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  • Articles  (21,658)
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  • 1
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 45-53 
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    Studia logica 32 (1973), S. 107-107 
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    Studia logica 32 (1973), S. 106-106 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 371-396 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 425-427 
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 91-106 
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    Studia logica 34 (1975), S. 45-58 
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    Studia logica 34 (1975), S. 343-365 
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 1-5 
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  • 12
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 117-117 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 119-120 
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  • 14
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 121-125 
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 327-333 
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    Notes: Summary Let ℱ be the first order theory of diagonalizable algebras. We define a bijection ϕ from the atomic formulas of ℱ (identities) to the open formulas of ℱ. ϕ is an algebraic analogous of ≒. We prove that ϕ, ϕ-1 preserve the validity.
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  • 16
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 377-385 
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  • 17
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 433-445 
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  • 18
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 1-8 
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  • 19
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 191-201 
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  • 20
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 213-217 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper can be treated as a simplification of the Gentzen formalization of SCI-tautologies presented by A. Michaels in [1].
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  • 21
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 279-283 
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  • 22
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 273-278 
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  • 23
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    Studia logica 35 (1976), S. 323-326 
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  • 24
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 229-236 
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  • 25
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 240-240 
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  • 26
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 257-269 
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  • 27
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 359-370 
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  • 28
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 417-423 
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  • 29
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    Studia logica 34 (1975), S. 25-38 
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  • 30
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 189-194 
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  • 31
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 247-248 
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  • 32
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 285-299 
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  • 33
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 1-5 
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    Studia logica 34 (1975), S. 169-185 
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    Notes: Abstract Part 1 describes Stanisław Jaśkowski's concept of defining some often used con ditionals, namely, factorial, ewfficient and definitive implications. Part 2 contains the results strictly connected with the theory of the above implications.
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  • 35
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    Studia logica 34 (1975), S. 235-237 
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  • 36
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 237-237 
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  • 37
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 241-244 
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  • 38
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 271-283 
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  • 39
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    Studia logica 36 (1977), S. 407-426 
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  • 40
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 79-88 
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 139-147 
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    Notes: Abstract In the paper some consequence operations generated by Łukasiewicz's matrices are examined.
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  • 42
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 7-26 
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 221-236 
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    Notes: Summary This paper is devoted to the algebraization of an arithmetical predicate introduced by S. Feferman. To this purpose we investigate the equational class of Boolean algebras enriched with an operation ϱ, which translates such predicate, and an operation τ, which translates the usual predicate Theor. We deduce from the identities of this equational class some properties of ϱ and some ties between ϱ and τ; among these properties, let us point out a fixed-point theorem for a sufficiently large class of ϱ-τ polynomials. The last part of this paper concerns the duality theory for ϱ-τ algebras.
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    Studia logica 37 (1978), S. 387-391 
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 1-16 
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    Notes: Abstract The article deals with compatible families of Boolean algebras. We define the notion of a partial Boolean algebra in a broader sense (PBA(bs)) and then we show that there is a mutual correspondence between PBA(bs) and compatible families of Boolean algebras (Theorem (1.8)). We examine in detail the interdependence between PBA(bs) and the following classes: partial Boolean algebras in the sense of Kochen and Specker (§ 2), ortholattices (§ 3, § 5), and orthomodular posets (§ 4), respectively.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 37-47 
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    Notes: Abstract The veiled recession frame has served several times in the literature to provide examples of modal logics failing to have certain desirable properties. Makinson [4] was the first to use it in his presentation of a modal logic without the finite model property. Thomason [5] constructed a (rather complicated) logic whose Kripke frames have an accessibility relation which is reflexive and transitive, but which is satisfied by the (non-transitive) veiled recession frame, and hence incomplete. In Van Benthem [2] the frame was an essential tool to find simple examples of incomplete logics, axiomatized by a formula in two proposition letters of degree 2, or by a formula in one proposition letter of degree 4 (the degree of a modal formula ϕ is the maximal number of nested occurrences of the necessity operator in ϕ). In [3] we showed that the modal logic determined by the veiled recession frame is incomplete, and besides that, is an immediate predecessor of classical logic (or, more precisely, the modal logic axiomatized by the formula p↔□p), and hence is a logic, maximal among the incomplete ones. Considering the importance of the modal logic determined by the veiled recession frame, it seems worthwhile to ask for an axiomatization, and in particular, to answer the question if it is finitely axiomatizable. In the present paper we find a finite axiomatization of the logic, and in fact, a rather simple one consisting of formulas in at most two proposition letters and of degree at most three.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 95-104 
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    Notes: Abstract In their book Entailment, Anderson and Belnap investigate the consequences of defining ‘Lp’ (it is necessary that p) in system E as (p→p)→p. Since not all theorems are equivalent in E, this raises the question of whether there are reasonable alternative definitions of necessity in E. In this paper, it is shown that a definition of necessity in E satisfies the conditions {⊢ E Lp→p, ⊢EL(p→q)→(Lp→Lq), ⊢E p→Lp} if and only if its has the form C 1→.C2→ ...→. Cn→p, where each C iis equivalent in E to either p→p or ((p→p)→p)→p.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 171-185 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper lays out a program for analysing relevance constructively. It begins with a summary of results concerning the system C of Pottinger [197a] which has entailment, relevant implication, S4 strict implication, and intuitionist implication among its connectives. A full working out of the motivation for C will require formal analysis of informal concepts derived from the usual explanation of the meanings of the constants of intuitionist propositional logic. Formal machinery which should be adequate for the proof theoretic side of the analysis of the nonmodal part of C is described in detail, and the direction in which semantical results are to be sought is indicated.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 237-245 
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    Notes: Abstract It is given an explicit description of coproducts in the category of Kleene algebras in terms of the dual topological spaces. As an application, a description of dual spaces of free Kleene algebras is given. It is also shown that the coproduct of a family of three-valued Łukasiewicz algebras in the category of Kleene algebras is the same as the coproduct in the subcategory of three-valued Łukasiewicz algebras.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 267-275 
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    Notes: Abstract The algebraic proof of Craig's interpolation lemma for m-valued logic was given by Rasiowa in [1]. We present here a constructive proof of this lemma, based on a Gentzen type formalization.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 277-296 
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    Notes: Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to define and study a particular variety of Montague-Scott neighborhood semantics for modal propositional logic. We call this variety the “first-order neighborhood semantics” because it consists of the neighborhood frames whose neighborhood operations are, in a certain sense, first-order definable. The paper consists of two parts. In Part I we begin by presenting a family of modal systems. We recall the Montague-Scott semantics and apply it to some of our systems that have hitherto be uncharacterized. Then, we define the notion of a first-order indefinite semantics, along with the more specific notion of a first-order uniform semantics, the latter containing as special cases the possible world semantics of Kripke. In Part II we prove consistency and completeness for a broad range of the systems considered, with respect to the first-order indefinite semantics, and for a selected list of systems, with respect to the first-order uniform semantics. The completeness proofs are algebraic in character and make essential use of the finite model property. A by-product of our investigations is a result relating provability in “S-systems” and provability in “T-systems”, which generalizes a known theorem relating provability in the systems S 2° and C 2.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 393-400 
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    Notes: Abstract The present paper is a generalization and further development of the theory of Kernel measures of reducibility axioms formulated in [1], [2], [3] in. the years 1969–1973. In this paper logical connections of Kernel measures with some set-theoretical notions are studied and some suggestions related to these connections are formulated.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 429-445 
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    Notes: Abstract S. Jaśkowski introduced the discussive prepositional calculus D 2as a basis for a logic which could be used as underlying logic of inconsistent but nontrivial theories (see, for example, N. C. A. da Costa and L. Dubikajtis, On Jaśkowski's discussive logic, in Non-Classical Logic, Model Theory and Computability, A. I. Arruda, N. C. A da Costa and R. Chuaqui edts., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977, 37–56). D 2has afterwards been extended to a first-order predicate calculus and to a higher-order logic (cf. the quoted paper). In this paper we present a natural version of D 2, in the sense of Jaśkowski and Gentzen; as a consequence, we suggest a new formulation of the discussive predicate calculus (with equality). A semantics for the new calculus is also presented.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
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    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
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    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
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    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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    Studia logica 38 (1979), S. 187-200 
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    Notes: Abstract Tableau formulations are given for the relevance logics E (Entailment), R (Relevant implication) and RM (Mingle). Proofs of equivalence to modus-ponens-based formulations are via“left-handed” Gentzen sequenzen-kalküle. The tableau formulations depend on a detailed analysis of the structure of tableau rules, leading to certain “global requirements”. Relevance is caught by the requirement that each node must be “used”; modality is caught by the requirement that only certain rules can “cross a barrier”. Open problems are discussed.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
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    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
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    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 55-66 
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    Notes: Abstract The intuitionistic consequence operation restricted to the language with ↔ (equivalence) and ∼ (negation) as the only connectives is axiomatized by means of a finite set of sequential rules of inference.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 39-54 
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    Notes: Abstract Medvedev's intermediate logic (MV) can be defined by means of Kripke semantics as the family of Kripke frames given by finite Boolean algebras without units as partially ordered sets. The aim of this paper is to present a proof of the theorem: For every set of connectivesΦ such that $$\{ \to , \vee , \urcorner \} \not \subseteq \Phi \subseteq \{ \to , \wedge , \urcorner \} $$ theΦ-fragment ofMV equals theΦ fragment of intuitionistic logic. The final part of the paper brings the negative solution to the problem set forth by T. Hosoi and H. Ono, namely: is an intermediate logic based on the axiom (⌝a→b∨c) →(⌉a→b)∨(⌝a → c) separable?
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 99-102 
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    Notes: Abstract Some people approve of certain general rules of behavior, or some concrete cases. The others disapprove of or are indifferent to them. In this paper I suggest an axiom system which formalizes the use of these utterances. It may be considered as a special (“individualistic”) approach to deontic logic.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 197-226 
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    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a logic is defined for propositions whose probability of being true may not be known. A speaker's beliefs about which propositions are true are still interesting in this case. The meaning of propositions is determined by the consequences of asserting them: in this logic there are debates which incur certain costs for the protagonists. The second part of the paper describes the mathematics of the resulting logic which displays several novel features.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 227-248 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to offer a rigorous explication of statements ascribing ability to agents and to develop the logic of such statements. A world is said to be feasible iff it is compatible with the actual past-and-present. W is a P-world iff W is feasible and P is true in W (where P is a proposition). P is a sufficient condition for Q iff every P world is a Q world. P is a necessary condition for Q iff Q is a sufficient condition forP. Each individual property S is shown to generate a rule for an agent X. X heeds S iff X makes all his future choices in accordance with S. (Note that X may heed S and yet fail to have it). S is a P-strategy for X iff X's heeding S together with P is a necessary and sufficient condition for X to have S. (P-strategies are thus rules which X is able to implement on the proviso P).Provisional opportunity: X has the opportunity to A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X and X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A. P is etiologically complete iff for every event E which P reports P also reports an etiological ancestry of E, and P is true. Categorical opportunity: X has the opportunity to A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X has the opportunity to A provided P. For X to have the ability to A there must not only be an appropriate strategy, but X must have a command of that strategy. X steadfastly intends A iff X intends A at every future moment at which his doing A is not yet inevitable. X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P iff X's steadfastly intending A together with P is a sufficient condition for X to implement S. Provisional ability: X can A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X, X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A, and X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P. Categorical ability: X can A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X can A provided P. X is free w.r.t. to A iff X can A and X can non- A. X is free iff there is an A such that X is free w.r.t. A.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 381-413 
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    Notes: Abstract A generalized Wittgensteinian semantics for propositional languages is presented, based on a lattice of elementary situations. Of these, maximal ones are possible worlds, constituting a logical space; minimal ones are logical atoms, partitioned into its dimensions. A verifier of a proposition α is an elementary situation such that if real it makes α true. The reference (or objective) of a proposition is a situation, which is the set of all its minimal verifiers. (Maximal ones constitute its locus.) Situations are shown to form a Boolean algebra, and the Boolean set algebra of loci is its representation. Wittgenstein's is a special case, admitting binary dimensions only.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 129-137 
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    Notes: Abstract The chief aim of the paper is to extend the calculusDSC 1 (see [4]) in such a way as to satisfy all the requirements listed in [4] as well as a further stipulation — called ‘the principle of uninvolvement’ — to the effect that neither deontic compatibility nor deontic incompatibility of codes (see [2]) should be presupposed in deontic logic.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 209-221 
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    Notes: Abstract Two subject-predicate calculi with equality,SP = and its extensionUSP′ =, are presented as systems of natural deduction. Both the calculi are systems of free logic. Their presentation is preceded by an intuitive motivation. It is shown that Aristotle's syllogistics without the laws of identitySaP andSiP is definable withinSP =, and that the first-order predicate logic is definable withinUSP′ =.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 259-267 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses refinements of the natural ordering of them-degrees (1-degrees) of strong recursive reducibility classes. Such refinements are obtained by posing complexity conditions on the reduction function. The discussion uses the axiomatic complexity theory and is hence very general. As the main result it is proved that if the complexity measure is required to be linearly bounded (and space-like), then a natural class of refinements forms a lattice with respect to a natural ordering upon them.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 243-249 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss an abstract notion of a logical operation and corresponding logics. It is shown that if all the logical operations considered are implicitely definable in a logic ℒ*, then the same holds also for the logic obtained from these operations. As an application we show that certain iterated forms of infinitely deep languages are implicitely definable in game quantifier languages. We consider also relations between structures and show that Karttunen's characterization of elementary equivalence for the ordinary infinitely deep languages can be generalized to hold for the iterated infinitely deep languages. An early version of this work was presented in the Abstracts Section of ICM '78.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 139-164 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of natural deduction is presented whose set of theses is identical with that of the systemE of entailment. For that system a decision procedure is described proving the decidability ofE.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 453-459 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the system of modal logicGL, in particular with a formulation of it in terms of sequents. We prove some proof theoretical properties ofGL that allow to get the cut-elimination theorem according to Gentzen's procedure, that is, by double induction on grade and rank.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 431-441 
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    Notes: Abstract We give completeness results — with respect to Kripke's semantic — for the negation-free intermediate predicate calculi: (1) $$\begin{gathered} BD = positive predicate calculus PQ + B:(\alpha \to \beta )v(\beta \to \alpha ) \hfill \\ + D:\forall x\left( {a\left( x \right)v\beta } \right) \to \forall xav\beta \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ (2) $$T_n D = PQ + T_n :\left( {a_0 \to a_1 } \right)v \ldots v\left( {a_n \to a_{n + 1} } \right) + D\left( {n \geqslant 0} \right)$$ and the superintuitionistic predicate calculus: (3) $$B^1 DH_2^ \urcorner = BD + intuitionistic negation + H_2^ \urcorner : \urcorner \forall xa \to \exists x \urcorner a.$$ The central point is the completeness proof for (1), which is obtained modifying Klemke's construction [3]. For a general account on negation-free intermediate predicate calculi — see Casari-Minari [1]; for an algebraic treatment of some superintuitionistic predicate calculi involving schemasB andD — see Horn [4] and Görnemann [2].
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 1-2 
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 285-291 
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    Notes: Abstract The approach adopted in the paper is based on the theory known as Montague grammar. Accepting, in general, that theory — especially in its modified version, which is due to Thomason and Kaplan — the author points out certain inadequacy in its treatment of the meaning of some indexical expressions and suggests some modification of its theoretical framework in order to avoid that shortcoming. It is claimed that to do justice to the meaning of so-called indefinite indexicals (such as “we”, “you”, “now”) two kinds of dependence of their semantic values upon the context of use must be taken into account — a semantic (or lexical) and a pragmatic (or extralexical) one.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 17-32 
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    Notes: Abstract The object of this paper is to show how one is able to construct a paraconsistent theory of models that reflects much of the classical one. In other words the aim is to demonstrate that there is a very smooth and natural transition from the model theory of classical logic to that of certain categories of paraconsistent logic. To this end we take an extension of da Costa'sC 1 = (obtained by adding the axiom ⌝⌝A ↔A) and prove for it results which correspond to many major classical model theories, taken from Shoenfield [5]. In particular we prove counterparts of the theorems of Łoś-Tarski and Chang-Łoś-Suszko, Craig-Robinson and the Beth definability theorem.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 33-49 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the systemsP andP * (see Arruda and da Costa,O paradoxo de Curry-Moh Shaw-Kwei, Boletim da Sociedade Matemātica de São Paulo 18 (1966)) and some related systems. In the last section, we prove that certain set theories havingP andP * as their underlying logics are non-trivial.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 169-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of time (i.e. the fact that there are no privileged moments) underlies a fundamental symmetry relating to the energy conservation law. On the other hand the obvious asymmetry between past and future, expressed by the metaphor of the “arrow of time” or “flow of time” accounts for the irreversibility of what happens. One takes this for granted but the conceptual tension it creates against the background of time's presumed homogeneity calls for an explanation of temporal becoming. Here, it is approached with the help of a claim to the effect that the instant (moment) itself has a structure isomorphic to that of time as a whole. Then the asymmetry of past and future in regard to temporal becoming is associated with the internal structure of the very moment, and not with external relations between different moments of time. In this paper ideas of ancient atomism and contemporary dialectics are brought together. It is for the sake of a contrast to what is known as logical atomism that I choose to call this view dialectical atomism. The latter admits dialectical contradictions and, so far as the logical status of contradictions is concerned, bears reference to paraconsistent logics. In the paper there is an outline of a method of converting any consistent axiomatic formal system into a paraconsistent theory.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 363-371 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give the gist of our reconstructed notion of (limiting case) correspondence. Our notion is very general, so that it should be applicable to all the cases in which a correspondence has been said to exist in actual science.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 331-345 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses eliminative explanation in which a (social) successor theory correctively explains and, as a consequence, eliminates its predecessor theory. Technical concepts and results from general logic are applied to the explication of corrective explanation, especially to the notion of framework translation that it involves.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 383-388 
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    Notes: Abstract We find a short way to construct a formula which axiomatizes a given finite frame of the modal logicK, in the sense that for each finite frameA, we construct a formula ωA which holds in those and only those frames in which every formula true inA holds. To obtain this result we find, for each finite model $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and each natural numbern, a formula ω $$\mathfrak{A}$$ which holds in those and only those models in which every formula true in $$\mathfrak{A}$$ , and involving the firstn propositional letters, holds.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 407-415 
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    Notes: Abstract Gaisi Takeuti has recently proposed a new operation on orthomodular latticesL, $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ :P(L)»L. The properties of $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ suggest that the value of $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ (A) (A) $$ \subseteq $$ L) corresponds to the degree in which the elements ofA behave classically. To make this idea precise, we investigate the connection between structural properties of orthomodular latticesL and the existence of two-valued homomorphisms onL.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 89-106 
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    Notes: Abstract It is argued that the preservation of truth by an inference relation is of little interest when premiss sets are contradictory. The notion of a level of coherence is introduced and the utility of modal logics in the semantic representation of sets of higher coherence levels is noted. It is shown that this representative role cannot be transferred to first order logic via frame theory since the modal formulae expressing coherence level restrictions are not first order definable. Finally, an inference relation, calledyielding, is introduced which is intermediate between the coherence preservingforcing relation introduced elsewhere by the authors and the coherence destroying, inference relation of classical logic.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 107-116 
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    Notes: Abstract A typical theorem of conaexive logics is Aristotle's Thesis(A), ∼(A→∼A).A cannot be added to classical logic without producing a trivial (Post-inconsistent) logic, so connexive logics typically give up one or more of the classical properties of conjunction, e.g.(A & B)→A, and are thereby able to achieve not only nontriviality, but also (negation) consistency. To date, semantical modellings forA have been unintuitive. One task of this paper is to give a more intuitive modelling forA in consistent logics. In addition, while inconsistent but nontrivial theories, and inconsistent nontrivial logics employing prepositional constants (for which the rule of uniform substitution US fails), have both been studied extensively within the paraconsistent programme, inconsistent nontrivial logics (closed under US) do not seem to have been. This paper gives sufficient conditions for a logic containingA to be inconsistent, and then shows that there is a class of inconsistent nontrivial logics all containingA. A second semantical modelling forA in such logics is given. Finally, some informal remarks about the kind of modellingA seems to require are made.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 139-158 
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce here and investigate the notion of an alternative tree of decomposition. We show (Theorem 5) a general method of finding out all non-alternative trees of the alternative tree determined by a diagram of decomposition.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 197-221 
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    Notes: Abstract We study a modal system ¯T, that extends the classical (prepositional) modal system T and whose language is provided with modal operators M inn (nεN) to be interpreted, in the usual kripkean semantics, as “there are more than n accessible worlds such that...”. We find reasonable axioms for ¯T and we prove for it completeness, compactness and decidability theorems.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 265-283 
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    Notes: Abstract With each sentential logic C, identified with a structural consequence operation in a sentential language, the class Matr * (C) of factorial matrices which validate C is associated. The paper, which is a continuation of [2], concerns the connection between the purely syntactic property imposed on C, referred to as Maehara Interpolation Property (MIP), and three diagrammatic properties of the class Matr* (C): the Amalgamation Property (AP), the (deductive) Filter Extension Property (FEP) and Injections Transferable (IT). The main theorem of the paper (Theorem 2.2) is analogous to the Wroński's result for equational classes of algebras [13]. It reads that for a large class of logics the conjunction of (AP) and (FEP) is equivalent to (IT) and that the latter property is equivalent to (MIP).
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 321-351 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of the article is to outline the historical background and the present state of the methodology of deductive systems invented by Alfred Tarski in the thirties. Key notions of Tarski's methodology are presented and discussed through, the recent development of the original concepts and ideas.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 405-422 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with formal aspects of the logic of theory change, and in particular with the process of shrinking or contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition. It continues work in the area by the authors and Peter Gärdenfors. The paper defines a notion of “safe contraction” of a set of propositions, shows that it satisfies the Gärdenfors postulates for contraction and thus can be represented as a partial meet contraction, and studies its properties both in general and under various natural constraints.
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    Studia logica 45 (1986), S. 2-2 
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    Studia logica 45 (1986), S. 19-33 
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    Notes: Abstract A semantical proof of Craig's interpolation theorem for the intuitionistic predicate logic and some intermediate prepositional logics will be given. Our proof is an extension of Henkin's method developed in [4]. It will clarify the relation between the interpolation theorem and Robinson's consistency theorem for these logics and will enable us to give a uniform way of proving the interpolation theorem for them.
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    Studia logica 45 (1986), S. 35-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Important positive as well as negative results on interpolation property in fragments of the intuitionistic propositional logic (INT) were obtained by J. I. Zucker in [6]. He proved that the interpolation theorem holds in purely implicational fragment of INT. He also gave an example of a fragment of INT for which interpolation fails. This fragment is determined by the constant falsum (⊥), well known connectives: implication (→) and conjunction (∧), and by a ternary connective δ defined as follows: δ (p, q, r)= df (p∧q)∨(ℸp∧r). Extending this result of J. I. Zucker, G. R. Renardel de Lavalette proved in [5] that there are continuously many fragments of INT without the interpolation property. This paper is meant to continue the research mentioned above. To be more precise, its aim is to answer questions concerning interpolation and amalgamation properties in varieties of equivalential algebras, particularly in the variety determined by the purely equivalential fragment of INT.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 165-186 
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    Notes: Abstract By the term ‘nominalization’ I mean any process which transforms a predicate or predicate phrase into a noun or noun phrase, e.g. ‘feminine’ is transformed into ‘feminity’. I call these derivative nouns abstract singular terms. Our aim is to provide a model-theoretic interpretation for a formal language which admits the occurrence of such abstract singular terms.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 87-89 
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    Notes: Abstract We make use of a Theorem of Burris-McKenzie to prove that the only decidable variety of diagonalizable algebras is that defined by ‘τ0=1’. Any variety containing an algebra in which τ0≠1 is hereditarily undecidable. Moreover, any variety of intuitionistic diagonalizable algebras is undecidable.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 109-124 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is a continuation of investigations on Galois connections from [1], [3], [10]. It is a continuation of [2]. We have shown many results that link properties of a given closure space with that of the dual space. For example: for every ω-disjunctive closure space X the dual closure space is topological iff the base of X generated by this dual space consists of the ω-prime sets in X (Theorem 2). Moreover the characterizations of the satisfiability relation for classical logic are shown. Roughly speaking our main result here is the following: a satisfiability relation in a logic L with, a countable language is a fragment of the classical one iff the compactness theorem for L holds (Theorems 3–8).
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 187-196 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a semantics for predicate logics without the contraction rule will be investigated and the completeness theorem will be proved. Moreover, it will be found out that our semantics has a close connection with Beth-type semantics.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 237-256 
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    Notes: Abstract For a complete Heyting lattice ℒ, we define a category Etale (ℒ). We show that the category Etale (ℒ) is equivalent to the category of the sheaves over ℒ, Sh(ℒ), hence also with ℒ-valued sets, see [2], [1]. The category Etale(ℒ) is a generalization of the category Etale (X), see [1], where X is a topological space.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 423-437 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A foundational algebra ( $$\mathfrak{B}$$ , f, λ) consists of a hemimorphism f on a Boolean algebra $$\mathfrak{B}$$ with a greatest solution λ to the condition α⩽f(x). The quasi-variety of foundational algebras has a decidable equational theory, and generates the same variety as the complex algebras of structures (X, R), where f is given by R-images and λ is the non-wellfounded part of binary relation R. The corresponding results hold for algebras satisfying λ=0, with respect to complex algebras of wellfounded binary relations. These algebras, however, generate the variety of all ( $$\mathfrak{B}$$ ,f) with f a hemimorphism on $$\mathfrak{B}$$ ). Admitting a second hemimorphism corresponding to the transitive closure of R allows foundational algebras to be equationally defined, in a way that gives a refined analysis of the notion of diagonalisable algebra.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 446-446 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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