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  • Additives
  • ddc:550.724
  • perovskiteferroelectricpowder neutron diffraction
  • Springer Berlin Heidelberg  (16)
  • American Chemical Society  (2)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (2)
  • Springer  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solid state electrochemistry 3 (1998), S. 48-51 
    ISSN: 1433-0768
    Keywords: Key words Non-cyanide zinc ; Alkaline zincate bath ; Additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An alkaline non-cyanide zinc plating solution consisting of 10 g/l zinc oxide, 90 g/l sodium hydroxide and 1.5 g/l gelatine was prepared . Using this solution, a smooth, uniform and fine-grained semi-bright deposit was obtained on mild steel sheets over a wide range of current density and pH at 303 K. The plating bath had about 63% current efficiency and 25% throwing power at 303 K and at pH 10. Caffeine and vanillin additions to this bath gave bright zinc deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Additives ; Aggregation ; Malate synthase ; Radiation damage ; Radioprotection ; Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die röntgeninduzierte Aggregation des Sulfhydrylenzyms Malatsynthase in wäßriger Lösung wurdein situ mittels zeitaufgelöster Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung messend verfolgt. Streuexperimente wurden in An- bzw. Abwesenheit verschiedener Zusätze durchgeführt: Formiat, Superoxiddismutase, Catalase, NaCl, Acetyl-CoA, Glyoxylat, Malat, Pyruvat, α-Ketobutyrat, Oxalacetat, Glycolat, Lactat. Die Streukurven wurden als Funktion der Bestrahlungsdauer registriert. Die Auswertung lieferte Streumassenradien, Aggregationsgrade, Abstandsverteilungsfunktionen, und daraus abgeleitete Parameter. Die Bestrahlung in Abwesenheit von Zusätzen verursachte eine starke Aggregation der Enzymteilchen. Jeder der Zusätze verminderte die Aggregation, wenn auch in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Der OH Fänger Formiat verringerte die Aggregation wirksam; weniger stark ausgeprägte Effekte ergaben sich für die $$O_2^{\bar .}$$ bzw. H2O2 Fänger Superoxiddismutase bzw. Catalase und für NaCl. Substrate und Substratanaloge reduzierten das Ausmaß der Aggregation besonders wirkungsvoll; der Schutzeffekt dieser Substanzen kann durch ihre zweifache Wirkung als Fänger bzw. spezifische Liganden erklärt werden. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen werden einige Schlußfolgerungen für die Durchführung üblicher Röntgenkleinwinkelexperimente an Biopolymeren abgeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray induced aggregation of the sulfhydryl enzyme malate synthase in aqueous solution was monitoredin situ by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering. Experiments were performed in the absence/presence of various additives: formate, superoxide dismutase, catalase, NaCl, acetyl-CoA, glyoxylate, malate, pyruvate, α-ketobutyrate, oxaloacetate, glycollate, lactate. The scattering curves were measured as a function of the time of irradiation and were analysed in terms of radii of gyration, degrees of aggregation, distance distribution functions, and parameters derived therefrom. Irradiation in the absence of additives resulted in a strong aggregation of enzyme particles. Each of the additives impeded aggregation, however to a different extent. The OH scavenger formate reduced aggregation efficiently; less pronounced effects were registered for superoxide dismutase and/or catalase (the scavengers for $$O_2^{\bar .}$$ and H2O2), and for NaCl. Very pronounced diminutions of the aggregation phenomena were provided by substrates or analogues; the efficiency of these substances as radioprotectors may be explained by their action as both scavengers and specific ligands. Based on these results some implications for the performance of conventional small-angle X-ray scattering experiments on biopolymers are derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Publication Date: 2017-04-27
    Keywords: perovskiteferroelectricpowder neutron diffraction
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-03-09
    Description: The perovskite Li0.2Na0.8NbO3 is shown, by powder neutron diffraction, to display a unique sequence of phase transitions at elevated temperature. The ambient temperature polar phase (rhombohedral, space group R3c) transforms via a first-order transition to a polar tetragonal phase (space group P42mc) in the region 150–300°C; these two phases correspond to Glazer tilt systems a−a−a− and a+a+c−, respectively. At 500°C a ferroelectric–paraelectric transition takes place from P42mc to P42/nmc, retaining the a+a+c− tilt. Transformation to a single-tilt system, a0a0c+ (space group P4/mbm), occurs at 750°C, with the final transition to the aristotype cubic phase at 850°C. The P42mc and P42/nmc phases have each been seen only once and twice each, respectively, in perovskite crystallography, in each case in compositions prepared at high pressure.
    Keywords: perovskiteferroelectricpowder neutron diffraction
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-09-14
    Description: The present paper gives an overview of the GeomInt project “Geomechanical integrity of host and barrier rocks—experiment, modelling and analysis of discontinuities” which has been conducted from 2017–2020 within the framework of the “Geo:N Geosciences for Sustainability” program. The research concept of the collaborative project is briefly introduced followed by a summary of the most important outcomes. The research concept puts geological discontinuities into the centre of investigations—as these belong to the most interesting and critical elements for any subsurface utilisation. Thus, while research questions are specific, they bear relevance to a wide range of applications. The specific research is thus integrated into a generic concept in order to make the results more generally applicable and transferable. The generic part includes a variety of conceptual approaches and their numerical realisations for describing the evolution of discontinuities in the most important types of barrier rocks. An explicit validation concept for the generic framework was developed and realised by specific “model-experiment-exercises” (MEX) which combined experiments and models in a systematic way from the very beginning. 16 MEX have been developed which cover a wide range of fundamental fracturing mechanisms, i.e. swelling/shrinkage, fluid percolation, and stress redistribution processes. The progress in model development is also demonstrated by field-scale applications, e.g. in the analysis and design of experiments in underground research laboratories in Opalinus Clay (URL Mont Terri, Switzerland) and salt rock (research mine Springen, Germany).
    Description: BMBF
    Description: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ (4215)
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; GeomInt ; Fracture flow ; Fracture mechanics ; Barrier integrity ; Discontinuities ; Open source ; OpenGeoSys
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Küstennahe Niedermoore wurden durch den Menschen verändert, bspw. durch das Anlegen von Entwässerungsgräben, dem Bau von Küstenschutzdeichen oder aktuell einer Renaturierung. Außerdem ist es wichtig die komplexe Interaktion mit der See zu verstehen, um Aussagen über die zukünftige Entwicklung treffen zu können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die ober- und unterirdische Strömung in einem Feuchtgebiet an der mecklenburgischen Ostseeküste nahe Warnemünde (Deutschland) untersucht, um dessen wechselseitigen Austausch mit der Ostsee zu quantifizieren und zu analysieren, wie sich ein Sturmhochwasserereignis auf den Salzeintrag ins Gebiet auswirkt. Hierfür wurde ein dreidimensionales instationäres Grundwassermodell erstellt, mit einem eindimensionalen Modell des Grabensystems gekoppelt und mit Messungen im Gebiet kalibriert und verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neben der oberirdischen Entwässerung auch der Grundwasserabstrom in Richtung Ostsee eine wesentliche Komponente der Wasserbilanz darstellt. Das Verhalten entlang der Küste wird deutlich durch die Dynamik der Ostseewasserstände geprägt, wobei ein Grundwasserabstrom mit einem Zustrom von Ostseewasser bei hohen Küstenwasserständen innerhalb täglicher bis wöchentlicher Zeitskalen wechselt.
    Description: Universität Potsdam (1031)
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; Numerische Modellierung ; Ostseeküste ; Grundwasser-Oberflächenwasser-Interaktion ; Sturmhochwasser ; Versalzung ; Numerical modeling ; Baltic Sea coast ; Groundwater-surface water interaction ; Storm flood ; Salinization
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: We applied a hybrid-dimensional flow model to pressure transients recorded during pumping experiments conducted at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory to study the opening behavior of fractures due to fluid injection. Two distinct types of pressure responses to flow-rate steps were identified that represent radial-symmetric and plane-axisymmetric flow regimes from a conventional pressure-diffusion perspective. We numerically modeled both using a radial-symmetric flow formulation for a fracture that comprises a non-linear constitutive relation for the contact mechanics governing reversible fracture surface interaction. The two types of pressure response can be modeled equally well. A sensitivity study revealed a positive correlation between fracture length and normal fracture stiffness that yield a match between field observations and numerical results. Decomposition of the acting normal stresses into stresses associated with the deformation state of the global fracture geometry and with the local contacts indicates that geometrically induced stresses contribute the more the lower the total effective normal stress and the shorter the fracture. Separating the contributions of the local contact mechanics and the overall fracture geometry to fracture normal stiffness indicates that the geometrical stiffness constitutes a lower bound for total stiffness; its relevance increases with decreasing fracture length. Our study demonstrates that non-linear hydro-mechanical coupling can lead to vastly different hydraulic responses and thus provides an alternative to conventional pressure-diffusion analysis that requires changes in flow regime to cover the full range of observations.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (DE)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Universität Stuttgart (1023)
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; Hydro-mechanics of fractures ; Hybrid-dimensional modeling ; Fracture contact mechanics ; Fracture stiffness ; Hydraulic testing of fractures ; Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Purpose: Microplastics have become a ubiquitous pollutant in marine, terrestrial and freshwater systems that seriously affects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Common methods for analysing microplastic abundance in soil or sediments are based on destructive sampling or involve destructive sample processing. Thus, substantial information about local distribution of microplastics is inevitably lost. Methods: Tomographic methods have been explored in our study as they can help to overcome this limitation because they allow the analysis of the sample structure while maintaining its integrity. However, this capability has not yet been exploited for detection of environmental microplastics. We present a bimodal 3D imaging approach capable to detect microplastics in soil or sediment cores non-destructively. Results: In a first pilot study, we demonstrate the unique potential of neutrons to sense and localize microplastic particles in sandy sediment. The complementary application of X-rays allows mineral grains to be discriminated from microplastic particles. Additionally, it yields detailed information on the 3D surroundings of each microplastic particle, which supports its size and shape determination. Conclusion: The procedure we developed is able to identify microplastic particles with diameters of approximately 1 mm in a sandy soil. It also allows characterisation of the shape of the microplastic particles as well as the microstructure of the soil and sediment sample as depositional background information. Transferring this approach to environmental samples presents the opportunity to gain insights of the exact distribution of microplastics as well as their past deposition, deterioration and translocation processes.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; Neutron imaging ; Sediment core ; Non-destructive analysis ; Microplastic detection ; Shape and size
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: In this study, we suggest a temperature-based assessment and mitigation approach for deep-seated landslides that allows to forecast the behavior of the slide and assess its stability. The suggested approach is validated through combined field monitoring and experimental testing of the El Forn landslide (Andorra), whose shear band material is Silurian shales. Thermal and rate controlled triaxial tests have shown that this material is thermal- and rate-sensitive, and in combination with the field data, they validate the theoretical assumption that by measuring the basal temperature of an active landslide, we can quantify and reduce the uncertainty of the model’s parameters, and adequately monitor and forecast the response of the selected deep-seated landslide. The data and results of this letter show that the presented model can give threshold values that can be used as an early-warning assessment and mitigation tool.
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: RWTH Aachen University (3131)
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; Basal temperature ; Landslide monitoring ; Experimental tests ; Constitutive equations ; Numerical modeling
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-08-02
    Description: Landslide run-out modeling involves various uncertainties originating from model input data. It is therefore desirable to assess the model’s sensitivity to these uncertain inputs. A global sensitivity analysis that is capable of exploring the entire input space and accounts for all interactions often remains limited due to computational challenges resulting from a large number of necessary model runs. We address this research gap by integrating Gaussian process emulation into landslide run-out modeling and apply it to the open-source simulation tool r.avaflow. The feasibility and efficiency of our approach is illustrated based on the 2017 Bondo landslide event. The sensitivity of aggregated model outputs, such as the angle of reach, impact area, and spatially resolved maximum flow height and velocity, to the dry-Coulomb friction coefficient, turbulent friction coefficient, and the release volume is studied. The results of first-order effects are consistent with previous results of common one-at-a-time sensitivity analyses. In addition to that, our approach allows us to rigorously investigate interactions. Strong interactions are detected on the margins of the flow path where the expectation and variation of maximum flow height and velocity are small. The interactions generally become weak with an increasing variation of maximum flow height and velocity. Besides, there are stronger interactions between the two friction coefficients than between the release volume and each friction coefficient. In the future, it is promising to extend the approach for other computationally expensive tasks like uncertainty quantification, model calibration, and smart early warning.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; Landslide run-out modeling ; Global sensitivity analysis ; Gaussian process emulation ; Emulator uncertainty
    Language: English
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