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  • Etna
  • Palaeoclimate
  • Springer  (19)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (6)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil CO2 degassing on Mt Etna (Sicily) during the period 1989–1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 52-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Etna ; Carbon dioxide ; Soil degassing ; Seasonal influences ; Volcanic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Wide variations were measured in the diffuse CO2 flux through the soils in three selected areas of Mt Etna between August 1989 and March 1993. Degassing of CO2 from the area of Zafferana Etnea-S. Venerina, on the eastern slope of the volcano, has been determined to be more strongly influenced by meteorological parameters than the other areas. The seasonal component found in the data from this area has been excluded using a filtering algorithm based on the best fitting equation calculated from the correlation between CO2 flux values and those of air temperature. The filtered data appear to have variations temporally coincident with those from the other areas, thus suggesting a common and probably deep source of gas. The highest fluxes measured in the two most peripheral areas may correlate well with other geophysical and volcanological anomalous signals that preceded the strong eruption of 1991–1993 and that were interpreted as deep pressure increases. Anomalous decreases in CO2 fluxes accompanied the onset and the evolution of that eruption and have been interpreted as a sign of upward migration of the gas source. The variations of CO2 flux at the 1989 SE fracture have also given interesting information on the timing of the magmatic intrusion that has then fed the 1991–1993 eruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298707
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-correlation analysis of seismic and volcanic data at Mt Etna volcano, Italy (1993)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 55 (1993), S. 596-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Statistics ; Precursors ; Earthquakes ; Eruptions ; Tremor ; Volcanoes ; Etna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seismic data from the MVT-SLN sesmic station located 7 km from the summit area of Mt Etna volcano, which has been operating steadily for the last two decades, have been analysed together with the volcanic activity during the same period. Cross-correlation techniques are used to investigate possible relationships between seismic and volcanic data and to evaluate the statistical significance of the results. A number of significant correlations have been identified, showing that there is an evident relation between seismic events and flank eruptions, and a less clear relation with summit activity, which appears more linked to tremor rather than to the low-frequency events. Particularly interesting are the low-frequency events whose rate of occurrence increases, starting from 17 to 108 days, prior to the onset of the flank activity and are candidates for a useful precursor. On the other hand, a tendency towards the increase in both the duration and the occurrence rate of transients in the volcanic tremor was observed before the onset of summit eruptions. As a result of this study different stages in the volcanic activity of Mt Etna, represented by changes in the characteristics of the recorded seismic phenomena, are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301812
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The volume and shape of the 1991–1993 lava flow field at Mount Etna, Sicily (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1997), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words 1991 ; 1993 eruption ; Etna ; Volume ; Shape ; Topographic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The 1991–1993 lava flow is the most voluminous flow erupted at Mount Etna, Sicily, in over 300 years. Estimates of the volume obtained by various methods range from 205×106 m3 (Tanguy 1996) to over 500×106 m3 (Barberi et al. 1993). This paper describes the results of an electronic distance measurement (EDM)-based field survey of the upper surface of the 1991–1993 flow field undertaken in 1995. The results were digitised, interpolated and converted into a digital elevation model and then compared with a pre-eruption digital elevation model, constructed from a 1 : 25 000 contour map of the area, based on 1989 aerial photographs. Our measurements are the most accurate to date and show that the 1991–1993 lava flow occupies a volume of 231±29×106 m3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050153
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma movements in Etna volcano associated with the major 1991–1993 lava eruption: evidence from gravity and deformation (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Microgravity ; Ground deformation ; Etna ; Eruption precursors ; Dyke injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The 1991–1993 eruption was probably the largest on Mt. Etna for 300 years. Since then the volcano has entered an unusually quiescent period. A comprehensive record of gravity and ground deformation changes presented here bracket this eruption and give valuable insight into magma movements before, during and after the eruption. The gravity and deformation changes observed before the eruption (1990–1991) record the intrusion of magma into the summit feeder and the SSE-trending fracture system which had recently been active in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1989, creating the feeder dyke for the 1991–1993 eruption. In the summit region gravity changes between 1992 and 1993 (spanning the end of the eruption) reflect the withdrawal of magma from the conduit followed more recently (1993–1994) by the re-filling of magma in the conduit up to pre-eruption levels. In contrast, in the vicinity of the fracture zone, gravity has remained at the 1991–1992 level, indicating that no withdrawal has occurred here. Rather, magma has solidified in the fracture system and sealed it such that the 1993–1994 increase in magma level in the conduit was not accompanied by further intrusion into the flanks. Mass calculations suggest that a volume of at least 107  m3 of magma has solidified within the southeastern flank of the volcano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300989
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonmarine Cretaceous palynology of northern Kordofan, Sudan, with notes on fossil Salviniales (water ferns) (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 773-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Palynology ; Pollen ; Spores ; Zonation ; Dinoflagellates ; Water fern macrofossils ; Palaeoclimate ; Cretaceous ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palynological investigation of 164 samples from 18 water wells in northern Kordofan, Sudan, enabled the recognition of five informal zones based on pollen and spore assemblages ranging in age from Albian to Maastrichtian. The youngest (late Campanian-Maastrichtian) assemblages are restricted to the Bagbag Basin, whereas Albian-Cenomanian (to Turonian) sediments are widespread to the east and west of the Bagbag area. Impressions of Salvinia floating leaves from outcrops of the upper Hamrat el Wuz Formation, western part of the study area, are among the oldest occurrences of this water fern and indicate a Campanian-Maastrichtian age for these sediments. The vertical distribution of hygrophilous (pteridophytic spores) versus xerophilous (ephedroids and possibly small, weakly sculptured tricolporates) elements in the palynofloras suggests widespread moist or even aquatic habitats in the Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian. A shift towards drier conditions occurred in the late Cenomanian-Turonian. Throughout the Cretaceous, however, there may have been extensive arid/semiarid areas of non-deposition and seasonally dry periods. Some characteristics of the local palynofloras are attributed to its inner continental position. Rare Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian dinoflagellates could be interpreted as lacustrine phytoplankton rather than as evidence for marine influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251075
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIS and Volcanic Risk Management (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: volcanic risk assessment ; GIS ; digital cartography ; volcanic hazard ; Etna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Volcanic catastrophes constitute a majorproblem in many developing and developed countries. Inrecent years population growth and the expansion ofsettlements and basic supply lines (e.g., water, gas,etc.) have greatly increased the impact of volcanicdisasters. Correct land-use planning is fundamental inminimising both loss of life and damage to property.In this contribution Geographical Information Systems(GIS), linked with remote sensing technology andtelecommunications/warning systems, have emerged asone of the most promising tools to support thedecision-making process. Some GIS are presented fortwo volcanic areas in Italy, Mt. Etna and Vesuvius.GIS role in risk management is then discussed, keepingin mind the different volcanic scenarios of effusiveand explosive phenomena. Mt. Etna system covers alarge area (more than 1,000 km2) potentiallyaffected by effusive phenomena (lava flows) whichcause damage to both houses and properties in general.No risk to life is expected. The time-scales of lavaflows allow, at least in principle, modification ofthe lava path by the building of artificial barriers.Vesuvius shows typically an explosive behaviour. Inthe case of a medium size explosive eruption, 600,000people would potentially have to be evacuated from anarea of about 200 km2 around the Volcano, sincethey are exposed to ruinous, very fast phenomena likepyroclastic surges and flows, lahars, ash fallout,etc. Ash fallout and floods/lahars are also expectedin distal areas, between Vesuvius and Avellino,downwind of the volcano. GIS include digital elevationmodels, satellite images, volcanic hazard maps andvector data on natural and artificial features (energysupply lines, strategic buildings, roads, railways,etc.). The nature and the level of detail in the twodata bases are different, on the basis of thedifferent expected volcanic phenomena. The GIS havebeen planned: (a) for volcanic risk mitigation (hazard,value, vulnerability and risk map assessing), (b) toprovide suitable tools during an impending crisis, (c)to provide a basis for emergency plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016304797
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings of beech: climatic versus site-related influences (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Stable carbon isotopes ; Palaeoclimate ; Fagus sylvatica ; Tree ring ; Precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings are a promising tool in palaeoclimate research, provided attempts are made to disentangle climatic from local effects (e.g. soil properties, competition, light). The 13C/12C variations in cellulose of tree rings of beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined at several sites in the Swiss Central Plateau covering the last 50 years. We chose sites which differ in moisture conditions and sampled cores from four to six trees per site. The mean 13C/12C series from the different dry sites (distant by up to 40 km) are closely interrelated suggesting a common external cause. Correlation analysis with climate data proved the total precipitation in the months May, June and July to have the strongest effect on the carbon isotopes (r =  – 0.73). This result is in agreement with the commonly used model which relates the isotope discrimination to the water use efficiency. On the other hand, the isotope series of the wet sites are not as well correlated to the climate. At two of the sites (a dry and a humid) tree ring width suddenly increased. We used this effect as a test-case to study the influence of local growth conditions on the climate-isotope relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050087
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Echo-resonance and hydraulic perturbations in magma cavities: application to the volcanic tremor of Etna (Italy) in relation to its eruptive activity (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Etna ; Volcanic seismology ; Volcanic tremor ; Echo-resonance theory ; Volcanic eruptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A study is presented of spectral features of volcanic tremor recorded at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) following the methods of analysis suggested by the resonant scattering formalism of Gaunaurd and Überall (1978, 1979a, 1979b) and the model for hydraulic origin of Seidl et al. (1981). The periods investigated include summit and flank eruptions that occurred between 1984 and 1993. Recordings from a permanent station located near the top of the volcano were used, and the temporal patterns associated with (a) the average spacing ( $$\bar \Delta $$ ) between consecutive spectral peaks in the frequency range 1–6 Hz, (b) the spectral shape and (c) the overall spectral amplitude were analyzed. $$\bar \Delta $$ values are thought to depend on the physical properties of magma, such as its density, which, in turn, is controlled by the degree of gas exsolution. Variations in the spectral shape are tentatively attributed to changes in the geometrical scattering from the boundary of resonant conduits and magma batches. Finally, the overall amplitude at the station should essentially reflect the state of turbulence of magma within the superficial ascending path. A limit in the application of the resonant scattering formalism to the study of volcanic tremor is given by the fact that the fundamental modes and integer harmonics are difficult to identify in the frequency spectra, as tremor sources are likely within cavities of very complex geometry, rather than in spherical or cylindrical chambers, as expected by theory. This study gives evidence of some correlations between the analyzed temporal patterns and the major events in the volcanic activity, related to both lava flow and explosions at the summit vents. In particular, relatively high values of $$\bar \Delta $$ have been attained during the SE crater eruption of 1984, the complex eruptive phases of September–October 1989 and the 1991–1993 flank eruption, suggesting the presence of a relatively dense magma for all of these events. Conversely, very low values have been recorded in coincidence with the December 1985 activity and the paroxysmal explosions at the summit craters of early 1990, which are interpreted here as fed by fluid-vesiculated magma. Appreciable modifications in the spectral shape have been observed in relation to changes of the volcanic activity that probably preceded the opening and disactivation of shallow dykes or magma batches. Finally, the overall amplitude seems to be a sensitive indicator of the state of gas turbulence within the shallow conduits, as is suggested by the high values attained during phases of intense volcanic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265422
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma movements in Etna volcano associated with the major 1991–1993 lava eruption: evidence from gravity and deformation (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Microgravity ; Ground deformation ; Etna ; Eruption precursors ; Dyke injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1991–1993 eruption was probably the largest on Mt. Etna for 300 years. Since then the volcano has entered an unusually quiescent period. A comprehensive record of gravity and ground deformation changes presented here bracket this eruption and give valuable insight into magma movements before, during and after the eruption. The gravity and deformation changes observed before the eruption (1990–1991) record the intrusion of magma into the summit feeder and the SSE-trending fracture system which had recently been active in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1989, creating the feeder dyke for the 1991–1993 eruption. In the summit region gravity changes between 1992 and 1993 (spanning the end of the eruption) reflect the withdrawal of magma from the conduit followed more recently (1993–1994) by the re-filling of magma in the conduit up to pre-eruption levels. In contrast, in the vicinity of the fracture zone, gravity has remained at the 1991–1992 level, indicating that no withdrawal has occurred here. Rather, magma has solidified in the fracture system and sealed it such that the 1993–1994 increase in magma level in the conduit was not accompanied by further intrusion into the flanks. Mass calculations suggest that a volume of at least 107 m3 of magma has solidified within the southeastern flank of the volcano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300989
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate during the Eemian in north-central Europe — a critical review of the palaeobotanical and stable isotope data from central Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Palaeoclimate ; Stable isotopes ; Eemian ; Early Weichselian ; Central Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the evidence from terrestrial palaeoenvironmental records in north-central Europe and, in particular, central Germany, which relates to the controversial proposition that there were strong climate oscillations during the last interglacial (oxygen isotope substage 5e). In contrast to the evidence from the GRIP ice core at Summit, Greenland, and a recent palaeoclimate reconstruction based on the pollen profile from Bispingen, Germany, the evaluation of the palaeobotanical and the stable isotope data presented here strongly suggests relatively stable temperature for most of the Eemian and with instability confined to the beginning and end of the interglacial. High amplitude temperature variations can be seen in both the Early Weichselian pollen and isotope records. It is argued that this pattern of climate development is applicable to most of continental north-central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217502
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