaces, as well as on the characterization of their structures and properties. This is of particular importance because the constraints associated with the assembly of materials at the interface lead to the emergence of equilibrium and dynamics features in the interfacial systems, which are far from those conventionally found in the traditional materials. This Special Issue is devoted to studies on fundamental and applied aspects of fluid interfaces, trying to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current status of the research field.
    Keywords: thermal radiations ; magnetic field ; Carreau fluid ; stretching/shrinking surface ; Hall effect ; nonlinear radiations ; HAM ; desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology ; evaporation performance ; orthogonal test ; simulation ; spray coating ; coating film formation ; leveling of coating surface ; fluorescence method ; visualization ; ferromagnetic ; nanofluid ; bioconvection ; porous medium ; heat suction/injection ; magnetic dipole ; liquid-infused surfaces ; durability ; lubricants ; wetting ; liquid-repellent coatings ; annealed Co40Fe40W20 thin films ; magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) ; X-ray diffraction (XRD) ; contact angle ; surface energy ; nanomechanical properties ; Prandtl nanofluid flow ; convectively heated surface ; stochastic intelligent technique ; Levenberg Marquardt method ; backpropagated network ; artificial neural network ; Adam numerical solver ; surface hydrophilicity ; graphene ; ice formation ; clearance ; molecular dynamic simulation ; dynamics ; fluid interfaces ; inhalation ; lung surfactant ; nanoparticles ; pollutants ; rheology ; emulsion ; droplet size ; microscopy-assisted ; image analysis ; laser diffraction ; turbidity ; viscosity ; Ree-Eyring nanofluid ; viscous dissipation ; Cattaneo-Christov model ; Koo-Kleinstreuer model ; chemical reaction ; heat transfer ; stretching cylinder ; nonlinear radiation ; Powell–Eyring ; Darcy–Forchheimer ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 12
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    Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Functional Fragments in Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This book is a compendium of scientific articles submitted to a Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences, fostered by MDPI and curated by Dr. Annamaria Sandomenico and Dr. Menotti Ruvo from the Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging of the National Research Council. All articles underwent a rigorous peer review and were selected to highlight the properties that make monoclonal antibodies and their functional fragments some of the most useful and versatile assets in therapy and diagnosis.
    Keywords: porcine deltacoronavirus ; nucleocapsid ; monoclonal antibodies ; neurodegenerative disorders ; affibody molecules ; blood–brain barrier ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; transferrin receptor ; AL amyloidosis ; CD38 ; anti-CD38 MoAb ; Daratumumab ; Isatuximab ; myeloma ; BCMA ; bispecific T-cell engager ; antibody-drug conjugates ; chimeric antigen receptor T-cells ; belantamab mafodotin ; idecabtagene vicleucel ; JNJ-68284528 ; Mabs ; Antibody-Drug Conjugate ; cancer therapy ; drug targeting ; payload ; cross-linking ; antibody fragment ; Fab ; scFv ; E. coli ; YKL-40 ; CHI3L1 ; monoclonal antibody ; phage display ; lung metastasis ; prostate-specific membrane antigen ; in vivo imaging ; prostate cancer ; glutamate carboxypeptidase II ; NAALADase ; immunization ; antibody ; protocol ; guinea pig ; cDNA ; chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T) ; universal CAR T ; modular CAR T ; universal immune receptor ; CAR adaptor ; adoptive immunotherapy ; split CAR ; bispecific ; polyspecificity ; pharmacokinetics ; solubility ; aggregation ; viscosity ; developability ; stability ; affinity ; specificity ; protein engineering ; self-association ; non-specific binding ; immunogenicity ; antibody fragments ; single chain ; amyloid ; oligomer ; neurotoxicity ; NUsc1 ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 13
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    Recent Advances in Green Solvents (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: “Green chemistry”, as a rather novel field of chemistry and chemical engineering, is one of the key routes to assist researchers in sustainable development. Among the most valuable assets of green chemistry, “green solvents” are primary candidates to replace the industry workhorses, i.e., conventional harmful solvents.
    Keywords: hexavalent chromium ; humic acid ; vermiculite ; ionic liquid ; NMR ; adsorption ; N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide ; hypercrosslinked polystyrene ; supercritical fluid ; chromatography ; gravimetry ; isotherm ; DES ; deep eutectic solvents ; aqueous mixtures ; excess properties ; JAM ; PFP ; ammonium-based protic ionic liquids ; density ; viscosity ; refractive index ; phase transition ; thermal expansion coefficient ; standard entropy ; lattice potential energy ; CO2 absorption ; Acacia mearnsii ; supercritical fluid extraction ; p-anisic acid ; response surface methodology ; mathematical modeling ; green solvent ; solar energy ; Rankine cycle ; PCM ; exergy analysis ; energy analysis ; hydrothermal reaction ; CO2 conversion ; glucose ; metal catalysts ; metal oxide catalysts ; Sandmeyer reactions ; reaction mechanism ; Pyrus ussuriensis leaves ; flavonoids ; deep eutectic solvent ; green extraction ; neutron total scattering ; cellulose ; dissolution mechanism ; layered structure ; complexation ; artificial neural networks ; COSMO-RS ; multiple linear regression ; piecewise linear regression ; 1-butanol ; 2-methyltetrahydrofuran ; biodiesel ; coolant temperature ; cooling time ; stirring speed ; solvent-aided crystallization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    Heat Transfer and Fluids Properties of Nanofluids (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This reprint features a dozen high-quality research studies and reviews on different types of nanofluids and their important topics related to thermophysical and electrical properties, as well as convective and boiling heat transfer characteristics, contributed by renowned researchers around the world. It is expected to be a useful resource for related industrial professionals and researchers in this emerging and popular field of nanofluids.
    Keywords: nanofluids ; Fe2O3 nanoparticle ; multiwalled carbon nanotubes ; viscosity ; electrical conductivity ; hybrid nanofluids ; natural convection ; heat transfer ; water-based nanofluid ; Brownian motion ; porous medium ; Darcy–Brinkman equation ; numerical simulation ; nanofluid ; nonlinear dynamics ; colloidal suspension ; solitary wave ; Burgers–Huxley equation ; carbon nanotubes ; graphene ; nanodiamond ; parabolic trough solar collector ; nuclear reactor ; air conditioning and refrigeration ; heat conduction ; effective thermal conductivity ; particle aggregates ; polydispersity ; sintering ; melting process ; PCM ; FEM ; shell designs ; tubes ; branched fins ; latent heat ; water nanodroplets ; molecular dynamics ; dynamical behaviors ; translation surface ; vibration surface ; carbon nanostructures ; metallic oxides ; thermophysical properties ; convective heat transfer ; turbulent flow ; nanoparticles ; boiling ; heat transfer enhancement ; nanoparticle deposition ; magnetohydrodynamics ; inversed T-shaped enclosure ; NEPCM ; plate heat exchanger ; Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids ; numerical model ; fouling resistance ; re-suspension ; hydrodynamic instability ; thermal resistance ; roughness-to-particle size ratio ; nano/NePCM ; boiling heat transfer features ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 2 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Nowadays, we are witnessing highly dynamic research activities related to the intriguing field of biodegradable materials with plastic-like properties. These activities are stimulated by the strengthened public awareness of prevailing ecological issues connected to growing piles of plastic waste and increasing greenhouse gas emissions; this goes hand-in-hand with the ongoing depletion of fossil feedstocks, which are traditionally used to produce full carbon backbone polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters, a family of plastic-like materials with versatile material properties, are increasing considered to be a future-oriented solution for diminishing these concerns. PHA production is based on renewable resources and occurs in a bio-mediated fashion through the action of living organisms. If accomplished in an optimized way, PHA production and the entire PHA lifecycle are embedded into nature´s closed cycles of carbon. Sustainable and efficient PHA production requires understanding and improvement of all the individual process steps. Holistic improvement of PHA production, applicable on an industrially relevant scale, calls for, inter alia, consolidated knowledge about the enzymatic and genetic particularities of PHA-accumulating organisms, an in-depth understanding of the kinetics of the bioprocess, the selection of appropriate inexpensive fermentation feedstocks, tailoring of PHA composition at the level of its monomeric constituents, optimized biotechnological engineering, and novel strategies for PHA recovery from biomass characterized by low energy and chemical requirements. This Special Issue represents a comprehensive compilation of articles in which these individual aspects have been addressed by globally recognized experts.
    Keywords: TP248.13-248.65 ; T1-995 ; Cupriavidus necator ; alginate ; tissue engineering ; PAT ; simulation ; terpolyester ; high cell density cultivation ; process simulation ; selective laser sintering ; gaseous substrates ; microaerophilic ; in-line monitoring ; Pseudomonas sp. ; additive manufacturing ; fed-batch ; terpolymer ; on-line ; bubble column bioreactor ; biopolymer ; fused deposition modeling ; biomaterials ; polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) ; Pseudomonas putida ; fed-batch fermentation ; blends ; upstream processing ; wound healing ; activated charcoal ; downstream processing ; Archaea ; polyhydroxyalkanoates processing ; film ; bioreactor ; medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) ; Ralstonia eutropha ; hydrolysate detoxification ; extremophiles ; Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; process analytical technologies ; PHA composition ; COMSOL ; non-Newtonian fluid ; tequila bagasse ; biopolyester ; biosurfactants ; Haloferax ; PHA ; phenolic compounds ; polyhydroxybutyrate ; PHB ; in-line ; Pseudomonas ; haloarchaea ; plant oil ; PHA processing ; bioeconomy ; delivery system ; P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB) ; productivity ; electrospinning ; cyanobacteria ; waste streams ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; oxygen transfer ; polyhydroxyalkanoate ; biomedical application ; photon density wave spectroscopy ; carbon dioxide ; salinity ; PDW ; rheology ; halophiles ; feedstocks ; high-cell-density fed-batch ; biomedicine ; process engineering ; bioprocess design ; viscosity ; computer-aided wet-spinning ; microorganism ; Cupriavidus malaysiensis ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHVB) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    Green Technologies (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Green technologies can be identified as key components in Industry 4.0. The scope of this book is to address how conventional green technologies can be a part of smart industries by minimizing waste, maximizing productivity, optimizing the supply chain, or by additive manufacturing. This theme focuses on the scope and challenges of integrating current environmental technologies in future industries. This book, “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”, aims to incorporate and introduce the advances in green technologies to the cyber-based industries. It is hoped that the novel green technologies presented in this book are useful in assisting the global community in working towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.
    Keywords: wood flour ; oil adsorption ; superhydrophobic ; superoleophilic ; oil-water separation ; sustainable material ; sachet-water plastic waste ; oil palm empty fruit bunch ; TGA-DSC analysis ; activation energy ; physio-thermal analysis ; co-pyrolysis ; eutrophication ; sugarcane bagasse ; adsorption ; harvest ; biodiesel ; reusability ; Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel ; palm biodiesel ; engine performance ; exhaust emissions ; alternative fuel ; transesterification ; multiple frequency marine controlled-source electromagnetic technique ; Gaussian process ; uncertainty quantification ; computer experiment, electromagnetic profile estimation ; Malaysia ; Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ; Waste-to-Energy (WTE) ; sustainability ; technical ; economic ; environmental ; social ; optimization ; P-graph ; municipal solid waste conversion technology ; silicon oxycarbide ; thermal conductivity ; floating plants ; SiOC ; silica ; ammonium-based protic ionic liquids ; density ; thermal expansion coefficient ; viscosity ; thermal stability ; CO2 absorption ; rubber-seed shell ; activated carbon ; CO2 adsorption ; isotherms ; kinetics modeling ; milk ; protein ; liquid biphasic flotation ; dairy waste ; recovery ; Cape gooseberry ; color space selection ; color space combination ; food engineering ; anaerobic digestion ; co-digestion ; wastewater ; biogas production ; methane yield, sludge ; sandwich composite fire ; mechanical responses ; moisture content ; balsa core ; mass loss kinetic ; buckling failure ; liquid biphasic system ; aqueous two-phase system ; aqueous biphasic system ; purification ; separation ; biomolecules ; black soldier fly ; yeast ; fermentation ; larvae ; organic waste ; coconut endosperm waste ; n/a ; black soldier fly larvae ; lipid ; substrate ; PC/ABS ; carbon black ; electromagnetic shielding effectiveness ; dissipation of electrostatic discharge ; surface resistivity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Advances in Experimental and Computational Rheology, Volume II (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Rheology, defined as the science of deformation and flow of matter, is a multidisciplinary scientific field, covering both fundamental and applied approaches. The study of rheology includes both experimental and computational methods, which are not mutually exclusive. Its practical importance embraces many processes, from daily life, like preparing mayonnaise or spreading an ointment or shampooing, to industrial processes like polymer processing and oil extraction, among several others. Practical applications include also formulations and product development. Following a successful first volume, we are now launching this second volume to continue to present the latest advances in the fields of experimental and computational rheology applied to the most diverse classes of materials (foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, polymers and biopolymers, multiphasic systems, and composites) and processes.
    Keywords: graphene oxide ; polyethylene glycol ; rheological characterization ; human milk ; tube feeding ; breastfeeding ; viscosity ; complex modulus ; density ; rheological measurements ; non-viscometric geometries ; Couette analogy ; shear thinning fluids ; suspensions ; bread ; whey ; complex fluids ; experimental rheology ; breadmaking ; yield stress ; grout ; polypropylene fiber ; masonry ; consolidation ; rheology ; drop impact ; elasto-viscoplastic material ; free surface ; gravitational effects ; MRSA ; S. aureus ; antibiotics ; oxacillin ; bactericidal ; injection molding ; filling stage ; Cross-WLF model ; Tait model ; finite volume method ; openInjMoldSim ; OpenFOAM® ; Boger fluids ; circular contraction flow ; lip vortex ; pressure-drops ; vortex-enhancement ; first normal-stress difference ; swIM model ; reactive extrusion ; data-driven ; machine learning ; artificial engineering ; polymer processing ; digital twin ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Physical and Mathematical Fluid Mechanics (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Fluid mechanics has emerged as a basic concept for nearly every field of technology. Despite a well-developed mathematical theory and available commercial software codes, the computation of solutions of the governing equations of motion is still challenging, especially due to the nonlinearity involved, and there are still open questions regarding the underlying physics of fluid flow, especially with respect to the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium. The aim of this book is to reference recent advances in the field of fluid mechanics, both in terms of developing sophisticated mathematical methods for finding solutions to the equations of motion, on the one hand, and presenting novel approaches to the physical modeling, on the other hand. A wide range of topics is addressed, including general topics like formulations of the equations of motion in terms of conventional and potential fields; variational formulations, both deterministic and statistic, and their application to channel flows; vortex dynamics; flows through porous media; and also acoustic waves through porous media
    Keywords: image processing ; streaky structures ; hairpin vortex ; attached-eddy vortex ; streamwise vortex ; wetting shock fronts ; shear flow ; viscosity ; capillarity ; kinematic waves ; log-law ; flow partitioning theory ; characteristic point location ; velocity ; discharge ; groundwater inrush ; the Luotuoshan coalmine ; damage mechanism ; karst collapse column ; poroacoustics ; Rubin–Rosenau–Gottlieb theory ; solitary waves and kinks ; Navier–Stokes equation ; stochastic Lagrangian flows ; stochastic variational principles ; stochastic geometric mechanics ; potential fields ; Clebsch variables ; Airy’s stress function ; Goursat functions ; Galilean invariance ; variational principles ; boundary conditions ; film flows ; analytical and numerical methods ; variational calculus ; deterministic and stochastic approaches ; incompressible and compressible flow ; continuum hypothesis ; advanced mathematical methods ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Research and Development of Modified Building Materials (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint includes research papers on different disciplines related to composites. It contains research related to new topics such as nanotubes, fibres, admixtures added in cement and concrete. Additionally self-healing and self-sensing issues are presented. Environmental, and thermal-related topics are also discussed. Studies related to consolidation topics and alkali activation of clays are included. This blend of traditional and modern building materials, all having a common ground, the use of new technologies for improving fresh and harden state properties, make this volume interesting.
    Keywords: single wall carbon nanotubes ; surfactant ; TritonX-100 ; mass of specimens ; compressive strength ; flexural Strength ; bulk density ; ternary cements ; limestone ; siliceous fly ash ; granulated blast furnace slag ; concrete properties ; concrete durability ; CO2 emission ; detached decorative plasters ; injection grout ; glass microspheres ; reduced density ; stability ; strength ; durability ; clay mortars ; activating solutions ; wetting–drying ; freeze–thaw cycles ; microstructure ; superabsorbent polymer ; steel fibers ; high-performance fiber reinforced concrete ; digital image correlation ; autogenous shrinkage ; tensile behavior ; nano-calcium oxide ; nano-silica ; self-healing ; cement pastes ; curing regime ; gypsum binder ; additives ; light-materials ; porosity ; thermal insulation ; cement ; hydrated lime ; HEMC ; mortar ; paste ; hydration ; setting process ; ultrasonic technique ; graphite ; electrical conductivity ; self-sensing ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; cement-based materials ; flexural strength ; electrical resistivity ; activation energy ; supplementary cementitious materials ; packing density ; filler effect ; high calcium fly ash ; ladle furnace slag ; limestone filler ; foamed geopolymer ; reinforcing lightweight concrete ; glass fiber composites ; concrete ; thermal properties ; structural properties ; composite modified asphalt binder ; rheological properties ; storage stability ; amorphous poly alpha olefin ; polyphosphoric acid ; application properties ; water retention ; plaster ; cellulose ether ; viscosity ; self-compacting concrete (SCC) ; mix proportion design ; optimization ; experimental verification ; the grey relational analysis ; hook-end steel fiber ; bond performance ; pullout test ; inclination angle ; fiber spacing ; pullout load-slip curve ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    Zirconia and Innovative Biomaterials for Dental and Biomedical Applications (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This reprint provides a comprehensive overview and critically explores the recent trends in the zirconia additive manufacturing process or 3D printing and various surface treatments and their characterization for application in the dental and biomedical fields. It will be a valuable resource for the researchers to design or fabricate the implants according to clinical demands.
    Keywords: zirconia implant ; bibliometrics ; citations ; scientometric ; 3D zirconia-based scaffold ; bone-regeneration applications ; composite ; coating ; fabrication techniques ; bioceramics ; zirconia ; digital light processing ; continuous film supply ; recyclable slurry ; additive manufacturing ; digital light processing (DLP) technology ; zirconia suspension ; silane coupling agent ; physical property ; multilayer zirconia ; microroughness ; surface topography ; microhardness ; aging ; ceramic implant ; atmospheric plasma spraying ; abutment ; human gingival fibroblasts ; non-thermal plasma ; peri-implantitis ; inhibition of biofilm formation ; osteoblast viability ; cantilever length ; fracture ; bite force ; CAD/CAM ; implant-supported prosthesis ; UV absorbers ; cure depth ; geometric overgrowth ; additive manufacture ; dispersion stability ; viscosity
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    Synthesis, Study and Utilization of Natural Products (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Natural products and the preparations based on them play a stable and ever-increasing role in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, in food and the cosmetic industry, and in an increasing number of other fields. Their importance is based on the fact that they are mostly bound to renewable sources, which in fact makes them valuable within a circular economy, inter alia. At the same time, natural products provide the origin of stereochemistry, optical activity, regioselectivity, chirality, and many other concepts and directions within science, development, and industry in a scope, which is indispensable. They serve as a constant powerful stimulus and model that inspires researchers to create new effective tools, similar to natural ones, for controlling bioregulation mechanisms and solving practical problems. This was the reason for organizing this Special Issue aimed at underlining the current developments in all the fields connected to natural products.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; varioxiranol A ; natural enantiomer ; n/a ; ribosomally synthesized ; triterpenoids ; apo-CpcB ; water resistance ; radical scavenger ; bardoxolone methyl ; antioxidant activity ; octadecanoid ; derivatives ; inhibitor ; chlorogenic acid ; biosynthesis ; microbial biosynthesis ; flow cytometry ; adhesive ; phycocyanin ; antioxidant ; anticancer drug ; resource chemistry ; ginkgolide ; anti-inflammation ; salt stress ; polyphenol ; synthesis of natural products ; rheumatoid arthritis ; PEGylated purpurin 18 ; photosensitizer ; RiPP ; isosorbide ; bioactivity ; cell opening ; stilbene ; tea tussock moth ; flavonoids ; flexible polyurethane foam ; gene expression ; genetical transformation ; research progress ; oleic acid-elicited ; pharmacokinetic features ; phenolic acid ; Plantago depressa ; platelet-activating factor receptor ; photodynamic therapy ; fatty acid ; soy protein isolate ; apoptosis ; HepG2 cells ; cancer cells ; live-cell fluorescence microscopy ; tomato ; caffeoylquinic acids ; pinocembrin ; insect sex pheromone ; 4-epi-varioxiranol A ; natural products ; singlet oxygen ; total synthesis ; lipid-lowering effects ; reversible urethane linkages ; cytotoxicity ; bromelain ; Ramulus mori ; polysaccharides ; SlCOMT1 ; pharmacological activities ; absolute structure ; natural product ; mitochondria ; Emericella variecolor ; triglycidylamine ; Spirulina ; viscosity ; post-translationally modified peptides ; phototoxicity ; melatonin ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Food Systems (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    State-of-the-Art Research in Biomolecular Crystals (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint focuses on different techniques and strategies to obtain high-quality crystalline structures of biological macromolecules via X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation. Contributions cover various aspects ranging from the fundamentals of crystal growth of biomolecules with biomedical applications and materials science through to the biotechnological applications of crystals.
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; organophosphate ; carbamate ; backbone conformation ; oxime reactivation ; oxime antidote ; acetylcholine ; amidase ; amino acid ; amidase process ; proline ; aminopeptidase ; S33 family ; co-crystal engineering ; chemical ligation ; bioconjugation ; X-ray diffraction ; DNA ; DNA-binding protein ; protein engineering ; CLECs ; modeling ; ROY ; polymorphism ; microfluidics ; acoustic mixing ; diffusive mixing ; protein crystals ; breakage ; shear stress ; protein crystallization ; nucleation ; viscosity ; diffusion ; PEG ; FCS ; counter-diffusion ; self-searching ; crystallization scenario ; Parkinson’s disease ; istradefylline ; solubility ; crystal form ; dissolution ; biomorph synthesis ; effects of DNA concentration on biomorphs ; kerogen ; Precambrian era ; amantadine ; 2-methylcinnamic acid ; single crystal X-ray diffraction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    Ironmaking and Steelmaking (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; artificial neural network ; n/a ; corrosion ; inclusion control ; steel-making ; simulation ; liquid steel ; phosphate capacity ; slag ; hydrogen ; TG analysis ; surface roughness ; iron sulfate ; shot peening ; refining kinetics ; iso-conversional method ; oxygen blast furnace ; Barkhausen noise ; gas flow rate ; ductile cast iron ; toughness ; self-reduction briquette ; Mg deoxidation ; phosphorus distribution ratio ; iron oxides ; phase analysis ; desiliconisation ; solid flow ; CaO/Al2O3 ratio ; surface depression ; carbothermal reduction ; rotary hearth furnace ; torrefied biomass ; hot metal pre-treatment ; inclusions ; microwaves ; ironmaking ; reactivity ; CaO–based slags ; high-aluminum iron ore ; oxides ; HPSR ; internal crack ; fluorapatite ; crystallization rate ; COREX ; liquid area ; Al addition ; Wilcox–Swailes coefficient ; plasma arc ; evaluation of coupling relationship ; penetration theory ; silicate crystals ; ionization degree ; pellet size ; prediction model ; continuous casting ; direct element method ; modified NPL model ; slag film ; volatile matter ; crystallite size ; Al-TRIP steel ; viscosity ; anosovite crystals ; slag formation ; CO2 emissions ; integrated steel plant ; flow pattern ; high-heat-input welding ; dephosphorisation ; copper stave ; direct reduction ; shrinkage ; Cr recovery ; chemical composition ; high speed steel ; material flow ; 33MnCrTiB ; gas-based reduction ; converter ; bio-coal ; flat steel ; sulfur distribution ratio ; cold experiment ; secondary refining process ; re-oxidation ; vaporization dephosphorization ; sulfide capacity ; electroslag cladding ; hydrogen attack ; oxygen steelmaking ; non-metallic inclusions ; cracks ; non-contact measurement ; energy consumption ; high-manganese iron ore ; non-metallic inclusion ; Ca deoxidation ; Ca-treatment ; compressive strength (CS) ; oil-pipeline steel ; thermal treatment ; carbon monoxide ; composite roll ; crystallization behaviors ; devolatilization ; carbon-saturated iron ; steelmaking factory ; slag crust ; combustion ; high heat input welding ; ore-carbon briquette ; activation energy ; flow velocity ; kinetics ; hydrogen plasma ; casting speed ; solid and gaseous oxygen ; hercynite ; low fluorine ; iron ore pellets ; fayalite ; heat-affected zone ; CO–CO2 atmosphere ; and nitrogen ; smelting reduction ; high-phosphorus iron ore ; iron oxide ; mold flux ; BaO ; intragranular acicular ferrite ; carbon composite pellet ; electrolytic extraction ; iron ore ; carbon dioxide ; agglomerate ; vanadium titano-magnetite ; emission spectrum ; static process model ; concentrate ; structure ; titanium slag ; bonding interface ; fork ; blast furnace ; reaction mechanism ; reduction ; synergistic reduction ; injection ; principal component analysis ; ultrafine particles exposure ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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    Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.
    Keywords: electrocautery ; titanium alloy ; cobalt-chrome alloy ; fatigue behavior ; biomechanical study ; Vertebral body replacement (VBR) ; non metallic ; radiolucent ; CF/PEEK ; biomechanics ; tumor ; vertebral fracture ; spine ; calcium phosphate ; granules ; bone graft substitutes ; total hip arthroplasty ; implant deformation ; acetabulum ; Metasul ; 28 mm small head ; metal-on-metal THA ; cobalt ; chromium ; titanium ; blood metal ions ; inflammation ; cytokines ; metal particles ; metal ions ; synovium ; dual taper modular hip stem ; acetabular revision ; asymptomatic stem modularity ; decision making model ; threshold ; biomaterials ; arthroplasty ; orthopaedic tribology ; experimental simulation ; total knee replacement ; PEEK-OPTIMA™ ; UHMWPE ; third body wear ; modular acetabular cup ; poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) ; ceramics ; ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) ; strain distribution ; bone stock ; cup-inlay stability ; disassembly forces ; relative motion ; periprosthetic joint infections ; infection prophylaxis ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; in vivo osteomyelitis model ; metal wear ; retrieval study ; metal-on-metal articulation ; volumetric wear ; megaendoprosthesis ; total knee arthroplasty ; bone tumor ; Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis ; hip arthroplasty ; elementary geometrical shape model ; interchangeability ; head–taper junction ; migration ; ion implantation ; precision casting ; Ti6Al4V ; calcium ; phosphorus ; centrifugal casting ; porous implants ; tantalum ; hip replacement ; revision hip arthroplasty ; primary stability ; backside wear ; cross-linked ; total hip replacement ; hip cup system ; composite ; fibers ; polycarbonate-urethane ; meniscal replacement ; mechanical properties ; meniscus ; silicon nitride ; coating ; joint replacement ; wear ; adhesion ; trunnionosis ; trunnion failure ; fretting corrosion ; head–neck junction ; mechanically assisted crevice corrosion ; implant ; biomaterial ; corrosion ; residual stress ; taper connection ; anodic polarization ; surface treatment ; knee joint ; patellar component ; musculoskeletal multibody simulation ; patellofemoral joint ; polyetheretherketone ; fixation ; debonding ; implant–cement interface ; PMMA ; periprosthetic joint infection ; cement spacer ; articulating spacer ; hip spacer ; two-stage revision ; surface alteration ; surface roughness ; third-body wear ; zirconium oxide particles ; metal-on-cement articulation ; oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty ; bearing thickness ; retrieval analysis ; n/a ; biomedical rheology ; viscosity ; bovine calf serum ; shear thinning ; numerical simulation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNT Media, entertainment, information and communication industries::KNTX Information technology industries
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    Biofuel and Bioenergy Technology (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The subject of this book is ""Biofuel and Bioenergy Technology"". It aims to publish high-quality review and research papers, addressing recent advances in biofuel and bioenergy. State-of-the-art studies of advanced techniques of biorefinery for biofuel production are also included. Research involving experimental studies, recent developments, and novel and emerging technologies in this field are covered. This book contains twenty-seven technical papers which cover diversified biofuel and bioenergy technology-related research that have shown critical results and contributed significant findings to the fields of biomass processing, pyrolysis, bio-oil and its emulsification; transesterification and biodiesel, gasification and syngas, fermentation and biogas/methane, bioethanol and alcohol-based fuels, solid fuel and biochar, and microbial fuel cell and power generation development. The published contents relate to the most important techniques and analyses applied in the biofuel and bioenergy technology.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; equilibrium model ; simulation ; syngas ; waste biomass ; calcination ; polymer electrolyte membrane ; combined pretreatment ; anaerobic digestion ; alkali pretreatment ; validation ; biodiesel ; synergistic effect ; relative humidity ; unbleached paper ; synergistic effects ; waste wood ; RSM ; stone fruit ; corn stover ; microbial community ; fatty acid methyl ester ; acid pretreatment ; energy exchange ; coal-fired flue-gas ; bio-electro-Fenton microbial fuel cells (Bio-E-Fenton MFCs) ; SOFC ; lignocellulose ; bio-oils ; diesel ; seed oil ; Clostridiales ; liquefaction ; sewage sludge ; counter-flow structure ; lignin recovery ; Vietnam ; iodine value ; hydrodynamic boundary layer ; energy yield ; second-generation biodiesel ; CHO index ; Jerusalem artichoke ; Carica papaya ; mass yield ; biochemical methane potential ; Chlorella ; engine performance ; emulsification ; single cell oil ; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ; anaerobic fermentation ; superabsorbent polymer ; isopropanol ; viscosity ; esterification ; mathematical modeling ; charge transfer resistance ; ball mill ; Annona muricata ; membrane bioreactors ; ethanol organosolv ; direct transesterification ; Methanothermobacter ; screening ; 〈i〉Rhodotorula glutinis〈/i〉 ; pyrolytic oil ; acetone ; soursop ; degradation ; torrefaction ; alcohols ; electroactive biofilm ; nitric acid ; organosolv pretreatment ; optimisation ; digester performance ; biodiesel production ; air-steam gasification ; acidity index ; prairie cord grass ; thermophoretic force ; recirculation mode ; wastewater ; alkanes ; tar ; biogas production ; two-step process ; thermogravimetric analysis ; electrochemical hydrogenation ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; herbaceous biomass ; hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio ; solid biofuel ; biodiesel testing ; catalyst ; exergy ; membrane contamination ; characterisation ; Nejayote ; methane ; photo catalyst ; gross calorific value ; bioreactors ; wastewater treatment ; response surface methodology ; MFC ; redox potential reduction ; microbial biofuel ; ethanol fermentation ; mechanical durability ; Van Krevelen diagram ; biodiesel property ; direct interspecies electron transfer ; lignocellulosic biomass ; methane and carbon dioxide conversion ; liquid lipase ; non-premixed combustion ; hydrogen-producing bacteria ; surfactant ; Taguchi method ; shear rate ; carbon dioxide ; calorific value ; biomass fuel ; granular activated carbon ; porosity ; biogas ; Miscanthus ; mixotrophic cultivation ; first-law/second-law efficiency ; voltage ; microbial community composition ; small-scale biogas plants ; mechanical pretreatment ; developing countries ; transesterification ; process stability ; co-surfactant ; thermophilic anaerobic digestion ; tri-reforming process ; metabolic engineering ; exergy efficiency ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    Eutectic Solvents (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are pharmaceutically accepted systems not only because they typically offer a serious enhancement of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solubility, but also due to their non-toxicity. This fortunate conjuncture allows for designing new media for escalation and controlled release of APIs. For example, composition optimisation of a series of NADES comprising choline chloride with multi-hydroxyl compounds was successfully performed for a set of sulphonamide-based drugs. These results confirmed that NADES in general, and the ones based on choline chloride and glycerol particularly, are an attractive alternative to traditional solvents for sulphonamide dissolution. Experiments augmented with in silico modelling can offer deeper insights into the thermodynamic characteristics of these systems and an explanation for the origin of the observed solubility enhancement. Research of this type offers universal resolutions to the problem of low solubility issues for many types of drugs. Of particular interest is that such screening is not restricted to artificial in vitro environments but can be also easily adopted for the study of modelled in vivo situations. One of very important and interesting examples is a new curcumin–NADES formulation preserving its beneficial properties even after dilution with FaSSIF solution, which mimicks intestinal absorption.
    Keywords: deep eutectic solvents ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; extraction ; phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; spruce bark ; phytomass ; valorization ; deep eutectic solvent ; composite resins ; hydrogen bond ; eutectic solvents ; natural deep eutectic solvents ; nanostructured ionic solvents ; neoteric solvents ; ionic liquids ; ionic liquid ; hybrid solvent ; CO2 solubility ; Henry’s constant ; viscosity ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    Advanced Coatings for Buildings (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Based on five Special Issues in Coatings, this e-book contains a series of 15 articles demonstrating actual perspectives and new trends in advanced coatings in buildings. Innovative materials and multiperformance solutions provide a basis, contributing also to the better protection of buildings’ surfaces during the service life, and the users’ wellbeing.
    Keywords: geopolymer ; metakaolin ; titanium oxide ; physical and mechanical properties ; polystyrene ; DOPA ; polydopamine ; antifouling ; polyethylene glycol ; Pluronic ; QCM-D ; coating ; building materials ; bacterial growth ; proliferation ; biofilm ; antibacterial ; hydrophobic ; photocatalytic ; sonochemistry ; mortar ; polydimethylsiloxane ; phenylmethylsilicone oil ; viscosity ; additive amount ; leach ; particle size ; distribution characteristics ; contaminated particle ; porcelain insulator ; adhesion simulation model ; cellulose ; aerogel ; thermal insulation ; building envelope ; silica ; ceramic coating ; fly ash ; anti-fouling ; slagging ; boiler ; energy efficiency ; biofilms ; DEMM ; DEME ; PMMA ; polymer brush coating ; polysaccharide ; protein ; lipid ; nucleic acid ; Raman spectroscopy ; AgNPs ; antibacterial coatings ; polyetheretherketone films ; tollens method ; acrylic resin ; bio-filler ; cone calorimeter ; heat release rate ; intumescent coating ; steel ; green roofs ; biological coatings ; hydraulic performance ; thermal performance ; sustainable construction certification ; LEED ; BREEAM ; CASBEE ; BEAM ; ESGB ; glass waste ; copper oxide ; antibacterial surfaces ; hydrophobic products ; silicon-based compounds ; claddings ; durability ; moisture transport properties ; recycled and reused materials ; drainage ; dead load ; protective coatings ; air-purifying coatings ; anti-fouling coatings ; ultra-low biofouling coatings ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Advances in Pyrometallurgy (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.
    Keywords: blast furnace slag ; TiO2 ; titanium carbonitride ; viscosity ; limonite ; magnetization reduction roasting ; rotary kiln ; deposit ; fayalite ; FeO ; liquid phase ; medium manganese steel ; spinel inclusions ; Ce treatment ; modification mechanism ; copper concentrate ; pyrometallurgy ; flash smelting ; combustion ; classification ; spectroscopy ; PCA ; SIMCA ; PLS-DA ; k-NN ; support vector machines ; scandium ; master alloys ; aluminum alloys ; metallothermy ; vacuum induction melting ; factsage ; nickel laterite ; non-melting reducing ; sodium chloride ; magnetic separation ; garnierite ; vacuum carbothermal reduction ; mechanism ; CaF2 ; recovery ; devolatilization ; torrefied biomass ; bio-coal ; volatile matter ; reduction ; blast furnace ; multistage and deep reduction ; low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy ; inclusions ; melt separation ; slag-metal separation ; hearth drainage ; iron and slag flow ; interface phenomena ; CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system ; distribution ratio of phosphorus ; dephosphorization ; n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution ; B2O3 ; vanadium–titanium sintering ; metallurgical properties ; microstructures ; Søderberg electrodes ; submerged arc furnace (SAF) ; ferro-alloy production ; ferrochrome ; electrical resistivity ; degree of graphitisation ; bulk density ; porosity ; compressive breaking strength ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    Metallurgical Process Simulation and Optimization (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Metallurgy involves the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and modifying the metals for use. With thousands of years of development, many interdisciplinary technologies have been introduced into this traditional and large-scale industry. In modern metallurgical practices, modelling and simulation are widely used to provide solutions in the areas of design, control, optimization, and visualization, and are becoming increasingly significant in the progress of digital transformation and intelligent metallurgy. This Special Issue (SI), entitled “Metallurgical Process Simulation and Optimization”, has been organized as a platform to present the recent advances in the field of modelling and optimization of metallurgical processes, which covers the processes of electric/oxygen steel-making, secondary metallurgy, (continuous) casting, and processing. Eighteen articles have been included that concern various aspects of the topic.
    Keywords: Al–Ag alloys ; Ag clusters ; positron annihilation ; monovacancies ; shallow trapping ; continuous casting ; electromagnetic stirring ; flow behavior ; uniform index of solidified shell ; digital image correlation ; mechanical properties ; stainless steel ; temperature ; thermovision ; uniaxial tensile test ; cryogenic vessel steels ; cerium ; microstructure ; inclusions ; electric arc furnace ; energy efficiency modelling ; process optimization ; mass and energy balances ; blast furnace ; hydrogen injection ; gas utilisation efficiency ; energy consumption ; CO2 emission ; EDA—exploratory data analysis ; rare Earth metal oxides ; wear resistance ; heatmap ; correlation ; electro-gas welding ; high heat input ; heat source movement path ; finite element analysis ; thermal evolution ; fluid-particle flow ; submerged entry nozzle ; lattice Boltzmann method ; large eddy simulation ; vortex structures ; crystallization ratio ; flux film ; heat transfer ; longitudinal crack ; peritectic steels ; high carbon steel ; cracking con-rod ; C70S6 ; tundish ; flow field ; water modelling ; mathematical simulation ; temperature field ; bloom quality consistency ; PFR lime kiln ; lime calcination ; BFG ; numerical simulation ; PMM ; SCM ; high-temperature confocal microscope ; phase-field simulation ; duplex stainless steel ; cooling rate ; near-α titanium alloy ; TiH2-based powder metallurgy ; hot compression ; strain hardening exponents ; strain rate sensitivity ; processing map ; alumina inclusion ; interfacial tension ; steelmaking ; continuous casting mold ; surfactant ; sulfur ; simulation ; dry vibrating material ; collapsed ladle ; mathematical modeling ; stress field ; strain field ; molecular dynamics simulation ; CaF2 ; melts’ structure ; transport properties ; viscosity ; inclusion ; ZrO2 ; nucleation mechanism ; first principles ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Research and Development of Modified Building Materials (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: This reprint includes research papers on different disciplines related to composites. It contains research related to new topics such as nanotubes, fibres, admixtures added in cement and concrete. Additionally self-healing and self-sensing issues are presented. Environmental, and thermal-related topics are also discussed. Studies related to consolidation topics and alkali activation of clays are included. This blend of traditional and modern building materials, all having a common ground, the use of new technologies for improving fresh and harden state properties, make this volume interesting.
    Keywords: single wall carbon nanotubes ; surfactant ; TritonX-100 ; mass of specimens ; compressive strength ; flexural Strength ; bulk density ; ternary cements ; limestone ; siliceous fly ash ; granulated blast furnace slag ; concrete properties ; concrete durability ; CO2 emission ; detached decorative plasters ; injection grout ; glass microspheres ; reduced density ; stability ; strength ; durability ; clay mortars ; activating solutions ; wetting–drying ; freeze–thaw cycles ; microstructure ; superabsorbent polymer ; steel fibers ; high-performance fiber reinforced concrete ; digital image correlation ; autogenous shrinkage ; tensile behavior ; nano-calcium oxide ; nano-silica ; self-healing ; cement pastes ; curing regime ; gypsum binder ; additives ; light-materials ; porosity ; thermal insulation ; cement ; hydrated lime ; HEMC ; mortar ; paste ; hydration ; setting process ; ultrasonic technique ; graphite ; electrical conductivity ; self-sensing ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; cement-based materials ; flexural strength ; electrical resistivity ; activation energy ; supplementary cementitious materials ; packing density ; filler effect ; high calcium fly ash ; ladle furnace slag ; limestone filler ; foamed geopolymer ; reinforcing lightweight concrete ; glass fiber composites ; concrete ; thermal properties ; structural properties ; composite modified asphalt binder ; rheological properties ; storage stability ; amorphous poly alpha olefin ; polyphosphoric acid ; application properties ; water retention ; plaster ; cellulose ether ; viscosity ; self-compacting concrete (SCC) ; mix proportion design ; optimization ; experimental verification ; the grey relational analysis ; hook-end steel fiber ; bond performance ; pullout test ; inclination angle ; fiber spacing ; pullout load-slip curve
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    Biomass Processing for Biofuels, Bioenergy and Chemicals (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; oxidation stability ; power density ; lipids ; pre-treatment ; dark fermentation ; hydrodeoxygenation ; combustion characteristics ; hydrogen ; feed solution ; emission ; cow manure ; anaerobic digestion ; synergistic effect ; biodiesel ; thermophilic ; mesophilic ; antioxidant ; crude oil ; biofuel ; rice husk ; base-catalyzed transesterification ; enzymatic digestibility ; fatty acid methyl ester ; coffee mucilage ; osmotic membrane ; fermentation ; forward osmosis ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; lignocellulose ; dimethyl carbonate ; diesel ; triacylglycerides ; drop-in fuel ; draw solution ; subcritical methanol ; free fatty acids ; Rhus typhina biodiesel ; sewage sludge ; alternative fuel ; vacuum ; intake temperature ; Physico-chemical properties ; bioethanol ; energy yield ; tert-butylhydroquinone ; non-edible oil ; biomass ; nano-catalysts ; Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ; bioenergy ; direct carbon fuel cell ; viscosity ; FAME yield ; reaction kinetics ; gasification ; operating conditions ; injection strategies ; instar ; butylated hydroxyanisole ; torrefaction ; nanomagnetic catalyst ; fatty acid methyl esters ; crude glycerol ; renewable energy ; pyrolysis ; glycerol carbonate ; single-pellet combustion ; biodiesel production ; nanotechnology ; microwave irradiation ; pressure-retarded osmosis ; black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) ; technology development ; concentration polarization ; waste ; nano-additives ; bio-jet fuel ; kinetic study ; thermogravimetric analysis ; rubber seed oil ; combustion ; potato peels ; power generation ; response surface ; biochar ; lipid ; organic wastes ; extrusion ; co-combustion ; biomass pretreatment ; microwave ; hardwood ; Rancimat method ; anaerobic treatment ; post-treatment ; fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) ; biogas ; GCI ; compression ratio ; membrane fouling ; environment ; rice straw ; pretreatment ; free fatty acid ; palm oil mill effluent ; acclimatization ; Box-Behnken design ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Sustainable Functional Food Processing (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Functional nutrition is deeply connected with healthy lifestyle and sustainable food production, due to its positive health benefits and the use of economically underexplored and natural raw materials. Expectedly, it appeals to large number of interested consumers while becoming lucrative segment of the food industry with a fast-growing market fueled by new sociodemographic trends. Accordingly, functional juices and beverages made of indigenous fruits are interesting niche for various food market stakeholders. Here, biologically active compounds (BACs) and probiotics that have positive health effects in functional foods (juices) are mostly thermolabile. This is especially important for industry that still employs classical heat treatments (e.g., pasteurization), while being concerned with degradation of food quality in the final products. To prevent this, focus is on designing economic and ecological technologies that are able to preserve nutritional and sensory quality while maintaining microbiological stability in products. Such approaches are based on low-energy consumption and low-impact processing, e.g. “hurdle technology” that combines advanced and conventional methods (e.g., high-power ultrasound, pulse electric field). Food design is another important focus point for consumers’ sensory appeal and economic success of foods. Hence, technologies as 3D food printing can be particularly useful for manufacturing. Based on the above, presented topics are relevant to sustainable functional food production, functional fruit juices, BACs, “hurdle technology,” advanced food processing, 3D food printing, and authentic fruits.
    Keywords: dehydration ; conserving vegetables ; improving shelf-life ; rehydrated pepper ; histological preparation ; green practices ; meat analogue ; liquid additives ; soy protein isolate ; lecithin ; emulsion ; functional fruit juice ; hurdle technology ; non-thermal processing ; preservation ; quality ; probiotic ; fruit by-products ; lulo bagasse powder ; fiber ; antioxidant properties ; carotenoids ; cocoa shell ; high voltage electrical discharge ; tannin ; dietary fiber ; water binding capacity ; grindability ; traditional ; slow ; pressure and microwave cooking ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; faba bean ; lentil ; pea ; probiotic safety ; toxicity ; pathogenicity ; functional food industry ; pharmacological interactions ; functional fruit juices ; mushroom ; vitamin D ; reducing capacity ; glycation ; Lactuca sativa ; metabolomics ; antioxidants ; eustress ; total soluble solids ; particle size distribution ; total anthocyanin content ; antioxidant capacity ; non-dairy beverages ; pulses ; chickpea ; lupin ; flow behavior ; animal and plant proteins ; computer vision system ; nutritional value ; texture ; water activity ; viscosity ; microstructure ; heavy metals ; amino acids ; pesticide ; fruit wastes ; vegetable wastes ; drying ; extraction ; intensification technologies ; phenolic acids ; food processing ; minimally processed foods ; UHLPC-MS/MS ; sous-vide cooking ; vegetables ; seafood ; cephalopods ; safety ; nutritive quality ; beetroot ; convective drying ; infrared drying ; purée ; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ; confocal scanning microscopy ; fruit juice ; interaction ; drug ; phytochemical ; pharmacokinetics ; ginger ; pineapple ; turmeric ; juice mix ; physicochemical properties ; microbiological quality ; sensory attributes ; Diospyros kaki ; post-harvest losses ; dehydrated persimmon ; thin-layer modeling ; drying rate ; old apple cultivar ; biologically active compounds ; functional food ; agriculture ; extensive farming ; bisphosphonates ; SERMs ; food ; supplements ; bioavailability ; meal ; coffee ; juice ; mineral water ; edible mushroom ; nutrition ; phenolic compounds ; vacuum ; poria cubes ; optimization ; stage drying ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Petroleum Industries and Geothermal Applications (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth's core, mantle, and crust. Geothermal technologies are used to generate electricity and to heat and cool buildings. To develop accurate models for heat and mass transfer applications involving fluid flow in geothermal applications or reservoir engineering and petroleum industries, a basic knowledge of the rheological and transport properties of the materials involved (drilling fluid, rock properties, etc.)—especially in high-temperature and high-pressure environments—are needed. This Special Issue considers all aspects of fluid flow and heat transfer in geothermal applications, including the ground heat exchanger, conduction and convection in porous media. The emphasis here is on mathematical and computational aspects of fluid flow in conventional and unconventional reservoirs, geothermal engineering, fluid flow, and heat transfer in drilling engineering and enhanced oil recovery (hydraulic fracturing, CO2 injection, etc.) applications.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; karst carbonate reservoir ; fracture compressibility ; enhanced gas recovery ; cost of electricity (COE) ; microstructure ; permeability ; CO2 permeability ; ammonia ; shale oil ; process simulation ; aquifer support ; spatiotemporal characteristics ; semi-analytical solution ; injection orientation ; CO2 diffusion ; wellbore temperature ; fluid front kinetics ; nest of tubes ; supercritical CO2 ; multiple parallel fractures ; multifractal theory ; real-scale ; techno-economic model ; fractal ; inter-well connectivity ; apparent permeability ; heat transfer ; porous media ; multiple structural units (MSU) ; coupled heat conduction and advection ; diffusion ; bottom-hole pressure ; tight reservoir ; ventilation ; surface diffusion ; unsteady process ; underground coal gasification (UCG) ; dynamic crack tip ; mercury intrusion porosimetry ; energy conservation analysis ; methanol ; comprehensive heat transfer model ; pressure fluctuations ; production optimization ; numerical simulation ; percolation model ; rheology ; drilling ; AE energy ; pipeline network ; natural gas ; huff-‘n-puff ; cement ; viscosity ; mathematical modeling ; enhanced geothermal systems ; cement slurries ; yield stress ; non-Newtonian fluids ; capacitance-resistance model ; thixotropy ; conductivity ; enhanced oil recovery ; leakage and overflow ; geothermal ; coal and rock fracture ; impact pressure ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; GSHP (ground source heat pump) ; pore size distribution ; Knudsen diffusion ; hydraulic fracturing ; efficient simulation ; constitutive relations ; electricity generation ; fractal theory ; pore structure ; complex fracture network ; sloshing ; cost-effective ; slippage effect ; dynamic hydraulic-fracturing experiments ; critical porosity ; fracture uncertainty ; carbon capture and utilization (CCU) ; tube bundle model ; continuity/momentum and energy equations coupled ; main gas pipeline ; Coal excavation ; longitudinal dispersion coefficient ; computational fluid dynamic (CFD) ; flowback ; fracture simulation ; highly viscous fluids ; carbon capture and storage (CCS) ; energy dissipation ; economics ; particles model ; variable viscosity ; multi-pressure system ; frequency conversion technology (FCT) ; three-dimensional numerical simulation ; tight oil reservoirs ; multiphase flow ; methane removal ; Navier-Stokes equations ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Hemorheology and Metabolism (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: This e-book version of the Special Issue “Hemorheology and Metabolites” has been dedicated to the novel findings and recent advances in hemorheology, presenting clinical or clinically oriented experimental research and review articles in the context of metabolites, metabolic alterations and blood macro- and micro-rheology.
    Keywords: hypercholesterolemia ; rabbit model ; hemorheology ; atherosclerosis ; autophagy ; apoptosis ; ischemia–reperfusion ; cold preservation ; mucosal injury ; small bowel grafts ; limb ischemia-reperfusion ; metabolites ; ischemic pre-conditioning ; ischemic post-conditioning ; interval exercise ; oxygen uptake (VO2) ; cardiac output (CO) ; oxygen availability (HHb/VO2) ; near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; molecular probes ; oxidative stress ; mesenteric ischemia ; viscosity ; red blood cell aggregation ; diabetes ; insulin ; metformin ; sulfonylureas ; executive function ; mental health ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; insulin-like growth factor-1 ; vascular endothelial growth factor ; neurogenesis ; angiogenesis ; cerebral blood flow ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate ; COVID-19 ; platelet ; IPF ; hemostasis ; aggregometry ; viscoelastic test ; physical activity ; training ; sport ; RBC aggregation ; glucose ; poloxamer 188 ; erythrocyte deformability ; metabolism ; hormones ; homeostasis ; eryptosis ; stress ; sleep apnea ; intestinal transplantation ; rejection ; biomarkers ; enzymes ; chromogranin A ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MR Medical study & revision guides & reference material
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    The Potential of Food By-Products: Bioprocessing, Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Functional Ingredients Utilization (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The pressure upon natural resources and the increasing awareness of the necessary transformation of the global food system are driving the quest of both academia and industry towards more sustainable approaches. Sustainability in the agro-food sector begins with the valorization of food industry waste and side streams, products with an extremely high intrinsic value but often discarded because unfit for further processing that meet consumers expectations. Apart from their use as feed, a more practical solution responding to the modern vision of circular economy must be sought. Indeed, several processes can guarantee that the potential of food industry by-products is fully unleashed, generating high-value ingredients while ensuring nutritional quality. In this framework, this Special Issue included the most recent advances in the valorization of food by-product (of both animal and plant origin), from extraction to bioprocessing, including their application in a variety of food-related industries throughout the entire food supply chain.
    Keywords: Newhall navel orange ; dietary fiber ; structural properties ; functional properties ; L-arabinose ; sucrose ; fat ; starch ; glucose ; insulin ; GLP-1 ; GIP ; healthy adults ; olive pomace ; natural phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; macroporous absorbing resin ; hydroxytyrosol ; litchi pomace ; monosaccharide composition ; structure ; prebiotic activity ; Morus alba leaves ; phenolic compounds ; Box-Behnken ; HPLC-MS ; ultrasound-assisted extraction ; chufa ; HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS ; antioxidant ; cookies ; date seed ; flavonoids ; polyphenols ; degree of hydrolysis ; milk protein concentrate ; molecular mass distribution ; sodium caseinate ; turbidity ; viscosity ; whey protein ; foaming properties ; fish skin gelatin ; pea protein ; interfacial properties ; Turbiscan Tower ; CLSM ; sonication-assisted extraction ; solvent extraction ; Punica granatum L. ; pomegranate peels ; pomegranate seeds ; antimicrobial activity ; phytotoxicity ; U. pinnatifida ; traditional cooking methods ; quality characteristics ; color ; texture ; bioactive nutrients ; asarinin ; solid acid catalyst ; characterization ; optimization ; physicochemical properties ; dairy proteins ; caseins ; plant proteins ; protein beverages ; acid gel ; colloidal stability ; pulsed electric field ; pulse generation ; milk proteins ; protein structure ; Aloe vera ; anthraquinones ; stability ; aloin ; aloe-emodin ; rhein ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; processing temperature ; pH ; microencapsulation ; storage stability ; carotenoid degradation ; gum arabic ; vegetable fat ; starch-based film ; degradability ; active packaging ; intelligent packaging ; mechanical properties ; barrier properties ; freshness indicator ; time-temperature sensor ; silver carp ; collagen ; by-products ; rheological properties ; fried oil ; adsorbent ; lignocellulosic biomass ; fatty acid ; food waste ; oil regeneration ; oil quality ; sustainability ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities
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    Design, Production and Characterization of Peptide Antibodies (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Antibodies are key reagents in diagnostics and experimental biology, capable of detecting numerous antigenic targets. Proteins are often in focus and are usually effective targets for antibody production. Occasionally, however, the native protein is known but not available, or a very specific target is required. In these cases, synthetic peptides, copying essential sequences from the target, are good alternatives for antibody production. Peptide antibodies have been used in diagnostics and experimental biology with great success, especially because they can be produced to multiple targets, for example, native and denatured targets. Traditional peptide antibody proteins encompass animal-based immunization with a synthetic peptide, usually conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immune presentation, as small peptides tend not to be immunogenic by themselves. There are several strategies for the conjugation of peptides to carriers applied for immunization. This is the most used approach for peptide antibody production. In addition to traditional peptide antibody production, peptide antibodies can be produced using libraries or sequencing. This Special Issue, “Design, Production and Characterization of Peptide Antibodies”, aims to describe the current state-of-the-art techniques and characterization/applications within the field as well as new and emerging uses of peptide antibodies.
    Keywords: 2xVH ; IgG-like bispecifics ; bivalent bispecific molecule ; symmetrical bispecific ; concomittant binding ; soluble VH ; antibody ; heavy-chain dimer ; heavy-chain antibody ; crystal structure ; single-domain antibody ; Lassa virus ; Arenaviridae family ; MagPlex ; protein ; self-association ; self-interaction ; developability ; in silico prediction ; computational modeling ; viscosity ; dynamic light scattering ; monoclonal antibodies ; promoters ; bidirectional ; antibody production ; upstream processing ; anti-citrullinated protein antibodies ; citrullinated peptides ; epitopes ; rheumatoid arthritis ; calreticulin ; epitope ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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    Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Metals have always played a significant role in human life, and the current global growth and prosperity are directly dependent on these materials. With the rapidly growing global demand for metals, their extraction from natural minerals (as their primary sources) has been enhanced, causing a significant reduction in the grade and quality of the ores in ore deposits and leading to the production of huge amounts of waste, which requires management. In light of this, new proposals to develop more advanced metal recovery technologies from minerals are needed. Additionally, the huge quantity of waste generated through all steps of metal production is known to be a source of environmental pollution, while its valorization can create value via recycling metals or even though use in the production of other valuable materials. Such waste valorization is also in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the implementation of the Paris Agreement. In this regard, the recycling of end-user products in order to reproduce valuable metals can also create significant value and reduce mining activities, and thus, their harmful consequences worldwide. Therefore, research and development in the state-of-the-art technologies for the recovery and recycling of metals are absolutely necessary. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect a range of articles on different aspects of valuable metal recovery and recycling from primary and secondary sources, as well as to decipher all new methods, processes, and knowledge in valuable metal production. We hope that this open access Special Issue will provide a great opportunity to demonstrate the work of researchers working in this area all around the world and help to provide new ideas for researchers who are working in the areas of hydrometallurgy, mineral processing, and waste recycling and valorization.
    Keywords: solvent extraction ; t-BAMBP ; rubidium ; cesium ; brine ; chemical precipitation ; recovery ; reduced ilmenite ; synthetic rutile ; aeration leaching ; Becher process ; spent alkaline battery ; recycling ; leaching ; electrowinning ; hydrometallurgy ; techno-economic evaluation ; metal recovery ; rhenium ; molybdenum ; separation ; rare earth elements ; thorium ; uranium ; separation methods ; precipitation ; membrane ; pavement ; bituminous mixtures ; electric arc furnace slag ; ladle furnace slag ; cellulose fibers ; stone mastic asphalt ; sustainability ; steel ; circular economy ; zinc residue ; cobalt hydroxide ; cementation ; oxidative precipitation ; cobalt (Co) ; nickel (Ni) ; aluminum (Al) ; titanium dioxide (TiO2) ; silicon dioxide (SiO2) ; sulfide ; carbon material ; copper ; zinc ; copper processing ; copper leaching ; copper bearing dusts ; cyanex 272 ; ionquest 801 ; cobalt ; nickel ; vanadium extraction process ; vanadium yield ; minimum carbon loss ; temperature strategy ; steelmaking slag ; phosphorus ; 2CaO∙SiO2–3CaO∙P2O5 ; NdFeB magnets ; critical metals ; rare earth elements (REEs) ; focus infrared digestion ; ICP-OES ; electronic waste ; CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3–MgO slag system ; viscosity ; slag structure ; silicate structure ; aluminate structure ; FeO recovery ; weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore ; rare earth recovery ; ion-exchange leaching ; chelation ; chelating agents ; polydentate ligands ; pyrometallurgy ; dysprosium ; liquid metal extraction ; phase transformation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    The Potential of Food By-Products: Bioprocessing, Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Functional Ingredients Utilization (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The pressure upon natural resources and the increasing awareness of the necessary transformation of the global food system are driving the quest of both academia and industry towards more sustainable approaches. Sustainability in the agro-food sector begins with the valorization of food industry waste and side streams, products with an extremely high intrinsic value but often discarded because unfit for further processing that meet consumers expectations. Apart from their use as feed, a more practical solution responding to the modern vision of circular economy must be sought. Indeed, several processes can guarantee that the potential of food industry by-products is fully unleashed, generating high-value ingredients while ensuring nutritional quality. In this framework, this Special Issue included the most recent advances in the valorization of food by-product (of both animal and plant origin), from extraction to bioprocessing, including their application in a variety of food-related industries throughout the entire food supply chain.
    Keywords: Newhall navel orange ; dietary fiber ; structural properties ; functional properties ; L-arabinose ; sucrose ; fat ; starch ; glucose ; insulin ; GLP-1 ; GIP ; healthy adults ; olive pomace ; natural phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; macroporous absorbing resin ; hydroxytyrosol ; litchi pomace ; monosaccharide composition ; structure ; prebiotic activity ; Morus alba leaves ; phenolic compounds ; Box-Behnken ; HPLC-MS ; ultrasound-assisted extraction ; chufa ; HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS ; antioxidant ; cookies ; date seed ; flavonoids ; polyphenols ; degree of hydrolysis ; milk protein concentrate ; molecular mass distribution ; sodium caseinate ; turbidity ; viscosity ; whey protein ; foaming properties ; fish skin gelatin ; pea protein ; interfacial properties ; Turbiscan Tower ; CLSM ; sonication-assisted extraction ; solvent extraction ; Punica granatum L. ; pomegranate peels ; pomegranate seeds ; antimicrobial activity ; phytotoxicity ; U. pinnatifida ; traditional cooking methods ; quality characteristics ; color ; texture ; bioactive nutrients ; asarinin ; solid acid catalyst ; characterization ; optimization ; physicochemical properties ; dairy proteins ; caseins ; plant proteins ; protein beverages ; acid gel ; colloidal stability ; pulsed electric field ; pulse generation ; milk proteins ; protein structure ; Aloe vera ; anthraquinones ; stability ; aloin ; aloe-emodin ; rhein ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; processing temperature ; pH ; microencapsulation ; storage stability ; carotenoid degradation ; gum arabic ; vegetable fat ; starch-based film ; degradability ; active packaging ; intelligent packaging ; mechanical properties ; barrier properties ; freshness indicator ; time-temperature sensor ; silver carp ; collagen ; by-products ; rheological properties ; fried oil ; adsorbent ; lignocellulosic biomass ; fatty acid ; food waste ; oil regeneration ; oil quality ; sustainability ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
    Language: English
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    Development of Bio-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The need to find suitable biomaterials and procedures from alternative sources able to imitate or even enhance the performance of currently used products has become an important focus of research today due to the depletion of non-renewable resources and the increasing concern related to climate change, sustainability and environmental preservation. Thus, this reprint gathers different original articles and review manuscripts from the Special Issue “Development of Bio-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications”. The development of partial or fully bio-based materials has been included, with excellent outcomes in many different applications, as well as alternative procedures that can reduce the carbon footprint or optimize both production and energy consumption.
    Keywords: mangosteen leaves ; marker ink ; color lightness ; viscosity ; optimization ; RSM ; biomaterial ; palm oil ; radiation curing ; radiation processing ; surface coatings ; VOC ; cellulose nanocrystal ; film ; homogenization ; ultrasonication ; secondary processing mill residues ; wood flour ; wood pellets ; wood–plastic composites ; physical properties ; transportation costs ; biocomposite ; bio-sourced products ; mechanical properties ; micro-mechanics ; mechanical testing ; lignin ; emulsion ; rheology ; microstructure ; bitumen ; product design ; burn wound healing ; polymeric film ; microwave ; nanoparticles-film combined application ; xanthan gum ; potassium formate ; rheological behavior ; high-temperature aging ; citric acid ; oil palm trunk ; oil palm frond ; empty fruit bunch ; cyclic aging treatment ; biopolymer ; biomaterials ; biodegradations ; polysaccharide ; bone tissue engineering ; polymer ; plasma modification ; PMMA ; material morphology ; honeycomb-like pattern ; cell growth ; cytocompatibility ; FEP ; cell adhesion ; neat biochar ; palm kernel shell ; magnetic biochar ; adsorption mechanism ; encapsulated carvacrol ; gellan gum hydrogel ; antibacterial activity ; E. coli ; natural fibers ; socio-economic assessment ; technological aspects ; sustainability ; renewable resources ; cellulose nanofibers ; chemical pretreatment ; cytotoxicity ; nanocellulose ; Populus alba L. ; bioadhesive ; chitosan methacrylate ; graphene oxide ; bone repair ; photocrosslinking ; antimicrobial peptide (microspheres) ; Tricholoma matsutake ; physicochemical quality ; microbial quality ; lignocellulose ; cellulose ; biofuels ; biochemicals ; lubricating greases ; adhesives ; cushioning materials ; adsorption ; carrier ; covalent attachment ; entrapment ; immobilization ; protein engineering ; therapeutic enzyme ; polyesteramides ; biodegradable polymers ; biobased polymers ; mass spectrometry ; MALDI ; tandem mass spectrometry ; sequencing ; characterization ; Py-GC/MS ; high-fat diet ; obesity ; Tremella fuciformis ; uronic acid ; biopolymers ; tear strength ; amorphous structure ; droplet size distribution ; microfluidization ; Pickering emulsion ; response surface methodology ; Turbiscan Stability Index ; zein ; 3D printing ; additive manufacturing ; cell immobilization ; bio-based polymers ; dual curing ; shape-memory ; photocuring ; microtransfer molding ; compressed wood ; bleaching ; lignin content ; alpha-cellulose ; swelling ; chitooligosaccharides ; chitin ; chitosan ; anti-inflammatory ; antioxidant ; tissue engineering ; wound healing ; antimicrobial ; drug delivery ; antitumor ; n/a ; rigid foams ; tannin-based foams ; polyurethane foams ; phenolic foams ; Iron(III)-hemicellulose complex ; rhamnoxylan ; iron supplement ; magnetic polymer ; hematinic ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
    Language: English
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    Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Food Systems (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Agricultural Products Processing and Postharvest Storage (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: Agricultural products such as fruit, vegetables, and cereal are believed to be some of the most crucial sources of certain phytonutrients necessary for humans, such as vitamins, dietary fibers, and minerals. However, agricultural products are prone to quality deterioration during storage under ambient temperatures. Currently, the annual post-harvest loss rate of agricultural products can reach up to 20–30%. Owing to their perishable nature, the development of processing and preservation technologies for agricultural products is an important research topic closely associated with the national economy and people’s livelihoods that has attracted ever-increasing attention. In view of the prominent issues of high energy consumption, high costs, serious pollution, and low-quality properties in agricultural product manufacturing, our journal mainly focuses on research articles on novel techniques and the underlying mechanisms of the processing, preservation, and quality control of agricultural products, so as to promote the upgrading and updating of the agricultural product industry.
    Keywords: fresh-cut ; electric peeling ; gas composition ; tray ; micro-perforated film ; rice ; starch structure ; physicochemical quality ; storage ; Acmella oleracea ; foam mat ; drying kinetics ; bending force ; bionic finger ; damage ; elasticity coefficient ; force loading ; low-loss picking ; microstructure ; pressure ; tea buds ; tension ; walnut ; physical properties ; crack ; broken shell experiment ; multi-point extrusion ; central composite design (CCD) ; parameter optimization ; jujube polysaccharide ; drying methods ; physicochemical property ; structural characteristic ; antioxidant activity ; potato ; pretreatment ; drying ; three-dimensional appearance ; quality ; polyphenols ; Sicily ; chemometrics ; Grillo ; wine ; grape ; potato flour ; gelatinization ; viscosity ; X-ray diffraction ; volatile aroma components ; gas-containing conditioning technology ; mild sterilization ; scheduled process ; preservation ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Laser-slaved piezo-controlled Fabry–Perot interferometer (2008)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A high-resolution Fabry–Perot interferometer was inserted in a feedback loop which, by monitoring elements of the fringe pattern, keeps the position of the transmitting window fixed with respect to a given line, taking into account the instability of the radiation source which would produce a wander of the line itself and the noise affecting the tuning of the receiving interferometer. The system, in this preliminary form, is able to lock itself and maintain its position indefinitely for slow and moderately fast varying disturbances.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2940-2944
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: FABRY-PEROT ; INTERFEROMETER ; SERVOMECHANISMS ; FEEDBACK ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    An experimental study on the pressure dependence of viscosity in silicate melts (2010)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The effect of pressure on melt viscosity was investigated for five compositions along the join An(CaAl2Si2O8)–Di(CaMgSi2O6) and four alkali silicates containing lithium, sodium, and potassium in constant ratio of ∼ 1:1:1, but alkali-silica ratios are varying. The experiments were performed in an internally heated gas pressure vessel at pressures from 50 to 400 MPa in the viscosity range from 108 to 1011.5 Pa⋅s using parallel plate viscometry. The polymerized An composition shows a negative pressure dependence of viscosity while the other, more depolymerized compositions of the join An–Di have neutral to positive pressure coefficients. The alkali silicates display neutral to slightly positive pressure coefficients for melt viscosity. These findings in the high viscosity range of 108–1011 Pa⋅s, where pressure appears to be more efficient than in low viscous melts at high temperature, are consistent with previous results on the viscosity of polymerized to depolymerized melts in the system NaAlSi3O8–CaMgSi2O6 by Behrens and Schulze [ H. Behrens and F. Schulze, Am. Mineral. 88, 1351 (2003) ]. Thus we confirm that the sign of the pressure coefficient for viscosity is mainly related to the degree of melt polymerization in silicate and aluminosilicate melts.
    Description: DFG Grant n.°BE1720/9
    Description: Published
    Description: 044504-14
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: viscosity ; polymerisation ; anorthite ; diopside ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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