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  • pharmacokinetics  (2,067)
  • Column liquid chromatography  (1,216)
  • Electron microscopy  (1,198)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (856)
  • kinetics
  • phosphorus
  • Springer  (6,663)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (173)
  • Frontiers Media SA  (4)
  • MDPI  (1)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The high importance of free radical chemistry for a variety of biological events, including ageing and inflammation, has attracted considerable interest in understanding the related mechanistic steps at the molecular level. Modelling the free radical chemical reactivity of biological systems is an important research area. When studying free-radical-based chemical mechanisms, biomimetic chemistry and the design of established biomimetic models come into play to perform experiments in a controlled environment, suitably designed to be a similar as possible to cellular conditions. This Special Issue provides readers with a wide overview of biomimetic radical chemistry, where molecular mechanisms have been defined and molecular libraries of products are developed to be used as traces for the discoveries of some relevant biological processes. Several subjects are presented, with five articles and five reviews written by specialists in the fields of DNA, proteins, lipids, biotechnological applications and bioinspired synthesis, with “free radicals” as the common denominator.
    Keywords: guanine ; guanyl radical ; tautomerism ; guanine radical cation ; oligonucleotides ; DNA ; G-quadruplex ; time-resolved spectroscopies ; reactive oxygen species (ROS) ; oxidation ; catalase mimics ; peroxide ; diiron-peroxo complexes ; structure/activity ; kinetic studies ; biomimetic chemistry ; cysteine ; ketone reduction ; free radicals ; pulse radiolysis ; kinetics ; DNA oxidation ; DNA hole transfer ; molecular dynamics ; quantum dynamics ; electron transfer ; charge transfer ; quantum coherence ; chemiluminescence ; reaction mechanisms ; singlet oxygen ; reactive oxygen species ; light emission ; crosslink ; dimerization ; protein oxidation ; radicals ; di-tyrosine ; di-tryptophan ; disulfides ; thiols ; aggregation ; proteomics ; mass spectrometry ; collagen ; riboflavin ; hyaluronic acid ; EPR spectroscopy ; keratoconus ; STEM ; DNA biosensor ; chemical nucleases ; DNA-drug interaction ; copper complexes ; metallodrugs ; MEP pathway ; antibiotics ; IspH ; LytB ; [4Fe-4S] cluster ; reductive dehydroxylation ; bioorganometallic intermediate ; inhibitors ; methionine ; neighboring group effect ; hydroxyl radical ; triplet state of carboxybenzophenone ; one-electron oxidants ; laser flash photolysis ; peptides ; proteins ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Development of strategies to assist the movement of poorly permeable molecules across biological barriers has long been the goal of drug delivery science. In the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in advanced drug delivery systems that aim to address this issue. However, most proprietary delivery technologies that have progressed to clinical development are based on permeation enhancers (PEs) that have a history of safe use in man. This Special Issue entitled “Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field” aims to present the current state-of-the-art in the application of PEs to improve drug absorption. Emphasis is placed on identification of novel permeation enhancers, mechanisms of barrier alteration, physicochemical properties of PEs that contribute to optimal enhancement action, new delivery models to assess PEs, studies assessing safety of PEs, approaches to assist translation of PEs into effective oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal dosage forms and combining PEs with other delivery strategies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; chitosan ; intestinal epithelial cells ; ocular delivery ; amphiphilic polymers ; cornea ; tight junction modulator ; cyclodextrin ; permeability ; gemini surfactant ; transferrin ; compound 48/80 ; epithelial permeability ; cervicovaginal tumors ; nanoparticles ; confocal laser scanning microscopy ; safety ; formulation ; salcaprozate sodium ; intestinal absorption ; FITC-dextran ; curcumin ; block copolymers ; nasal vaccination ; whole leaf ; brush border ; ocular drug delivery ; vaccine adjuvant ; nanoparticle ; nasal delivery ; efflux ; permeation enhancers ; absorption enhancers ; nose to brain delivery ; small intestine ; epithelium ; CNS disorders ; absorption modifying excipients ; insulin ; absorption enhancer ; gel ; intestinal delivery ; thermogel system ; Caco-2 ; biocompatibility studies ; absorption enhancement ; man ; PN159 ; poorly absorbed drug ; tryptophan ; tight junction ; oral macromolecule delivery ; penetration enhancer ; intestinal permeation enhancers ; nanocrystals ; simvastatin ; nanomedicine ; enterocyte ; N-dodecyl-?-D-maltoside (DDM) ; cell-penetrating peptide ; quaternization ; KLAL ; nasal ; nasal permeability ; transmucosal drug delivery ; Caco-2 cells ; mast cell activator ; penetration enhancers ; drug delivery ; nose-to-brain ; bioenhancer ; polymeric micelles ; mucoadhesion ; cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) ; simulated intestinal fluid ; vaginal delivery ; nasal formulation ; pharmacokinetic interaction ; sodium caprate ; clinical trial ; transmucosal permeation ; drug absorption enhancer ; sugar-based surfactants ; nanocapsules ; imatinib ; teriparatide ; osteoporosis ; hydrophobization ; F-actin ; combined microsphere ; transepithelial electrical resistance ; oral delivery ; ocular conditions ; metabolism ; antimicrobial peptide ; permeation enhancer ; drug administration ; antiepileptic drug ; amino acid ; in vivo studies ; sodium cholate (NaC) ; epithelial transport ; preclinical ; nose to brain transport ; pharmacokinetics ; chitosan derivatives ; ophthalmology ; tight junctions ; sheep ; cationic functionalization ; GLP-1 ; pulmonary ; and liposome ; cytochrome P450 ; claudin ; P-glycoprotein ; in situ hydrogel ; mucoadhesiveness ; PTH 1-34 ; Aloe vera ; oral peptides ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: The articles in this Special Issue cover a very wide range of topics related to the cultivation, management and use of fast-growing tree species. In addition to research on breeding and on the influence of pruning practices on the height growth of paulownia, three articles deal with the influence of site characteristics and nutrient availability on the physiology and yield security of fast-growing tree species. Another article focuses on the modeling of soil carbon in Salix plantations, while the article by Boruszewski et al. reports on potentially suitable areas for the planting of fast-growing tree species in Poland. Zitzmann and Rode examine the impact of short-rotation plantation management on phytodiversity, while Helbig et al. deal with the influence of leaf feeding on the growth of poplars and willows. Finally, Hernandez-Estrada et al. describe the dry matter loss of poplar wood chips during storage.
    Keywords: woody biomass crops ; bioenergy ; biodiversity ; species richness ; flora ; vascular plants ; short rotation coppices ; poplars ; willows ; feeding simulation ; defoliation ; herbivory ; short rotation coppice ; phosphatase activity ; nutrient content ; growth stages ; biomass ; willow ; Salix ; capacity ; European larch ; fast-growing trees ; plantations ; plantation area ; poplar cultivar “Hybrid 275” ; sown area ; biomass production ; life cycle assessment ; climate impact ; soil organic carbon ; genotypic difference ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; Populus ; INRA 717-1B4 ; pyramidal plant habitus ; leaf petiole angle ; branch angle ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; carbon ; physiology ; F. mandshurica ; Robinia pseudoacacia L. ; photosynthetic vitality ; chlorophyll and phenol content ; nutrition supply ; dry matter yield ; land reclamation ; spring pruning ; year-long pruning ; branching ; angle diversion of sprout ; dry matter losses ; poplar wood chips ; laboratory scale ; cultivable saproxylic microbiota ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: This book is a compilation of 10 recently published academic articles addressing sustainable residential landscape design and planning across geographies, scales, and perspectives: from American rain garden design to South Korean urban forestry; from Mexican community open space design to Australian neighborhood park planning; and from Chinese urban design to Bolivian land-use change. This volume brings together authors from a growing community of landscape sustainability scholars of landscape architecture and architecture; planning and construction; ecology and horticulture; agricultural and environmental sciences; and health, exercise, and nutrition. In summary, these papers address facets of a fundamental challenge for the 21st century: the design and planning of sustainable and resilient human settlements.
    Keywords: NA1-9428 ; NX1-820 ; carbon reduction ; intergenerational engagement ; tree planting structure ; urban tree ; All-Area Integrated Development ; residential landscapes ; small towns ; rural landscape architecture ; urban commons ; demolition/relocation-oriented market model (D/RMM) ; parks ; youth at risk ; spatial theory ; wellbeing ; building energy saving ; Guatemala ; land use change ; new rural construction model (NRCM) ; substrate ; phosphorus ; green infrastructure ; Origin Farmer Indigenous Territory ; dwellings ; residential sustainability ; residential neighborhood parks ; sustainable livelihoods ; sustainability ; ecological priority ; CPTED ; ecological service ; circular economy ; action research ; urban villages transformation ; cohousing ; public space recovery ; Bolivian Amazon ; design model ; social sustainability ; community service learning ; rural revitalization ; China ; coordinated development of rural communities & ; shared resources ; rain gardens ; tactical urbanism ; climate sensitive design ; prevention of gender-based violence ; polyculture ; comfort ; Indigenous versus non-indigenous land-use ; bioretention ; monoculture ; landscape performance evaluation ; low impact development ; governance ; territory ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AM Architecture
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Planting trees in the agricultural landscape, in the form of establishing agroforestry systems, has a significant role to play in potentially improving ecosystem services, such as increased biodiversity, reduced soil erosion, increased soil carbon storage, improved food security and nutrition, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. While the role of trees in agroforestry systems in improving ecosystem services has been researched, studies in new systems/regions and new agroforestry system designs are still emerging. This Special Issue includes selected papers presented at the 4th World Congress on Agroforestry, Montpellier, France 20–22 May 2019, and other volunteer papers. The scope of articles includes all aspects of agroforestry systems.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; farmers’ knowledge ; ahannon-wiener index ; economic benefits ; alley cropping ; lignin ; shelterbelts ; agroforestry ; natural capital ; forest farming ; nutrient content ; agroforestry system ; review ; Amazonia ; cropland ; riparian buffers ; climate change ; subtropical acidic forest soil ; bees ; phosphorus ; pollination ; 15N tracing experiment ; stable isotope ; West Java ; interspecific competition ; growth form ; cropping system ; climate change mitigation ; gross N transformation rates ; East Africa ; improved-fallow ; N-fixing trees ; carbon sequestration ; home garden ; margalef index ; windbreaks ; leaf nutrient diagnosis ; agroforestry systems ; pollinators ; sorption ; forestland ; China ; temperature change ; fractionation ; hedgerows ; native trees ; slash-and-mulch ; soil N ; shade tree species ; soil C ; Alpinia oxyphylla ; sustainable management ; plant water use ; rubber-based agroforestry system ; ecosystem services ; Indonesia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Physical processes are keys for the status of a lake. In this Special Issue, the emphasis is on dissolved oxygen and on exchange of gases, energy and momentum between atmosphere and further mixing and consumption within the water. The studies presented relate to ice-free as well as ice-covered lakes. Field measurements are combined with theoretical approaches.
    Keywords: hydrodynamic model ; bubble plume ; artificial mixing ; GLM ; Si3D ; dissolved gas ; Henry law ; total gas pressure ; ebullition ; greenhouse gases ; lacustrine waters ; diurnal variation ; hourly model ; water temperature ; dissolved oxygen ; shallow lakes ; and sediment heat flux ; water quality ; chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; phosphorus release ; full set of turbulent stresses ; Acoustic Doppler current profilers ; interbeam velocity correlations ; ice-covered lakes ; convectively-mixed layer ; anisotropic turbulence ; shallow lake ; ice-covered period ; ice phenology ; snow-ice cover thickness ; under-ice irradiance ; radiatively driven convection ; climate change ; 3D modelling ; stratification ; bubble plumes ; fractal ; lakes ; mixing ; multi-scale ; turbulence ; energy fluxes ; energy content ; reservoirs ; internal waves ; surface waves ; biogenic turbulence ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Numerous efforts have been devoted to using biomass as a feedstock for the production of bio-based materials, biochemicals, and biofuels that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on conventional fossil resources. Conversion strategies for the production of platform chemicals, building blocks, fine chemicals, and biofuels include a wide range of processes such as chemical and mechanical pretreatment for improved carbohydrate production, fractionation of biomass into carbohydrates and lignin and their further conversions, microbial and enzymatic conversion of biomass into valuable products, and direct catalytic conversion of biomass or its components into chemicals and fuels. This Special Issue introduces recent innovative research results in the area of bioenergy and value-added chemicals from various feedstocks through chemical and biological catalytic processes.
    Keywords: biomass ; xylan ; lignin ; cellulose ; pretreatment ; solid superacid catalyst ; sulfated tin(IV) oxide ; α-pinene partial coupling ; renewable high-density fuel ; biofuel ; biorefinery ; sugar-decomposed ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; waste biomass ; kinetics ; biomass pre-treatment ; green diesel ; renewable diesel ; Ni catalyst ; hydrodeoxygenation ; Cu-promotion effect ; catalysts ; solvents ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Adsorption is a well-established operation used for water decontamination and the remediation of industrial effluents. It is also recognized as a key technology for recovering substances of economic interest or those at risk of scarcity. The new sustainability paradigm of the circular economy and the current context of promoting the efficient use of natural resources, water and energy have been motivating the search for eco-friendly adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This Special Issue compiles 21 papers (17 research articles and 4 reviews), addressing the removal of heavy metals, toxic metalloids, precious metals and organics from aqueous solution, using a wide variety of adsorbents derived from natural and waste materials.
    Keywords: activated carbon ; modification ; surfactant ; adsorption ; methylene blue ; ions effect ; anionic dye ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ; sepiolite ; two-step modification ; electroplating sludge ; hydrothermal process ; heavy metal ; electroplating wastewater ; upcycling ; biochar ; thiourea ; cadmium pollution ; adsorption characteristics ; water treatment ; manganese ; iron ; banana peel ; pre-treatment ; phosphoric acid ; human hair ; kinetics ; isotherms ; biosorption ; algae ; bacteria ; biosorbent ; pharmaceutical waste ; complex nickel-aluminum-zirconium hydroxide ; arsenic ion ; different fractions ; Hg2+ ; characterization ; adsorption mechanism ; bisphenol A ; equilibrium ; heavy metals ; K-type zeolite ; fly ash ; lead ; immobilization ; Pb2+ removal ; sorption ; precipitation ; waste recycling ; removal mechanisms ; solid-to-water ratio ; microcystin ; separation ; water quality ; cyanobacteria ; algal bloom ; phenols ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; wastewater ; precious metals ; hydrometallurgical processing ; selectivity ; pine bark ; olive mill wastewater ; carbon nanotubes ; polydimethilsiloxane ; waste treatment ; phenolic compounds ; resources recovery ; dyes removal ; wastewater treatment ; agrowaste biomass ; diclofenac removal ; advanced oxidation treatments ; low-cost sorbents ; nano zerovalent iron ; granular activated carbon ; organoselenium ; water ; treatment ; cadmium ; cellulose nanofibrils ; iron nanoparticles ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) is an advanced quantitative approach focusing on individualized treatment optimization. MIPD integrates mathematical models of drugs and diseases combined with individual patient characteristics (e.g., genotype, anthropometric factors, and organ function). MIPD has been highlighted as a useful tool for drug dosage selection in both the drug development process and clinical practice and it is a rapidly growing discipline that is supported by the main drug regulatory agencies. Despite the potential benefits of this methodology toward personalized medicine, its application is still limited. The Special Issue presented here includes several PKPD and PBPK models focused on improving the current state of art regarding the PK behaviour of different drugs with the aim of improving the efficacy/safety balance of these treatments and their clinical outcome; the Special Issue is intended to be of particular interest for clinical pharmacologists, pharmacometricians, and specific clinicians who routinely use the considered drugs.
    Keywords: model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) ; efficacy PKPD indexes ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; PKPD modeling and simulation ; dosing algorithms ; nomograms ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: It is widely believed that a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions originated anthropogenically from the use of fossil fuels with additional contributions coming from manufactured materials, deforestation, soil erosion, and agriculture (including livestock). The global society actively supports measures to create a flexible and low-carbon energy economy to attenuate climate change and its devastating environmental consequences. In this Special Issue, the recent advancements in the next-generation thermochemical conversion processes for solid fuels and renewable energies (e.g., the operational flexibility of co-combustion of biomass and lignite, integrated solar combined cycle power plants, and advanced gasification systems such as the sorption-enhanced gasification and the chemical looping gasification) were shown.
    Keywords: hydrochar ; hydrothermal carbonization ; biogas upgrading ; CO2 capture ; pressure swing adsorption ; gasification ; kinetic model ; conversion model ; reaction model ; low-rank coal ; tar absorption ; process simulation ; validation study ; sensitivity analyses ; lignite ; lignite gasification ; fluidized-bed gasifier ; olivine ; solar cooling ; solar cooling system ; TRNSYS ; absorption chiller ; performance and analysis ; solar energy ; chemical looping ; biomass gasification ; process control ; CO2 absorption ; experimental study ; energy analysis ; exergy analysis ; CSP ; PTC ; ISCC ; power plant ; CFB combustion ; operational flexibility ; load transients ; fluctuating electricity generation ; renewables ; one-dimensional SEG model ; dual fluidized bed ; sorbent deactivation ; hydrodynamics ; kinetics ; fuel feeding rate ; biomass ; thermochemical conversion technologies ; combustion ; carbon capture and storage/utilization ; solar-driven air-conditioning ; integrated solar combined cycle ; energy and exergy analyses ; thermodynamic modeling ; dynamic process simulation ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: One last comment concerns the fundamental contributions of Fourier analysis to quantum physics: Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; self-electrorefining ; hedyphane group ; structural combinatorics ; CuFe2O4 ; Kamchatka ; Raman ; El Dragón ; apatite supergroup ; borate ; ariegilatite ; oyonite ; Tuscany ; gahnite ; magnesioferrite ; Szklary pegmatite ; aurihydrargyrumite ; Au6Hg5 phase ; Trentino ; Peru ; Germany ; cerromojonite ; sulfosalt ; pyrometamorphism ; Bellerberg volcano ; manganese ; gold ; spinel supergroup ; selenium ; CuAl2O4 ; clinokurchatovite ; sharyginite ; Poland ; copper ; kurchatovite ; copper oxide ; antimony ; nabimusaite group ; laachite ; lead ; thermaerogenite ; intercalated hexagonal antiperovskite ; placer ; Lower Silesia ; Eldfell ; Tolbachik volcano ; structural complexity ; nöggerathite-(Ce) ; Val di Fiemme ; Oyon district ; sanidinite ; cuprospinel ; sulfate ; fumarole sublimate ; Cretaio ; polymorphism ; polytypism ; tiberiobardiite ; fiemmeite ; stacking faults ; CO3-group ; Hatrurim Complex ; least-action principle ; phosphorus ; Laacher See ; new oxalate mineral ; Japan ; verneite ; alkaline volcanic rock ; arsenic ; Raman spectroscopy ; single-crystal investigation ; Rusinovite ; Eifel ; Lima department ; Italy ; barioferrite ; configurational entropy ; Hekla ; mercury ; Bolivia ; parafiniukite ; aluminofluoride ; new mineral ; Shadil-Khokh volcano ; Vesuvius ; bournonite group ; Ehime ; calcium ; lillianite homologous series ; chalcophyllite group ; sou?ekite ; silicate ; pyrometamorphic rocks ; crystal structure ; zirconolite ; bismuth ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: This book is a collection of a group of peer-reviewed scientific papers dealing with both the evaluation and the solution of the complex but pressing problem of water source pollution. In the case of both fresh and marine water, the environmental and health protection aspects are closely linked. Monitoring activities supply continuous information on the contamination levels in inland surface, ground, and coastal waters, providing an alert in case of increased or new contamination and monitoring the effectiveness of remediation strategies. On the other hand, new or improved remediation and bioremediation tools are urgently needed to tackle the scarcity of safe drinking water. The papers in this book represent interesting starting points for future researches.
    Keywords: acute toxicity ; Daphnia magna ; electrochemical oxidation ; emerging contaminants ; methiocarb ; glucocorticoids ; TiO2-solar light degradation ; freshwater pollution ; photoproducts ; matrix constituents ; human health analysis ; water contamination ; water quality model ; hydraulic model ; WDS ; water quality sensors ; agrochemicals ; photo-reactor ; advanced oxidation processes ; water pollution ; point sources ; antioxidant enzymes ; pharmaceutical residues ; pesticides ; detergents ; integrative indexes ; groundwater pollution ; pollution costs ; economic environmental protection instruments ; physico-chemical parameters ; heavy metals ; health risk index ; Pearson coefficients ; adsorption ; dye ; MWCNT ; kinetics ; isotherm models ; thermodynamic ; bioaccumulation ; Lake Chapala ; carp ; catfish ; PTWI ; bioremediation ; ecotoxicology ; Gibbula umbilicalis ; marine bacteria ; tributyltin ; TBT-tolerance ; microalgae ; Vibrio fisheri ; benzenesulfonamide ; benzothiazole ; benzotriazole ; biotoxicity tests ; ferrous lactate ; in situ chemical reduction ; trichloroethylene (TCE) ; green and sustainable remediation (GSR) ; 1,4-dioxane ; dynamic ; pollution ; dumping site ; transport phenomena ; superfund ; enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) ; dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) ; chlorinated hydrocarbons ; tetrachloroethene (PCE) ; trichloroethene (TCE) ; dichloroethene (DCE) ; anaerobic reduction ; metagenomics ; microplastics ; largemouth bass ; growth ; intestinal morphology ; intestinal microbiota ; PCBs ; monitoring ; biomonitoring ; statistical analysis ; Lake Baikal ; passive sampling ; trace contaminants ; seawater ; chromatography–mass spectrometry ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: This reprint focuses on the current progress in sports medicine, with a specific interest in surgery, exercise therapy, and multi-disciplinary research. With the advancement of society, more attention is paid to the quality of life, which emphasizes the importance of sports and exercise. Correspondingly, there is a great need for sports medicine. This issue collected novel findings on sports medicine in surgery, conservative therapy, and the application of exercise training in other disorders
    Keywords: shoulder ; rotator cuff ; allografts ; demineralized bone matrix ; biologics ; diabetes mellitus ; aerobic training ; resistance training ; vascular function ; meta-analysis ; femoroacetabular impingement ; hip arthroscopy ; longitudinal capsulotomy ; femoroplasty ; labrum repair ; degenerative lumbar diseases ; albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio ; spinal fusion rate ; prognostic marker ; arterial hypertension ; exercise hypertension ; blood pressure ; exercise testing ; sports injuries ; machine learning ; injury prediction ; sports monitorization ; elite football ; performance ; systemic inflammation ; physical endurance ; physical fitness ; maximal aerobic capacity ; gingivitis ; cardiac rehabilitation ; exercise therapy ; balance exercises ; cardiovascular diseases ; ACLR ; hamstring tendon with preserved tibial insertion ; MRI ; T2 ; cartilage volume ; gait retraining ; running-related injuries ; kinetics ; kinematics ; rehabilitation ; rotator cuff tear ; rotator cuff repair ; bone quality ; osteopenia ; osteoporosis ; anchor pullout ; pullout strength ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Nowadays, diet-related non-communicable diseases and their complications are one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Food supplements and functional foods are considered food products which contribute to the achievement of optimal nutritional well-being, health status, and quality of life through reducing the risk of diseases and promoting the appropriate function of human organs and systems. Nowadays, the assessment of these functional foods and the study of their implications in nutrition and health are important challenges in societies of developed countries where consumers increasingly demand foods with added value beyond the provision of nutrients and the satisfaction of appetite. In this reprint, the characterization of the nutritional composition and phytochemicals of functional foods and food supplements as well as the evaluation of their potential health benefits in different disorders and diseases through clinical trials or preliminary studies are addressed.
    Keywords: food supplement ; folic acid ; pregnancy ; food safety ; health claims ; nutrition ; Amazonian fruits ; composition ; metabolic effects ; royal jelly ; acetylcholine ; fatty acid ; ophthalmology ; dry eye ; magnesium ; pharmacy ; food supplements ; drugstore ; functional foods ; healthy eating ; credibility ; extrinsic attributes ; conjoint analysis ; Mediterranean diet ; phytonutrients ; dietary recommendations ; healthy diet ; polyphenols ; flavonoids ; carotenoids ; organosulfur ; caffeine ; antidiabetic activity ; antioxidant activity ; inhibition of α-glucosidase ; inhibition of α-amylase ; inhibition of collagenase ; kombucha ; bacteria ; yeast ; metagenome ; metabolome ; tea polyphenols ; antioxidants ; Glossogyne tenuifolia ; exercise ; forelimb grip strength ; lactate ; ammonia ; creatine kinase ; medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) ; obesity ; energy expenditure ; diet-derived fat ; postprandial resting metabolism ; sedentary ; octanoic acid ; decanoic acid ; creatine ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; cost-effectiveness ; brain ; muscle ; healthcare ; anthocyanins ; organosulfur compounds ; tannins ; phenolic acids ; Persea americana ; non-alcoholic liver disease ; liver enzymes ; inflammation ; oxidative stress ; novel foods ; novel ingredients ; extracts ; risk assessment ; dietary supplements ; HPLC ; food authenticity ; neural tube defects ; food ; food analysis ; food ingredients ; infant formula ; kynurenic acid ; (poly)phenol-based supplement ; pharmacokinetics ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; inter-individual variability ; non-invasive brain stimulation ; TMS ; a-tDCS ; indicaxanthin ; brain food ; cortical excitability ; homeostatic plasticity ; trans-resveratrol ; regulation ; labels ; nutrition claims ; high-performance thin-layer chromatography ; HPTLC ; glutamine ; intestinal stem cells ; crypt ; proliferation ; burns ; micronutrient ; health claim ; labeling ; European legislation ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies::JBCC4 Cultural studies: food and society
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: The development of materials from industrial wastes has attracted the attention of the research community for years. A material's physico-chemical characteristics have specific impacts its properties and their application in environmental, energetic, and biomedical areas, such as in pollutant removal; CO2 capture; energy storage; catalytic oxidation and reduction processes; the conversion of biomass to biofuels; and drug delivery. Examples of such materials are activated carbons, clays, and zeolites, among others. The aim of this Special Issue is to collect the recent advances and progresses developed in this field considering valorised materials from industrial wastes and their applications in environmental, energetic, and biomedical areas.
    Keywords: biomass gasification ; agricultural residues ; cogeneration plant ; life cycle assessment ; environmental impact ; greenhouse gas ; kinetics ; polyolefins ; aerobic biodegradation ; waste plastic materials ; biodegradation of plastic ; standard plastic testing ; gas explosion ; equivalent stoichiometric cloud ; Q9 ; explosion risk assessment ; model evaluation ; precoat layer ; precoat filtration ; cellulose fibres ; filter aids ; backwash filtration ; filter regeneration ; filter media resistance ; filter cake resistance ; turbidity ; particle layer ; LNG vapour ; dispersion ; hazard distances ; CFD ; topography ; phase change ; cold venting ; municipal solid waste ; SWDS ; composting process ; DOC ; IPCC guidelines ; GHG emissions ; wastewater treatment ; natural clays ; emerging contaminants ; zeolite ; bentonite ; Daphnia magna ; adsorption ; copper ; ion exchange ; thiourea ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ; reductive extraction ; resource recovery ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This special issue entitled “Water Quality Assessments for Urban Water Environment,” strives to highlights the status quo of water environment, opportunities and challenges for their sustainable management in lieu of rapid global changes (land us eland cover changes, climate change, population growth, change in socio-economic dimension, urbanization etc.), in the urban space particularly in developing nations around the world. It also highlights the effect of COVID19 pandemic on water resources and way forward to minimize the risk of spreading health risk associated with wastewater management. Considering the complex nature of the urban water security, it highlights the importance of emerging approaches like socio-hydrology, landscape ecology, regional-circular-ecological sphere etc., which presents a perfect combination of hard (infrastructure) and soft (numerical simulations, spatial technologies, participatory approaches, indigenous knowledge) measures, as the potential solutions to manage this precious water resource in coming future. Finally, what is the way forward to enhance science-policy interface in a better way to achieve global goals e.g., SDGs at local level in a timely manner. It provides valuable information about sustainable water resource management at the urban landscape, which is very much useful for policy-makers, decision-makers, local communities, and other relevant stakeholders.
    Keywords: groundwater ; geospatial analysis ; hydrogeochemical assessment ; multivariate statistical analysis ; water quality index ; middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ; urban river stretches ; phosphorus ; spatial distribution ; bioavailability ; suspended sediment (SS) ; water quality ; WEAP ; climate change adaptation ; urbanization ; domestic wastewater management ; sustainable development goals ; triple-rice cropping system ; full-dike ; surface water quality ; WAWQI ; An Giang Province ; the Vietnamese Mekong Delta ; hydrological residence time (HRT) ; lake ; COVID ; waterbodies ; WQI ; HPI ; HEI ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; bioaerosol ; aerosolized wastewater ; environmental transmission ; agriculture ; water security ; water scarcity ; climate change ; IWRM ; socioeconomic changes ; sustainable development ; Pindrawan tank area ; drinking water quality ; artificial intelligence ; particle swarm optimization ; support vector machine ; naive Bayes classifier ; water insecurity ; water security framework ; public health ; primary health care ; groundwater demand ; Sundarbans ; vulnerability ; sensitivity loop ; water–human wellbeing nexus ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.
    Keywords: catechin ; degalloylation ; flavonol ; glycoside hydrolase ; optimization ; tannase ; immobilized DERA ; statin side chain ; continuous flow synthesis ; alginate-luffa matrix ; design of experiments ; Anguilla marmorata ; eel protein hydrolysates ; functional properties ; herbal eel extracts ; agarose ; agarase ; agarotriose ; agaropentaose ; expression ; calycosin ; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucosyltransferase ; sucrose synthase ; UDP-glucose recycle ; UGT–SuSy cascade reaction ; Candida antarctica lipase A ; surface-display system ; shear rate ; mass transfer rate ; enzymatic kinetic study ; enzymatic synthesis ; β-amino acid esters ; microreactor ; aromatic amines ; Michael addition ; kraft pulp ; cellulose ; xylan ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; Penicillium verruculosum ; glucose ; xylose ; lipase ; acidolysis ; docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester ; eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ; ethyl acetate ; kinetics ; styrene monooxygenase ; indole monooxygenase ; two-component system ; chiral biocatalyst ; solvent tolerance ; biotransformation ; epoxidation ; NAD(P)H-mimics ; superoxide dismutase (SOD) ; catalase (CAT) ; glutathione reductase (GR) ; aluminum (Al) ; selenium (Se) ; mouse ; brain ; liver ; phosphatidylcholine ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid ; enzymatic interesterification ; biocatalysis ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; enenzymatic hydrolysis ; peptide ; antioxidant ; hepatoprotective activity ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; whole–cell biocatalysis ; indolizine ; cycloaddition ; trehalose ; viscosity ; enzymes ; protein dynamics ; Kramers’ theory ; protein stabilization ; enzyme inhibition ; Lipase ; transesterification ; 2-phenylethyl acetate ; packed-bed reactor ; solvent-free ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; carbon nanotubes ; redox mediators ; CYP102A1 ; naringin dihydrochalcone ; neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone ; regioselective hydroxylation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Deforestation and land use change have led to a strong reduction of tropical forest cover during the last decades. Climate change will amplify the pressure to the remaining refuges in the next years. In addition, tropical regions are facing increasing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, which will have unknown consequences for the structure and functioning of these systems, no matter if they are within protected areas or not. Even remote areas are expected to receive rising amounts of nutrients. The effects of higher rates of atmospheric nutrient deposition on the biological diversity and ecosystem functioning of tropical ecosystems are poorly understood and our knowledge of nutrient fluxes and nutrient limitation in tropical forest ecosystems is still limited. Yet, it will be of paramount importance to know the effects of increased nutrient availability to conserve these ecosystems with their biological and functional diversity. During the last years, research efforts have more and more focused on the understanding of the role of nutrients in tropical ecosystems and several coordinated projects have been established that study the effects of experimental nutrient addition. This Research Topic combines results from experiments and from observational studies with the aim to review and conclude on our current knowledge on the role of additional nutrients in ecosystems.
    Keywords: GB3-5030 ; Q1-390 ; experimental nutrient manipulation ; global change ; nitrogen ; CO2 ; nutrient limitation ; foliar nutrients ; biogeochemical cycles ; wood anatomy ; phosphorus
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue is designed to celebrate the founding of the open-access journal Oceans and is focused on presenting new ideas and advances at the cutting edge of ocean science. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to: ocean geosciences, physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology; ocean ecosystem services and sustainable ocean resource use; and ocean operations and engineering. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue focus on diverse areas of oceanography, including ocean ecology and biology, ocean geosciences, ocean climate and meteorology, ocean circulation, ocean chemistry and biogeochemistry, ocean resources (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, and mining), ocean engineering, ocean modeling and ocean governance.
    Keywords: SIDS ; UN Member States ; sustainable development goal 14 ; SAMOA pathway ; capacity building ; scientific infrastructure ; IAEA ; ocean challenges ; nuclear and isotopic techniques ; ecology ; oceanography ; Portugal ; abundance rate ; nursery ; common dolphin ; Delphinus delphis ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; time series ; regime shift ; climate ; nutrients ; composite ; delamination ; seawater ; immersion ; ageing ; Black Sea ; biogeochemical modelling ; seasonal phytoplankton and inter-annual variation ; capture–recapture ; Cayman Islands ; Seychelles ; monitoring ; endangered species ; maximum number of individuals ; photo-identification ; mark-recapture ; movement ecology ; phosphorus ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphate ; pyrophosphatase activity ; seaweed ; Ulva ; ras al hadd oceanic dipole ; arabian sea ; cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies ; altimetric data ; angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (AMEDA) ; HYCOM model ; ARGO floats ; carbon cycle ; tropical Atlantic ; dissolved inorganic carbon ; alkalinity ; Demerara Rise ; millennial-scale variability ; Late Quaternary paleoclimate ; seafloor mapping ; vulnerable deep-sea habitats ; deep-sea corals ; chemosynthesis-based communities ; vulnerable marine ecosystem ; Atlantic Ocean ; seismic faults ; slope instabilities ; submarine volcanism ; fluid-flow processes ; bottom currents ; tsunamis ; canyon heads ; tectonic indentation ; multidisciplinary approach ; carbon ; eutrophic ; Hiroshima Bay ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; sediment ; ocean forecasting ; reflexivity ; fisheries ; harmful algal blooms ; coupled natural-human systems ; Anthropocene ocean ; shark ; luminescence ; Etmopteridae ; Dalatiidae ; Somniosidae ; photophore ; hormonal control ; counter-illumination ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide.
    Keywords: Ti6Al4V ; HDH ; powder metallurgy ; powder synthesis ; ZnO ; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis ; influential parameters ; formation mechanism ; structure ; morphologies ; characterization ; TEM ; HRTEM ; Mo silicide ; Mo5Si3 ; spheroidizing ; powder ; inductively coupled thermal plasma ; MgCO3-powder ; synthesis ; CO2- absorption ; olivine carbonation ; autoclave ; thermal decomposition ; CO2 utilization ; vanadium precipitation ; vanadium oxides ; vanadium-bearing shale ; vanadium strip liquor ; copper ; electrolysis ; hydrogen ; SEM ; XRD ; PSD ; tribology materials ; tungsten disulfide ; tungsten trioxide ; silica ; precipitation ; uranium ; zirconolite ; brannerite ; betafite ; leaching ; kinetics ; acid mine drainage ; iron ; aluminium ; coagulation ; water treatment ; electrocatalysis ; supported Pt nanoparticles ; Pt/TiO2 synthesis ; Titanium oxide colloid ; acid mine drainage (AMD) ; flotation tailings ; AMD neutralization ; metals’ precipitation ; polluted site remediation ; synergy of processes ; Al-Ti alloy ; electrochemical co-deposition ; chloroaluminate melt ; ammonium perrhenate ; rhenium ; disproportionation reaction ; hydrogen reduction ; oxide ; nanocomposites ; alumina ; thermochemistry ; polycrystalline diamond ; cobalt ; ultrasound ; aqua regia ; polycrystalline diamond blanks ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a plant production system that involves planting two or more species (or cultivars) in the same field in a variable order—row or rowless—simultaneously. Mixed cropping plays an important role in sustainable agriculture by adding value to crop rotations and agroecosystems. Scientific investigations on environmentally friendly mixed cropping should be supported by studies on the direct costs and long-term benefits that are the most relevant to farmers. Meeting the need to strengthen the scientific basis for mixed crops, the papers in this Special Issue enhance our understanding of the following: The selection of species and cultivars for a mixed crop system as well as the choice of agricultural treatments that will secure a stable yield of mixtures; Inter- and intra- species competition of plants in a canopy; Ecological intensification approaches and opportunities for maximizing crop performance and yield in mixtures; The effects of mixed crops on crop rotations; The short- and long-term ecosystem benefits of mixtures; The effects on pests and the biodiversity of agroecosystems provided by mixtures; The economic aspects of adopting the mixtures in farms; The nutritive value of mixtures for livestock; Other topics related to the mixed cropping.
    Keywords: barley ; oats ; triticale ; yield ; leaf area index ; land equivalent ratio ; standard gross margin ; brachiaria ; cereal-livestock production ; perception ; push-pull technology ; smallholder farmers ; proximity effect ; border effect ; neighbor effect ; strip intercropping ; legume ; cereals ; Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium multiflorum ; phosphorus ; water stress ; competition indices ; plant development stages ; spring cereal mixtures ; grain yield ; protein yield ; metabolic energy yield ; differentiations of cereal mixture ; sustainable agriculture ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; biodiversity ; intercropping ; silage ; growth ; quality ; non-legume ; mixed crop ; herbivores ; pest population ; natural enemy ; cereal–legume mixture ; common vetch ; cultivar ; soil quality ; cereal-legume mixture ; organic farming ; conventional farming ; leaf greenness index ; seed yield ; yield components ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are responsible for Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), are liposoluble toxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. This book presents 18 scientific papers that offer new information and scientific evidence on: (i) CTX occurrence in aquatic environments, with an emphasis on edible aquatic organisms; (ii) analysis methods for the determination of CTXs; (iii) advances in research on CTX-producing organisms; (iv) environmental factors involved in the presence of CTXs; and (v) the assessment of public health risks related to the presence of CTXs, as well as risk management and mitigation strategies.
    Keywords: ciguatoxins ; HRMS ; Q-TOF ; ciguatera poisoning ; C-CTX1 ; fragmentation pathways ; maitotoxins ; Gambierdiscus ; Fukuyoa ; LC-MS/MS ; QToF ; neuroblastoma cell assay ; matrix effect ; ciguatera monitoring ; SPATT passive samplers ; HP20 resin ; CBA-N2a ; WS artificial substrate ; qPCR ; HTS metabarcoding ; ciguatera ; ciguatoxin ; cytotoxicity assay ; ELISA ; HPLC ; immunoassay ; mouse bioassay ; receptor-binding assay ; ciguatoxins (CTXs) ; neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA) ; immunosensor ; pacific ciguatoxins ; natural product ; polycyclic ether ; ring-closing metathesis ; Tsuji-Trost allylation ; French Polynesia ; epidemiology ; toxicological analyses ; risk management ; climate change ; Gambierdiscus polynesiensis ; toxin profile ; nitrate ; urea ; culture medium acidification ; CTX1B ; 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B ; 54-deoxyCTX1B ; Dictyota ; Caribbean ; dinoflagellate ; benthic algae ; algal toxin ; harmful algal bloom ; the Indian Ocean ; Arabian sea ; Kuwait bay ; Aden Gulf ; Red Sea ; Gulf of Aqaba ; Andaman Sea ; Bay of Bengal ; seafood safety ; foodborne disease ; experimental exposure ; lionfish ; trophic transfer ; toxin accumulation ; Selvagens Islands ; morphology ; phylogeny ; benthic dinoflagellate ; Beibu Gulf ; Chinese waters ; least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ; machine learning ; data science ; medical informatics ; survival analysis ; foodborne diseases ; Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ; digital technologies ; open data ; risk analysis ; marine biotoxins ; Lagodon rhomboides ; pinfish ; bioaccumulation ; depuration ; Caribbean ciguatoxin ; growth dilution ; model ; kinetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This Special Issue is a collection of research topics on developing analytical and bioanalytical methods for isolation, identification, and determination of substances in biomedical and pharmaceutical matrices. Special attention is given to advancements in sample preparation, separation techniques and novel detection methods of small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies. The presented analytical methods exhibit several applications, including pharmacokinetic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring, microdialysis, toxicology, disease screening or drug stability study. Two comprehensive review articles were also presented on applying capillary electrophoresis to analyze bioactive compounds in herbal matrices.
    Keywords: CNS ; sulfasalazine ; brain to plasma ratio ; LC-ESI-TOF-MS ; rituximab ; quadripolar mass spectrometer ; albumin depletion ; pharmacokinetics ; orbitrap mass spectrometer ; IgG-immunocapture ; bubble-generating magnetic liposomes ; bionic membrane ; permeable compounds ; herbal medicines ; LC–MS ; capillary electrophoresis ; herbal ; raw material ; tea ; polyphenols ; flavonoids ; amino acids ; coumarins ; alkaloids ; chlorambucil and valproic acid ; HPLC-UV and GC-MS methods ; optimization and validation ; determination in plasma ; combined anticancer therapy ; herbal drugs ; medicinal plants ; quality control ; quantitative analysis ; pharmaceutical analysis ; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid ; validation ; pharmacokinetic ; pigs ; LC-MS/MS ; iron determination ; spectrophotometry ; flow analysis ; direct injection detector ; multi-pumping flow system ; medical errors ; hospital workflow ; patient safety ; Raman spectroscopy ; IV drugs ; piperacillin ; tazobactam ; non-invasively ; vildagliptin ; remogliflozin ; ratio derivative spectrophotometry ; determination ; formulation ; ecofriendly ; confidence interval ; stability ; retrospective analysis ; sample size ; regulatory bioanalysis ; bioanalytical method validation ; heparin ; metal–organic framework ; zeolite imidazolate framework-8 ; kinetic ; thermodynamic ; Oncheong-eum ; traditional herbal prescription ; method development ; method validation ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; thalassemia ; human hemoglobin ; wooden-tip electrospray ionization ; multiply charged ions ; mass spectrometry ; multiply charged ion ; GC–MS ; analytical QbD ; genotoxic impurity ; alkyl halide ; (Q)SAR ; analytical method development ; tyrosine kinase inhibitor ; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ; active metabolite ; therapeutic drug monitoring ; chronic lymphocytic leukemia ; assay error equation ; oral anticancer drug ; IWR-1-endo ; Wnt signaling inhibitor ; solid-phase extraction ; cerebral microdialysis ; bioanalysis ; Tafamidis ; polymorphs ; crystal structure ; powder diffraction ; thermal stability ; blood collection tubes ; citrate anticoagulant ; direct spectrometric determination ; quality control method ; anticoagulant concentration ; draw volume ; anticoagulant volume ; magnesium contamination ; potassium contamination ; Agrimonia pilosa ; apigenin-7-O-glucuronide ; cream ; HPLC-DAD ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food processing by humans goes a long way back in time, e.g., heat for cooking was used 1.9 million years ago. However, meal preparation now seems to be moving out of the home kitchen, and preprocessed or processed/convenience food products are becoming a larger part of the daily diet. In addition, consumers are progressively focusing on the impact of food on their health, and they demand foods that have a high nutritional quality and an aroma and natural flavor that are similar to freshly-made products. Therefore, nutritional quality is concurrent with food safety, and sensory perception is becoming an increasingly important factor in food choices. The human digestive tract disintegrates food to allow the nutrients to be released and made available to the body. However, nutrients can undergo unwanted degradation upon processing and subsequent storage, negatively influencing the physiological effects. Different processing techniques will result in different food structures, thereby also affecting bioaccessibility and nutritional value. Hence, food scientists and industry have an increased interest in both conventional and innovative processing methods that can provide good-quality products with high nutritional value and stable shelf life. This Special Issue aims to shed some light on the latest knowledge about and developments within the effects of food processing and storage on changes of biochemical and nutritional compounds. Both original research articles and reviews are included in this book.
    Keywords: protein fractionation ; white teff ; brown teff ; amino acid profile ; seed storage proteins ; essential amino acids ; anthocyanins ; ascorbic acid ; UV-Vis ; HPLC-MS ; kinetics ; shelf life ; legume protein ; processing ; digestibility ; PEF ; OH ; POD ; colour ; extraction ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; antioxidants ; carotenoid aggregates ; coloring foods ; grouper ; refrigerated storage ; packaging methods ; protein oxidation ; protein degradation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The book is devoted to the fundamental aspects of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of many-particle systems. The concept of Zubarev’s approach, which generalizes the notion of Gibbs’ ensembles, and introduces a nonequilibrium statistical operator, providing an adequate basis for dealing with strongly correlated systems that are governed by nonperturbative phenomena, such as the formation of bound states, quantum condensates and the instability of the vacuum. Besides a general introduction to the formalism, this book contains contributions devoted to the applications of Zubarev’s method to the solution of modern problems in different fields of physics: transport theory, hydrodynamics, high-energy physics, quark-gluon plasma and hadron production in heavy-ion collisions. The book provides valuable information for researchers and students in these fields, requiring powerful concepts to solve fundamental problems of non-equilibrium phenomena in strongly
    Keywords: relativistic fluid dynamics ; statistical operator ; non-equilibrium states ; transport coefficients ; correlation functions ; open quantum system ; master equation ; non-equilibrium statistical operator ; relevant statistical operator ; quasi-temperature ; dynamic correlations ; QCD matter ; phase transition ; critical point ; nonequilibrium thermo-field dynamics ; kinetics ; hydrodynamics ; kinetic equations ; bound states ; quark-gluon plasma ; out-of-equilibrium quantum field theory ; dimensional renormalization ; finite-time-path formalism ; Boltzmann equation ; gluon saturation ; pion enhancement ; ALICE ; LHC ; thermalization ; hadronization ; Gibbs equilibrium statistical mechanics ; Bogoliubov’s quasi-averages ; pressure fluctuations ; relativistic ideal gas ; kinetic theory ; particle production ; Schwinger effect ; Zitterbewegung ; low density approximation ; quantum statistical mechanics ; relativistic hydrodynamics ; Kubo formulae ; graphene ; dynamic critical phenomena ; high-field and nonlinear effects ; QCD ; gluons ; Bose-Einstein condensate ; Fokker-Planck equation ; relaxation time approximation ; linear response theory ; permittivity, dynamical conductivity, absorption coefficient, dynamical collision frequency ; ordered lattice, disordered lattice ; Umklapp process ; interband transitions ; finite temperature field theory ; path integrals ; quantum fields in curved spacetime ; symmetries ; quantum anomalies ; irreversibility ; entropy ; electrical conductivity ; Zubarev operator ; Unruh effect ; acceleration ; Zubarev formalism ; pion chemical potential ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 28
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In the book "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation" we aim to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.
    Keywords: bioequivalence ; Biopharmaceutics Classification System ; in vitro ; dissolution test ; pravastatin ; oral absorption ; in silico modeling ; GastroPlus ; Phoenix WinNonlin ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical studies ; ibuprofen ; manometry ; gastrointestinal ; mechanistic modeling ; PBPK ; PBBM ; disintegration ; dissolution ; enteric-coated ; ICH ; quality control ; regional intestinal permeability ; permeation enhancers ; absorption-modifying excipients ; oral peptide delivery ; intestinal perfusion ; pharmaceutical development ; controlled release drug product ; biopharmaceutics classification system ; drug solubility ; drug permeability ; location-dependent absorption ; segregated flow intestinal model (SFM) ; traditional model (TM) ; route-dependent intestinal metabolism ; first-pass effect ; drug-drug interactions ; DDI ; in vitro in vivo extrapolations ; IVIVE ; zero-order absorption ; first-order absorption ; combined zero- and first-order absorption ; transit compartment absorption model ; in situ perfusion ; microdevices ; shape ; mucoadhesion ; colon absorption ; nutrient digestion ; nutrient absorption ; gastrointestinal hormone ; postprandial glycaemia ; energy intake ; region of the gut ; obesity ; type 2 diabetes ; Franz–PAMPA ; BCS drugs ; biomimetic membrane ; Franz cell ; passive drug transport ; BCS class IV drugs ; segmental-dependent intestinal permeability ; intestinal absorption ; oral drug delivery ; biopharmaceutics ; physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling ; furosemide ; intestinal permeability ; human colon carcinoma cell layer (Caco-2) ; hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) ; drug absorption ; drug solubility/dissolution ; regional/segmental-dependent permeability and absorption ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This Special Issue reprint highlights seventy years since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1952 by Russian scientists LV Radushkevich and VM Lukyanovich in what was then the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the USSR. It also reflects the popularization by the well-known Japanese scientist S Iijima, since 1991, of carbon nanostructures, including CNTs, towards nanotechnology as a forever impactful and inspiring field. For researchers, academics, and teachers of all levels, from novice to expert to guru, the articles contained within this Special Issue are themed around sustainability from nanotechnology, pertaining to diameter measurement, rotor system molecular simulation, ultra-high tensile strength, energy, filtration via membrane distillation, environmental remediation using adsorption, ionic liquids as curing agents, biosensors and bioinspired sensors, and electrical/mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. The CNT is a legacy 1D nanomaterial, only after which was 2D graphene able to emerge. This is a global and mixed-country authorship Special Issue, with this reprint containing articles from Canada, Saudi Arabia, China, Russia, Spain, India, Japan, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the USA, Germany, Turkiye, and Malaysia. The Guest Editor is from Singapore and began publishing critical work on the CNT-polymer interface towards the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite up to 20 years ago.
    Keywords: CNTs ; MWCNTs ; SWCNTs ; polymer composite ; mechanical performance ; flexible capacitive sensors ; bioinspired spinosum ; CNT/PDMS nanocomposite ; tires ; transmission system ; carbon nanotube (CNT) ; hydroxyl groups ; response speed ; energy dissipation ; carbon nanotubes ; carbon nanotube fibers ; tensile strength ; defect control ; controlled preparation ; dielectric polymer composites ; permittivity ; polymer nanocomposite ; electrical conductivity ; mixing ; polymer blends ; electromagnetic interference shielding ; carbon nanotube ; filler migration ; polyethylene ; lead ; arsenic ; adsorption ; poly(amidoamine) ; silver nanoparticles ; biosensor ; virus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; toxicity ; biocompatibility ; electrospinning ; electrospraying ; nanomaterials ; nanostructured membrane ; nanocomposites ; seawater desalination ; temperature polarization ; flux ; solar energy ; dye degradation ; surface plasmon resonance effect ; TiO2/rGO/Ag ; hybrid nanostructures ; phosphorus ; encapsulation ; lithium-ion batteries ; atomic force microscopy ; diameter ; nanometrology ; epoxy resin ; ionic liquid ; nanocomposite ; curing agent ; dispersing agent ; mechanical properties ; lap shear ; conductivity ; melt-mixing ; polymer composites ; SWCNT ; PMMA ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.
    Keywords: ironmaking ; carbon emissions ; energy consumption ; flash ironmaking process ; alternate ironmaking processes ; direct reduction ; smelting reduction ; iron ore concentrate ; natural gas ; digitalization ; digital technologies ; digital transformation ; steel industry ; digital skills ; industrial restructuring ; carbon emission ; technology upgrade ; steel ; environment ; mining ; production ; circular economy ; lean and frugal design ; ecology transition ; climate change ; pollution ; toxicology ; metals ; metallic products ; environmental impact ; carbon capture and storage ; CO2 mineralization ; steelmaking slags ; nanoparticles ; life cycle assessment (LCA) ; by-products ; industrial symbiosis ; reuse ; recycling ; CO2 mitigation ; hydrogen ; kinetics ; fossil-free steel ; hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) ; melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) ; hydrogen production by water electrolysis ; hydrogen storage ; grid balancing ; renewable electricity ; climate warming ; carbon footprint ; energy saving ; emissions mitigation ; electricity generation ; hydrogen in steelmaking ; steel vision ; mini blast furnace ; charcoal ; mathematical model ; gas injection ; kinetic models ; self-reducing burden ; iron ore ; coking coal ; DRI ; scrap ; blue dust ; decarbonization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: BioPolymers could be either natural polymers – polymer naturally occurring in Nature, such as cellulose or starch…, or biobased polymers that are artificially synthesized from natural resources. Since the late 1990s, the polymer industry has faced two serious problems: global warming and anticipation of limitation to the access to fossil resources. One solution consists in the use of sustainable resources instead of fossil-based resources. Hence, biomass feedstocks are a promising resource and biopolymers are one of the most dynamic polymer area. Additionally, biodegradability is a special functionality conferred to a material, bio-based or not. Very recently, facing the awareness of the volumes of plastic wastes, biodegradable polymers are gaining increasing attention from the market and industrial community. This special issue of Molecules deals with the current scientific and industrial challenges of Natural and Biobased Polymers, through the access of new biobased monomers, improved thermo-mechanical properties, and by substitution of harmful substances. This themed issue can be considered as collection of highlights within the field of Natural Polymers and Biobased Polymers which clearly demonstrate the increased interest in this field. We hope that this will inspire researchers to further develop this area and thus contribute to futures more sustainable society.”
    Keywords: imine ; epoxide ; amine ; thermoset ; bio-based ; biobased epoxy ; cardanol ; cationic photocuring ; microfibrillated cellulose ; biobased composites ; sustainable materials ; biomass ; green chemistry ; mechanims ; humins ; epoxy resins ; thermosets ; kinetics ; ring-opening ; biobased ; polyurethane foam ; catalyst ; polycarbonates ; furan-maleimide ; Diels-Alder ; fatty acids ; melt extrusion ; 3D printing ; cellulose nanofibrils ; biocomposite filaments ; physical property ; drained and undrained peatlands ; peats ; humic acids ; thermal ; paramagnetic and optical properties ; acetylated starch ; etherified starch ; chemical composition ; macromolecular characteristics ; surface characterization ; lignin ; fractionation ; biobased polymers ; solvent extraction ; membrane-assisted ultrafiltration ; plant oil-based monomers ; mixed micelles ; methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex ; emulsion polymerization ; nanocellulose ; polymer ; coating ; textile ; adhesion ; biobased monomer ; photoinduced-polymerization ; eugenol-derived methacrylate ; bacterial cellulose ; alginate ; gelatin ; curcumin ; biomaterials ; chitosan ; silane coupling agent ; microfiber ; crosslinking ; mechanical strength ; block copolymers ; renewable resources ; RAFT ; alkyl lactate ; PSA ; terpenoid ; exo-methylene ; conjugated diene ; renewable monomer ; biobased polymer ; radical polymerization ; copolymerization ; living radical polymerization ; RAFT polymerization ; heat-resistant polymer ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The MEET Special Issue aims at showing the gains in geothermal energy that can be achieved using a variety of techniques, depending on the geological setting of the underground. Among the list of exploitation concepts, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are particularly interesting, as their application is much less dependent of the underground setting, allowing, in turn, a large geographical deployment and market penetration in Europe. The challenges of EGS are multiple in terms of investment costs, the testing of novel reservoir exploitation approaches with an inherent risk of induced seismicity, and the presence of aggressive geothermal brines, damaging infrastructures. The conversion of oil wells or coproduction of heat or electricity together with oil is also addressed. This Special Issue summarizes the output of the H2020 MEET project based on laboratory experiments, geological field works on high-quality analogues, advanced reservoir modeling, the development of a decision-maker tool for investors and specific demonstration activities, such as chemical stimulation or the innovative monitoring of deep geothermal wells, and the production of electrical power via small-scale binary technology tested in various geological contexts in Europe.
    Keywords: Soultz-Sous-Forêts ; geothermal site ; heat exchanger ; scales ; sulfates ; sulfides ; As and Sb-bearing galena ; crystal growth ; crystal shapes ; fracture network ; Death Valley ; Noble Hills ; power law distribution ; multiscale analysis ; geothermal reservoir characterization ; Noble Hills granite ; Owlshead Mountains granite ; metamorphic grade ; fluid/rock interactions ; newly formed minerals ; element variations ; geothermal reservoir ; deep geothermal energy ; EGS ; Variscan fold-and-thrust belt ; district heating and cooling ; economic indicators ; CO2 abatement cost ; sensitivity analysis ; fracturing processes ; fluid circulation ; granite alteration ; low to moderate regional strain ; blind geothermal system ; compositional anomalies ; hierarchical clustering ; self-organizing maps ; unconventional reservoirs ; geothermal ; OVSP ; well seismic data ; fault ; fracture ; geothermal derisking ; FWI ; numerical modelling ; inversion ; imaging ; permeability ; fluid–rock interactions ; slate ; temperature ; time-dependent ; pressure solution ; dissolution ; Soultz-sous-Forêts ; hydro-thermal modeling ; conversion ; clustering ; upscaling ; heat ; electricity ; scenarios ; LCOE ; LCOH ; NPV ; CO2 emissions ; Upper Rhine Graben ; geothermal brine ; scaling ; metal sulfides ; thermodynamic ; kinetics ; oil ; corrosion ; geology ; stress ; fluid pressure ; Mohr diagrams ; fracturing ; greywackes ; slates ; deep geothermal reservoir ; structural model ; thermo-hydraulic simulations ; MEET H2020 project ; fracture network variability ; granite ; spacing distribution ; fracture intensity P10 ; well placement ; CO2-EGS ; water-EGS ; discrete fracture networks ; THM modeling ; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) ; fractured granite ; core flooding experiments ; autoclave experiments ; Cornubian Batholith ; Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) ; Variscan rocks ; quartzite ; claystone ; graywacke ; gouge ; fracture transmissivity ; effective stress ; United Downs ; hydraulic stimulation ; equivalent permeability field ; exposed analogue ; enhanced geothermal system ; fractures ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Since their discovery, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received tremendous attention due to their unique electrical, optical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Remarkable advances have been made in the synthesis, purification, structural characterization, functionalization, and application of MWCNTs. Their particular characteristics make them well suited for a plethora of applications in a number of fields, namely nanoelectronics, nanofluids, energy management, (electro)catalysis, materials science, construction of (bio)sensors based on different detection schemes, multifunctional nanoprobes for biomedical imaging, and sorbents for sample preparation or removal of contaminants from wastewater. They are also useful as anti-bacterial agents, drug delivery nanocarriers, etc. The current relevant application areas are countless. This Special Issue presents original research and review articles that address advances, trends, challenges, and future perspectives regarding synthetic routes, structural features, properties, behaviors, and industrial or scientific applications of MWCNTs in established and emerging areas.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; graphene oxide ; n/a ; Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) ; elution ; gold nanoparticles ; MHD ; heck reaction ; drug delivery ; carbon-nanotubes ; water based nanofluid ; zeolitic imidazolate framework ; Ionic liquid ; electroanalysis ; curved stretching sheet ; multiwalled carbon nanotubes ; lubricating oil additives ; hydrophobic drugs ; agricultural irrigation water ; polarity ; cerium oxide ; adsorption ; electrical properties ; non-linear thermal radiation ; electrochemical properties ; nanomaterials ; radar absorbing materials ; chloride diffusion ; RAFT polymerization ; synthesis methods ; gold(III) ; mechanical properties ; dissolution rate ; carbon materials ; electrochemical sensors ; magnetic solid phase extraction ; silicone rubber ; Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) ; Pd-CNT nanohybrids ; kinetics ; nonylphenol ; boundary layer ; Casson model ; sensing applications ; organochlorine pesticides ; composites ; multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ; polymeric composites ; carbon nanotubes ; structural ; azide-alkyne click chemistry ; functionalized carbon nanotubes ; heat generation ; EMI shielding ; gold(I) ; cement mortars ; semi-homogeneous catalysis ; functionalized CNTs ; nanomedicine ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; numerical solution ; PMMA ; HAM ; complex permittivity ; thermal radiation ; stretching sheet ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Iron is an essential element for almost all organisms, a cofactor playing a crucial role in a number of vital functions, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and respiration. However, its ability to exchange electrons renders excess iron potentially toxic, since it is capable of catalyzing the formation of highly poisonous free radicals. As a consequence, iron homeostasis is tightly controlled by sophisticated mechanisms that have been partially elucidated. Because of its biological importance, numerous disorders have been recently linked to the deregulation of iron homeostasis, which include not only the typical disorders of iron overload and deficiency but also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This leads iron metabolism to become an interesting therapeutic target for novel pharmacological treatments against these diseases. Several therapies are currently under development for hematological disorders, while other are being considered for different pathologies. The therapeutic targeting under study includes the hepcidin/ferroportin axis for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, complex cytosolic machineries for the regulation of the intracellular iron status and its association with oxidative damage, and reagents exploiting proteins of iron metabolism such as ferritin and transferrin receptor. A promising potential target is a recently described form of programmed cell death named ferroptosis, in which the role of iron is essential but not completely clarified. This Special Issue has the aim to summarize the state-of-the-art, and the latest findings published in the iron field, as well as to elucidate future directions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QD415-436 ; Q1-390 ; developmental ; Anemia of chronic disease ; neurodegeneration ; supplementation ; MHC ; iron chelation therapy ; osteoblast ; serum biomarker ; FeSO4 ; haptoglobin ; prevention ; brain development ; pituitary ; trauma ; hepcidin ; Alzheimer’s disease ; chaotropes ; social behavior ; Africa ; macrophage ; anemia of inflammation ; Tfr2 ; chelation ; cardiomyocyte ; IV iron therapy ; Oxidative stress ; treatment ; chronic kidney disease ; iron homeostasis ; oxygen sensing ; iron chelators ; age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ; pharmaceutical targets ; non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) ; iron dextran ; pulmonary arterial hypertension ; labile iron ; low and middle income countries ; ferroportin ; gut microbiota ; reducibility ; non-HFE ; oxidative stress ; antitumor compound ; senescence ; electron transfer ; nanotechnology ; iron deficiency ; neonatal period ; heme oxygenase ; hypoxia ; Anemia ; NCOA4 ; patient blood management ; microbiome ; anemia ; iron mobilization ; iron release ; phlebotomy ; peritoneal dialysis ; Friedreich Ataxia ; ferritin ; CD8+ T cells ; M cells ; neurodegenerative disease ; NaFeEDTA ; vascular calcification ; cinnamic acid derivatives ; oral iron salts ; lipid ; acute lung injury ; Iron-sulfur ; Interleukin-6 ; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation ; macrophages ; erythroblastic islands ; cystic fibrosis ; neuroimmune responses ; flavin nucleotide ; hemopexin ; Iron chelators ; nutrient iron ; developing countries ; hereditary hypoferritinemia ; iron ; cancer ; Indonesia ; n/a ; Hfe ; HFE ; chronic heart failure ; iron supplementation ; intestinal inflammation ; TNF ; chelators ; hemolysis ; children ; pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells ; cytokines ; didox ; intravenous iron ; T lymphocytes ; colorectal cancer ; infants ; liver ; ferritinophagy ; hereditary hyperferritinemia ; SCFA ; rheumatoid arthritis ; membrane interactions ; Sucrosomial® iron ; lung ; Kupffer cell ; iron chelation ; erythrophagocytosis ; acute kidney injury ; neurophysiology ; iron transporters ; iron absorption ; infection ; ferroptosis ; fluorescent iron chelator ; neonatal ; SNC ; immunity ; mycobacteria ; non-haem iron ; natural history ; 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ; haem ; inflammation ; bone homeostasis ; cardiovascular disease ; heme ; heme homeostasis ; protein binding ; brain ; iron deficiency anemia ; Fe2+-chelating activity ; bioengineering ; Mek/Erk ; Bmp/Smad ; iron delivery ; genetic hemochromatosis ; osteoclast ; histidine ; rhodamine ; COPD ; hemorrhage ; antibacterial activity ; bacteria ; SLC40A1 ; transferrin receptor ; drug delivery ; nanocage ; soybean seed ferritin ; pig ; iron metabolism ; kidney ; innate immunity ; cataracts syndrome ; erythropoiesis ; obesity ; mucosal immunity ; iron overload ; fluorophore ; binding ability ; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ; osteoporosis ; biomarker ; bioavailability ; adverse event profile ; metabolism ; iron-carbohydrate complex ; kinetics ; flavonoids ; iron regulatory proteins ; lung infection ; non transferrin bound iron ; central nurse macrophage ; iron processing ; malaria ; neurodegenerative diseases ; multifunctional iron chelators ; retina ; neuroinflammation ; anti-hepcidin therapy ; lung diseases ; anaemia ; RRM2 ; cognition ; mitochondria ; therapy ; NBIA ; red pulp macrophage ; efficacy ; hemochromatosis ; tolerability ; oral iron therapy ; growth ; venesections ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This book is a compendium of scientific articles submitted to a Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences, fostered by MDPI and curated by Dr. Annamaria Sandomenico and Dr. Menotti Ruvo from the Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging of the National Research Council. All articles underwent a rigorous peer review and were selected to highlight the properties that make monoclonal antibodies and their functional fragments some of the most useful and versatile assets in therapy and diagnosis.
    Keywords: porcine deltacoronavirus ; nucleocapsid ; monoclonal antibodies ; neurodegenerative disorders ; affibody molecules ; blood–brain barrier ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; transferrin receptor ; AL amyloidosis ; CD38 ; anti-CD38 MoAb ; Daratumumab ; Isatuximab ; myeloma ; BCMA ; bispecific T-cell engager ; antibody-drug conjugates ; chimeric antigen receptor T-cells ; belantamab mafodotin ; idecabtagene vicleucel ; JNJ-68284528 ; Mabs ; Antibody-Drug Conjugate ; cancer therapy ; drug targeting ; payload ; cross-linking ; antibody fragment ; Fab ; scFv ; E. coli ; YKL-40 ; CHI3L1 ; monoclonal antibody ; phage display ; lung metastasis ; prostate-specific membrane antigen ; in vivo imaging ; prostate cancer ; glutamate carboxypeptidase II ; NAALADase ; immunization ; antibody ; protocol ; guinea pig ; cDNA ; chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T) ; universal CAR T ; modular CAR T ; universal immune receptor ; CAR adaptor ; adoptive immunotherapy ; split CAR ; bispecific ; polyspecificity ; pharmacokinetics ; solubility ; aggregation ; viscosity ; developability ; stability ; affinity ; specificity ; protein engineering ; self-association ; non-specific binding ; immunogenicity ; antibody fragments ; single chain ; amyloid ; oligomer ; neurotoxicity ; NUsc1 ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: The purpose of this Special Issue is to celebrate 25 years of “World Wetlands Day”. There is no other ecosystem that has its very own Ramsar Convention or such a challenge impacting ecosystem sustainability. Papers for this Special Issue provide an overview of wetland status and function within different regions of the world. The papers in this Special Issue of Land consist of three review papers, ten research articles and one perspective paper. Edward Maltby’s review paper provides us with an overview of the paradigm shift of how we value and assess wetlands over time. Ballut-Dajud et al. provide us with a worldwide perspective on factors affecting wetland loss. Finally, Jan Vymazal provides us with a historical overview of the development of water quality treatment wetlands in Europe and North America. The research papers can be grouped into four groups: 1) use of remote sensing to analyze stability and dynamic factors affecting wetlands; 2) factors affecting the wetlands’ ability to store carbon; 3) assessment of wetlands effect on water quality; and 4) understanding historical use and value of wetlands, farmer’s attitudes about wetland management, and how we can value wetland ecosystem services. Finally, Bryzek et al. remind us that, as wetland researchers and managers, we should minimize damage to wetlands even through field monitoring work.
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; phosphorus ; restoration ecology ; water quality ; wetland ; wetland soil ; microbial respiration ; CO2 efflux ; Everglades ; enzyme activity ; grazing ; created wetlands ; freshwater marshes ; carbon cycling ; wetlands ecosystems ; moral norms ; self-identity ; theory of planned behavior ; sustainability ; Poyang Lake ; ecosystem service value ; lakeshore zone ; Landsat ; remote sensing ; spatial–temporal changes ; human activities ; ghost forest ; forested wetland ; aboveground biomass ; soil carbon ; carbon dating ; constructed wetlands ; macrophytes ; pollution ; wastewater ; wetlands ; colonization ; nature-culture relationship ; perceptual typology ; coastal wetlands ; tidal flat reclamation ; stability ; impact ; Jiangsu coastal area ; anthropogenic activities ; climate change ; terrestrial ecosystems ; environmental impacts ; greenhouse gases ; cleaning ; efficacy ; ethics ; researcher impacts ; wetland decontamination ; wetland management history ; Ramsar convention ; wise use ; wetland assessment methods ; wetland valuation ; wetlands paradigm shift ; ecosystem approach ; wholescapes ; sustainable development ; World Charter for wetlands ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: environmental simulations ; polymer-based products ; artificial weathering ; degradation ; leaching ; soil contact ; carbon concrete composite ; irrigated construction elements ; environmental compatibility ; irrigated building materials ; environmental assessment ; evaluation concepts ; bio-based insulation ; earthen building materials ; volatile organic compounds ; semi-volatile organic compounds ; formaldehyde ; radon ; wooden toys ; emission test chamber ; flask method ; EN 717-3 ; microchamber ; Enchytraeids ; waterproof building materials ; ecotoxicology ; biotest ; geosynthetics ; geotextiles ; dynamic surface leaching test ; artificial ageing ; marine littering ; batch leaching test ; liquid-solid ratio ; column percolation test ; advection-dispersion model ; adsorption–desorption equilibrium ; clinoptilolite ; soil ; water ; CEC ; specific surface ; zeolitization ; hydrogen storage ; kinetics ; material life cycle assessment ; Eco-Indicator 99’ ; CML 2001 ; calcium phosphate ; calcium carbonate ; recycling ; environmental problems ; seashell ; leaching test ; equilibrium condition ; non-equilibrium condition ; modelling ; sorption kinetics ; non-linear sorption ; heterogeneity ; mineral recycling material ; compliance testing ; nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) ; engineered nanomaterial (ENM) ; sewage sludge incineration (SSI) ; ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) ; column elution ; agricultural use ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: This book, entitled “Elemental Concentration and Pollution in Soil, Water, and Sediment”, presents an updated overview of the main trace elements in living organisms. This collection brings researchers from different fields together, including those from biogeochemistry and ecotoxicology in various environmental media, in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental fate of trace elements in their biogeochemical cycles for different ecosystems.
    Keywords: marine sediments ; trace metals ; speciation ; contamination ; San Simon Bay ; soil remediation ; toxicity bioassays ; humic substances ; calcium carbonate ; iron oxides ; polyphenolic compounds ; heavy metals ; soil ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor ; pollution indices ; soil contamination ; geogenic and anthropogenic origin ; iron ore deposits ; tailing dumps ; seepage water ; water balance of the enterprise ; metals ; p-arsanilic acid ; adsorption ; natural fluorine-enriched soil ; natural sources ; chemical extraction resistance ; low washing efficiency ; lacustrine sediments ; geochemical mapping ; spatial distribution ; contamination assessment ; environmental risk assessments ; sediment quality guidelines ; pollution ; bottom sediments ; river ; acid mine drainage ; abandoned coal mine ; potentially toxic elements ; pollution level ; potential ecological risk ; sewage sludge ; calcareous soil ; extraction DTPA ; crop ; transfer ; long time ; engineered nanoparticles ; organic matter ; phosphorus ; nutrients ; volcanic soil ; agricultural land contamination ; sediment ; irrigation canal ; heavy metal ; copper ; cadmium ; Daphnia pulex ; ecotoxicology ; LC50 ; ecological risk assessment ; karst areas ; soil properties ; urban ecology ; trace metal pollution ; soil organisms ; diversity ; Western Siberia ; snow pollution ; trace metals and metalloids ; atmospheric depositions ; solubility ; sediments ; bioindicators ; geochemical background ; risk assessment code ; sequential extraction ; groundwater ; precipitation ; caustic calcined magnesia (CCM) ; permeable reactive barrier (PRB) ; natural water ; water quality ; Arctic region ; elemental composition ; springs ; QR code ; modern sedimentation processes ; mineralogy ; geochemistry ; authigenic minerals ; hydrogen sulfide contamination ; arid climate ; Caspian Sea ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In this book, we propose a collection of scientific and review articles on the production of hydrogen. The articles focus on the controlled storage and release of hydrogen; on the production of hydrogen from reforming from renewable sources, water splitting, and biological and photonic methods; on the intensification of the water gas shift process; and on the integration with purification methods such as pressure swing adsorption.
    Keywords: CO-PROX ; CO-SMET ; CO2 methanation ; hydrogen purification ; process integration ; microalgae ; acetic acid ; steam reforming ; hydrogen ; cobalt ; mesostructured materials ; biomass conversion ; hydrogen production ; kinetic models ; lignocellulosic residue ; thermal degradation ; water–gas shift ; process intensification ; structured catalysts ; kinetics ; aluminum alloy foam ; ceria ; platinum ; rhenium ; bioalcohol ; reforming ; coke ; catalyst stability ; active phase ; support ; promoter ; ammonia borane ; noble metal catalysts ; chemical hydrogen ; sulfurization ; NiS-NiS2 ; stainless steel 304 ; hydrogen evolution ; hydrogen energy and fuel cells ; impurity ; gasification ; water splitting ; dark-fermentation ; photo-fermentation ; CO gas-fermentation ; bio-photolysis ; electrolysis ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The recovery of solid waste is a challenge and an opportunity for companies, thanks to the ongoing awareness of sustainability and technological advances. The end-of-waste criteria constitute a European strategic goal that promotes recycling in order to ensure a high level of environmental protection by means of reducing the quantity of waste destined for disposal. This Special Issue promotes the knowledge regarding technological methods for solid waste recovery. Articles investigate innovative processing methods with the goal of valorizing solid waste from different civil and industrial activities. Topics includes studies on construction and building, mining, plastics, and WEEE, referring to the treatment techniques used and, where appropriate, the critical raw materials that can be valorized. The recovery processes of critical raw materials can be very energy-intensive, affecting environmental and soil factors. Case studies on sustainable, low-carbon and resource-efficient techniques for the purpose of a more competitive economy were also very welcomed. The environmental impact and safety measures, especially for dangerous waste, should be taken into account in the description of their processing and management.
    Keywords: cathode ray tube ; lead recovery ; lead leaching and electrodeposition ; environmental assessment ; phosphate cements ; calcined dolomite ; quartz sand ; calcined magnesite ; temperature ; K-struvite ; industrial waste ; chromium ; high-performance concrete ; ultra-high-performance concrete ; fibers ; mechanical strength ; alkali-activated cement ; geopolymers ; building materials ; PET ; compressive strength ; water absorption ; WPCBs dismantling ; metals dissolution ; copper recovery ; economic assessment ; process modeling and simulation ; low-temperature processing ; WEEE (waste of electric and electronic equipment) recycling ; materials separation ; process characterization ; SEM/EDS ; torrefaction ; solid fuel ; waste to carbon ; circular economy ; biodegradable materials ; calorific value ; methane fermentation ; biogas ; biomethane ; biochar ; pyrolysis ; hydrothermal carbonization ; biochemical methane potential ; biogas production kinetics ; industrial wastes ; arc furnace slag ; ceramic sludge ; β-wollastonite ; parawollastonite ; porous ceramics ; waste management ; sustainability development ; apple pomace ; active compounds ; extraction ; renewable energy ; anticorrosion agents ; biopolymers ; PCB ; recycling ; metal recovery ; mechanical pre-treatment ; production waste ; rock wool ; glass wool ; loss on ignition ; pollutants washout ; geopolymer ; waste slurry ; flocculation ; solidification ; pipe jacking ; air flow rate ; composting ; municipal solid waste ; monitoring ; optimization ; spatial distributions ; crystallization ; glass–ceramics ; diopside ; anorthite ; by-pass cement ; aluminum dross ; thermodynamic analysis ; kinetics ; hemp stalk ; bio-insulating material ; sustainability ; sound absorbing properties ; thermal absorption properties ; green composite material ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; n/a ; Boudouard reaction in gasification ; Chinese reed ; underground coal gasification ; food waste ; kinetic models ; fixed bed combustor ; reactor modelling ; AAEMs ; anaerobic digestion ; grape marc ; adsorption isotherms ; Texaco pilot plant ; biomass valorization ; food waste compost ; CH4 adsorption ; gaseous emissions ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ; waste wood ; coconut shells ; kinetic model ; char oxidation ; low-rank coal char ; nutrients ; characteristic time analysis ; kinetic parameters ; ash from biomass ; combustion parameters ; biomass ; thermal characteristics ; biocrude ; reaction kinetics ; sludge cake ; gasification ; pellets ; characterization ; ash layer ; energy recovery efficiency ; internal diffusion resistance ; FT-IR ; giant miscanthus ; pyrolysis ; olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) ; food-waste biochar ; melting phenomenon ; chemisorption ; steam gasification ; NaCl template ; biomass production ; textural characterization ; desalination ; ash fusion temperature (AFT) ; thermogravimetric analysis ; combustion ; chemical speciation ; sawdust ; NaCl ; effective diffusion coefficient ; kinetics ; breakthrough curves ; biochar engineering ; biochar ; amino acid ; high heating value (HHV) ; salty food waste ; ELECTRE III ; interferences ; multicriteria model ; pyrrole ; interactions ; biogas purification ; fertilisation ; NOx ; pyrolysis conditions ; steam ; partial combustion reaction in gasification ; CO2 adsorption ; poultry slaughterhouse ; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) ; calorific value ; oxygen enrichment ; porosity ; nitrogen ; hydrothermal carbonization ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; MTDATA ; activated carbon ; active site ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QH540-549.5 ; Q1-390 ; Fagaceae species ; soil disturbance ; non-timber forest products ; precision restoration ; protected landscape area ; tree selection ; cultural diversity ; Quercus rubra ; hardwood restoration ; enrichment planting ; sub-tropical hardwoods ; agroforestry ; herbicide effects ; biological diversity ; competition ; Juglans nigra L. ; understorey ; invasive plants ; wildfire ; forest restoration ; Quercus macrocarpa ; riparian forest restoration ; vegetation management ; assisted migration ; sugar maple ; deer browsing ; species composition ; tolerance ; phosphorus ; growth efficiency index ; floristic quality index ; shelterwood ; Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch ; monitoring ; indicators ; seed predation ; Bioclimatic niche ; non-parametric correlation ; unmanaged forest ; Native Americans ; abandoned agricultural field ; native mixed forests ; tree vigor ; forest diversity ; predation ; weed control ; nitrate ; facilitation ; inventory ; hardwoods ; Mexican tree species ; yellow birch ; tree plantation ; seedling establishment ; deer abundance ; avian guilds ; Pinus strobus L. ; Central Hardwood Forest region ; Pinus strobus ; Durango ; MaxEnt ; Juglans nigra ; oak regeneration ; forest regeneration ; Quercus rubra L. ; deer herbivory ; ecosystem services ; tree shelter ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Derivatization is one of the most widely used sample pretreatment techniques in Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Analysis. Reagent-based or reagent-less schemes offer improved detectability of target compounds, modification of the chromatographic properties and/or the stabilization of sensitive compounds until analysis. Either coupled with separation techniques or as a “stand alone” analytical procedure, derivatization offers endless possibilities in all aspects of analytical applications.
    Keywords: tyrosine kinase inhibitors ; chloranilic acid ; charge-transfer reaction ; 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay ; high-throughput pharmaceutical analysis ; biogenic amines ; Lycium barbarum L. ; HPLC ; derivatization ; amino acids ; esterification ; GC–MS ; pentafluoropropionic anhydride ; stability ; toluene ; pigment ; linseed oil ; derivatisation ; quantification ; P/S ratio ; A/P ratio ; ∑D ; GC-MS ; ureide ; BSTFA ; creatine ; creatinine ; silylation ; TMS ; validation ; low-molecular-weight thiols ; human serum albumin ; α-lipoic acid ; blood plasma ; monobromobimane ; reduction ; sodium borohydride ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; fluorescence detection ; taurine ; glutamine ; clams ; high-resolution mass spectrometry ; nerve agents ; methylation ; chemical warfare agents ; sarin ; Novichoks ; 2-naphthalenethiol ; sulforaphane ; HPLC-UV/Vis ; pharmacokinetics ; acetonitrile-related adducts ; acetylenic lipids ; double and triple bond localization ; in-source derivatization ; mass spectrometry ; acetazolamide ; carbonic anhydrase ; enhancement ; inhibition ; pentafluorobenzyl bromide ; chiral metabolomics ; rice water ; d-amino acids ; enantiomer separation ; dimethyl labeling ; homocysteine thiolactone ; homocysteine ; zone fluidics ; o-phthalaldehyde ; fluorosurfactant-modified gold nanoparticles ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Nowadays, the impressive progress of commercially available computers allows us to solve complicated mathematical problems in many scientific and technical fields. This revolution has reinvigorated all aspects of chemical engineering science. More sophisticated approaches to catalysis, kinetics, reactor design, and simulation have been developed thanks to the powerful calculation methods that have recently become available. It is well known that many chemical reactions are of great interest for industrial processes and must be conducted on a large scale in order to obtain needed information in thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena related to mass, energy, and momentum. For a reliable industrial-scale reactor design, all of this information must be employed in appropriate equations and mathematical models that allow for accurate and reliable simulations for scaling up purposes. The aim of this proposed Special Issue was to collect worldwide contributions from experts in the field of industrial reactor design based on kinetic and mass transfer studies. The following areas/sections were covered by the call for original papers: Kinetic studies on complex reaction schemes (multiphase systems); Kinetics and mass transfer in multifunctional reactors; Reactions in mass transfer-dominated regimes (fluid–solid and intraparticle diffusive limitations); Kinetic and mass transfer modeling using alternative approaches (ex. stochastic modeling); Simulations in pilot plants and industrial-sized reactors and scale-up studies based on kinetic studies (lab-to-plant approach).
    Keywords: heat exchanger ; mathematical model ; energy efficiency ; inversion loss ; process design ; mass transfer ; hydrogenation ; slurry reactor ; muconic acid ; adipic acid ; LHHW model ; kinetics ; epoxides ; soybean oil ; hydrogen peroxide ; ring opening reaction ; continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) ; phase transfer catalysis (PTC) ; green chemistry ; multiphase reactor ; liquid–liquid–liquid reactions ; guaiacol ; epichlorohydrin ; guaiacol glycidyl ether ; slow and rapid reactions ; robust parameter estimation ; dimethyl carbonate ; gas–solid catalytic reactions ; chemical kinetics ; heat and mass transfer ; packed bed reactor ; multiphase system ; phase-field LB model ; complex channel ; flow pattern ; bubble evolution ; Suzuki cross-coupling ; hyper-cross-linked polystyrene ; palladium nanoparticles ; catalyst stability ; carbonization ; halogenation ; spent resin ; kinetic analysis ; thermodynamic analysis ; numerical optimization ; ultrasonic spraying ; three-phase reactor ; triolein ; transesterification ; CaO ; methanol vapor ; 1,1-diethoxybutane ; heterogeneous catalysts ; adsorption ; process intensification ; simulated moving bed reactor ; deoxygenation efficiency ; vacuum–N2–H2O–O2 system ; rotor–stator reactor ; correlation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy. This includes a global call for article submissions that also included Characterization along with Recycling and Waste Minimization. As such, both primary and recycled aspects will be considered. Possible specific topics included Mineralogy, Geometallurgy, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Comminution, Classification, Physical Separations, Liquid–Solid Separations, Leaching, Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon, Precipitation, Reduction, Process Economics and Process Control. Suggested application areas were in Gold, Silver, PGM’s, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, and Titanium. Critical Metals articles on topics such as Lithium, Antimony Tellurium, Gallium, Germanium, Cobalt, Graphite, Indium, and Rare Earth were also welcome. As such, this Special Issue of Metals was well supported by diverse submissions and the final publication of high-quality peer-reviewed articles.
    Keywords: BOS filter cakes ; butyric acid ; selective leaching ; leaching behaviors ; zinc ; iron ; chalcocite ; sulphide leaching ; copper ; reusing water ; desalination residue ; ecological treatment ; leaching ; black copper ore ; copper wad ; copper pitch ; comminution ; grinding circuit ; Swebrec function ; size distribution models ; modelling ; lateritic ore ; iron and steelmaking wastes ; alkalis ; aqueous treatment ; waste treatment ; reducing agent ; manganese ; viscoelasticity ; quartz ; kaolin ; seawater ; magnesium precipitates ; chalcopyrite concentrate ; hydrogen peroxide ; sulfuric acid ; leaching kinetics ; copper tailings ; rheology ; fractal aggregates ; thickening ; MnO2 ; acid media ; ANOVA ; dissolution ; arsenic ; trisulfide ; copper sulfate ; kinetics ; shrinking core model ; time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis ; silica recovery ; column flotation ; mining waste ; waste reprocessing ; CuFeS2 ; chloride media ; manganese nodules ; thiosulfate ; gold leaching ; silver leaching ; kinetic analysis ; sedimentary ore ; diffusion control ; mixed control ; chalcopyrite ; ionic liquid ; bromide ; seawater flotation ; pyrite depression ; guar gum ; FBRM ; clay-based copper tailings ; fractal dimension ; mixing intensity ; population balance model ; seawater flocculation ; platinum-group metal ; metal precipitation ; ion-pair ; aliphatic primary amine ; hydrochloric acid ; enhanced flocculation ; water recovering ; magnesium removal ; shredded waste printed circuit boards ; precious metals ; bromine ; platinum group elements ; catalytic converters ; acidic fusion ; acidic leaching ; sulfation ; n/a ; nitrate ; gas scrubbing ; recovery ; gold ; refractory ; nitric acid ; microwave ; coal fly ash ; sandy grade alumina ; AlCl3·6H2O ; crystallization ; salting-out method ; gibbsite ; precipitation ; electric arc furnace dust ; monosodium glutamate ; ammonia leaching ; high-pressure leaching ; copper extraction ; silver extraction ; desilication ; malachite ; carbonate ; ammonium hydroxide ; heterogeneous model ; rare earth elements ; NdFeB permanent magnet ; hydrometallurgical ; electrodialysis (ED) ; lithium ; lithium-ion battery ; lithium sulfate ; multistage concentration (MSC) ; gold cyanide leaching ; sulfide minerals ; SART process ; cyanidation ; activated carbon ; metal–cyanide complex ; copper ore ; carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank ; cyanide complexes ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 46
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: environmental simulations ; polymer-based products ; artificial weathering ; degradation ; leaching ; soil contact ; carbon concrete composite ; irrigated construction elements ; environmental compatibility ; irrigated building materials ; environmental assessment ; evaluation concepts ; bio-based insulation ; earthen building materials ; volatile organic compounds ; semi-volatile organic compounds ; formaldehyde ; radon ; wooden toys ; emission test chamber ; flask method ; EN 717-3 ; microchamber ; Enchytraeids ; waterproof building materials ; ecotoxicology ; biotest ; geosynthetics ; geotextiles ; dynamic surface leaching test ; artificial ageing ; marine littering ; batch leaching test ; liquid-solid ratio ; column percolation test ; advection-dispersion model ; adsorption–desorption equilibrium ; clinoptilolite ; soil ; water ; CEC ; specific surface ; zeolitization ; hydrogen storage ; kinetics ; material life cycle assessment ; Eco-Indicator 99’ ; CML 2001 ; calcium phosphate ; calcium carbonate ; recycling ; environmental problems ; seashell ; leaching test ; equilibrium condition ; non-equilibrium condition ; modelling ; sorption kinetics ; non-linear sorption ; heterogeneity ; mineral recycling material ; compliance testing ; nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) ; engineered nanomaterial (ENM) ; sewage sludge incineration (SSI) ; ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) ; column elution ; agricultural use ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 47
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book is a compilation of works covering applied mathematical methods and their applications in complex engineering problems. The methods covered in this book include modeling and simulation, computation, analysis, control, optimization, data science, and machine learning. The engineering application topics include but are not limited to environmental engineering, cybersecurity, transportation, agriculture, smart grid, and next-generation manufacturing.
    Keywords: Phoronomics ; mechanics ; kinetics ; kinematics ; direction cosines ; Euler angles ; space dynamics ; digital computation ; control systems ; control engineering ; industrial cyber-physical systems ; cyber-attacks ; neural network ; model predictive control ; nonlinear chemical processes ; network classification ; network evolution ; network symmetries ; Green’s symmetry problem ; network invariants ; network internal dynamics ; symmetry ensembles ; propensities ; energy ; opening capability ; security ; smart grid ; group signature ; anonymous signature ; autonomous vehicle ; target detection ; multi-sensors ; fusion ; YOLO ; linear response eigenvalue problem ; block methods ; weighted Golub-Kahan-Lanczos algorithm ; convergence analysis ; thick restart ; mining vibrating screen ; theoretical rigid body model ; spring failures diagnosis ; amplitudes change ; real-time optimization ; nonlinear processes ; process control ; chemical reactor control ; distillation column control ; energy-based control ; payload swing attenuation ; linear matrix inequalities ; quadrotor ; larger Lipschitz constants ; comparative advantage ; transaction cost ; specialized production ; infra-marginal model ; agricultural division of labor ; velocity-slip ; temperature-jump ; homotopy analysis method ; nanofluids ; power-law fluids ; state estimation ; parameter estimation ; moving horizon estimation ; extended kalman filter ; ensemble kalman filter ; richards equation ; agro-hydrological systems ; economic model predictive control ; chemical processes ; responsive control ; artificial intelligence ; interpretability ; controller verification ; seashore soft soil ; cement ; sulfuric acid erosion ; stress–strain behavior ; mathematical model ; Micro Grid ; optimization theory ; optimization ; MATLAB simulation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 48
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This Special Issue “Innovative Conservation Cropping Systems and Practices” is focused on the development and assessment of innovative conservation cropping systems and practices in determining system productivity and enhancing crop production and soil quality. It covers applied engineering for achieving a sustainable balance between productivity, environmental, and profitability factors, presenting a collection of research articles that cover a broad range of cropping systems and practices from the farmland ecosystem.
    Keywords: straw management ; potassium fertilizer ; rice–oilseed rape rotation ; yield ; bacterial community ; fungal community ; rice ; intercropping ; water mimosa ; pest and disease ; microclimate ; grain quality ; maize ; root system architecture ; nitrogen rates ; cultivars ; phytoremediation ; secondary salinization ; salt tolerance ; microbial diversity ; nutrient accumulation ; conservation tillage ; metabarcoding ; smash ridging ; soil chemical properties ; soil microbial diversity ; sugarcane ; coastal salt-affected soil ; one-crop-per-annum cropping ; fallow mulching ; salt accumulation ; crop growing ; nitrogen rate ; nitrogen ratio ; regenerative ability ; reduced tillage ; no tillage ; side deep fertilizing of machine-transplanted rice ; root function ; photosynthesis ; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ; integrated fertilization regime ; N2O emission factor ; N2O flux ; purple caitai fields ; C:N ratio ; net ecosystem exchange ; soil microbial carbon ; soil microbial nitrogen ; rice production ; CH4 ; N2O ; water productivity ; global warming ; interspecific competition ; land equivalent ratio ; planting pattern ; root length density ; root morphological characteristics ; biochar ; maize–cabbage system ; crop quality ; N utilization efficiency ; soil inorganic N ; straw returning ; soil microbes ; carbon source utilization ; grey relational analysis ; path analysis ; ratoon rice ; nitrogen balance ; reactive nitrogen losses ; nitrogen surplus ; nitrogen-use efficiency ; no-till ; straw return ; soil organic carbon fractions ; soil aggregate ; bacterial diversity ; rice–crayfish coculture ; different rice varieties ; controlled-release fertilizer ; dry matter accumulation ; rice growth characteristics parameters ; apple-ryegrass intercropping ; photosynthetic characteristics ; soil salinity ; soil moisture content ; fruit quality ; lake sediment ; phosphorus ; Chinese cabbage ; phoD gene ; high-throughput sequencing ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 49
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book deals with the latest developments regarding urban and industrial wastewaters’ adapted treatment with various technologies. It focuses, through valuable publications, on the shifting of the wastewater management paradigm from “treatment and disposal” to “the 4Rs principle: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, and Recover”. The adapted wastewater treatment step will allow (i) the disposal of supplementary water amounts that could be safely reused in order to tackle the water-scarcity problem, and (ii) the preservation of the environment against pollution. Finally, this book will contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and other international related initiatives.
    Keywords: OMWW ; drying ; water recovery ; water characterization ; sustainable development ; alternating current ; coupling ; hybrid material ; biosorption ; wastewater reuse ; protein adsorption ; neutral solute ; ultrafiltration ; selectivity modelling ; pore size distribution ; raw poultry manure ; pyrolysis ; biochar ; characterization ; leaching ; phosphorus ; potassium ; grey water ; SBR ; fouling ; zeta potential ; norovirus ; water reuse ; water quality ; mineral processing ; wastewater treatment ; flotation ; electrocoagulation (EC) ; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; PHA ; PHBV ; mixed microbial culture ; green extraction ; dimethyl carbonate ; purification ; 1-butanol ; wastewater valorization ; reclaimed water ; circular economy ; anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; reuse ; water pricing ; water depletion ; industrial sector ; lignite ; heavy metals ; adsorption ; batch ; isotherm ; mechanism ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 50
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.
    Keywords: precipitation ; leaching ; complexation ; anion effect ; equilibrium calculation ; rare earth elements ; magnets ; recycling ; recovery ; fluorides ; modelling ; clay minerals ; grain size characteristics ; in situ leaching ; simulated leaching ; ion-absorbed type rare earth ore ; coal ; acid mine drainage ; coal combustion byproducts ; kinetics ; apparent activation energy ; rare-earth elements ; scandium ; alumina production ; sinter processes ; red mud ; electrostatic precipitation dust ; alkali leaching ; lanthanide separation ; magnetic nanohydrometallurgy ; complexing nanoparticles ; magnetic nanoparticles ; magnetophoresis ; monazite processing ; urban mining ; REE ; sulfuric acid baking ; caustic digestion ; acid leaching ; water leaching ; coal utilization byproducts ; pregnant leach solution ; underclay ; organic acid ; rare earths ; distribution factor ; selective precipitation ; oxalates ; organic complexes ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 51
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Mercury is a global pollutant that affects the health of both humans and ecosystems. This Special Issue collects three review papers and six research articles that report on the latest findings on the mechanisms of mercury toxicology and its impacts on environmental health. This collection of papers provides useful, new information on the mechanisms of mercury toxicity and methods of improving the risk assessment of mercury exposure.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; toxicity ; Cd ; n/a ; chemokine ; sympathodominant state ; child development ; mRNA ; exposure assessment ; methylmercury ; Pb ; prenatal exposure ; heart rate variability ; review ; cortical precursors ; CCL4 ; Fish ; delayed toxicity ; dose-response relationship ; Hg ; severity ; low-dose exposure ; long term exposure ; methylmercury neurotoxicity ; brain ; correlation of signs and symptoms ; developmental neurotoxicity ; symptoms ; molecular mechanisms ; neurological findings ; delayed effects ; kinetics ; fetus ; oxidative stress ; mercury vapor ; metallothionein-III ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 52
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: In order to be able to analyze and give proper advice on sport techniques, it is important to understand the biomechanical and physiological demands of different sports. In a coaching situation, feedback to the athlete should be given without too much delay. Over the past decades, sensor technology-related to sports monitoring has developed with huge steps. Senors are lighter, data transmission is mostly wireless, and software applications are more user-friendly. This reprint is addressed to all kinds of sensors that are currently being used for monitoring different sports.
    Keywords: bending sensors ; flexion ; PyzoFlex ; ski bending ; ski deflection ; micro-sensor technology ; GNSS ; IMU ; disability ; heterogenous group ; cross-country skiing race ; performance analysis ; sub-technique classification ; time factor ; kayaking ; biomechanics ; canoe polo ; inertial measurement unit ; kinetics ; lower limbs ; load cells ; foot strap ; foot rest ; force measurements ; wearable sensors ; inline figure skating ; sports biomechanics ; human movement analysis ; propulsive force ; V2-skating skiing technique ; double-poling skiing technique ; global positioning system ; tracking system ; quantification ; substitutes ; high-intensity ; compensatory training ; monitoring system ; alpine skiing ; micro-electro-mechanical system sensors ; sport engineering ; training ; neural network ; motion sensor ; dance analysis ; data visualization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 53
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; NAT ; n/a ; supplementation ; EEG–EMG coherence ; muscle function ; tea ; fatigue ; ergogenic ; adrenal gland ; skeletal muscle ; xanthine oxidase ; placebo ; CMJ ; efficiency ; colorectal cancer ; rat ; pregnancy ; coffee/caffeine ; Wingate ; 1RM test ; supplement ; actigraphy ; athletic ; systematic review and meta-analysis ; women ; consumption motives ; resistance training ; cancer prevention ; sport supplement ; exercise ; DOMS ; placebo effect ; sprint performance ; power ; behavior ; belief ; health ; perceptions ; exercise performance ; ergogenic aid ; electromyography ; ergogenic effect ; corticosterone ; metabolome ; mood state ; muscle contraction ; strength ; energy drink ; repetition ; responders ; perception ; anaerobic ; CYP450 ; puberty ; energy drinks ; isokinetic testing ; individual responses ; phenotyping ; nutrition ; time under tension ; menstrual cycle ; exercise training ; RPE ; ergogenic substances ; upper limb ; elite athlete ; recovery ; speed ; epidemiology ; caffeine ; sex-difference ; bench press ; pharmacokinetics ; sport performance ; ergogenic aids ; expectancy ; consumer ; football ; newborn ; velocity ; metabolites ; performance ; coffee ; prospective studies ; resistance exercise ; sport ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 54
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The amide bond represents a privileged motif in chemistry. The recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the development of new chemical transformations of amides. These developments cover an impressive range of catalytic N–C bond activation in electrophilic, Lewis acid, radical, and nucleophilic reaction pathways, among other transformations. Equally relevant are structural and theoretical studies that provide the basis for chemoselective manipulation of amidic resonance. This monograph on amide bonds offers a broad survey of recent advances in activation of amides and addresses various approaches in the field.
    Keywords: QD1-999 ; Q1-390 ; QD450-801 ; N-heterocyclic carbene ; non planar amide ; ruthenium (Ru) ; physical organic chemistry ; gemcitabine prodrug ; pyramidal amides ; bridged sultams ; catalysis ; dipeptides ; N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide ; C-N ? bond cleavage ; steric effects ; peptide bond cleavage ; transition-metal-free ; palladium ; N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) ; addition reaction ; C–O activation ; rhodium ; metal complexes ; carbanions ; thioamidation ; amide bond ; intramolecular catalysis ; antiviral activity ; additivity principle ; pre-catalysts ; C–N bond cleavage ; bridged lactams ; C–H acidity ; arynes ; twisted amides ; organic synthesis ; amination ; Suzuki-Miyaura ; tert-butyl ; cyclopentadienyl complexes ; C-S formation ; enzymes ; DFT study ; sulfonamide bond ; N ; HERON reaction ; primaquine ; entropy ; amide activation ; amidation ; synthesis ; amide hydrolysis ; carbonylicity ; amide bond activation ; amide bond resonance ; aminosulfonylation ; molecular dynamics ; model compound ; in situ ; amide ; homogeneous catalysis ; heterocycles ; anomeric effect ; multi-component coupling reaction ; kinetic ; excited state ; C–H bond cleavage ; palladium catalysis ; amides ; thiourea ; formylation ; alkynes ; cis/trans isomerization ; amide C–N bond activation ; intein ; C-H functionalization ; succindiamide ; amide bonds ; crown ether ; aminoacylation ; directing groups ; cytostatic activity ; reaction thermodynamics ; acyl transfer ; transition metals ; N-dimethylformamide ; DMAc ; acylative cross-coupling ; C-H/C-N activation ; nickel catalysis ; antibacterial screening ; sodium ; aryl thioamides ; Winkler-Dunitz parameters ; catalyst ; N-dimethylacetamide ; base-catalyed hydrolysis ; nitrogen heterocycles ; cross-coupling ; insertion ; amidicity ; nitro-aci tautomerism ; activation ; carbonylation ; transamidation ; amine ; distortion ; Pd-catalysis ; rotational barrier energy ; hypersensitivity ; N–C activation ; metabolic stability ; [2+2+2] annulation ; twisted amide ; protease ; cyanation ; amide resonance ; trialkylborane ; catalysts ; biofilm eradication ; pharmacokinetics ; pancreatic cancer cells ; DMF ; aryl esters ; Michael acceptor ; fumardiamide ; water solvation ; ester bond activation ; cyclization ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; secondary amides ; reaction mechanism ; density functional theory ; density-functional theory ; amino acid transporters ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry
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  • 55
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: This book focuses on some fundamental issues of polymers’ natural degradation. It is mostly devoted to the different aspects of biodegradation, but some data on the action of water, oxygen, ozone, and UV/Vis light is also included. The consideration of the biodegradation in vivo as the superposition of decay and synthesis provides the opportunity for a fresh look at well-known processes.
    Keywords: gelatin methacryloyl ; osteoinduction ; tannic acid ; crosslinking ; hydrogel ; biodegradable ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; chitosan ; electrospinning ; thermal oxidation ; biodegradation ; Sturm’s method ; biodegradation rates ; arterial hypertension ; vertebral cartilage ; rhomboid fossa ; anaerobic digestion ; biosorbent ; biostimulant ; magnetite ; nanoparticles ; kinetic model ; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ; pyrolysis ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; artificial neural networks (ANN) ; mechanochemical method ; recycled polyurethane foam ; orthogonal test ; tensile strength ; thermal conductivity ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; deep eutectic solvents ; polyethylene terephthalate ; Box-Behnken design ; microwave depolymerization ; biodegradable polyester ; ultrafine electrospun fibers ; tetraphenylporphyrin ; metalloporphyrin complexes ; Fe(III) ; Sn(IV) ; X-ray diffraction ; DSC ; spin probe EPR method ; SEM ; biopolymeric nanoparticles ; synthesis ; applications ; medicine ; agriculture ; mechanical recycling ; closed-loop ; polyolefins ; circular testing ; polymer degradation ; epoxy resin ; composite material ; hygrothermal ageing ; water diffusion ; Fick model deviation ; statistical analysis ; box plot ; PCA ; titanium silicon oxide ; hydrolytic degradation ; titania ; silica ; antimicrobial activity ; photocatalytic degradation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Climate and anthropogenic changes impact the conditions of erosion and sediment transport in rivers. Rainfall variability and, in many places, the increase of rainfall intensity have a direct impact on rainfall erosivity. Increasing changes in demography have led to the acceleration of land cover changes in natural areas, as well as in cultivated areas, and, sometimes, in degraded areas and desertified landscapes. These anthropogenized landscapes are more sensitive to erosion. On the other hand, the increase in the number of dams in watersheds traps a great portion of sediment fluxes, which do not reach the sea in the same amount, nor at the same quality, with consequences on coastal geomorphodynamics. This book is dedicated to studies on sediment fluxes from continental areas to coastal areas, as well as observation, modeling, and impact analysis at different scales from watershed slopes to the outputs of large river basins. This book is concentrated on a number of keywords: “erosion” and “sediment transport”, “model” and “practice”, and “change”. The keywords are briefly discussed with respect to the relevant literature. The contributions in this book address observations and models based on laboratory and field data, allowing researchers to make use of such resources in practice under changing conditions.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; proglacial channels ; watershed ; practice ; modeling ; reservoirs ; degradation ; rill development ; Mediterranean Maghreb Basin ; urban drainage system ; fluvial erosion ; Wadi Mina ; Algeria ; sewer systems ; climate change ; phosphorus ; complex morphodynamics ; incipient deposition ; riverbed ; limiting tractive force ; ruptures ; runoff ; flooding ; soil loss ; suspended sediment ; sedimentation ; sediment ; transfer ; erosion ; specific degradation ; soil erosion ; Xihe River Basin ; water fluxes ; sediment fluxes ; environmental change ; field measurements ; dynamical downscaling ; mixed-size bed material ; two-phase flow ; agriculture ; sloping flume experiments ; mitigation measures ; bed load transport ; shear stress ; flow discharge ; GSD ; shear Reynolds number ; Anthropocene ; human activities ; deposition ; sediment delivery ; soil slurry ; SMBA Dam ; bedload transport ; aggradation ; Czech Republic ; sediment transport ; self-cleansing ; erosion topography ; CCHE1D ; sediment retention ; SWAT model ; migration ; water quality modelling ; hillside reservoirs ; erosion modelling ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Today, more stringent regulations on SOx emissions and growing environmental concerns have led to considerable attention on sulfur recovery from hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen sulfide is commonly found in raw natural gas and biogas, even if a great amount is obtained through sweetening of sour natural gas and hydrodesulphurization of light hydrocarbons. It is highly toxic, extremely corrosive and flammable, and for these reasons, its elimination is necessary prior to emission in atmosphere. There are different technologies for the removal of H2S, the drawbacks of which are the high costs and limited H2S conversion efficiency. The main focus of this Special Issue will be on catalytic oxidation processes, but the issue is devoted to the development of catalysts able to maximize H2S conversion to sulfur minimizing SO2 formation, pursuing the goal of “zero SO2 emission”.This Special Issue is particularly devoted to the preparation of novel powdered/structured supported catalysts and their physical–chemical characterization, the study of the aspects concerning stability and reusability, as well as the phenomena that could underlie the deactivation of the catalyst.This Special Issue comprises seven articles, one communication, and one review regarding the desulfurization of sour gases and fuel oil, as well as the synthesis of novel adsorbents and catalysts for H2S abatement. In the following, a brief description of the papers included in this issue is provided to serve as an outline to encourage further reading.
    Keywords: hydrogen sulfide ; biocoal ; livestock manure ; agricultural safety ; fertilizer ; waste management ; air pollution ; odor ; kinetics ; Gompertz model ; phosphine ; manganese slag ; metal ions ; reaction mechanism ; mesoporous N-doped carbon coating ; silicon carbide composites ; gas-tail desulfurization treatment ; BTX contaminants ; elemental sulfur ; chicken eggshell ; waste valorization ; adsorption ; biogas ; flue gas ; polyoxometalate ; dicationic ionic liquids ; extraction ; oxidative desulfurization ; dibenzothiophene ; adsorbent ; purification ; H2S removal ; response surface methodology (RSM) ; H2S selective partial oxidation ; sulfur ; sulfur dioxide ; vanadium-based catalysts ; hydrochar ; mixed metal oxides ; H2S conversion ; n/a ; gas purification ; direct catalytic oxidation ; fluidized catalyst bed ; hydrogen sulfide removal facilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQK Pollution control
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  • 58
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book covers the most recent research trends and applications of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry. The included topics range from the adulteration of dietary supplements, to the determination of drugs in biological samples with the aim to investigate their pharmacokinetic properties.
    Keywords: growth hormone ; long-acting Fc-fusion recombinant human growth hormone ; method validation ; cell-based bioassay ; reporter gene assay ; pharmacokinetics ; tissue distribution ; alnustone ; rats ; LC-MS/MS ; inflammatory bowel disease ; fixed-dose combination ; biomimetic chromatography ; thiopurine immunosuppressants ; folic acid ; doxorubicin ; hernandezine ; pharmacokinetic study ; drug–drug interaction ; gardneramine ; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid ; memantine ; rimantadine ; amantadine ; zone fluidics ; o-phthalaldehyde ; derivatization ; stopped-flow ; quality control ; anwuligan ; rat ; optode ; polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride ; lactone-rhodamine B ; contact-lens detergent ; dietary supplement ; adulteration ; low-field NMR ; multivariate analysis ; steroids ; Partial Least Squares regression ; in vitro permeability ; predictive model ; ketamine ; norketamine ; high throughput bar adsorptive microextraction ; LVI-GC-MS(SIM) ; urine ; baricitinib ; UPLC-MS/MS ; irbersartan ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The role of soils for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is multifarious. Soils are the essential basis for food and biomass provision in support of food security (SDG 2) and energy security (SDG 7). Soil carbon sequestration is paramount for climate action (SDG 13). Soil-mediated water purification and retention, nutrient and matter cycling, and soils habitat functions are essential for maintaining ecosystem services and biodiversity (SDG 15). Healthy soils perform well in all these functions simultaneously. However, the globally increasing demand for food, fiber, and bio-based products poses massive challenges to soil health. Minimizing trade-offs between biomass production and soil health requires systemic approaches to assessment and governance of sustainable soil management in agriculture and food systems. It provides interdisciplinary insights into key questions: What are the impacts of agricultural management practices on sustainability targets in specific geophysical and socio-economic contexts? What are the opportunities and risks of future trends such as climate change, digitalization, and emerging technologies for soil management and soil health? How can institutions and governance instruments be improved to enable decision makers to take action on sustainable soil management? The book was initiated in the frame of the National German research program ‘BonaRes—Soil as a sustainable resource for the bioeconomy’, and it is meant to trigger interdisciplinary thinking.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; land management ; risk assessment ; carob ; N leaching ; Syria ; earthworms ; subsoil ; desertification ; alfalfa ; yield potential ; tenant ; dynamic programming ; soil policy ; monitoring ; resource scarcity ; soil management ; crop–livestock interactions ; German Constitutional Law ; gross income ; Germany ; spatially explicit ; creation ethics ; bayesian network ; agricultural practices ; conventional farming ; soil ; soil degradation ; combination of modern and indigenous knowledge ; Costa Rica ; yield ; soils ; rent price ; fertilization ; sustainability assessment ; societal acceptance ; property rights ; justifying soil protection ; subsoil loosening ; behavioural studies ; governance ; agricultural policy ; water infiltration ; sealing ; soil protection ; soil framework directive ; rent proportion ; soil remediation ; so-called organic fertilizer ; soil compaction ; nutrient composition ; phosphorus ; resource use efficiency ; soil pressures ; soil threats ; Europe ; soil functions ; literature review ; sustainability ; conservation agriculture ; institutions ; environmental zones ; soil health ; landowner ; soil governance ; zero tillage ; coffee by-products ; production ; arid oasis ; Laudato si’ ; soil food web ; land ; compaction ; farmer motivations ; agricultural innovation ; crop rotation modelling ; Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response sustainability framework ; contamination ; sustainable soil management ; agricultural yields ; Nicaragua ; sustainable agriculture ; ecosystem services ; legal comparison ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics and drug interaction studies have been extensively carried out in order to secure the druggability and safety of new chemical entities throughout the development of new drugs. Recently, drug metabolism and transport by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, respectively, as well as phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, have been studied. A combination of biochemical advances in the function and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and automated analytical technologies are revolutionizing drug metabolism research. There are also potential drug–drug interactions with co-administered drugs due to inhibition and/or induction of drug metabolic enzymes and drug transporters. In addition, drug interaction studies have been actively performed to develop substrate cocktails that do not interfere with each other and a simultaneous analytical method of substrate drugs and their metabolites using a tandem mass spectrometer. This Special Issue has the aim of highlighting current progress in drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and bioanalysis.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; human liver microsomes ; alcohol addiction ; UGT ; ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography ; adalimumab ; procainamide ; LC-MS/MS ; DA-9805 ; paeonol ; LC-QTOF-MS/MS ; YRA-1909 ; chlorogenic acid ; immunoprecipitation ; Eurycoma longifolia ; CYP ; caffeic acid ; rat ; pharmaceutical excipient ; Korean red ginseng extract ; Stauntonia hexaphylla leaf extract ; bioanalysis ; HPLC-MS/MS ; B6 ; eurycomanone ; bioavailability ; drying technology ; GB3 ; diclofenac ; 129-Glatm1Kul/J ; aglycone ; caffeic acid O-glucuronides ; organic anion transporting polypeptide ; protein precipitation ; metabolic stability ; Fabry disease ; biopharmaceuticals ; imperatorin ; neochlorogenic acid ; gastric ulcer ; saikosaponin a ; hair ; anthraquinone ; acetyl tributyl citrate ; pharmacokinetics ; brain distribution ; mematine ; ethyl glucuronide ; pharmacokinetic ; loxoprofen ; liquid chromatography-quadrupole TOF MS ; glucuronidation ; esomeprazole ; metformin ; cytochrome P450 ; glycoside ; AUDIT score ; protein stability ; efficacy ; LC-HR/MS ; cryptochlorogenic acid ; aceclofenac ; drug interaction ; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ; Osthenol ; plasma ; N-acetylprocainamide ; diabetes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In 2011, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), in collaboration with leaders from the pharmaceutical industry and the academic community, published a white paper describing the emerging discipline of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP), and recommended the establishment of NIH-supported interdisciplinary research and training programs for QSP. QSP is still in its infancy, but has tremendous potential to change the way we approach biomedical research. QSP is really the integration of two disciplines that have been increasingly useful in biomedical research; “Systems Biology” and “Quantitative Pharmacology”. Systems Biology is the field of biomedical research that seeks to understand the relationships between genes and biologically active molecules to develop qualitative models of these systems; and Quantitative Pharmacology is the field of biomedical research that seeks to use computer aided modeling and simulation to increase our understanding of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs, and to aid in the design of pre-clinical and clinical experiments. The purpose of QSP modeling is to develop quantitative computer models of biological systems and disease processes, and the effects of drug PK and PD on those systems. QSP models allow testing of numerous potential experiments “in-silico” to eliminate those associated with a low probability of success, avoiding the potential costs of evaluating all of those failed experiments in the real world. At the same time, QSP models allow us to develop our understanding of the interaction between drugs and biological systems in a more systematic and rigorous manner. As the need to be more cost-efficient in the use of research funding increases, biomedical researchers will be required to gain the maximum insight from each experiment that is conducted. This need is even more acute in the pharmaceutical industry, where there is tremendous competition to develop innovative therapies in a highly regulated environment, combined with very high research and development (R&D) costs for bringing new drugs to market (~$1.3 billion/drug). Analogous modeling & simulation approaches have been successfully integrated into other disciplines to improve the fundamental understanding of the science and to improve the efficiency of R&D (e.g., physics, engineering, economics, etc.). The biomedical research community has been slow to integrate computer aided modeling & simulation for many reasons: including the perception that biology and pharmacology are “too complex” and “too variable” to be modeled with mathematical equations; a lack of adequate graduate training programs; and the lack of support from government agencies that fund biomedical research. However, there is an active community of researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, the academic community, and government agencies that develop QSP and quantitative systems biology models and apply them both to better characterize and predict drug pharmacology and disease processes; as well as to improve efficiency and productivity in pharmaceutical R&D.
    Keywords: RM1-950 ; Q1-390 ; Pharmacodynamics ; In-silico ; pharmacometrics ; Pharmaceutical R&D ; Computational Biology ; pharmacokinetics ; Quantitative Systems Pharmacology ; Modeling & Simulation ; Multi-scale modeling ; Systems Biology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Agricultural practices, industrial manufacturing, and household consumption are just a few of the activities that contribute to the production of food waste biomass. Modern environmental theories, like the circular economy, are thought to be the impulse behind the implementation of zero-waste policies. The huge percentage of such residual biomass has significant potential to be used as a raw material to produce novel products and specialty feedstock through biorefining procedures, even though the high volume of waste originating from the food industry raises serious concerns regarding both economic and environmental aspects. Given that many plant parts that are rejected during fruit and vegetable processing (e.g., leaves, branches, peels, roots, stems, and seeds) carry a sizable load of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, the recovery of valuable secondary metabolites from waste plant tissues is an appealing prospect in this regard. This specific group of substances exhibits a wide range of chemical compositions with diverse biological characteristics and functions, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as chemoprotective effects against cancer and other degenerative diseases.
    Keywords: oyster shell waste ; washing method ; sodium chloride ; impurities ; particle size ; anaerobic digestion ; agricultural inputs ; biochemical methane potential ; biodegradability ; lignocellulosic biomasses ; manures ; agriculture ; agricultural waste management ; allelopathic effect ; invasive species ; phytoremediation ; rice straw ; rice bran ; rice husk ; agricultural waste ; valorization ; circular economy ; biomass ; bioeconomy ; kinetics ; lignocellulosic biomass ; mechanical pretreatment ; methane potential ; twin-screw extrusion ; fruit and vegetable ; biowaste ; synergies ; matchmaking ; platform ; industrial symbiosis ; waste management ; sustainability ; green building ; recycle ; food waste ; lightweight concrete ; lime concrete ; fruit shells ; coarse aggregate replacement ; sugarcane bagasse ; pentose liquor ; dark fermentation ; biohydrogen ; organic acids ; biorefinery ; fungi ; laccase ; microcosm ; homogenisation ; hemicellulose ; cellulose ; fibre ; conventional limestone ; waste brown eggshells ; polylactic acid ; mechanical properties ; bio-composite ; Aspergillus niger ; ellagitannins ; phenolic compounds ; punica granatum ; saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solid-state fermentation ; limonene ; alpha-pinene ; biotransformation ; terpene ; flavouring agent ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 63
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The recovery of solid wastes for the preparation of innovative composite materials not only represents an economic advantage, but also offers an ecological opportunity for the utilization of by-products which would otherwise be landfilled. Specifically, the reuse and recycling of waste lead to important savings of raw materials and energy, since these by-products, generally deriv from agricultural or industrial activities, are abundant in nature. Moreover, a reduction of the environmental and related sanitary impacts can be also achieved. For this reason, a recycling operation is fundamental for the improvement of the environmental sustainability, because these secondary raw materials become a resource that can be easily reused without the modification of the peculiar characteristics, in order to obtain new and performing composites, with a low specific weight, high durability, and long life cycle.
    Keywords: Radioactive soil waste ; Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore ; SHS ; CeO2 ; Immobilization ; cementitious grout ; green grout ; cement ; slag substitution ; valorization ; circular economy ; cellulose aerogel ; oil absorbent ; cellulose ; white bamboo fibril ; water pollution ; natural rubber ; nanosilica ; mechanical property ; fertilizer plant ; hexafluorosilicic acid ; waste water ; cement composites ; recycled waste porous glass ; end-of-life tyre rubber ; safe production ; thermal insulation ; mechanical resistance ; render ; cement and cement-lime reinforced mortars ; natural fiber ; sheep’s wool ; sustainability ; chitosan film ; emerging pollutants ; ketoprofen ; food waste ; adsorption ; recycle ; recycled expanded polystyrene ; cement mortars ; eggshell ; Direct Blue 78 ; kinetics ; isotherms ; pulsed light ; fiber reinforced ; cementless composites ; microscopic property ; co-fired fly ash ; green materials ; biochar ; wheat straw ; sorbent ; cobalt ; copper ; soil ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 64
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Iron is an essential element for almost all organisms, a cofactor playing a crucial role in a number of vital functions, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and respiration. However, its ability to exchange electrons renders excess iron potentially toxic, since it is capable of catalyzing the formation of highly poisonous free radicals. As a consequence, iron homeostasis is tightly controlled by sophisticated mechanisms that have been partially elucidated. Because of its biological importance, numerous disorders have been recently linked to the deregulation of iron homeostasis, which include not only the typical disorders of iron overload and deficiency but also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This leads iron metabolism to become an interesting therapeutic target for novel pharmacological treatments against these diseases. Several therapies are currently under development for hematological disorders, while other are being considered for different pathologies. The therapeutic targeting under study includes the hepcidin/ferroportin axis for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, complex cytosolic machineries for the regulation of the intracellular iron status and its association with oxidative damage, and reagents exploiting proteins of iron metabolism such as ferritin and transferrin receptor. A promising potential target is a recently described form of programmed cell death named ferroptosis, in which the role of iron is essential but not completely clarified. This Special Issue has the aim to summarize the state-of-the-art, and the latest findings published in the iron field, as well as to elucidate future directions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QD415-436 ; Q1-390 ; developmental ; Anemia of chronic disease ; neurodegeneration ; supplementation ; MHC ; iron chelation therapy ; osteoblast ; serum biomarker ; FeSO4 ; haptoglobin ; prevention ; brain development ; pituitary ; trauma ; hepcidin ; Alzheimer’s disease ; chaotropes ; social behavior ; Africa ; macrophage ; anemia of inflammation ; Tfr2 ; chelation ; cardiomyocyte ; IV iron therapy ; Oxidative stress ; treatment ; chronic kidney disease ; iron homeostasis ; oxygen sensing ; iron chelators ; age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ; pharmaceutical targets ; non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) ; iron dextran ; pulmonary arterial hypertension ; labile iron ; low and middle income countries ; ferroportin ; gut microbiota ; reducibility ; non-HFE ; oxidative stress ; antitumor compound ; senescence ; electron transfer ; nanotechnology ; iron deficiency ; neonatal period ; heme oxygenase ; hypoxia ; Anemia ; NCOA4 ; patient blood management ; microbiome ; anemia ; iron mobilization ; iron release ; phlebotomy ; peritoneal dialysis ; Friedreich Ataxia ; ferritin ; CD8+ T cells ; M cells ; neurodegenerative disease ; NaFeEDTA ; vascular calcification ; cinnamic acid derivatives ; oral iron salts ; lipid ; acute lung injury ; Iron-sulfur ; Interleukin-6 ; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation ; macrophages ; erythroblastic islands ; cystic fibrosis ; neuroimmune responses ; flavin nucleotide ; hemopexin ; Iron chelators ; nutrient iron ; developing countries ; hereditary hypoferritinemia ; iron ; cancer ; Indonesia ; n/a ; Hfe ; HFE ; chronic heart failure ; iron supplementation ; intestinal inflammation ; TNF ; chelators ; hemolysis ; children ; pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells ; cytokines ; didox ; intravenous iron ; T lymphocytes ; colorectal cancer ; infants ; liver ; ferritinophagy ; hereditary hyperferritinemia ; SCFA ; rheumatoid arthritis ; membrane interactions ; Sucrosomial® iron ; lung ; Kupffer cell ; iron chelation ; erythrophagocytosis ; acute kidney injury ; neurophysiology ; iron transporters ; iron absorption ; infection ; ferroptosis ; fluorescent iron chelator ; neonatal ; SNC ; immunity ; mycobacteria ; non-haem iron ; natural history ; 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ; haem ; inflammation ; bone homeostasis ; cardiovascular disease ; heme ; heme homeostasis ; protein binding ; brain ; iron deficiency anemia ; Fe2+-chelating activity ; bioengineering ; Mek/Erk ; Bmp/Smad ; iron delivery ; genetic hemochromatosis ; osteoclast ; histidine ; rhodamine ; COPD ; hemorrhage ; antibacterial activity ; bacteria ; SLC40A1 ; transferrin receptor ; drug delivery ; nanocage ; soybean seed ferritin ; pig ; iron metabolism ; kidney ; innate immunity ; cataracts syndrome ; erythropoiesis ; obesity ; mucosal immunity ; iron overload ; fluorophore ; binding ability ; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ; osteoporosis ; biomarker ; bioavailability ; adverse event profile ; metabolism ; iron-carbohydrate complex ; kinetics ; flavonoids ; iron regulatory proteins ; lung infection ; non transferrin bound iron ; central nurse macrophage ; iron processing ; malaria ; neurodegenerative diseases ; multifunctional iron chelators ; retina ; neuroinflammation ; anti-hepcidin therapy ; lung diseases ; anaemia ; RRM2 ; cognition ; mitochondria ; therapy ; NBIA ; red pulp macrophage ; efficacy ; hemochromatosis ; tolerability ; oral iron therapy ; growth ; venesections ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 65
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This Special Issue published one editorial, eight articles and four reviews from approximately one hundred authors. It aimed to provide cutting-edge research on pre-clinical development and the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals within the molecular imaging community. The Special Issue covered radioligand development, existing radiotracer optimization, imaging agent evaluation in animal models, the clinical production of radiopharmaceuticals, and investigative research on the use of molecular imaging probes in human subjects. We appreciate all the authors’ significant contributions to this Special Issue and hope the readers will enjoy the content.
    Keywords: nanoparticle ; multimodal imaging ; photoacoustic ; heterobivalent peptide ; Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid-beta ; animal model ; astrocyte ; blood–brain barrier ; imaging ; metabolism ; microglia ; neuroinflammation ; neurotransmitter receptors ; positron emission tomography ; synaptic density ; vascular imaging ; FDG ; PET/CT ; microvasculature imaging ; ABC-transporter ; drug-induced liver injury ; hepatotoxicity ; organic anion-transporting polypeptide ; pharmacokinetics ; liver function ; SLC-transporter ; V/Q PET/CT ; [68Ga]Ga-MAA ; 68Ga-labelled carbon nanoparticles ; glioblastoma ; fluorescence guided surgery ; 5-ALA ; fluorescein ; NIR-AZA ; magnetic resonance imaging ; high resolution ; hybrid imaging ; psychiatric disorders ; extracellular vesicles (EVs) ; umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) ; diabetes ; I-124 ; positron emission tomography (PET) ; intravenous (I.V.) administration ; intra-arterial (I.A.) administration ; biodistribution ; fluorine-18 ; PET ; oxime ; PSMA ; lipophilicity ; radiometals ; copper-61 ; liquid targets ; post-processing ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-NOC ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TATE ; FAP ; 99mTc-FAP inhibitor ; 99mTc-labeled iFAP ; tumor microenvironment ; SPECT ; GluN1/2B receptors ; NMDA ; [3H]ifenprodil ; σ1 and σ2 receptors ; receptor occupancy ; PET imaging ; drug development ; neurodegenerative diseases ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Herbaceous field crops include several hundred plant species worldly widespread for different end-uses, from food to no-food applications. Among them are included cereals, grain legumes, sugar beet, potato, cotton, tobacco, sunflower, safflower, rape, flax, soybean, alfalfa, clover spp. and other fodder crops, but only 15–20 species play a relevant role for the worldly global economy. Nowadays, to meet the food demand of the ever-increasing world population in a scenario of decreased arable lands, the development of holistic agricultural management approaches to boost contemporaneously yield and quality of herbaceous field crops is essential. Accordingly, this book represents an up-to-date collection of the current understanding of the impact of several agricultural management factors (i.e., genetic selection, planting density and arrangement, fertilization, irrigation, weed control and harvest time) on the yield and qualitative performances of 11 field crops (wheat, cardoon, potato, clary sage, basil, sugarcane, canola, cotton, tomato, lettuce and hemp). On the whole, the topics covered in this book will ensure students and academic readers, such as plant physiologists, environmental scientists, biotechnologists, botanists, soil chemists and agronomists, to get the information about the recent research advances on the eco-sustainable management cultivation of herbaceous field crops, with a particular focus on varietal development, soil nutrient and water management, weed control, etc.
    Keywords: planting density ; fertilization ; the central composite design ; fiber yield ; analog optimization ; potato ; nitrogen fertilization ; environmental sustainability ; cost-effective ; nitrogen use efficiency ; tuber yield ; EONFR ; growth ; specific leaf nitrogen ; critical nitrogen uptake ; cotton ; dry matter yield ; root growth ; root physiology ; water productivity ; nitrogen productivity ; drip irrigation quota ; lint yield ; biomass ; leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ; leaf gas exchange ; leaf structure ; drought tolerance ; dry weight yield ; essential oil content ; leaf area index ; Ocimum basilicum ; potassium ; fertilizer ; biomass accumulation ; fiber quality ; organic farming system ; yield ; pH ; soluble solid content ; Bostwick viscosity ; phosphorus sensitivity ; phosphorus ; reproductive organ biomass ; nutrients accumulation ; plant density ; nitrogen fertilization rate ; photosynthesis rate ; SPAD readings ; nitrogen efficiency indices ; tuber nutritional composition ; cereal crops ; plant water extracts ; bioherbicides ; weed management ; allelopathy ; dual purpose canola ; nitrogen fertilizer ; oil content ; grazing ; sustainable agriculture ; integrated weed management ; yield losses ; preventive weed control ; mechanical weed control ; physical weed control ; biological weed control ; herbicides ; hybrids ; wheat ; weeds ; competition ; genetic gain ; genomic selection ; quantitative genetics ; sugarcane breeding ; pit plantation ; planting patterns ; ratoon crop ; sowing techniques ; sugarcane yield ; quality ; seasonal variation ; fatty acids ; free sugars ; chemical composition ; Cynara cardunculus L. ; cardoon ; organic acids ; clary sage ; essential oil ; aromatic plant species ; biometric and agronomic characteristics ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; organic farming ; calcareous soils ; crop physiology ; sustainability ; diatomaceous earth ; monosilicic acid ; Si application method ; soil water conditions ; wheat cultivar ; tocopherols ; lipidic fraction ; companion plants ; N-fertilization ; partial land equivalent ratio (PLER) ; weed control ; grain quality ; productivity ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Pyrometallurgy is considered to be an environmentally friendly technology in processing of primary and secondary raw materials. The continuous development of pyrometallurgical processes to treat more complex raw materials requires direct support from fundamental research. In this reprint, 18 papers focusing on recent investigations into the existing and new pyrometallurgical processes such as recovery of cobalt through chlorination–volatilization, the extraction of tungsten from low-grade concentrates, copper and lead smelting, ironmaking, and steelmaking are collected. This reprint is expected to serve as a valuable reference for academia and the industry working on thermodynamics, kinetics, and technological optimization and development.
    Keywords: phase equilibria ; thermodynamics ; Na2O-SiO2-WO3 system ; liquidus temperature ; pyrometallurgy ; chlorination–volatilization ; cobalt oxide ; calcium chloride ; phases of calcines ; gear steel ; inclusions characteristics ; EPMA ; sulphide modification ; copper smelting ; bottom-blowing ; SKS ; slag ; fluid dynamic ; oxide metallurgy ; high heat input welding ; Ti-Ca deoxidation ; inclusion evolution ; formation mechanism ; blast furnace ; data pre-processing ; extreme outlier ; gas utilization rate ; support vector regression ; carbon brick ; corrosion resistance to molten iron ; carburization ; iron infiltration ; sinter ; sintering liquid ; sinter softening behaviour ; lead-rich slag ; kinetics ; fluxes ; FactSage ; reduction mechanisms ; continuous casting ; tundish ; argon blowing ; protective casting ; numerical simulation ; basic Oxygen Furnace steelmaking ; intelligent manufacturing ; functional data analysis ; phase plane ; blowing period recognition ; anomaly monitoring ; end-point time prediction ; arsenic distribution ; arsenic control ; blister copper ; anode copper ; smelting slag ; converting slag ; copper metallurgy ; plume eye ; bottom-blowing copper smelting ; water model ; CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system ; blast furnace slag ; basicity ; copper smelting slag ; smelting reduction ; Cu-Fe alloy ; tungsten ; pyrometallurgical smelting ; sodium tungstate ; wolframite ; high-proportion pellet ; desulphurization ; removal of alkali ; ironmaking ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This reprint focuses on the effective removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater using unique freestanding polymeric-based methods. It also examines innovative green methods for efficiently reusing various solid waste products. In addition, several new eco-friendly hybrid materials are being reviewed in order to alleviate the problem of water pollution in novel, rapid, and efficient methods.
    Keywords: cyanoguanidine-modified chitosan adsorbent ; Congo red dye ; adsorption kinetics ; adsorption isotherms ; adsorption thermodynamic ; Nelumbo nucifera leaf adsorbent ; fixed-bed column ; immobilization ; breakthrough curve ; desorption ; polymer complexant ; rare earth separation ; phosphorylated chitosan ; complexation–ultrafiltration ; kinetic study ; Eucalyptus ; biochar ; arsenic ; fluoride ; methylene blue ; activated carbon ; agro-waste ; wastewater ; adsorption ; cationic dyes ; low-cost adsorbents ; bio-waste ; Sargassum latifolium ; methylene blue dye ; water pollution ; equilibrium isotherm ; plasma ; produced water ; membranes ; desalination ; gliding arc ; nanofiltration ; nanofibers ; ROMP ; thiol-functionalized polymer ; polynorbornene dicarboximide ; heavy metal adsorption ; lead ; cadmium ; nickel ; fabrication techniques ; inorganic contaminants ; organic pollutants ; polymer nanocomposites ; water treatment ; polyamine ; industrial wastewater treatment ; heavy metal ions ; hypercrosslinked polymer ; porous polymer ; catechol ; Fenton catalyst ; dye degradation ; nanofilter ; nanocomposite ; water ; purification ; capillary-driven flow ; biocompatible ; biodegradable ; Ismate violet 2R dye ; IV2R ; ZnO-NP ; BET ; kinetics ; isotherm modelling ; thermodynamic ; poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) ; thermo-responsive membrane ; hydrophilic hydrogel support ; interfacial polymerization ; electrospun nanofibers ; polyethylene terephthalate ; superhydrophobic nanosilica ; solid-phase microextraction ; organochlorine pesticides ; electrospun-nanofibers ; Calix[4]arene ; polyurethane ; polysulfone ; extraction ; chlorobenzenes ; heavy metals ; environmental remediation ; polyaniline ; coconut fiber ; electrospinning ; nickel titanate ; photodegradation ; mathematical modeling ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint covers a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, new analytical and bioanalytical methods relevant to the separation, identification, and determination of substances in pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, nanobiotechnology, clinical chemistry, and related disciplines; methods for the identification of bioactive compounds in functional foods and medicinal plants; applications of chromatography and allied techniques in biomedical sciences.
    Keywords: wild rice ; antioxidant ; macroporous resins ; LC-MS/MS ; phenolics ; procyanidins ; osimertinib ; UPLC-TOF-MS ; rat ; pharmacokinetics ; carbonyl derivatization ; phenylhydrazine ; phenylenediamine ; hydroxylamine ; water analysis ; lipoxidation ; lisdexamfetamine dimesylate ; impurities ; structural elucidation ; forced degradation ; HPLC validation ; chemical constituent profiles of Sinisan ; chinese medicine processing ; chinese medicinal formula compatibility ; Dendropanax morbifera leaf ; xanthine oxidase ; hyperuricemia ; HPLC ; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) ; Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) ; Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) ; antler velvet processing ; UPLC-MS/MS ; Cinnamomum yabunikkei leaf ; elastase ; Citrus junos Seib ex TANAKA ; rhKGF-1 ; rhKGF-2 ; bioactivity ; cell-based bioassay ; method validation ; CYP450 enzyme ; cocktail probe drug ; RT-PCR ; galangin ; affecting factors ; amadori compound ; furosine ; Maillard reaction ; velvet antler processing ; Brazilian green propolis ; phenolic acids ; UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS ; quantitation ; methodological verification ; Glycyrrhizae Radix extract ; glycyrrhizin ; isoliquiritigenin ; liquiritigenin ; liquiritin ; LC–MS/MS analysis ; desoxo-narchinol A ; Nardostachys jatamansi ; bioavailability ; silybin ; silymarin product ; comparative pharmacokinetics ; ginsenosides ; red ginseng extract ; human ; acanthus ilicifolius herb ; phenylethanoid glycosides ; C.tricuspidata Bureau ; tyrosinase ; dialyzable leukocyte extract ; Transferon® ; complex mixture of peptides ; quality specifications ; biological potency ; development and validation ; Dioscorea nipponica Makino ; steroidal saponin ; HPLC-UV ; UPLC-QTOF/MS ; validation ; osteosarcoma ; apoptosis ; epinastine ; comparison ; SH-1242 ; 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)ethanone ; HPLC-MS/MS ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This book serves to highlight the pharmacokinetics/drug–drug interactions and mechanistic understanding in relation to the drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.This book presents a series of drug metabolism and transport mechanisms that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs as well as natural herbal medicines. It also covers the pharmacokinetic interactions caused by inhibiting or inducing the metabolic or transport activities under disease states or the coadministration of potential inhibitors. It also deals with microenvironmental pharmacokinetic profiles as well as population pharmacokinetics, which gives new insights regarding the pharmacokinetic features with regard to drug metabolism and transporters.
    Keywords: tofacitinib ; dose-dependent pharmacokinetics ; hepatic and intestinal first-pass effect ; rats ; catalposide ; in vitro human metabolism ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ; sulfotransferase ; carboxylesterase ; celecoxib ; drug–drug interaction ; fluorescence ; HPLC ; metabolism ; repaglinide ; HSG4112 ; anti-obesity agent ; stereoselectivity ; pharmacokinetics ; compound K ; protopanaxadiol (PPD) ; biliary excretion ; intestinal metabolism ; Carthamus tinctorius extract ; notoginseng total saponins ; comparative pharmacokinetic study ; large volume direct injection ; compatibility mechanism ; mertansine ; human hepatocytes ; cytochrome P450 ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors ; DWP16001 ; kidney distribution ; inhibition mode ; diabetes ; transporter-enzyme interplay ; influx transporter ; efflux transporter ; physiologically based pharmacokinetic model ; cytochrome P450 enzymes ; tiropramide ; healthy Korean subjects ; modeling ; population pharmacokinetic ; quercetin ; breast cancer resistance protein ; inhibitor ; prazosin ; sulfasalazine ; kinetic analysis ; food–drug interactions ; Caco-2 ; EpiIntestinal ; first-pass ; P-gp ; BCRP ; drug transporter ; CYP3A4 ; oral availability ; automatization ; drug absorption ; drug dosing ; head-and-neck cancer ; real-time measurements ; taxanes ; tissue engineering ; UHPLC-MS/MS ; metformin ; verapamil ; drug interaction ; organic cation transporter 2 ; renal excretion ; acute renal failure ; gentamicin ; cisplatin ; hepatic CYP3A1(23) ; creatinine clearance ; renal clearance ; nonrenal clearance ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Sprouted grains are food ingredients widely appreciated for their improved nutritional, functional, organoleptic, and textural properties compared with non-germinated grains. In recent years, sprouting has been explored as a promising green food engineering strategy to improve the nutritional value of grains and the formation of secondary metabolites with potential application in the functional food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic markets. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of sprouting on the chemical composition, safety aspects, and technofunctional and chemopreventive properties of sprouted seeds and their derived flours and byproducts. The six articles included in this Special Issue present insightful findings on the most recent advances regarding new applications of sprouted seeds or products derived thereof, evaluations of the nutritional value and phytochemical composition of sprouts during production or storage, and explorations of their microbiological, bioactive, and technofunctional properties.
    Keywords: biochemical characteristic ; enzymatic browning ; inhibitory profile ; lentil ; sprouts ; polyphenol oxidase ; purification ; germinated oat ; avenanthramides ; colorectal cancer ; chemoprevention ; bran ; cell walls ; sprouting ; dough rheology ; bread-making ; microstructure ; barley ; germination ; flour ; RSM ; nutritional properties ; bioactive compounds ; quality ; melatonin ; bioavailability ; lentil sprouts ; phenolic compounds ; antioxidant status ; pharmacokinetics ; food safety ; legumes ; microbial contamination ; protein ; mineral ; seed germination ; nutritional value ; phytochemicals ; bioactivity ; health ; technological properties ; food development ; functional foods ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Kinetics and reactor modeling for heterogeneous catalytic reactions are prominent tools for investigating and understanding catalyst functionalities at nanoscale and the related rates of complex reaction networks. This book illustrates some examples related to the transformation of simple to more complex feedstocks, including different types of reactor designs, i.e., steady-state, transient plug flow reactors, and TAP reactors for which there is sometimes a strong gap in the operating conditions from ultra-high-vacuum to high-pressure conditions. In conjunction, new methodologies have emerged, giving rise to more robust microkinetics models. As exemplified, they include the kinetics and the dynamics of the reactors and span a large range of length and time scales. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide contributions that can illustrate recent advances and novel methodologies for elucidating the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions and the necessary multiscale approach for optimizing the reactor design. This book is dedicated to postgraduate and scientific researchers, and experts in heterogeneous catalysis. It may also serve as a source of original information for the elaboration of lessons on catalysis for Master students.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; microkinetics ; n/a ; internal effectiveness factor ; FTIR spectroscopy ; automation ; power-law ; AEIR method ; promoter ; TAP reactor ; rhodium ; Temkin model ; mechanism analysis ; H2S ; N2O ; catalytic decomposition ; cracking ; 1 ; 2 ; methanol-to-olefins (MTO) ; zeolite ; ZSM-23 ; kinetic model ; pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor ; methane ; effective diffusion coefficient ; SAPO-18 ; kinetics ; alkali metal ; ZSM-5 ; digitalization ; gas-phase oxidation ; kinetic modeling ; temporal analysis of products ; selective oxidation ; Methyl Ethyl Ketone ; amorphous calcium phosphate ; reactor modeling ; HNO3 ; 3-Butadiene ; transient kinetics ; catalytic combustion ; cobalt mixed oxide ; 3-Butanediol dehydration ; ammonia decomposition ; heats of adsorption ; Pd/?-Al2O3 ; SAPO-34 ; Langmuir–Hinshelwood ; hierarchical graphite felts ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue of Minerals presents recent, select studies that highlight advances in the fields of hydro- and biohydrometallurgy. It aims to attract the interest of readers and especially of young scientists and students in this fascinating scientific discipline.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; n/a ; counter-current leaching ; metal extraction ; slag ; low-grade saprolitic laterite ; agglomeration ; bioleaching ; white metal ; precipitation ; iodide ; seawater ; reducing agent ; chloride ; chalcopyrite ; pyrite–arsenopyrite galvanic pair ; frontier orbital methods ; acid media ; bottom ash ; phosphorus ; manganese nodules ; waste reuse ; galvanic effect ; gold diiodide ; municipal solid waste incineration ; jarosite ; column leaching ; secondary mining ; iodide-oxidizing bacteria ; leaching ; primary sulfide copper ; heap leaching ; electrochemical ; optimization of parameters ; chloride ion ; reductive mineral dissolution ; tailings ; curing ; acid leaching ; secondary products ; uranium ; ferric ion ; Acidithiobacillus ; limonitic laterites ; iron reduction ; fluorapatite ; nitrate ; gold ; phosphate mineral ; purification ; iodine ; nickel ; sodium sulfite ; pregnant leach solution ; copper sulfide ; sulphuric acid ; laterites ; REE ; pretreatment ; triiodide ; laterite ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The triple-R model (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is the essential concept of the circular economy. Due to population growth, the recovery of added-value products from wastes has become a challenge. Wastewaters of different origin (urban, industrial, mining, textile, distillery, and microbial culture, among others) are rich in energy, water, and nutrient sources that can be recovered and reused within a circular economy framework. Recently, wastewater treatment plants have been converted into biofactories, since they can convert waste into new products (water, nutrients, fertilizers, biomethane, electricity, heat, etc.) with a minimal environmental impact. In this context, adsorption and ion-exchange, as well as the integration of both processes, have been proposed as promising technologies for the treatment of wastewaters for resource recovery. Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue, entitled “Wastewater Treatment by Adsorption and/or Ion-Exchange Processes for Resource Recovery”, is to promote these two processes as innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives for the recovery of secondary raw materials from by-products or waste streams. These processes could improve the environmental, economic, and social impacts of the currently used wastewater treatment techniques.
    Keywords: clay ; dye ; adsorption ; isotherm ; kinetics ; hydroxyapatite ; calcium carbonate ; coating ; heavy metal sorption ; groundwater remediation ; adsorption technology ; ultra-sonication ; phosphate removal ; granular ferric hydroxide ; micro-sized adsorbents ; organic acid ; circular economy ; optimization process ; bio-economy ; response surface methodology ; corn stream ; surface-active compounds ; eco-adsorbents ; green membranes ; resource recovery ; hybrid biosorbent ; desorption ; thermodynamic ; nanofiltration ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The development of effective treatment methods or the synthesis of new effective adsorbents capable of selective sorption of toxic substances is now of great importance. This reprint contains articles focused on wastewater treatment containing heavy metal ions, and hormones from synthetic and real solutions using different types of adsorbent, such as synthetic ion exchangers, natural and synthetic aluminosilicates, zeolites, magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes, biosorbents, imprinted polymers, and magnetic adsorbents, as well as cost estimation of activated carbon production from waste nutshells by physical activation could be found.
    Keywords: economic evaluation ; production cost ; nutshell waste ; activated carbon ; magnetic multiwall carbon nanotube ; adsorption ; kinetics ; isotherm ; thermodynamic ; lead ; date seeds ; thermodynamics ; T. longibrachiatum ; T. fasciculatum ; bioadsorption ; cadmium ; heavy metals ; isotherms ; bioadsorption mechanism ; mycoremediation ; amino group ; kinetic ; multifunction ; cation ; anion ; β-estradiol ; akaganeite nanorods ; adsorptive removal ; endocrine disruptors ; desirability function ; divalent cobalt ; Lemna gibba ; biosorption ; desorption ; SEM-EDX ; androgenic hormones ; solid-phase extraction ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; trenbolone ; nickel removal ; ion exchangers ; water pollution ; Lewatit MonoPlus TP220 ; lead (II) ; Azadirachta indica leaves ; water ; metals ; smectite ; kaolinite ; zeolites ; nanomaterials ; remediation ; bioelectrochemical systems ; wastewater ; nanocomposites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The search for alternative sources of energy is an attempt to solve two of the main problems facing the modern world. Today's resources are mainly based on fossil flammable substances such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The first problem is related to the expected and observed depletion of deposits, not only those available but also less accessible. Another is related to global warming from emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) as well as emissions of other pollutants in the atmosphere. Mitigating the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is an obvious challenge for mankind. This Special Issue includes articles on the search for new raw materials and new technologies for obtaining energy, such as those existing in nature, methane hydrates, biomass, etc., new more efficient technologies for generating electricity, as well as analyses of the possibilities and conditions of use of these resources for practical applications.
    Keywords: thermoelectric generation ; turbo-generator ; exhaust heat recovery ; kinetics ; pyrolysis ; wood-based panels ; Van KREVELEN systematics ; TG-MS/FTIR analysis ; CH4 hydrate ; replacement ; IGCC syngas ; in-situ Raman ; thermodynamic cycles ; ORC ; efficiency ; energy consumption ; comminution ; grinding ; multi-disc mill ; energy consumption index ; energy assessment ; wind power plant ; sustainable development ; modernization ; recycling ; solar energy ; wind energy ; energy efficiency ; environmental impact ; economic evaluation ; on-grid system ; HOMER Pro software ; natural gas hydrate ; critical velocity ; solid fluidization method ; water jet ; ultimate breaking distance ; biofuel policy ; efficiency rating ; ethanol ; data mining ; waste-to-energy ; sector coupling ; waste incineration ; waste heat recovery in desalination ; efficiency increasing in waste incineration ; waste plastic oil ; biodiesel ; castor oil ; emission ; diesel engine ; parallel plugin hybrid ; hybrid two-wheeler ; load-levelling control (LLC) ; equivalent fuel-consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) ; battery ageing ; fuel economy ; engine switching and charge sustained ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint is an excellent collection of articles that deal with difficult-to-treat infections in the ICU environment. Multiresistant bacteria and fungi create severe treatment problems to the physician charged with their care. We hope that this book will help everyday dilemmas and add useful information on difficult topics.
    Keywords: Acinetobacter ; pandrug-resistant ; antimicrobial combinations ; synergy ; renal replacement therapy ; Monte Carlo simulation ; antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; microbiome ; probiotics ; intensive care unit ; dysbiosis ; ventilator-associated pneumonia ; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ; ECMO ; critical illness ; antibiotic choices ; HAP ; VAP ; colonization ; antibiotic pressure ; bloodstream infection ; bacteraemia ; sepsis ; septic shock ; empirical ; probabilistic antibiotics ; source control ; de-escalation ; ICU ; intensive care ; antimicrobial stewardship ; COVID-19 ; procalcitonin ; C-reactive protein ; presepsin ; infection ; biomarker ; guided antimicrobial therapy ; APACHE II score ; bacteremia ; broth microdilution ; colistin ; colistin-resistant ; Gram-negative ; mortality ; SOFA score ; candidemia ; incidence ; epidemiology ; Candida species ; non-albicans Candida species ; fluconazole resistance ; critically ill ; beta-lactam antibiotics ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; antibiotic optimisation ; antibiotic stewardship (AMS) ; aspiration pneumonia ; hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) ; multidrug-resistance (MDR) ; non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) ; polymicrobial ; pneumonia resolution ; ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) ; carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAb) ; infection control ; antimicrobial agents ; carbapenems ; antibiotic resistance ; clinical pharmacy services ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; salvage treatment ; double carbapenem ; newer β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors ; cefiderocol ; eravacycline ; SARS-CoV-2 infection ; mechanical ventilation ; risk factors ; blood stream infection ; defined daily dose ; antibiotics utilization ; empiric ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This Special Issue comprises 15 papers broadly outlining current trends in nucleic acid biophysics. It contains original research papers and reviews on structure, stability, and interactions of canonical and non-canonical nucleic acids. The authors describe the use of established, time-honored experimental and computational techniques as well as their more recently developed counterparts. Molecular insights that can be gained from the papers collected in this issue range from the fundamental to the applied with emphasis on biological functions and biomedical prospects of nucleic acids. The collection is not meant to be exhaustive, but to highlight recent advances from select laboratories worldwide. Nevertheless, it represents a useful guide for scientists who wish to familiarize themselves with biophysical topics in nucleic acid research. This Special Issue will be useful both for researchers who study fundamental aspects of nucleic acid structure, stability, and dynamics, as well as for those that are mainly interested in practical biological and biomedical applications of nucleic acids.
    Keywords: nucleic acid structures ; nucleic acid conformation ; biological structure database ; DNA ; RNA ; validation standards ; G-quadruplex ; replication ; thermodynamics ; ligand ; topology ; quadruplex-duplex hybrids ; minor groove binding drugs ; stability ; optical spectroscopy ; nucleic acids ; charge ; electrostatic potential ; ab initio methods ; NMR spectroscopy ; molecular dynamics ; forcefield ; AMBER ; B-DNA ; DNA-hairpin ; perchlorates ; brines ; pressure ; Mars ; habitability ; DNA minor groove binder ; mixed base-pair DNA sequences ; sequence selectivity ; ligand–DNA complex thermodynamic ; molecular curvature ; heterocyclic diamidine ; biosensor ; calorimetry ; DNA conjugate ; metal ion ; triple helix ; silver ion ; lanthanide ; ATP sensor ; aptamer ; terpyridine ; sequence edition ; DNAzyme ; molecular dynamics simulation (MD) ; potential of mean force (PMF) ; dsDNA–dsDNA interactions ; flexibility ; origins of life ; DNA-protein networks ; protocells ; DNA sequence-dependent structure ; DNA deformability ; DNA sequence context ; DNA curvature ; DNA minicircles ; hydrostatic pressure ; volume ; CD spectroscopy ; G-quadruplexes ; potassium ; polymorphism ; kinetics ; folding ; kinetic models ; fitting ; aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) ; salicylic acid polymers ; methylene-salicylic acid ; SARS-CoV-2 ; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) ; yeast ribosomes ; human serum albumin (HSA) ; molecular recognition ; biological function and viral disease ; inhibitor binding ; single-molecule biophysics ; nucleic acid thermodynamics ; statistical mechanics ; fluctuation theorems ; computational biophysics ; n/a ; drug discovery ; drug-target interactions ; thermodynamic binding signatures ; isothermal titration calorimetry ; lead optimization ; fragment-based drug discovery ; drug-like properties ; enthalpic efficiency ; group efficiency ; lipophilic efficiency ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: The continuous and widespread deterioration of lake water quality and eutrophication is not only a local problem, but also a global phenomenon. It is not only destroying, or at least limiting, the valuable water resources for daily life, but threatening the water security of sustainable social development. More importantly, along with the rapid accumulation of the alga, including novel hypertoxic viruses and new toxic chemicals, as well as other organic compounds, these stressors threaten aquatic life, biodiversity and endanger our health.This Special Issue highlights and discusses major threats to Plateau Lakes water quality, and provides an update on both lake current status, as well as future challenges. Lake problems, such as pollution and eutrophication, require that we quantify how serious the situation is, identify the probable causes, and recommend how to control the pollution in order to restore and protect water quality. More importantly, this Special Issue stresses the need to manage the lakes and the watershed under a unified approach.
    Keywords: external loading ; internal loading ; water quality ; tributary ; Lake Xingyun ; Lake Chenghai ; Yunnan ; water quality parameters ; seasonality ; spatial heterogeneity ; La-modified material ; macrophyte ; sediments ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; particulate organic matter (POM) ; carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes ; source tracing ; ecosystem degradation ; Caohai Lake ; middle reach of the Jinsha River ; cascade hydropower development ; regression discontinuity analysis ; Lake Lugu ; thermal stratification ; seasonal changes ; Lake Qilu ; seasonal variation ; water temperature ; dissolved oxygen ; chlorophyll-a ; pH ; turbidity ; plateau lake ; nutrient limitation transformation ; nutrient threshold ; alkaline lake ; phytoplankton blooms ; Lake Yangzong ; temporal and spatial variations ; cyanophyte relative quantity index ; nutrient reduction ; n/a ; Lake Yilong ; spatial-temporal variations ; anthropogenic activities ; Lake Erhai ; temperature ; Chl-a ; nutrient elements ; heavy metal elements ; spatiotemporal characteristics ; entropy method-fuzzy evaluation method ; principal component analysis ; spatial variation ; temporal variation ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The chemical industry is essential in the daily humn life of modern society; despite the misconception about the real need for chemical production, everyone enjoys the benefit of the chemical progress. However, the chemical industry generates a large variety of products, including (i) basic chemicals, e.g., polymers, petrochemicals, and basic inorganics; (ii) specialty chemicals for crop protection, paints, inks, colorants, textiles, paper, and engineering; and (iii) consumer chemicals, including detergents, soaps, etc. For these reasons, chemists in both acdemia and industry are challenged with developing green and sustainable chemical production towrad the full-recycling of feedstocks and waste. Aiming to improve the intensification of the process, chemists have established chemical reactions based on catalysis, as well as alternative technologies, such as continuous flow. The aim of this book is to cover promising recent research and novel trends in the field of novel catalytic reactions (homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic, as well as their combinations) in continuous flow conditions. A collection of recent contribution for conversion of starting material originated from petroleum resources or biomass into highly-added value chemicals are reported.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; dynamic mesh ; catalytic hydrodechlorination ; Pd catalyst ; fuel reactor ; catalysis ; alcohols ; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ; ketones ; numerical prediction ; heterogeneous catalyst ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ; CO2 capture ; chemical looping combustion ; SBA-15 ; biodiesel ; ?-valerolactone ; (bio) catalysis ; economizer ; erosion rate ; magnesium ; circulating fluidized bed ; continuous reactor ; erosion evolution ; kinetics ; Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction ; flow microreactor ; CFD ; micro reactor ; Oppenauer oxidation ; chlorophenols ; succinate ; aldehydes ; multiphase catalysis ; methyl levulinate ; pheromone ; zirconium ; flow chemistry ; continuous flow ; biomass ; glucose ; oxidation ; dialkyl succinates ; tube-in-tube ; aerobic ; chemo-enzymatic catalysis ; homogeneous catalysis ; lipase Cal B ; expiry period ; titanium dioxide ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The purpose of this book was not to provide a comprehensive overview of the vast arena of how fungi and fungal metabolites are able to improve human and animal nutrition and health; rather, we, as Guest Editors, wished to encourage authors working in this field to publish their most recent work in this rapidly growing journal in order for the large readership to appreciate the full potential of wonderful and beneficial fungi. Thus, this Special Issue welcomed scientific contributions on applications of fungi and fungal metabolites, such as bioactive fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc., with great potential in human and animal nutrition and health.
    Keywords: fungal pigment ; natural dye ; spalting ; Scytalidium cuboideum ; dramada ; sustainable clothing ; selenium ; biofortification ; transporters ; mycorrhizal fungi ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) ; fungal pigments ; textile dyeing ; toxicity testing ; biotechnological approaches ; challenges ; limits ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; probiotics ; gastrointestinal tract ; Alginate ; β-glucan ; oligosaccharides ; elicitation ; Sargassum species ; Sparassis latifolia ; polyphenol ; antioxidant ; agave mezcalero bagasse ; apple bagasse ; solid-state fermentation ; secondary metabolites ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Endophytic fungi ; Hyptis dilatata ; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae ; Pestalotiopsis microspora ; chemical elicitors ; antibacterial activity ; LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS ; yeast ; biological control ; postharvest decay ; fruit ; mycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; Thymus vulgare ; growth ; photosynthesis ; metabolites ; biological activity ; Candida albicans ; non-albicans Candida species ; Candida auris ; aromatic alcohols ; fungi ; metabolomics ; NTCD ; additives ; functional foods ; nutraceuticals ; sustainability ; healthy aging ; Mortierella alpina ; animal fat by-product ; arachidonic acid ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; Mucor circinelloides ; high-throughput screening ; metal ions ; phosphorus ; lipids ; biofuel ; FTIR spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; co-production ; natural colorants ; filamentous fungi ; stirred-tank bioreactor ; biodegradable films ; food package ; bioactive compounds ; FIP ; human health ; immunomodulation ; induced apoptosis ; lectin ; medicinal mushrooms ; polysaccharide ; terpenes and terpenoids ; melanin ; carotenoids ; polyketides ; azaphilones ; antitumor ; medical roles ; sphinganine-analog mycotoxins ; fumonisins ; AAL-toxin ; chemical structure ; toxicity ; genetics and evolution ; biosynthesis ; livestock ; ewes ; energy ; cytokines ; yeasts ; liquid swine diets ; MALDI-TOF ; biochemical identification ; growth temperature Ancom Gas Production System ; Candida krusei ; Candida lambica ; M. purpureus ; red yeast rice ; cholesterol reduction ; probiotic potential ; natural colorant ; extraction ability ; marine fungi ; Talaromyces albobiverticillius ; aqueous two-phases system extraction ; ionic liquids ; feed additive ; probiotic ; Sporidiobolus ruineniae ; tannase ; micro-fungi ; macro-fungi ; Ganoderma ; kombucha ; anticancer ; carotenoid ; medicinal mushroom ; mycobiome ; antimicrobial ; antifungal ; bioconversion ; cheese ; dairy ; Sclerotinia ; secondary metabolite ; endophytic fungi ; uncommon secondary metabolites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The high demand for advanced metallic materials raises the need for an extensive recycling of metals and such a sustainable use of raw materials. ""Sustainable Utilization of Metals - Processing, Recovery and Recycling"" comprises the latest scientific achievements in efficient production of metals and such addresses sustainable resource use as part of the circular economy strategy. This policy drives the present contributions, aiming on the recirculation of EoL-streams such as Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), multi-metal alloys or composite materials back into metal production. This needs a holistic approach, resulting in the maximal avoidance of waste. Considering both aspects, circular economy and material design, recovery and use of minor metals play an essential role, since their importance for technological applications often goes along with a lack of supply on the world market. Additionally, their ignoble character and low concentration in recycling materials cause an insufficient recycling rate of these metals, awarding them the status of “critical metals”. In order to minimize losses and energy consumption, this issue explores concepts for the optimization concerning the interface between mechanical and thermal pre-treatment and metallurgical processes. Such new approaches in material design, structural engineering and substitution are provided in the chapters.
    Keywords: TX1-1110 ; T1-995 ; n/a ; tramp element ; reuse ; titanium recovery ; smartphone ; electrolytic manganese ; chemical equilibrium diagram ; thermodynamics ; displays ; selective extraction ; negative activation energy ; rare earths ; precipitation ; yttrium ; melting behavior ; zinc ; Bayer process ; silver leaching ; lanthanum ; steel scrap ; waste utilization ; super-gravity ; solvent extraction ; scandium ; magnesium ; gravity separation ; dynamic material flow model ; electrolytic lodes and scrapings ; enrichment of Ti ; ammonium scandium hexafluoride ; carbothermal reduction ; simultaneous recovery ; karst bauxite ; fines ; vanadium ; silver ; oxygen-depolarized cathodes ; ionic liquids ; flotation ; steelmaking dust ; aluminium purification ; zinc recycling ; physical separation ; manganese ; intermetallic formation ; gold ; aluminum alloy ; copper ; slag valorization ; reduction of Co ; NMC batteries ; process development ; REE–Nb–Fe ore ; bauxite residue ; hydrometallurgy ; Zinc ; polythermal section ; alkaline leaching ; electric arc furnace ; neodymium ; environmentally friendly process ; electrodeposition ; volatilization ; characterization ; rheorefining ; Li-ion battery ; anti-solvent crystallization ; basic oxygen furnace ; Bayan Obo ; selective precipitation ; pyrolysis ; WPCBs ; cold-bonded briquettes ; separation ; battery pre-treatment ; dysprosium ; dust ; metal recovery ; pyrometallurgy ; thermal treatment ; jarosite ; lifetime of steel ; leaching ; rare-earths ; sustainable development ; industry sector ; closed-loop circulation ; circular economy ; iron removal ; kinetics ; polishing waste ; material flow analysis ; cerium ; rare earth elements ; recycling potential ; halogenation ; ultra-high purity ; cryogenic pre-treatment ; Tin recovery ; refining ; WPCB ; desulfurization ; spent catalysts ; trace elements ; dimethyl sulfoxide ; vacuum distillation ; industrial residue ; condensation ; glass polishing waste ; flash smelting ; red mud ; microwave assisted pyrolysis ; NdFeB magnets ; cavitation ; sludge ; cementation ; indium ; metallurgy ; recycling ; gallium ; copper removal ; jarosite residue ; preparation for recovery ; laterites ; scandium recovery ; blast furnace ; circulation ; recycling rate
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The aim of this Special Issue was to propose, on the basis of the evidence that the current literature provides, new training techniques and specific evaluation methods for the different populations practicing physical activity.
    Keywords: balance ; fatigue ; female ; support leg ; recovery ; body composition ; BIVA ; phase angle ; R-Xc graph ; somatotype ; total body water ; vector length ; aerobic exercise ; obesity ; resistance exercise ; subjective health status ; walking ; Sarcopenia ; gait speed ; cardiorespiratory responses ; physical fitness ; older people ; exercise ; cooling ; thermal ; environment ; endurance ; EMG ; quadriceps ; gluteus maximus ; adductor longus ; weight training ; strength training ; front squat ; back squat ; feet stance ; spot reduction ; resistance training ; adipose tissue ; MENS ; oxygen consumption ; deoxyhemoglobin kinetics ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; lactate ; cycling ; countermovement jump ; sports performance ; PAP ; RM ; training ; VO2 kinetics ; muscle oxygenation ; judo ; upper body ; arm crank ; repeated sprint ability ; bioelectrical impedance ; vector analysis ; lean soft tissue ; fat mass ; muscle mass ; track and field ; sprinters ; sprint start ; block start ; block velocity ; biomechanics ; kinematics ; kinetics ; sprint running ; initial acceleration ; sprint first stance ; sprint first two steps ; field-based tests ; amputee soccer ; assessment ; disability ; impairment ; athletes ; adapted sport ; training programs ; physical activity ; effort ; patients ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Keywords: Laurus nobilis ; medicinal plant ; mobile genomic elements ; germplasm characterization ; Mediterranean region ; chloroplast ; Ipomoea batatas ; simple sequence repeat ; sweet potato ; plant germplasm ; landrace rice ; fat-soluble nutraceuticals ; β-sitosterol ; genetic variability ; cluster analysis ; Solanum melongena ; germplasm ; Greece ; islands ; mainland ; phenotyping ; genotyping ; mineral composition ; landraces ; genetic diversity ; genetic structure ; Panax ginseng ; Triticum turgidum ; HMW glutenins ; LMW glutenins ; gluten quality ; non-allelic interactions ; combined analysis ; evolution ; genetic resources ; Zea mays ; Blumeria graminis ; disomic addition line ; molecular cytogenetics ; wheat ; Psathyrostachys huashanica ; natural variation ; maize ; root length ; domestication selection ; ZmMADS60 gene ; genetic basis ; GWAS ; eating and cooking qualities ; rice ; genetic variation ; eggplant ; cropping condition ; yield ; agro-morphological characterization ; chili pepper ; gene bank ; molecular markers ; morphological descriptor ; DArTseq markers ; GBS ; Triticum aestivum ; starch ; SNP ; InDel ; CAPS ; intron-loss ; NGS ; phosphorus use efficiency ; phosphorus ; proteomics ; grain hardness ; PIN ; kernel texture ; triticum ; SKCS ; Cucumis sativum ; downy mildew ; genetics ; inheritance ; oomycetes ; resistance ; rice genotypes ; blast resistant genotype ; genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ; phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ; heritability values ; DArT SNP markers ; early maturity ; heat and drought tolerance ; salt stress ; nitrogen metabolism ; oxidative stress response ; G6PDH ; GDH ; GS/GOGAT ; Triticum aestivum L. ; γ-gliadins ; Gli-B1 ; polymorphism ; PCR analysis ; ginseng ; genetic composition ; SSR ; fonio ; fonio millet ; white fonio ; Digitaria exilis ; agro morphological descriptors ; phenotypic diversity ; neglected and underutilized species (NUS) ; genetic improvement ; catechin ; phytochemicals ; targeted-oriented core collection ; tea germplasm ; agronomic performance ; correlation analysis ; malawi ; pigeonpea ; yield stability ; bermudagrass ; forage breeding ; genetic parameters ; genotype by harvest interaction ; Tifton 85 ; accessions ; descriptors ; anthracnose ; Colletotrichum lentis ; disease screening ; lentil ; plant resistance ; tall wild pea ; Pisum sativum subsp. elatius ; neoplasm ; pea weevil ; Bruchus pisorum ; expressivity ; Africa ; cowpea ; microsatellites ; Aegilops ; triticale ; leaf rust ; stripe rust ; yellow rust ; Puccinia ; drought ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; plant breeding ; rhizobia ; stress ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The book broadly deals with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and various relevant topics, including different antibody formats such as Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADC), bispecifics, nanoparticle-based mAbs and HER2+ cancers, immune checkpoint inhibitors and other closely related topics. Each paper was written by leading active research groups in their fields both from academia and industry. The book should be of interest to those scientists and researchers who develop or use biologics, biotherapeutics, biosimilars and biobetters in cancer treatment.
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; NSCLC ; immunotherapy ; ELISA ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacogenetics ; anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies ; anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody ; B cell ; immune checkpoint blockade ; immune-related adverse events (irAEs) ; myasthenia gravis (MG) ; non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ; nivolumab ; programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) ; T cell ; tetraspanins ; cancer ; Tspan8 ; radioimmunotherapy ; immune-checkpoint inhibitors ; LDH ; biomarkers ; Ang-2 ; antiangiogenic therapy ; in vivo imaging ; radio- and chemotherapy ; VEGF-A ; cancer therapy ; neovascularization ; angiogenesis ; tumor microenvironment ; colorectal cancer ; antibody ; NK cells ; ADCC ; CD133 ; prominin-1 ; gold nanoparticles ; antibody-drug conjugates ; cell penetrating peptide ; HIV-1 TAT ; active-targeting ; targeted delivery ; trastuzumab ; MMAE ; valine-citrulline ; affibody ; drug conjugates ; hepatic uptake ; DM1 ; dermatooncology ; immune checkpoints ; monoclonal antibodies ; passive immunotherapy ; canine B-cell lymphoma ; DLA-DR ; HLA-DR ; antibody-drug conjugate ; ADC ; methotrexate ; tumor immunity ; combination therapy ; multiple myeloma (MM) ; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ; antibody products ; B cell maturation antigens (BCMAs) ; bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs®) ; checkpoint inhibitors 1 ; protein structure 2 ; pharmacokinetics 3 ; drug optimization 4 ; HER2-positive breast cancer ; metastatic disease ; neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy ; targeted therapy ; acute myeloid leukemia ; CD123 ; IL3RA ; kinesin spindle protein inhibitor ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Manufacturers of soft polymer products, as well as suppliers and processors of polymers, raw materials, and compounds or blends are compelled to use predictive and advanced laboratory testing in their search for high-performance soft polymer materials for future applications. The collection of 12 publications contained in this edition therefore presents different methods used to solve problems in the characterization of various phenomena in soft polymer materials, asks relevant questions and offers appropriate solutions.
    Keywords: ultraviolet radiation ; thermoplastic elastomer ; high vinyl S-B-S ; photoinitiator ; mechanical properties ; rubber ; curing ; bismaleimide ; tensile strength ; Diels–Alder reaction ; effective electrical resistance ; elastomer sensors ; natural rubber ; local strain ; conductive filler ; digital image correlation ; strain sweep ; rheometer ; rubber process analyzer ; swelling ; absorption ; infrared spectroscopy ; mass spectrometry ; gas chromatography ; mechanical behavior ; synthetic aviation fuels ; 3D printed elastomers ; elastomer ; fast characterization ; energy stored and released ; heat source reconstruction ; intrinsic dissipation ; infrared thermography ; engine mount ; elastomer characterisation ; experimental testing ; resonance frequency ; dynamic stiffness ; parameter identification ; electrodynamic shaker ; test bench ; cogging torque ; synchronous machine ; carbon black ; tensile ; Mullins effect ; Payne effect ; dynamic strain ; hysteresis ; material testing ; rheology ; Poisson’s ratio ; viscoelasticity ; plasticizer ; polarity ; carbon black network ; simultaneous mechanical and dielectric analysis ; mechanical stability ; glass transition ; kinetics ; resin ; BDS ; FDSC ; nanocomposites ; carbon nanotubes ; atomic force microscopy ; dynamical mechanical analysis ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: Caffeine is present in coffee and many other beverages and is the most widely used central nervous system stimulant. Coffee drinking or caffeine supplementation may have a role in preventing cardiometabolic and endocrine disease, neuroinflammation, cancer, and even all-cause mortality. Other aspects are either less known or controversial, including the effects on the brain–gut axis, neurodevelopment, behavior, pain, muscle–skeletal health, skin or sexual function. Studies focusing on special populations (neonates, children, adolescents, athletes, elderly, pregnant and nonpregnant women), or interactions with other drugs and foods, are relatively scarce but of obvious interest. Other compounds present in coffee and other caffeinated food stuffs may affect caffeine´s physiological effects with a tremendous impact on health. This Special Issue, which contains twenty-one manuscripts, has focused on some of these varied topics, providing further evidence of the multiple health benefits that coffee/caffeine intake may exert in humans, at least in specific populations (with a particular genetic profile or suffering from specific diseases). However, the specific effects in the different organs and systems, as well as the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. Furthermore, within the current context aiming to sustainable development, the coffee plant Coffee sp. and its so-far relatively neglected by-products are expected to become soon a source of ingredients for new functional foods whose properties will need to be precisely determined. We hope the readers of this Special Issue will find inspiration for new studies on the topic.
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; energy drink ; exercise ; elite athlete ; performance ; football ; RPE ; DOMS ; sport performance ; supplementation ; ergogenic aids ; consumer ; behavior ; perception ; coffee ; health ; consumption motives ; coffee/caffeine ; systematic review and meta-analysis ; prospective studies ; epidemiology ; cancer prevention ; colorectal cancer ; individual responses ; responders ; exercise performance ; caffeine ; tea ; energy drinks ; pregnancy ; newborn ; ergogenic aid ; resistance training ; isokinetic testing ; adrenal gland ; corticosterone ; puberty ; rat ; sex-difference ; fatigue ; mood state ; supplement ; resistance exercise ; speed ; repetition ; n/a ; metabolome ; skeletal muscle ; muscle contraction ; ergogenic effect ; bench press ; upper limb ; ergogenic substances ; time under tension ; 1RM test ; metabolites ; phenotyping ; CYP450 ; NAT ; xanthine oxidase ; actigraphy ; athletic ; anaerobic ; CMJ ; nutrition ; sport supplement ; Wingate ; electromyography ; efficiency ; sport ; expectancy ; belief ; perceptions ; placebo effect ; recovery ; strength ; power ; sprint performance ; menstrual cycle ; placebo ; ergogenic ; EEG–EMG coherence ; women ; exercise training ; velocity ; muscle function ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Different types of pressures, such as nutrients, micropollutants, microbes, nanoparticles, microplastics, or antibiotic-resistant genes, endanger the quality of water bodies. Evidence-based pollution control needs to be built on the three basic elements of water governance: Monitoring, modeling, and management. Monitoring sets the empirical basis by providing space- and time-dependent information on substance concentrations and loads, as well as driving boundary conditions for assessing water quality trends, water quality statuses, and providing necessary information for the calibration and validation of models. Modeling needs proper system understanding and helps to derive information for times and locations where no monitoring is done or possible. Possible applications are risk assessments for exceedance of quality standards, assessment of regionalized relevance of sources and pathways of pollution, effectiveness of measures, bundles of measures or policies, and assessment of future developments as scenarios or forecasts. Management relies on this information and translates it in a socioeconomic context into specific plans for implementation. Evaluation of success of management plans again includes well-defined monitoring strategies. This book provides an important overview in this context.
    Keywords: diffuse pollution ; field mapping ; storm drains ; Bayesian statistics ; distributed modelling ; PhosFate ; water quality ; analysis method ; chromaticity measurement ; surface fitting ; concentration of dissolved matter ; Copernicus Programme ; ACOLITE ; flooding ; quasi-real time monitoring ; inundation mapping ; suspended matter ; Spain ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; water ; monitoring ; spectrophotometry ; derivative absorbance ; model evaluation ; nitrogen ; nutrient retention ; phosphorus ; sediment ; constructed wetland ; water resources management ; eutrophication ; unmanned surface vehicle ; water monitoring ; ensemble learning ; dynamic power management ; observational process ontology ; water quality monitoring ; water pollution alert ; semantic discovery ; water quality status ; sources and pathways ; land cover ; digital elevation model ; urban river ; ArcGIS ; modeling ; CSO ; urban drainage ; sewer system ; trace pollutants ; urban runoff ; concentration duration frequency curve ; MONERIS ; diffuse nutrient emission ; empirical modeling ; river basin management plan of Hungary ; effectiveness of measures ; scenarios and forecasts ; socioeconomic context ; sources and pathways of water pollution ; system understanding ; water governance ; water quality statuses and trends ; water pollution control ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Reactions at mineral surfaces are central to all geochemical processes. As minerals comprise the rocks of the Earth, the processes occurring at the mineral–aqueous fluid interface control the evolution of the rocks and hence the structure of the crust of the Earth during processes such as metamorphism, metasomatism, and weathering. In recent years focus has been concentrated on mineral surface reactions made possible through the development of advanced analytical methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), advanced electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), phase shift interferometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and advanced synchrotron-based applications, to enable mineral surfaces to be imaged and analyzed at the nanoscale. Experiments are increasingly complemented by molecular simulations to confirm or predict the results of these studies. This has enabled new and exciting possibilities to elucidate the mechanisms that govern mineral–fluid reactions. In this Special Issue, “Mineral Surface Reactions at the Nanoscale”, we present 12 contributions that highlight the role and importance of mineral surfaces in varying fields of research.
    Keywords: QE1-996.5 ; Q1-390 ; metadynamics ; minerals ; n/a ; microstructure ; dissolution-reprecipitation ; stabilization ; albite ; mineral–water interface ; simulation ; krennerite ; mineralogy ; mineral replacement ; calcite ; pyrite ; dissolution-precipitation ; goethite ; recrystallization ; gold–(silver) tellurides ; isotopes ; non-classical nucleation ; calaverite ; interfacial precipitation ; toxic metals ; metasomatism ; adsorption ; amorphous ; pre-nucleation clusters ; surface ; dissolution ; hematite ; cyanide ; MOFs ; leaching ; Raman spectroscopy ; sodalite ; carbonation ; rate spectra ; retreat velocity ; additives ; liquid precursors ; bioaragonite ; brucite ; kinetics ; re-adsorption ; brushite ; polymorphs ; dissolution–precipitation ; hydrothermal experiments ; apatite ; ferrihydrite ; mesocrystals ; catalysts ; carbonic anhydrase ; XPS ; replacement reaction ; mineral growth ; carbon capture and storage ; interfaces ; citrate ; classical nucleation theory ; REEs ; phosphate ; wollastonite ; polarization microscopy ; natural porous gold ; sylvanite ; analcime ; calcium phosphate ; Fe atom exchange ; nepheline ; biomineralisation ; interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation ; hydrothermal method ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Development of new imaging technologies in recent years has transformed neuroscience in profound ways. Following on the heels of the revolution based on the Green Fluorescent Protein, refined genetically-encoded fluorescent reporters and genetic targeting strategies now enable optical recording of synaptic transmission in defined neuronal populations at speeds approaching the enviable temporal resolution of electrophysiology. Super-resolution light microscopy permits observation of synapses and their molecular machinery at sub-diffraction resolution. At the ultrastructural level, automated forms of electron microscopy, improvements in specimen fixation methods, and recent efforts to correlate data from light and electron micrographs now make the reconstruction of functional neural circuits a reality. Finally, the use of optogenetic actuators, such as channelrhodopsins, allows precise temporal and spatial manipulation of neuronal activity and is revealing profound insights into the organization of neural circuits and their roles in behavior. This research topic highlights recent advances in both light and electron microscopy, with a specific focus on approaches that combine innovations from several different fields to obtain novel information about synapse structure and function. We are confident that this collection of articles - three original research papers, six reviews, one methods paper and one perspective article - will enable neuroscientists to achieve the next generation of experiments aimed at cracking the neural code.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; connectomics ; super-resolution ; optogenetics ; Schizophrenia ; metabotropic glutamate receptors ; brain circuits ; functional imaging ; Electron microscopy ; calcium imaging ; Synaptic Transmission ; synaptic vesicle trafficking ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: With the development of modern society, environmental pollution and energy shortages have become the focus of attention worldwide. Most of the global energy supplies are generated from fossil fuel, which gives rise to environmental pollution and climate change. Photocatalysis technology, which can directly convert solar energy into high value-added fuel and chemical materials or degrade a wide range of organic pollutants into easily degradable intermediates or less toxic small molecular substances, is regarded as one of the most important ways to solve the global energy shortage and environmental pollution problem. This Special Issue focuses on advanced photocatalytic materials, including but not limited to photocatalytic materials for the treatment of indoor air, photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, photocatalytic oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic hazardous pollutant removal, the photothermal decomposition of pollutants, photoelectrochemical water splitting, etc. This Special Issue provides a platform for scientists to present their original research on “Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications”.
    Keywords: PbBiO2I microspheres ; CQDs ; ionic liquid ; charge separation ; interface ; polycrystalline silicon ; solar cells ; low-high-low ; phosphorus diffusion ; semiconductor ; photocatalysis ; indoor air treatment ; volatile organic compounds ; microorganism ; photocatalyst ; type-II heterojunction ; carrier separation ; photodegradation ; phase engineering ; water splitting ; CO2 reduction ; pollutant degradation ; MoS2 ; SnS2 ; composite catalyst ; visible light degradation ; thermo-photocatalysis ; nickel foam ; Ni-doped TiO2 ; acetaldehyde decomposition ; zinc oxide ; Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson model ; methylene blue ; titanium dioxide ; anodization ; self-doping ; cocatalyst ; Mo2C ; phosphorus ; doped ; g-C3N4 ; photocatalytic ; mixture of pollutants ; coupling system ; plasma ; synergetic effect ; mineralization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book entitled “Chemical Symmetry Breaking” is a collective volume of state-of-the-art reports on unique nonlinear chemical and physical symmetry-breaking phenomena that were experimentally observed upon a thermally or photochemically induced phase transition in various organic condensed phases, such as metastable liquid crystals, crystals, amorphous solids, and colloidal polymer materials, only under nonequilibrium conditions. Each author summarizes the introductory section in simple terms but in detail for beginners in this field. We wish that many readers familiarize themselves with the general concepts and features of nonlinear and nonequilibrium (or out of equilibrium) complexity theory, which govern a variety of unique dynamic behaviors observed in chemistry, physics, life science and other fields, so that they may discover novel symmetry-breaking phenomena in their own research areas.
    Keywords: amplification of chirality ; dynamic crystallization ; Diels–Alder reaction ; absolute asymmetric synthesis ; conglomerate ; racemization ; attrition-enhanced deracemization ; Viedma ripening ; reversible reaction ; enantiomorphic crystal ; polymorphism ; off-shell quantum field ; space-like momentum ; dressed photon ; micro-macro duality ; Clebsch dual field ; Majorana fermion ; the cosmological term ; Weyl tensor ; dark energy ; dark matter ; photomechanical ; crystal ; right–left symmetry breaking ; chiral symmetry breaking ; dissipative structure ; energy conversion ; mechanical work ; self-oscillation ; collective dynamics ; autonomous motion ; self-replication ; autocatalysis ; molecular motor ; molecular robot ; amorphous-to-crystal phase transformation ; detection of real-time symmetry breaking ; mechanofluorochromism ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; liquid-like cluster ; evaporative crystallization ; quartz crystal microbalance ; two-step nucleation model ; chiral ; circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) ; magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) ; spontaneous resolution ; chirality ; deracemization ; preferential enrichment ; thermodynamics ; phase diagrams ; kinetics ; symmetry breaking ; ferroelectricity ; antiferrolelectricity ; subphases ; resonant X-ray scattering ; vapochromism ; fluorescence ; macrocycles ; inclusion crystals ; host–guest chemistry ; spin symmetry breaking ; magnetic liquid crystals ; magneto-LC effect ; nitroxide radicals ; superparamagnetic domain ; spin glass state ; elastic organic crystals ; mechanical deformation ; π-conjugated molecules ; photoluminescence ; deformation-induced photoluminescence changes ; biomolecular handedness ; circular dichroism ; circularly polarized luminescence ; non-equilibrium ; colloid ; conjugated polymer ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book introduces a variety of treatment technologies, such as physical, chemical, and biological methods for the treatment of gas emissions, wastewater, and solid waste. It provides a useful source of information for engineers and specialists, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students, in the areas of environmental science and engineering.
    Keywords: adsorption ; chromium ; competition ; fluoride ; soil and water pollution ; municipal solid waste management ; life cycle assessment ; life cycle impacts ; life cycle stages ; eutrophication ; global warming ; human health ; acidification ; Harare ; Zimbabwe ; iron tailings ; ammonium sulfate roasting process ; reaction mechanism ; kinetics ; carbon footprint ; CiteSpace ; a visual analysis ; metronidazole ; porous carbon ; surface modification ; wastewater treatment ; membrane fouling ; molecular composition of foulant ; transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) ; fouling propensities ; waste incineration ; cyclone flue ; gas-solid separation ; numerical simulation ; polysaccharides ; microfiltration process ; calcium ion ; copper adsorption ; magnetized pine needle biochar ; isotherms ; FTIR and XRD studies ; VLE ; CO2 capture ; amine ; DEA-12-PD ; 12-HEPP ; porosity properties ; adsorption capacity ; carbon dioxide storage ; melamine Schiff bases ; surface area ; energy ; antimony ; mineral processing ; potentially toxic elements ; pollution characteristics ; solid waste ; cleaner production ; electronic waste ; recycling ; waste printed circuit boards ; waste EAF slag ; magnesium silicate hydrate ; radioactive waste ; stabilization/solidification ; strontium ; leaching ; membrane technologies ; biofouling ; composite membranes ; polymer blending ; wastewater treatment plants ; environmental costs ; PID control ; dynamic assessment of performance ; heavy metals ; hybrid materials ; functionalized ; Schiff base ; lead ; Langmuir and Freundlich ; carbon capture and storage (CCS) ; offshore gas field ; techno-economic analysis ; calcium oxide nanoparticles ; calcination ; blended cement paste ; mix design ; compressive strength ; bulk density ; transition metal dichalcogenides ; liquid exfoliation ; quenching ; waste collection route planning ; traveling salesman problem ; genetic algorithms ; steelmaking ; bentonite ; solid waste management ; sustainable materials ; biomass ; characterization ; lignocellulosic ; bioenergy ; water treatment ; nanomaterials ; functionalization ; lime ; mineral nitrogen ; soil pH ; organic carbon ; microbial biomass ; N2O ; batch pyrolysis ; business model ; South Africa ; waste tyres ; circular economy ; environmental sustainability ; mollusk shell ; porous concrete ; construction ; algal biomass ; gasification ; activation energy distribution ; household solid waste ; metal recovery value ; socio-economic benefits ; waste composition of Karachi-Pakistan ; waste management ; waste recycling ; ash-free coal ; CO2 gasification ; coal structure ; tri-high coal ; nanoparticles ; ZnO ; equilibrium ; kinetic ; thermodynamic ; phosphate ; aqueous solution ; sustainable synthetic slag production ; energy recovery ; metal spheres ; fixed bed regenerator ; waste and energy nexus ; antibiotics ; competitive sorption ; retention/release ; sorbents ; surface-flow constructed wetland ; nitrogen load ; nitrate ; ammonium ; organic nitrogen ; hydraulic load ; hydraulic residence time ; temperature ; denitrification ; biological uptake ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Written by experts in the field of table olives, this book is a source of recent research advances on the characterization and processing of table olives. Research papers are provided relating to the characterization of their composition of volatiles and the sensory profile; mineral composition and bioavailability; changes in bioactive components (chlorophylls) by processing; and new strategies to reduce sodium and additives for stabilizing the organoleptic properties and avoiding defects in table olives. Other research papers are included in relation to microbiological and chemical changes in table olives during spontaneous or controlled fermentation employing different cultivars, and the optimized use of starter cultures for the improvement of the different fermentative processes. In addition, this book includes an overview of the main technologies used for olive fermentation, including the role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts characterizing this process, and of the processing and storage effects on the nutritional and sensory properties of table olives.
    Keywords: table olives ; starter cultures ; GC-MC analysis ; volatile composition ; bitterness ; consumer willingness to pay ; descriptive sensory analysis ; green-olive flavor ; “Manzanilla” cultivar ; pit hardening ; regulated deficit irrigation ; panel performance ; panelist ; black ripe table olives ; sensory descriptors ; sensory profile ; fermentation ; microbiological changes ; organoleptic ; physicochemical ; Clostridium ; logistic regression ; acid-adapted strains ; predictive models ; fermented vegetables ; undefined biodiverse starters ; autochtonous cultures ; lactic acid bacteria ; Lactobacillus pentosus ; Tonda di Cagliari ; table olive ; phenolic compounds ; oleuropein ; LAB ; yeasts ; fermented food ; probiotic table olives ; non-dairy probiotics ; sodium ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; iron ; phosphorus ; darkened by oxidation olives ; Miller’s protocol ; Crews’ protocol ; post-digest re-extraction ; minerals ; sea salt ; PGI ; iodized salt ; functional food ; composition ; nutritional properties ; polyphenols ; sensory analysis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; allomerization ; alkaline treatment ; phytyl-chlorin ; phytyl-rhodin ; Bella di Cerignola ; brines ; microbiological quality ; user-friendly spreadsheet ; producers ; bioaccessibility ; mineral nutrients ; pigment composition ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 95
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The papers in this SI present valuable results in the topics of soils, sediments, and water contamination according to the consideration of ecological and health risk. They also point out open questions and possible avenues for future research. Biochar application can benefit both soil conservation and contamination, but further research should be conducted to investigate whether these positive effects can be extended to the field scale. Similar to biochar, scale-up design will be helpful for thin-layer capping in in situ sediments using mixed active amendments. Both physiochemical analysis and bioassays mutually supported the evaluation results of river water quality. However, we need better approaches and policies for management to prevent further contamination from the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste into this aquatic ecosystem. The use of microorganisms to eliminate antibiotics is a promising strategy, but future work should verify the biodegradation ability of antibiotic-degrading bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.
    Keywords: heavy metal ; pollution ; antioxidant ; enzyme ; biomarkers ; ecological risk ; bioaccessibility ; cadmium ; chemical form ; husk biochar ; risk assessment ; active capping ; toxic metal ; sediment ; remediation ; multiple materials ; mercury ; methylmercury ; salinity ; biochar ; organic carbon ; nutrients ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sludge ; antibiotics ; biodegradation ; bioassays ; gold mining ; health risk ; microbiological indicators ; mutagenicity ; toxicity ; green and sustainable remediation ; SDGs ; thin-layer capping ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 96
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants’ specific nutritional requirements. However, it is more than just “milk”. This dynamic and bioactive fluid allows mother–infant signalling over lactation, guiding the infant in the developmental and physiological processes. It exerts protection and life-long biological effects, playing a crucial role in promoting healthy growth and optimal cognitive development. The latest scientific advances have provided insight into different components of human milk and their dynamic changes over time. However, the complexity of human milk composition and the synergistic mechanisms responsible for its beneficial health effects have not yet been unravelled. Filling this knowledge gap will shed light on the biology of the developing infant and will contribute to the optimization of infant feeding, particularly that of the most vulnerable infants. Greater understanding of human milk will also help in elucidating the best strategies for its storage and handling. The increasing knowledge on human milk’s bioactive compounds together with the rapidly-advancing technological achievements will greatly enhance their use as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. The current Special Issue aims to welcome original works and literature reviews further exploring the complexity of human milk composition, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects associated with breastfeeding, and the factors and determinants involved in lactation, including its promotion and support.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; high pressure processing ; n/a ; lipids ; supplementation ; protective factors ; infant ; carbohydrate ; mothers ; antioxidant capacity ; protein ; fat ; cytokines ; bioactive factors ; late preterm ; zinc ; infants ; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ; pregnancy ; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ; Lipidomics ; magnesium ; omega-3 fatty acids ; vitamin D deficiency ; flow injection analysis ; human milk benefits ; multiple source method ; 3?-sialyllactose (3?SL) ; milk banking ; milk group ; pasteurization ; video instruction ; Milk Fat Globule Membrane ; bile salt stimulated lipase ; breastfeeding difficulties ; breastfeeding support ; prematurity ; carotenoids ; hormones ; phosphocholine ; amino acids ; targeted metabolomics ; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ; choline ; selenium ; ?-linolenic acid ; arachidonic acid (ARA) ; docosahexaenoic acid ; human milk fortification ; protease inhibitors ; celiac disease ; copper ; term ; adipokines ; iodine ; mammary gland ; nutritional status ; food frequency questionnaire ; neonate ; early breastfeeding cessation ; prospective study ; breastfeeding ; mothers’ own milk ; disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) ; country ; lactating women ; undernourishment ; proteases ; preterm ; expressing ; dietary assessment ; retinol ; body composition ; duration of lactation ; passive immunization ; 2?-fucosyllactose (2?FL) ; phosphorus ; clinical trial ; growth factors ; infant formula ; digestive tract ; human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) ; sodium ; nutrition ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; lipid metabolites ; lactation ; nervonic acid ; ?-tocopherol ; macronutrients ; glycoprotein ; term infant ; term infants ; maternal diet ; promotion of breastfeeding ; potassium ; antioxidants ; maternal immunoglobulins ; Human Milk ; human milk ; Phospholipids ; flu vaccine ; lactational stage ; lactose ; storage ; dietary intake ; Preterm infant ; immune-active proteins ; colostrum ; human milk fat ; inadequate intake ; milk therapy ; endogenous peptide ; calcium ; fatty acids ; breast milk ; pumping ; secretor ; LC-MS ; n-9 fatty acid ; Lewis ; donor human milk ; antenatal ; online ; iron ; growth ; donor milk ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 97
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A high demand for metals (cobalt, copper, gold, lithium, nickel, tin, vanadium, etc.) has been recorded for the past several decades, and this demand is expected to increase even further in the coming decades as the world moves to low-carbon technologies based on renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) and away from the heavy use of fossil fuels. To meet the high forecasted demand, unconventional sources of metals such as low-grade complex ores, seafloor massive sulfides (SMSs), and wastes (e.g., tailings, metallurgical residues, and electronic wastes (e-wastes)) have become very important sources of metals; moreover, these metals should be extracted in a sustainable manner without negatively impacting the environment. This Special Issue focused on recent advances in the sustainable production of metals from the above-mentioned unconventional sources.This reprint is a compilation of a Special Issue of Minerals, “Sustainable Production of Metals for Low-Carbon Technologies”, where 13 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Reprint cover a wide range of topics, including mineral processing (gravity concentration, magnetic separation, and flotation), hydrometallurgical techniques (leaching, solvent extraction, and cementation) to extract minerals/metals from primary and secondary resources. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to readers of Minerals.
    Keywords: flotation circuit ; gold ore ; diagnosis ; optimization ; mass balance ; process simulation ; printed circuit boards ; heat treatment ; strength ; liberation ; Cu recovery ; physical separation ; ferronickel slag ; sulfuric acid leaching ; light magnesium oxide ; rare earth elements ; magnetic separation ; upgradation ; Khalzan Buregtei deposit ; NiMH batteries ; rare earth metals ; leaching ; solvent extraction ; precipitation ; gold ; cementation ; galvanic interaction ; aluminum ; activated carbon ; kinetics ; ammonium thiosulfate solution ; mass transfer ; fluorine ; occurrence ; removal ; gravity-flotation separation ; lignite ; lead ; zinc ; Al metal powder ; zinc plant leach residues ; flotation ; copper sulfides ; tailings ; carrier flotation ; flocculation ; oil agglomeration ; complex sulfide ores ; sphalerite ; anglesite ; extraction ; lithium ion battery ; recycling ; carbothermic reduction ; graphite ; porphyry copper deposits ; chalcopyrite ; pyrite ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
    Language: English
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: machine learning ; molecular dynamics computer simulation ; molecular modeling ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; ligand design ; collective variable ; sampling enhancement ; non-linear dimensionality reduction ; kinetics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
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  • 99
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Geophysical, environmental, and urban fluid flows (i.e., flows developing in oceans, seas, estuaries, rivers, aquifers, reservoirs, etc.) exhibit a wide range of reactive and transport processes. Therefore, identifying key phenomena, understanding their relative importance, and establishing causal relationships between them is no trivial task. Analysis of primitive variables (e.g., velocity components, pressure, temperature, concentration) is not always conducive to the most fruitful interpretations. Examining auxiliary variables introduced for diagnostic purposes is an option worth considering. In this respect, tracer and timescale methods are proving to be very effective. Such methods can help address questions such as, "where does a fluid-born dissolved or particulate substance come from and where will it go?" or, "how fast are the transport and reaction phenomena controlling the appearance and disappearance such substances?" These issues have been dealt with since the 19th century, essentially by means of ad hoc approaches. However, over the past three decades, methods resting on solid theoretical foundations have been developed, which permit the evaluation of tracer concentrations and diagnostic timescales (age, residence/exposure time, etc.) across space and time and using numerical models and field data. This book comprises research and review articles, introducing state-of-the-art diagnostic theories and their applications to domains ranging from shallow human-made reservoirs to lakes, river networks, marine domains, and subsurface flows
    Keywords: residence time ; Three Gorges Reservoir ; tributary bay ; density current ; water level regulation ; marina ; water renewal ; transport timescales ; return-flow ; macro-tidal ; wind influence ; floating structures ; San Francisco Estuary ; Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta ; water age ; transport time scales ; hydrodynamic model ; tidal hydrodynamics ; stable isotopes ; reactive tracers ; tailor-made tracer design ; hydrogeological tracer test ; kinetics ; partitioning ; Mahakam Delta ; age ; exposure time ; return coefficient ; CART ; source water fingerprinting ; floodplain ; turbulence ; ADCP measurement ; wave bias ; Reynolds stress ; transport process ; passive tracers ; terrestrial dissolved substances ; Pearl River Estuary ; shallow lake ; meteorological influence ; sub-basins ; Delft3D ; partial differential equations ; boundary conditions ; geophysical and environmental fluid flows ; reactive transport ; interpretation methods ; diagnostic timescales ; age distribution function ; radionuclide ; tracer ; data collection ; antimony 125 (125Sb) ; tritium (3H) ; dispersion ; modeling ; English Channel ; North Sea ; Biscay Bay ; timescale ; transport ; hydrodynamic ; ecological ; biogeochemical ; coastal ; estuary ; flushing time ; shallow reservoir ; numerical modeling ; Lagrangian transport modelling ; coupled wave–ocean models ; ocean drifters ; wave-induced processes ; model skills ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 100
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on computational detailed studies (simulation, modeling, and calculations) of the structures, main properties, and peculiarities of the various nanomaterials (nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanolayers, nanofibers, nanotubes, etc.) based on various elements, including organic and biological components, such as amino acids and peptides. For many practical applications in nanoelectronics., such materials as ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, having switching parameters (polarization, magnetization), are highly requested, and simulation of dynamics and kinetics of their switching are a very important task. An important task for these studies is computer modeling and computational research of the properties on the various composites of the other nanostructures with polymeric ferroelectrics and with different graphene-like 2-dimensional structures. A wide range of contemporary computational methods and software are used in all these studies.
    Keywords: single nanowires ; silicon ; dual shells ; off-resonance ; absorption ; photocurrent ; magnetism ; transition-metal oxide clusters ; DFT calculations ; structure ; electronic properties ; LGD theory ; polarization ; nanoscale ferroelectrics ; kinetics ; homogeneous switching ; computer simulation ; fitting ; diphenylalanine ; peptide nanotubes ; self-assembly ; water molecules ; DFT ; molecular modelling ; semi-empirical methods ; chirality ; Ir-modified MoS2 ; decomposition components of SF6 ; adsorption and sensing ; atomistic simulation ; core–shell bi-magnetic nanoparticles ; Monte Carlo simulation ; interfacial exchange ; terahertz ; graphene ; plasmons ; Drude absorption ; polarization conversion ; yield surface ; plastic flow ; crystal plasticity ; polycrystalline aluminum ; dipeptides ; helical structures ; molecular modeling ; dipole moments ; tunnel junction ; machine learning ; III-nitride ; hydroxyapatite ; modeling ; density functional theory ; defects ; vacancies ; substitutions ; structural and optical properties ; band gap ; electronic density of states ; nanomaterials ; plasmon-induced transparency ; strontium titanate ; slow light ; iron doping ; hydroxyapatite bioceramics ; hybrid density functional ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ; phenylalanine ; protein secondary structure ; optoelectronic devices ; nanostructured polymer film ; antireflection coating ; finite-difference time-domain method ; ferroelectrics ; heterostructures ; domains ; negative capacitance ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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