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  • kinetics  (822)
  • Springer  (727)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (95)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The high importance of free radical chemistry for a variety of biological events, including ageing and inflammation, has attracted considerable interest in understanding the related mechanistic steps at the molecular level. Modelling the free radical chemical reactivity of biological systems is an important research area. When studying free-radical-based chemical mechanisms, biomimetic chemistry and the design of established biomimetic models come into play to perform experiments in a controlled environment, suitably designed to be a similar as possible to cellular conditions. This Special Issue provides readers with a wide overview of biomimetic radical chemistry, where molecular mechanisms have been defined and molecular libraries of products are developed to be used as traces for the discoveries of some relevant biological processes. Several subjects are presented, with five articles and five reviews written by specialists in the fields of DNA, proteins, lipids, biotechnological applications and bioinspired synthesis, with “free radicals” as the common denominator.
    Keywords: guanine ; guanyl radical ; tautomerism ; guanine radical cation ; oligonucleotides ; DNA ; G-quadruplex ; time-resolved spectroscopies ; reactive oxygen species (ROS) ; oxidation ; catalase mimics ; peroxide ; diiron-peroxo complexes ; structure/activity ; kinetic studies ; biomimetic chemistry ; cysteine ; ketone reduction ; free radicals ; pulse radiolysis ; kinetics ; DNA oxidation ; DNA hole transfer ; molecular dynamics ; quantum dynamics ; electron transfer ; charge transfer ; quantum coherence ; chemiluminescence ; reaction mechanisms ; singlet oxygen ; reactive oxygen species ; light emission ; crosslink ; dimerization ; protein oxidation ; radicals ; di-tyrosine ; di-tryptophan ; disulfides ; thiols ; aggregation ; proteomics ; mass spectrometry ; collagen ; riboflavin ; hyaluronic acid ; EPR spectroscopy ; keratoconus ; STEM ; DNA biosensor ; chemical nucleases ; DNA-drug interaction ; copper complexes ; metallodrugs ; MEP pathway ; antibiotics ; IspH ; LytB ; [4Fe-4S] cluster ; reductive dehydroxylation ; bioorganometallic intermediate ; inhibitors ; methionine ; neighboring group effect ; hydroxyl radical ; triplet state of carboxybenzophenone ; one-electron oxidants ; laser flash photolysis ; peptides ; proteins ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Numerous efforts have been devoted to using biomass as a feedstock for the production of bio-based materials, biochemicals, and biofuels that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on conventional fossil resources. Conversion strategies for the production of platform chemicals, building blocks, fine chemicals, and biofuels include a wide range of processes such as chemical and mechanical pretreatment for improved carbohydrate production, fractionation of biomass into carbohydrates and lignin and their further conversions, microbial and enzymatic conversion of biomass into valuable products, and direct catalytic conversion of biomass or its components into chemicals and fuels. This Special Issue introduces recent innovative research results in the area of bioenergy and value-added chemicals from various feedstocks through chemical and biological catalytic processes.
    Keywords: biomass ; xylan ; lignin ; cellulose ; pretreatment ; solid superacid catalyst ; sulfated tin(IV) oxide ; α-pinene partial coupling ; renewable high-density fuel ; biofuel ; biorefinery ; sugar-decomposed ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; waste biomass ; kinetics ; biomass pre-treatment ; green diesel ; renewable diesel ; Ni catalyst ; hydrodeoxygenation ; Cu-promotion effect ; catalysts ; solvents ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Adsorption is a well-established operation used for water decontamination and the remediation of industrial effluents. It is also recognized as a key technology for recovering substances of economic interest or those at risk of scarcity. The new sustainability paradigm of the circular economy and the current context of promoting the efficient use of natural resources, water and energy have been motivating the search for eco-friendly adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This Special Issue compiles 21 papers (17 research articles and 4 reviews), addressing the removal of heavy metals, toxic metalloids, precious metals and organics from aqueous solution, using a wide variety of adsorbents derived from natural and waste materials.
    Keywords: activated carbon ; modification ; surfactant ; adsorption ; methylene blue ; ions effect ; anionic dye ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ; sepiolite ; two-step modification ; electroplating sludge ; hydrothermal process ; heavy metal ; electroplating wastewater ; upcycling ; biochar ; thiourea ; cadmium pollution ; adsorption characteristics ; water treatment ; manganese ; iron ; banana peel ; pre-treatment ; phosphoric acid ; human hair ; kinetics ; isotherms ; biosorption ; algae ; bacteria ; biosorbent ; pharmaceutical waste ; complex nickel-aluminum-zirconium hydroxide ; arsenic ion ; different fractions ; Hg2+ ; characterization ; adsorption mechanism ; bisphenol A ; equilibrium ; heavy metals ; K-type zeolite ; fly ash ; lead ; immobilization ; Pb2+ removal ; sorption ; precipitation ; waste recycling ; removal mechanisms ; solid-to-water ratio ; microcystin ; separation ; water quality ; cyanobacteria ; algal bloom ; phenols ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; wastewater ; precious metals ; hydrometallurgical processing ; selectivity ; pine bark ; olive mill wastewater ; carbon nanotubes ; polydimethilsiloxane ; waste treatment ; phenolic compounds ; resources recovery ; dyes removal ; wastewater treatment ; agrowaste biomass ; diclofenac removal ; advanced oxidation treatments ; low-cost sorbents ; nano zerovalent iron ; granular activated carbon ; organoselenium ; water ; treatment ; cadmium ; cellulose nanofibrils ; iron nanoparticles ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: It is widely believed that a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions originated anthropogenically from the use of fossil fuels with additional contributions coming from manufactured materials, deforestation, soil erosion, and agriculture (including livestock). The global society actively supports measures to create a flexible and low-carbon energy economy to attenuate climate change and its devastating environmental consequences. In this Special Issue, the recent advancements in the next-generation thermochemical conversion processes for solid fuels and renewable energies (e.g., the operational flexibility of co-combustion of biomass and lignite, integrated solar combined cycle power plants, and advanced gasification systems such as the sorption-enhanced gasification and the chemical looping gasification) were shown.
    Keywords: hydrochar ; hydrothermal carbonization ; biogas upgrading ; CO2 capture ; pressure swing adsorption ; gasification ; kinetic model ; conversion model ; reaction model ; low-rank coal ; tar absorption ; process simulation ; validation study ; sensitivity analyses ; lignite ; lignite gasification ; fluidized-bed gasifier ; olivine ; solar cooling ; solar cooling system ; TRNSYS ; absorption chiller ; performance and analysis ; solar energy ; chemical looping ; biomass gasification ; process control ; CO2 absorption ; experimental study ; energy analysis ; exergy analysis ; CSP ; PTC ; ISCC ; power plant ; CFB combustion ; operational flexibility ; load transients ; fluctuating electricity generation ; renewables ; one-dimensional SEG model ; dual fluidized bed ; sorbent deactivation ; hydrodynamics ; kinetics ; fuel feeding rate ; biomass ; thermochemical conversion technologies ; combustion ; carbon capture and storage/utilization ; solar-driven air-conditioning ; integrated solar combined cycle ; energy and exergy analyses ; thermodynamic modeling ; dynamic process simulation ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: This book is a collection of a group of peer-reviewed scientific papers dealing with both the evaluation and the solution of the complex but pressing problem of water source pollution. In the case of both fresh and marine water, the environmental and health protection aspects are closely linked. Monitoring activities supply continuous information on the contamination levels in inland surface, ground, and coastal waters, providing an alert in case of increased or new contamination and monitoring the effectiveness of remediation strategies. On the other hand, new or improved remediation and bioremediation tools are urgently needed to tackle the scarcity of safe drinking water. The papers in this book represent interesting starting points for future researches.
    Keywords: acute toxicity ; Daphnia magna ; electrochemical oxidation ; emerging contaminants ; methiocarb ; glucocorticoids ; TiO2-solar light degradation ; freshwater pollution ; photoproducts ; matrix constituents ; human health analysis ; water contamination ; water quality model ; hydraulic model ; WDS ; water quality sensors ; agrochemicals ; photo-reactor ; advanced oxidation processes ; water pollution ; point sources ; antioxidant enzymes ; pharmaceutical residues ; pesticides ; detergents ; integrative indexes ; groundwater pollution ; pollution costs ; economic environmental protection instruments ; physico-chemical parameters ; heavy metals ; health risk index ; Pearson coefficients ; adsorption ; dye ; MWCNT ; kinetics ; isotherm models ; thermodynamic ; bioaccumulation ; Lake Chapala ; carp ; catfish ; PTWI ; bioremediation ; ecotoxicology ; Gibbula umbilicalis ; marine bacteria ; tributyltin ; TBT-tolerance ; microalgae ; Vibrio fisheri ; benzenesulfonamide ; benzothiazole ; benzotriazole ; biotoxicity tests ; ferrous lactate ; in situ chemical reduction ; trichloroethylene (TCE) ; green and sustainable remediation (GSR) ; 1,4-dioxane ; dynamic ; pollution ; dumping site ; transport phenomena ; superfund ; enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) ; dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) ; chlorinated hydrocarbons ; tetrachloroethene (PCE) ; trichloroethene (TCE) ; dichloroethene (DCE) ; anaerobic reduction ; metagenomics ; microplastics ; largemouth bass ; growth ; intestinal morphology ; intestinal microbiota ; PCBs ; monitoring ; biomonitoring ; statistical analysis ; Lake Baikal ; passive sampling ; trace contaminants ; seawater ; chromatography–mass spectrometry ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: This reprint focuses on the current progress in sports medicine, with a specific interest in surgery, exercise therapy, and multi-disciplinary research. With the advancement of society, more attention is paid to the quality of life, which emphasizes the importance of sports and exercise. Correspondingly, there is a great need for sports medicine. This issue collected novel findings on sports medicine in surgery, conservative therapy, and the application of exercise training in other disorders
    Keywords: shoulder ; rotator cuff ; allografts ; demineralized bone matrix ; biologics ; diabetes mellitus ; aerobic training ; resistance training ; vascular function ; meta-analysis ; femoroacetabular impingement ; hip arthroscopy ; longitudinal capsulotomy ; femoroplasty ; labrum repair ; degenerative lumbar diseases ; albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio ; spinal fusion rate ; prognostic marker ; arterial hypertension ; exercise hypertension ; blood pressure ; exercise testing ; sports injuries ; machine learning ; injury prediction ; sports monitorization ; elite football ; performance ; systemic inflammation ; physical endurance ; physical fitness ; maximal aerobic capacity ; gingivitis ; cardiac rehabilitation ; exercise therapy ; balance exercises ; cardiovascular diseases ; ACLR ; hamstring tendon with preserved tibial insertion ; MRI ; T2 ; cartilage volume ; gait retraining ; running-related injuries ; kinetics ; kinematics ; rehabilitation ; rotator cuff tear ; rotator cuff repair ; bone quality ; osteopenia ; osteoporosis ; anchor pullout ; pullout strength ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: The development of materials from industrial wastes has attracted the attention of the research community for years. A material's physico-chemical characteristics have specific impacts its properties and their application in environmental, energetic, and biomedical areas, such as in pollutant removal; CO2 capture; energy storage; catalytic oxidation and reduction processes; the conversion of biomass to biofuels; and drug delivery. Examples of such materials are activated carbons, clays, and zeolites, among others. The aim of this Special Issue is to collect the recent advances and progresses developed in this field considering valorised materials from industrial wastes and their applications in environmental, energetic, and biomedical areas.
    Keywords: biomass gasification ; agricultural residues ; cogeneration plant ; life cycle assessment ; environmental impact ; greenhouse gas ; kinetics ; polyolefins ; aerobic biodegradation ; waste plastic materials ; biodegradation of plastic ; standard plastic testing ; gas explosion ; equivalent stoichiometric cloud ; Q9 ; explosion risk assessment ; model evaluation ; precoat layer ; precoat filtration ; cellulose fibres ; filter aids ; backwash filtration ; filter regeneration ; filter media resistance ; filter cake resistance ; turbidity ; particle layer ; LNG vapour ; dispersion ; hazard distances ; CFD ; topography ; phase change ; cold venting ; municipal solid waste ; SWDS ; composting process ; DOC ; IPCC guidelines ; GHG emissions ; wastewater treatment ; natural clays ; emerging contaminants ; zeolite ; bentonite ; Daphnia magna ; adsorption ; copper ; ion exchange ; thiourea ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ; reductive extraction ; resource recovery ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.
    Keywords: catechin ; degalloylation ; flavonol ; glycoside hydrolase ; optimization ; tannase ; immobilized DERA ; statin side chain ; continuous flow synthesis ; alginate-luffa matrix ; design of experiments ; Anguilla marmorata ; eel protein hydrolysates ; functional properties ; herbal eel extracts ; agarose ; agarase ; agarotriose ; agaropentaose ; expression ; calycosin ; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucosyltransferase ; sucrose synthase ; UDP-glucose recycle ; UGT–SuSy cascade reaction ; Candida antarctica lipase A ; surface-display system ; shear rate ; mass transfer rate ; enzymatic kinetic study ; enzymatic synthesis ; β-amino acid esters ; microreactor ; aromatic amines ; Michael addition ; kraft pulp ; cellulose ; xylan ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; Penicillium verruculosum ; glucose ; xylose ; lipase ; acidolysis ; docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester ; eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ; ethyl acetate ; kinetics ; styrene monooxygenase ; indole monooxygenase ; two-component system ; chiral biocatalyst ; solvent tolerance ; biotransformation ; epoxidation ; NAD(P)H-mimics ; superoxide dismutase (SOD) ; catalase (CAT) ; glutathione reductase (GR) ; aluminum (Al) ; selenium (Se) ; mouse ; brain ; liver ; phosphatidylcholine ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid ; enzymatic interesterification ; biocatalysis ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; enenzymatic hydrolysis ; peptide ; antioxidant ; hepatoprotective activity ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; whole–cell biocatalysis ; indolizine ; cycloaddition ; trehalose ; viscosity ; enzymes ; protein dynamics ; Kramers’ theory ; protein stabilization ; enzyme inhibition ; Lipase ; transesterification ; 2-phenylethyl acetate ; packed-bed reactor ; solvent-free ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; carbon nanotubes ; redox mediators ; CYP102A1 ; naringin dihydrochalcone ; neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone ; regioselective hydroxylation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide.
    Keywords: Ti6Al4V ; HDH ; powder metallurgy ; powder synthesis ; ZnO ; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis ; influential parameters ; formation mechanism ; structure ; morphologies ; characterization ; TEM ; HRTEM ; Mo silicide ; Mo5Si3 ; spheroidizing ; powder ; inductively coupled thermal plasma ; MgCO3-powder ; synthesis ; CO2- absorption ; olivine carbonation ; autoclave ; thermal decomposition ; CO2 utilization ; vanadium precipitation ; vanadium oxides ; vanadium-bearing shale ; vanadium strip liquor ; copper ; electrolysis ; hydrogen ; SEM ; XRD ; PSD ; tribology materials ; tungsten disulfide ; tungsten trioxide ; silica ; precipitation ; uranium ; zirconolite ; brannerite ; betafite ; leaching ; kinetics ; acid mine drainage ; iron ; aluminium ; coagulation ; water treatment ; electrocatalysis ; supported Pt nanoparticles ; Pt/TiO2 synthesis ; Titanium oxide colloid ; acid mine drainage (AMD) ; flotation tailings ; AMD neutralization ; metals’ precipitation ; polluted site remediation ; synergy of processes ; Al-Ti alloy ; electrochemical co-deposition ; chloroaluminate melt ; ammonium perrhenate ; rhenium ; disproportionation reaction ; hydrogen reduction ; oxide ; nanocomposites ; alumina ; thermochemistry ; polycrystalline diamond ; cobalt ; ultrasound ; aqua regia ; polycrystalline diamond blanks ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are responsible for Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), are liposoluble toxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. This book presents 18 scientific papers that offer new information and scientific evidence on: (i) CTX occurrence in aquatic environments, with an emphasis on edible aquatic organisms; (ii) analysis methods for the determination of CTXs; (iii) advances in research on CTX-producing organisms; (iv) environmental factors involved in the presence of CTXs; and (v) the assessment of public health risks related to the presence of CTXs, as well as risk management and mitigation strategies.
    Keywords: ciguatoxins ; HRMS ; Q-TOF ; ciguatera poisoning ; C-CTX1 ; fragmentation pathways ; maitotoxins ; Gambierdiscus ; Fukuyoa ; LC-MS/MS ; QToF ; neuroblastoma cell assay ; matrix effect ; ciguatera monitoring ; SPATT passive samplers ; HP20 resin ; CBA-N2a ; WS artificial substrate ; qPCR ; HTS metabarcoding ; ciguatera ; ciguatoxin ; cytotoxicity assay ; ELISA ; HPLC ; immunoassay ; mouse bioassay ; receptor-binding assay ; ciguatoxins (CTXs) ; neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA) ; immunosensor ; pacific ciguatoxins ; natural product ; polycyclic ether ; ring-closing metathesis ; Tsuji-Trost allylation ; French Polynesia ; epidemiology ; toxicological analyses ; risk management ; climate change ; Gambierdiscus polynesiensis ; toxin profile ; nitrate ; urea ; culture medium acidification ; CTX1B ; 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B ; 54-deoxyCTX1B ; Dictyota ; Caribbean ; dinoflagellate ; benthic algae ; algal toxin ; harmful algal bloom ; the Indian Ocean ; Arabian sea ; Kuwait bay ; Aden Gulf ; Red Sea ; Gulf of Aqaba ; Andaman Sea ; Bay of Bengal ; seafood safety ; foodborne disease ; experimental exposure ; lionfish ; trophic transfer ; toxin accumulation ; Selvagens Islands ; morphology ; phylogeny ; benthic dinoflagellate ; Beibu Gulf ; Chinese waters ; least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ; machine learning ; data science ; medical informatics ; survival analysis ; foodborne diseases ; Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ; digital technologies ; open data ; risk analysis ; marine biotoxins ; Lagodon rhomboides ; pinfish ; bioaccumulation ; depuration ; Caribbean ciguatoxin ; growth dilution ; model ; kinetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food processing by humans goes a long way back in time, e.g., heat for cooking was used 1.9 million years ago. However, meal preparation now seems to be moving out of the home kitchen, and preprocessed or processed/convenience food products are becoming a larger part of the daily diet. In addition, consumers are progressively focusing on the impact of food on their health, and they demand foods that have a high nutritional quality and an aroma and natural flavor that are similar to freshly-made products. Therefore, nutritional quality is concurrent with food safety, and sensory perception is becoming an increasingly important factor in food choices. The human digestive tract disintegrates food to allow the nutrients to be released and made available to the body. However, nutrients can undergo unwanted degradation upon processing and subsequent storage, negatively influencing the physiological effects. Different processing techniques will result in different food structures, thereby also affecting bioaccessibility and nutritional value. Hence, food scientists and industry have an increased interest in both conventional and innovative processing methods that can provide good-quality products with high nutritional value and stable shelf life. This Special Issue aims to shed some light on the latest knowledge about and developments within the effects of food processing and storage on changes of biochemical and nutritional compounds. Both original research articles and reviews are included in this book.
    Keywords: protein fractionation ; white teff ; brown teff ; amino acid profile ; seed storage proteins ; essential amino acids ; anthocyanins ; ascorbic acid ; UV-Vis ; HPLC-MS ; kinetics ; shelf life ; legume protein ; processing ; digestibility ; PEF ; OH ; POD ; colour ; extraction ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; antioxidants ; carotenoid aggregates ; coloring foods ; grouper ; refrigerated storage ; packaging methods ; protein oxidation ; protein degradation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The book is devoted to the fundamental aspects of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of many-particle systems. The concept of Zubarev’s approach, which generalizes the notion of Gibbs’ ensembles, and introduces a nonequilibrium statistical operator, providing an adequate basis for dealing with strongly correlated systems that are governed by nonperturbative phenomena, such as the formation of bound states, quantum condensates and the instability of the vacuum. Besides a general introduction to the formalism, this book contains contributions devoted to the applications of Zubarev’s method to the solution of modern problems in different fields of physics: transport theory, hydrodynamics, high-energy physics, quark-gluon plasma and hadron production in heavy-ion collisions. The book provides valuable information for researchers and students in these fields, requiring powerful concepts to solve fundamental problems of non-equilibrium phenomena in strongly
    Keywords: relativistic fluid dynamics ; statistical operator ; non-equilibrium states ; transport coefficients ; correlation functions ; open quantum system ; master equation ; non-equilibrium statistical operator ; relevant statistical operator ; quasi-temperature ; dynamic correlations ; QCD matter ; phase transition ; critical point ; nonequilibrium thermo-field dynamics ; kinetics ; hydrodynamics ; kinetic equations ; bound states ; quark-gluon plasma ; out-of-equilibrium quantum field theory ; dimensional renormalization ; finite-time-path formalism ; Boltzmann equation ; gluon saturation ; pion enhancement ; ALICE ; LHC ; thermalization ; hadronization ; Gibbs equilibrium statistical mechanics ; Bogoliubov’s quasi-averages ; pressure fluctuations ; relativistic ideal gas ; kinetic theory ; particle production ; Schwinger effect ; Zitterbewegung ; low density approximation ; quantum statistical mechanics ; relativistic hydrodynamics ; Kubo formulae ; graphene ; dynamic critical phenomena ; high-field and nonlinear effects ; QCD ; gluons ; Bose-Einstein condensate ; Fokker-Planck equation ; relaxation time approximation ; linear response theory ; permittivity, dynamical conductivity, absorption coefficient, dynamical collision frequency ; ordered lattice, disordered lattice ; Umklapp process ; interband transitions ; finite temperature field theory ; path integrals ; quantum fields in curved spacetime ; symmetries ; quantum anomalies ; irreversibility ; entropy ; electrical conductivity ; Zubarev operator ; Unruh effect ; acceleration ; Zubarev formalism ; pion chemical potential ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.
    Keywords: ironmaking ; carbon emissions ; energy consumption ; flash ironmaking process ; alternate ironmaking processes ; direct reduction ; smelting reduction ; iron ore concentrate ; natural gas ; digitalization ; digital technologies ; digital transformation ; steel industry ; digital skills ; industrial restructuring ; carbon emission ; technology upgrade ; steel ; environment ; mining ; production ; circular economy ; lean and frugal design ; ecology transition ; climate change ; pollution ; toxicology ; metals ; metallic products ; environmental impact ; carbon capture and storage ; CO2 mineralization ; steelmaking slags ; nanoparticles ; life cycle assessment (LCA) ; by-products ; industrial symbiosis ; reuse ; recycling ; CO2 mitigation ; hydrogen ; kinetics ; fossil-free steel ; hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) ; melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) ; hydrogen production by water electrolysis ; hydrogen storage ; grid balancing ; renewable electricity ; climate warming ; carbon footprint ; energy saving ; emissions mitigation ; electricity generation ; hydrogen in steelmaking ; steel vision ; mini blast furnace ; charcoal ; mathematical model ; gas injection ; kinetic models ; self-reducing burden ; iron ore ; coking coal ; DRI ; scrap ; blue dust ; decarbonization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: BioPolymers could be either natural polymers – polymer naturally occurring in Nature, such as cellulose or starch…, or biobased polymers that are artificially synthesized from natural resources. Since the late 1990s, the polymer industry has faced two serious problems: global warming and anticipation of limitation to the access to fossil resources. One solution consists in the use of sustainable resources instead of fossil-based resources. Hence, biomass feedstocks are a promising resource and biopolymers are one of the most dynamic polymer area. Additionally, biodegradability is a special functionality conferred to a material, bio-based or not. Very recently, facing the awareness of the volumes of plastic wastes, biodegradable polymers are gaining increasing attention from the market and industrial community. This special issue of Molecules deals with the current scientific and industrial challenges of Natural and Biobased Polymers, through the access of new biobased monomers, improved thermo-mechanical properties, and by substitution of harmful substances. This themed issue can be considered as collection of highlights within the field of Natural Polymers and Biobased Polymers which clearly demonstrate the increased interest in this field. We hope that this will inspire researchers to further develop this area and thus contribute to futures more sustainable society.”
    Keywords: imine ; epoxide ; amine ; thermoset ; bio-based ; biobased epoxy ; cardanol ; cationic photocuring ; microfibrillated cellulose ; biobased composites ; sustainable materials ; biomass ; green chemistry ; mechanims ; humins ; epoxy resins ; thermosets ; kinetics ; ring-opening ; biobased ; polyurethane foam ; catalyst ; polycarbonates ; furan-maleimide ; Diels-Alder ; fatty acids ; melt extrusion ; 3D printing ; cellulose nanofibrils ; biocomposite filaments ; physical property ; drained and undrained peatlands ; peats ; humic acids ; thermal ; paramagnetic and optical properties ; acetylated starch ; etherified starch ; chemical composition ; macromolecular characteristics ; surface characterization ; lignin ; fractionation ; biobased polymers ; solvent extraction ; membrane-assisted ultrafiltration ; plant oil-based monomers ; mixed micelles ; methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex ; emulsion polymerization ; nanocellulose ; polymer ; coating ; textile ; adhesion ; biobased monomer ; photoinduced-polymerization ; eugenol-derived methacrylate ; bacterial cellulose ; alginate ; gelatin ; curcumin ; biomaterials ; chitosan ; silane coupling agent ; microfiber ; crosslinking ; mechanical strength ; block copolymers ; renewable resources ; RAFT ; alkyl lactate ; PSA ; terpenoid ; exo-methylene ; conjugated diene ; renewable monomer ; biobased polymer ; radical polymerization ; copolymerization ; living radical polymerization ; RAFT polymerization ; heat-resistant polymer ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The MEET Special Issue aims at showing the gains in geothermal energy that can be achieved using a variety of techniques, depending on the geological setting of the underground. Among the list of exploitation concepts, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are particularly interesting, as their application is much less dependent of the underground setting, allowing, in turn, a large geographical deployment and market penetration in Europe. The challenges of EGS are multiple in terms of investment costs, the testing of novel reservoir exploitation approaches with an inherent risk of induced seismicity, and the presence of aggressive geothermal brines, damaging infrastructures. The conversion of oil wells or coproduction of heat or electricity together with oil is also addressed. This Special Issue summarizes the output of the H2020 MEET project based on laboratory experiments, geological field works on high-quality analogues, advanced reservoir modeling, the development of a decision-maker tool for investors and specific demonstration activities, such as chemical stimulation or the innovative monitoring of deep geothermal wells, and the production of electrical power via small-scale binary technology tested in various geological contexts in Europe.
    Keywords: Soultz-Sous-Forêts ; geothermal site ; heat exchanger ; scales ; sulfates ; sulfides ; As and Sb-bearing galena ; crystal growth ; crystal shapes ; fracture network ; Death Valley ; Noble Hills ; power law distribution ; multiscale analysis ; geothermal reservoir characterization ; Noble Hills granite ; Owlshead Mountains granite ; metamorphic grade ; fluid/rock interactions ; newly formed minerals ; element variations ; geothermal reservoir ; deep geothermal energy ; EGS ; Variscan fold-and-thrust belt ; district heating and cooling ; economic indicators ; CO2 abatement cost ; sensitivity analysis ; fracturing processes ; fluid circulation ; granite alteration ; low to moderate regional strain ; blind geothermal system ; compositional anomalies ; hierarchical clustering ; self-organizing maps ; unconventional reservoirs ; geothermal ; OVSP ; well seismic data ; fault ; fracture ; geothermal derisking ; FWI ; numerical modelling ; inversion ; imaging ; permeability ; fluid–rock interactions ; slate ; temperature ; time-dependent ; pressure solution ; dissolution ; Soultz-sous-Forêts ; hydro-thermal modeling ; conversion ; clustering ; upscaling ; heat ; electricity ; scenarios ; LCOE ; LCOH ; NPV ; CO2 emissions ; Upper Rhine Graben ; geothermal brine ; scaling ; metal sulfides ; thermodynamic ; kinetics ; oil ; corrosion ; geology ; stress ; fluid pressure ; Mohr diagrams ; fracturing ; greywackes ; slates ; deep geothermal reservoir ; structural model ; thermo-hydraulic simulations ; MEET H2020 project ; fracture network variability ; granite ; spacing distribution ; fracture intensity P10 ; well placement ; CO2-EGS ; water-EGS ; discrete fracture networks ; THM modeling ; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) ; fractured granite ; core flooding experiments ; autoclave experiments ; Cornubian Batholith ; Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) ; Variscan rocks ; quartzite ; claystone ; graywacke ; gouge ; fracture transmissivity ; effective stress ; United Downs ; hydraulic stimulation ; equivalent permeability field ; exposed analogue ; enhanced geothermal system ; fractures ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Since their discovery, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received tremendous attention due to their unique electrical, optical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Remarkable advances have been made in the synthesis, purification, structural characterization, functionalization, and application of MWCNTs. Their particular characteristics make them well suited for a plethora of applications in a number of fields, namely nanoelectronics, nanofluids, energy management, (electro)catalysis, materials science, construction of (bio)sensors based on different detection schemes, multifunctional nanoprobes for biomedical imaging, and sorbents for sample preparation or removal of contaminants from wastewater. They are also useful as anti-bacterial agents, drug delivery nanocarriers, etc. The current relevant application areas are countless. This Special Issue presents original research and review articles that address advances, trends, challenges, and future perspectives regarding synthetic routes, structural features, properties, behaviors, and industrial or scientific applications of MWCNTs in established and emerging areas.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; graphene oxide ; n/a ; Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) ; elution ; gold nanoparticles ; MHD ; heck reaction ; drug delivery ; carbon-nanotubes ; water based nanofluid ; zeolitic imidazolate framework ; Ionic liquid ; electroanalysis ; curved stretching sheet ; multiwalled carbon nanotubes ; lubricating oil additives ; hydrophobic drugs ; agricultural irrigation water ; polarity ; cerium oxide ; adsorption ; electrical properties ; non-linear thermal radiation ; electrochemical properties ; nanomaterials ; radar absorbing materials ; chloride diffusion ; RAFT polymerization ; synthesis methods ; gold(III) ; mechanical properties ; dissolution rate ; carbon materials ; electrochemical sensors ; magnetic solid phase extraction ; silicone rubber ; Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) ; Pd-CNT nanohybrids ; kinetics ; nonylphenol ; boundary layer ; Casson model ; sensing applications ; organochlorine pesticides ; composites ; multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ; polymeric composites ; carbon nanotubes ; structural ; azide-alkyne click chemistry ; functionalized carbon nanotubes ; heat generation ; EMI shielding ; gold(I) ; cement mortars ; semi-homogeneous catalysis ; functionalized CNTs ; nanomedicine ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; numerical solution ; PMMA ; HAM ; complex permittivity ; thermal radiation ; stretching sheet ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Iron is an essential element for almost all organisms, a cofactor playing a crucial role in a number of vital functions, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and respiration. However, its ability to exchange electrons renders excess iron potentially toxic, since it is capable of catalyzing the formation of highly poisonous free radicals. As a consequence, iron homeostasis is tightly controlled by sophisticated mechanisms that have been partially elucidated. Because of its biological importance, numerous disorders have been recently linked to the deregulation of iron homeostasis, which include not only the typical disorders of iron overload and deficiency but also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This leads iron metabolism to become an interesting therapeutic target for novel pharmacological treatments against these diseases. Several therapies are currently under development for hematological disorders, while other are being considered for different pathologies. The therapeutic targeting under study includes the hepcidin/ferroportin axis for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, complex cytosolic machineries for the regulation of the intracellular iron status and its association with oxidative damage, and reagents exploiting proteins of iron metabolism such as ferritin and transferrin receptor. A promising potential target is a recently described form of programmed cell death named ferroptosis, in which the role of iron is essential but not completely clarified. This Special Issue has the aim to summarize the state-of-the-art, and the latest findings published in the iron field, as well as to elucidate future directions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QD415-436 ; Q1-390 ; developmental ; Anemia of chronic disease ; neurodegeneration ; supplementation ; MHC ; iron chelation therapy ; osteoblast ; serum biomarker ; FeSO4 ; haptoglobin ; prevention ; brain development ; pituitary ; trauma ; hepcidin ; Alzheimer’s disease ; chaotropes ; social behavior ; Africa ; macrophage ; anemia of inflammation ; Tfr2 ; chelation ; cardiomyocyte ; IV iron therapy ; Oxidative stress ; treatment ; chronic kidney disease ; iron homeostasis ; oxygen sensing ; iron chelators ; age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ; pharmaceutical targets ; non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) ; iron dextran ; pulmonary arterial hypertension ; labile iron ; low and middle income countries ; ferroportin ; gut microbiota ; reducibility ; non-HFE ; oxidative stress ; antitumor compound ; senescence ; electron transfer ; nanotechnology ; iron deficiency ; neonatal period ; heme oxygenase ; hypoxia ; Anemia ; NCOA4 ; patient blood management ; microbiome ; anemia ; iron mobilization ; iron release ; phlebotomy ; peritoneal dialysis ; Friedreich Ataxia ; ferritin ; CD8+ T cells ; M cells ; neurodegenerative disease ; NaFeEDTA ; vascular calcification ; cinnamic acid derivatives ; oral iron salts ; lipid ; acute lung injury ; Iron-sulfur ; Interleukin-6 ; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation ; macrophages ; erythroblastic islands ; cystic fibrosis ; neuroimmune responses ; flavin nucleotide ; hemopexin ; Iron chelators ; nutrient iron ; developing countries ; hereditary hypoferritinemia ; iron ; cancer ; Indonesia ; n/a ; Hfe ; HFE ; chronic heart failure ; iron supplementation ; intestinal inflammation ; TNF ; chelators ; hemolysis ; children ; pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells ; cytokines ; didox ; intravenous iron ; T lymphocytes ; colorectal cancer ; infants ; liver ; ferritinophagy ; hereditary hyperferritinemia ; SCFA ; rheumatoid arthritis ; membrane interactions ; Sucrosomial® iron ; lung ; Kupffer cell ; iron chelation ; erythrophagocytosis ; acute kidney injury ; neurophysiology ; iron transporters ; iron absorption ; infection ; ferroptosis ; fluorescent iron chelator ; neonatal ; SNC ; immunity ; mycobacteria ; non-haem iron ; natural history ; 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ; haem ; inflammation ; bone homeostasis ; cardiovascular disease ; heme ; heme homeostasis ; protein binding ; brain ; iron deficiency anemia ; Fe2+-chelating activity ; bioengineering ; Mek/Erk ; Bmp/Smad ; iron delivery ; genetic hemochromatosis ; osteoclast ; histidine ; rhodamine ; COPD ; hemorrhage ; antibacterial activity ; bacteria ; SLC40A1 ; transferrin receptor ; drug delivery ; nanocage ; soybean seed ferritin ; pig ; iron metabolism ; kidney ; innate immunity ; cataracts syndrome ; erythropoiesis ; obesity ; mucosal immunity ; iron overload ; fluorophore ; binding ability ; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ; osteoporosis ; biomarker ; bioavailability ; adverse event profile ; metabolism ; iron-carbohydrate complex ; kinetics ; flavonoids ; iron regulatory proteins ; lung infection ; non transferrin bound iron ; central nurse macrophage ; iron processing ; malaria ; neurodegenerative diseases ; multifunctional iron chelators ; retina ; neuroinflammation ; anti-hepcidin therapy ; lung diseases ; anaemia ; RRM2 ; cognition ; mitochondria ; therapy ; NBIA ; red pulp macrophage ; efficacy ; hemochromatosis ; tolerability ; oral iron therapy ; growth ; venesections ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: environmental simulations ; polymer-based products ; artificial weathering ; degradation ; leaching ; soil contact ; carbon concrete composite ; irrigated construction elements ; environmental compatibility ; irrigated building materials ; environmental assessment ; evaluation concepts ; bio-based insulation ; earthen building materials ; volatile organic compounds ; semi-volatile organic compounds ; formaldehyde ; radon ; wooden toys ; emission test chamber ; flask method ; EN 717-3 ; microchamber ; Enchytraeids ; waterproof building materials ; ecotoxicology ; biotest ; geosynthetics ; geotextiles ; dynamic surface leaching test ; artificial ageing ; marine littering ; batch leaching test ; liquid-solid ratio ; column percolation test ; advection-dispersion model ; adsorption–desorption equilibrium ; clinoptilolite ; soil ; water ; CEC ; specific surface ; zeolitization ; hydrogen storage ; kinetics ; material life cycle assessment ; Eco-Indicator 99’ ; CML 2001 ; calcium phosphate ; calcium carbonate ; recycling ; environmental problems ; seashell ; leaching test ; equilibrium condition ; non-equilibrium condition ; modelling ; sorption kinetics ; non-linear sorption ; heterogeneity ; mineral recycling material ; compliance testing ; nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) ; engineered nanomaterial (ENM) ; sewage sludge incineration (SSI) ; ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) ; column elution ; agricultural use ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In this book, we propose a collection of scientific and review articles on the production of hydrogen. The articles focus on the controlled storage and release of hydrogen; on the production of hydrogen from reforming from renewable sources, water splitting, and biological and photonic methods; on the intensification of the water gas shift process; and on the integration with purification methods such as pressure swing adsorption.
    Keywords: CO-PROX ; CO-SMET ; CO2 methanation ; hydrogen purification ; process integration ; microalgae ; acetic acid ; steam reforming ; hydrogen ; cobalt ; mesostructured materials ; biomass conversion ; hydrogen production ; kinetic models ; lignocellulosic residue ; thermal degradation ; water–gas shift ; process intensification ; structured catalysts ; kinetics ; aluminum alloy foam ; ceria ; platinum ; rhenium ; bioalcohol ; reforming ; coke ; catalyst stability ; active phase ; support ; promoter ; ammonia borane ; noble metal catalysts ; chemical hydrogen ; sulfurization ; NiS-NiS2 ; stainless steel 304 ; hydrogen evolution ; hydrogen energy and fuel cells ; impurity ; gasification ; water splitting ; dark-fermentation ; photo-fermentation ; CO gas-fermentation ; bio-photolysis ; electrolysis ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The recovery of solid waste is a challenge and an opportunity for companies, thanks to the ongoing awareness of sustainability and technological advances. The end-of-waste criteria constitute a European strategic goal that promotes recycling in order to ensure a high level of environmental protection by means of reducing the quantity of waste destined for disposal. This Special Issue promotes the knowledge regarding technological methods for solid waste recovery. Articles investigate innovative processing methods with the goal of valorizing solid waste from different civil and industrial activities. Topics includes studies on construction and building, mining, plastics, and WEEE, referring to the treatment techniques used and, where appropriate, the critical raw materials that can be valorized. The recovery processes of critical raw materials can be very energy-intensive, affecting environmental and soil factors. Case studies on sustainable, low-carbon and resource-efficient techniques for the purpose of a more competitive economy were also very welcomed. The environmental impact and safety measures, especially for dangerous waste, should be taken into account in the description of their processing and management.
    Keywords: cathode ray tube ; lead recovery ; lead leaching and electrodeposition ; environmental assessment ; phosphate cements ; calcined dolomite ; quartz sand ; calcined magnesite ; temperature ; K-struvite ; industrial waste ; chromium ; high-performance concrete ; ultra-high-performance concrete ; fibers ; mechanical strength ; alkali-activated cement ; geopolymers ; building materials ; PET ; compressive strength ; water absorption ; WPCBs dismantling ; metals dissolution ; copper recovery ; economic assessment ; process modeling and simulation ; low-temperature processing ; WEEE (waste of electric and electronic equipment) recycling ; materials separation ; process characterization ; SEM/EDS ; torrefaction ; solid fuel ; waste to carbon ; circular economy ; biodegradable materials ; calorific value ; methane fermentation ; biogas ; biomethane ; biochar ; pyrolysis ; hydrothermal carbonization ; biochemical methane potential ; biogas production kinetics ; industrial wastes ; arc furnace slag ; ceramic sludge ; β-wollastonite ; parawollastonite ; porous ceramics ; waste management ; sustainability development ; apple pomace ; active compounds ; extraction ; renewable energy ; anticorrosion agents ; biopolymers ; PCB ; recycling ; metal recovery ; mechanical pre-treatment ; production waste ; rock wool ; glass wool ; loss on ignition ; pollutants washout ; geopolymer ; waste slurry ; flocculation ; solidification ; pipe jacking ; air flow rate ; composting ; municipal solid waste ; monitoring ; optimization ; spatial distributions ; crystallization ; glass–ceramics ; diopside ; anorthite ; by-pass cement ; aluminum dross ; thermodynamic analysis ; kinetics ; hemp stalk ; bio-insulating material ; sustainability ; sound absorbing properties ; thermal absorption properties ; green composite material ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; n/a ; Boudouard reaction in gasification ; Chinese reed ; underground coal gasification ; food waste ; kinetic models ; fixed bed combustor ; reactor modelling ; AAEMs ; anaerobic digestion ; grape marc ; adsorption isotherms ; Texaco pilot plant ; biomass valorization ; food waste compost ; CH4 adsorption ; gaseous emissions ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ; waste wood ; coconut shells ; kinetic model ; char oxidation ; low-rank coal char ; nutrients ; characteristic time analysis ; kinetic parameters ; ash from biomass ; combustion parameters ; biomass ; thermal characteristics ; biocrude ; reaction kinetics ; sludge cake ; gasification ; pellets ; characterization ; ash layer ; energy recovery efficiency ; internal diffusion resistance ; FT-IR ; giant miscanthus ; pyrolysis ; olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) ; food-waste biochar ; melting phenomenon ; chemisorption ; steam gasification ; NaCl template ; biomass production ; textural characterization ; desalination ; ash fusion temperature (AFT) ; thermogravimetric analysis ; combustion ; chemical speciation ; sawdust ; NaCl ; effective diffusion coefficient ; kinetics ; breakthrough curves ; biochar engineering ; biochar ; amino acid ; high heating value (HHV) ; salty food waste ; ELECTRE III ; interferences ; multicriteria model ; pyrrole ; interactions ; biogas purification ; fertilisation ; NOx ; pyrolysis conditions ; steam ; partial combustion reaction in gasification ; CO2 adsorption ; poultry slaughterhouse ; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) ; calorific value ; oxygen enrichment ; porosity ; nitrogen ; hydrothermal carbonization ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; MTDATA ; activated carbon ; active site ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Nowadays, the impressive progress of commercially available computers allows us to solve complicated mathematical problems in many scientific and technical fields. This revolution has reinvigorated all aspects of chemical engineering science. More sophisticated approaches to catalysis, kinetics, reactor design, and simulation have been developed thanks to the powerful calculation methods that have recently become available. It is well known that many chemical reactions are of great interest for industrial processes and must be conducted on a large scale in order to obtain needed information in thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena related to mass, energy, and momentum. For a reliable industrial-scale reactor design, all of this information must be employed in appropriate equations and mathematical models that allow for accurate and reliable simulations for scaling up purposes. The aim of this proposed Special Issue was to collect worldwide contributions from experts in the field of industrial reactor design based on kinetic and mass transfer studies. The following areas/sections were covered by the call for original papers: Kinetic studies on complex reaction schemes (multiphase systems); Kinetics and mass transfer in multifunctional reactors; Reactions in mass transfer-dominated regimes (fluid–solid and intraparticle diffusive limitations); Kinetic and mass transfer modeling using alternative approaches (ex. stochastic modeling); Simulations in pilot plants and industrial-sized reactors and scale-up studies based on kinetic studies (lab-to-plant approach).
    Keywords: heat exchanger ; mathematical model ; energy efficiency ; inversion loss ; process design ; mass transfer ; hydrogenation ; slurry reactor ; muconic acid ; adipic acid ; LHHW model ; kinetics ; epoxides ; soybean oil ; hydrogen peroxide ; ring opening reaction ; continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) ; phase transfer catalysis (PTC) ; green chemistry ; multiphase reactor ; liquid–liquid–liquid reactions ; guaiacol ; epichlorohydrin ; guaiacol glycidyl ether ; slow and rapid reactions ; robust parameter estimation ; dimethyl carbonate ; gas–solid catalytic reactions ; chemical kinetics ; heat and mass transfer ; packed bed reactor ; multiphase system ; phase-field LB model ; complex channel ; flow pattern ; bubble evolution ; Suzuki cross-coupling ; hyper-cross-linked polystyrene ; palladium nanoparticles ; catalyst stability ; carbonization ; halogenation ; spent resin ; kinetic analysis ; thermodynamic analysis ; numerical optimization ; ultrasonic spraying ; three-phase reactor ; triolein ; transesterification ; CaO ; methanol vapor ; 1,1-diethoxybutane ; heterogeneous catalysts ; adsorption ; process intensification ; simulated moving bed reactor ; deoxygenation efficiency ; vacuum–N2–H2O–O2 system ; rotor–stator reactor ; correlation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 25
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy. This includes a global call for article submissions that also included Characterization along with Recycling and Waste Minimization. As such, both primary and recycled aspects will be considered. Possible specific topics included Mineralogy, Geometallurgy, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Comminution, Classification, Physical Separations, Liquid–Solid Separations, Leaching, Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon, Precipitation, Reduction, Process Economics and Process Control. Suggested application areas were in Gold, Silver, PGM’s, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, and Titanium. Critical Metals articles on topics such as Lithium, Antimony Tellurium, Gallium, Germanium, Cobalt, Graphite, Indium, and Rare Earth were also welcome. As such, this Special Issue of Metals was well supported by diverse submissions and the final publication of high-quality peer-reviewed articles.
    Keywords: BOS filter cakes ; butyric acid ; selective leaching ; leaching behaviors ; zinc ; iron ; chalcocite ; sulphide leaching ; copper ; reusing water ; desalination residue ; ecological treatment ; leaching ; black copper ore ; copper wad ; copper pitch ; comminution ; grinding circuit ; Swebrec function ; size distribution models ; modelling ; lateritic ore ; iron and steelmaking wastes ; alkalis ; aqueous treatment ; waste treatment ; reducing agent ; manganese ; viscoelasticity ; quartz ; kaolin ; seawater ; magnesium precipitates ; chalcopyrite concentrate ; hydrogen peroxide ; sulfuric acid ; leaching kinetics ; copper tailings ; rheology ; fractal aggregates ; thickening ; MnO2 ; acid media ; ANOVA ; dissolution ; arsenic ; trisulfide ; copper sulfate ; kinetics ; shrinking core model ; time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis ; silica recovery ; column flotation ; mining waste ; waste reprocessing ; CuFeS2 ; chloride media ; manganese nodules ; thiosulfate ; gold leaching ; silver leaching ; kinetic analysis ; sedimentary ore ; diffusion control ; mixed control ; chalcopyrite ; ionic liquid ; bromide ; seawater flotation ; pyrite depression ; guar gum ; FBRM ; clay-based copper tailings ; fractal dimension ; mixing intensity ; population balance model ; seawater flocculation ; platinum-group metal ; metal precipitation ; ion-pair ; aliphatic primary amine ; hydrochloric acid ; enhanced flocculation ; water recovering ; magnesium removal ; shredded waste printed circuit boards ; precious metals ; bromine ; platinum group elements ; catalytic converters ; acidic fusion ; acidic leaching ; sulfation ; n/a ; nitrate ; gas scrubbing ; recovery ; gold ; refractory ; nitric acid ; microwave ; coal fly ash ; sandy grade alumina ; AlCl3·6H2O ; crystallization ; salting-out method ; gibbsite ; precipitation ; electric arc furnace dust ; monosodium glutamate ; ammonia leaching ; high-pressure leaching ; copper extraction ; silver extraction ; desilication ; malachite ; carbonate ; ammonium hydroxide ; heterogeneous model ; rare earth elements ; NdFeB permanent magnet ; hydrometallurgical ; electrodialysis (ED) ; lithium ; lithium-ion battery ; lithium sulfate ; multistage concentration (MSC) ; gold cyanide leaching ; sulfide minerals ; SART process ; cyanidation ; activated carbon ; metal–cyanide complex ; copper ore ; carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank ; cyanide complexes ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: environmental simulations ; polymer-based products ; artificial weathering ; degradation ; leaching ; soil contact ; carbon concrete composite ; irrigated construction elements ; environmental compatibility ; irrigated building materials ; environmental assessment ; evaluation concepts ; bio-based insulation ; earthen building materials ; volatile organic compounds ; semi-volatile organic compounds ; formaldehyde ; radon ; wooden toys ; emission test chamber ; flask method ; EN 717-3 ; microchamber ; Enchytraeids ; waterproof building materials ; ecotoxicology ; biotest ; geosynthetics ; geotextiles ; dynamic surface leaching test ; artificial ageing ; marine littering ; batch leaching test ; liquid-solid ratio ; column percolation test ; advection-dispersion model ; adsorption–desorption equilibrium ; clinoptilolite ; soil ; water ; CEC ; specific surface ; zeolitization ; hydrogen storage ; kinetics ; material life cycle assessment ; Eco-Indicator 99’ ; CML 2001 ; calcium phosphate ; calcium carbonate ; recycling ; environmental problems ; seashell ; leaching test ; equilibrium condition ; non-equilibrium condition ; modelling ; sorption kinetics ; non-linear sorption ; heterogeneity ; mineral recycling material ; compliance testing ; nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) ; engineered nanomaterial (ENM) ; sewage sludge incineration (SSI) ; ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) ; column elution ; agricultural use ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book is a compilation of works covering applied mathematical methods and their applications in complex engineering problems. The methods covered in this book include modeling and simulation, computation, analysis, control, optimization, data science, and machine learning. The engineering application topics include but are not limited to environmental engineering, cybersecurity, transportation, agriculture, smart grid, and next-generation manufacturing.
    Keywords: Phoronomics ; mechanics ; kinetics ; kinematics ; direction cosines ; Euler angles ; space dynamics ; digital computation ; control systems ; control engineering ; industrial cyber-physical systems ; cyber-attacks ; neural network ; model predictive control ; nonlinear chemical processes ; network classification ; network evolution ; network symmetries ; Green’s symmetry problem ; network invariants ; network internal dynamics ; symmetry ensembles ; propensities ; energy ; opening capability ; security ; smart grid ; group signature ; anonymous signature ; autonomous vehicle ; target detection ; multi-sensors ; fusion ; YOLO ; linear response eigenvalue problem ; block methods ; weighted Golub-Kahan-Lanczos algorithm ; convergence analysis ; thick restart ; mining vibrating screen ; theoretical rigid body model ; spring failures diagnosis ; amplitudes change ; real-time optimization ; nonlinear processes ; process control ; chemical reactor control ; distillation column control ; energy-based control ; payload swing attenuation ; linear matrix inequalities ; quadrotor ; larger Lipschitz constants ; comparative advantage ; transaction cost ; specialized production ; infra-marginal model ; agricultural division of labor ; velocity-slip ; temperature-jump ; homotopy analysis method ; nanofluids ; power-law fluids ; state estimation ; parameter estimation ; moving horizon estimation ; extended kalman filter ; ensemble kalman filter ; richards equation ; agro-hydrological systems ; economic model predictive control ; chemical processes ; responsive control ; artificial intelligence ; interpretability ; controller verification ; seashore soft soil ; cement ; sulfuric acid erosion ; stress–strain behavior ; mathematical model ; Micro Grid ; optimization theory ; optimization ; MATLAB simulation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 28
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.
    Keywords: precipitation ; leaching ; complexation ; anion effect ; equilibrium calculation ; rare earth elements ; magnets ; recycling ; recovery ; fluorides ; modelling ; clay minerals ; grain size characteristics ; in situ leaching ; simulated leaching ; ion-absorbed type rare earth ore ; coal ; acid mine drainage ; coal combustion byproducts ; kinetics ; apparent activation energy ; rare-earth elements ; scandium ; alumina production ; sinter processes ; red mud ; electrostatic precipitation dust ; alkali leaching ; lanthanide separation ; magnetic nanohydrometallurgy ; complexing nanoparticles ; magnetic nanoparticles ; magnetophoresis ; monazite processing ; urban mining ; REE ; sulfuric acid baking ; caustic digestion ; acid leaching ; water leaching ; coal utilization byproducts ; pregnant leach solution ; underclay ; organic acid ; rare earths ; distribution factor ; selective precipitation ; oxalates ; organic complexes ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 29
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Mercury is a global pollutant that affects the health of both humans and ecosystems. This Special Issue collects three review papers and six research articles that report on the latest findings on the mechanisms of mercury toxicology and its impacts on environmental health. This collection of papers provides useful, new information on the mechanisms of mercury toxicity and methods of improving the risk assessment of mercury exposure.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; toxicity ; Cd ; n/a ; chemokine ; sympathodominant state ; child development ; mRNA ; exposure assessment ; methylmercury ; Pb ; prenatal exposure ; heart rate variability ; review ; cortical precursors ; CCL4 ; Fish ; delayed toxicity ; dose-response relationship ; Hg ; severity ; low-dose exposure ; long term exposure ; methylmercury neurotoxicity ; brain ; correlation of signs and symptoms ; developmental neurotoxicity ; symptoms ; molecular mechanisms ; neurological findings ; delayed effects ; kinetics ; fetus ; oxidative stress ; mercury vapor ; metallothionein-III ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 30
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: In order to be able to analyze and give proper advice on sport techniques, it is important to understand the biomechanical and physiological demands of different sports. In a coaching situation, feedback to the athlete should be given without too much delay. Over the past decades, sensor technology-related to sports monitoring has developed with huge steps. Senors are lighter, data transmission is mostly wireless, and software applications are more user-friendly. This reprint is addressed to all kinds of sensors that are currently being used for monitoring different sports.
    Keywords: bending sensors ; flexion ; PyzoFlex ; ski bending ; ski deflection ; micro-sensor technology ; GNSS ; IMU ; disability ; heterogenous group ; cross-country skiing race ; performance analysis ; sub-technique classification ; time factor ; kayaking ; biomechanics ; canoe polo ; inertial measurement unit ; kinetics ; lower limbs ; load cells ; foot strap ; foot rest ; force measurements ; wearable sensors ; inline figure skating ; sports biomechanics ; human movement analysis ; propulsive force ; V2-skating skiing technique ; double-poling skiing technique ; global positioning system ; tracking system ; quantification ; substitutes ; high-intensity ; compensatory training ; monitoring system ; alpine skiing ; micro-electro-mechanical system sensors ; sport engineering ; training ; neural network ; motion sensor ; dance analysis ; data visualization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 31
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: This book focuses on some fundamental issues of polymers’ natural degradation. It is mostly devoted to the different aspects of biodegradation, but some data on the action of water, oxygen, ozone, and UV/Vis light is also included. The consideration of the biodegradation in vivo as the superposition of decay and synthesis provides the opportunity for a fresh look at well-known processes.
    Keywords: gelatin methacryloyl ; osteoinduction ; tannic acid ; crosslinking ; hydrogel ; biodegradable ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; chitosan ; electrospinning ; thermal oxidation ; biodegradation ; Sturm’s method ; biodegradation rates ; arterial hypertension ; vertebral cartilage ; rhomboid fossa ; anaerobic digestion ; biosorbent ; biostimulant ; magnetite ; nanoparticles ; kinetic model ; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ; pyrolysis ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; artificial neural networks (ANN) ; mechanochemical method ; recycled polyurethane foam ; orthogonal test ; tensile strength ; thermal conductivity ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; deep eutectic solvents ; polyethylene terephthalate ; Box-Behnken design ; microwave depolymerization ; biodegradable polyester ; ultrafine electrospun fibers ; tetraphenylporphyrin ; metalloporphyrin complexes ; Fe(III) ; Sn(IV) ; X-ray diffraction ; DSC ; spin probe EPR method ; SEM ; biopolymeric nanoparticles ; synthesis ; applications ; medicine ; agriculture ; mechanical recycling ; closed-loop ; polyolefins ; circular testing ; polymer degradation ; epoxy resin ; composite material ; hygrothermal ageing ; water diffusion ; Fick model deviation ; statistical analysis ; box plot ; PCA ; titanium silicon oxide ; hydrolytic degradation ; titania ; silica ; antimicrobial activity ; photocatalytic degradation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Today, more stringent regulations on SOx emissions and growing environmental concerns have led to considerable attention on sulfur recovery from hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen sulfide is commonly found in raw natural gas and biogas, even if a great amount is obtained through sweetening of sour natural gas and hydrodesulphurization of light hydrocarbons. It is highly toxic, extremely corrosive and flammable, and for these reasons, its elimination is necessary prior to emission in atmosphere. There are different technologies for the removal of H2S, the drawbacks of which are the high costs and limited H2S conversion efficiency. The main focus of this Special Issue will be on catalytic oxidation processes, but the issue is devoted to the development of catalysts able to maximize H2S conversion to sulfur minimizing SO2 formation, pursuing the goal of “zero SO2 emission”.This Special Issue is particularly devoted to the preparation of novel powdered/structured supported catalysts and their physical–chemical characterization, the study of the aspects concerning stability and reusability, as well as the phenomena that could underlie the deactivation of the catalyst.This Special Issue comprises seven articles, one communication, and one review regarding the desulfurization of sour gases and fuel oil, as well as the synthesis of novel adsorbents and catalysts for H2S abatement. In the following, a brief description of the papers included in this issue is provided to serve as an outline to encourage further reading.
    Keywords: hydrogen sulfide ; biocoal ; livestock manure ; agricultural safety ; fertilizer ; waste management ; air pollution ; odor ; kinetics ; Gompertz model ; phosphine ; manganese slag ; metal ions ; reaction mechanism ; mesoporous N-doped carbon coating ; silicon carbide composites ; gas-tail desulfurization treatment ; BTX contaminants ; elemental sulfur ; chicken eggshell ; waste valorization ; adsorption ; biogas ; flue gas ; polyoxometalate ; dicationic ionic liquids ; extraction ; oxidative desulfurization ; dibenzothiophene ; adsorbent ; purification ; H2S removal ; response surface methodology (RSM) ; H2S selective partial oxidation ; sulfur ; sulfur dioxide ; vanadium-based catalysts ; hydrochar ; mixed metal oxides ; H2S conversion ; n/a ; gas purification ; direct catalytic oxidation ; fluidized catalyst bed ; hydrogen sulfide removal facilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQK Pollution control
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  • 33
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Agricultural practices, industrial manufacturing, and household consumption are just a few of the activities that contribute to the production of food waste biomass. Modern environmental theories, like the circular economy, are thought to be the impulse behind the implementation of zero-waste policies. The huge percentage of such residual biomass has significant potential to be used as a raw material to produce novel products and specialty feedstock through biorefining procedures, even though the high volume of waste originating from the food industry raises serious concerns regarding both economic and environmental aspects. Given that many plant parts that are rejected during fruit and vegetable processing (e.g., leaves, branches, peels, roots, stems, and seeds) carry a sizable load of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, the recovery of valuable secondary metabolites from waste plant tissues is an appealing prospect in this regard. This specific group of substances exhibits a wide range of chemical compositions with diverse biological characteristics and functions, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as chemoprotective effects against cancer and other degenerative diseases.
    Keywords: oyster shell waste ; washing method ; sodium chloride ; impurities ; particle size ; anaerobic digestion ; agricultural inputs ; biochemical methane potential ; biodegradability ; lignocellulosic biomasses ; manures ; agriculture ; agricultural waste management ; allelopathic effect ; invasive species ; phytoremediation ; rice straw ; rice bran ; rice husk ; agricultural waste ; valorization ; circular economy ; biomass ; bioeconomy ; kinetics ; lignocellulosic biomass ; mechanical pretreatment ; methane potential ; twin-screw extrusion ; fruit and vegetable ; biowaste ; synergies ; matchmaking ; platform ; industrial symbiosis ; waste management ; sustainability ; green building ; recycle ; food waste ; lightweight concrete ; lime concrete ; fruit shells ; coarse aggregate replacement ; sugarcane bagasse ; pentose liquor ; dark fermentation ; biohydrogen ; organic acids ; biorefinery ; fungi ; laccase ; microcosm ; homogenisation ; hemicellulose ; cellulose ; fibre ; conventional limestone ; waste brown eggshells ; polylactic acid ; mechanical properties ; bio-composite ; Aspergillus niger ; ellagitannins ; phenolic compounds ; punica granatum ; saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solid-state fermentation ; limonene ; alpha-pinene ; biotransformation ; terpene ; flavouring agent ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 34
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The recovery of solid wastes for the preparation of innovative composite materials not only represents an economic advantage, but also offers an ecological opportunity for the utilization of by-products which would otherwise be landfilled. Specifically, the reuse and recycling of waste lead to important savings of raw materials and energy, since these by-products, generally deriv from agricultural or industrial activities, are abundant in nature. Moreover, a reduction of the environmental and related sanitary impacts can be also achieved. For this reason, a recycling operation is fundamental for the improvement of the environmental sustainability, because these secondary raw materials become a resource that can be easily reused without the modification of the peculiar characteristics, in order to obtain new and performing composites, with a low specific weight, high durability, and long life cycle.
    Keywords: Radioactive soil waste ; Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore ; SHS ; CeO2 ; Immobilization ; cementitious grout ; green grout ; cement ; slag substitution ; valorization ; circular economy ; cellulose aerogel ; oil absorbent ; cellulose ; white bamboo fibril ; water pollution ; natural rubber ; nanosilica ; mechanical property ; fertilizer plant ; hexafluorosilicic acid ; waste water ; cement composites ; recycled waste porous glass ; end-of-life tyre rubber ; safe production ; thermal insulation ; mechanical resistance ; render ; cement and cement-lime reinforced mortars ; natural fiber ; sheep’s wool ; sustainability ; chitosan film ; emerging pollutants ; ketoprofen ; food waste ; adsorption ; recycle ; recycled expanded polystyrene ; cement mortars ; eggshell ; Direct Blue 78 ; kinetics ; isotherms ; pulsed light ; fiber reinforced ; cementless composites ; microscopic property ; co-fired fly ash ; green materials ; biochar ; wheat straw ; sorbent ; cobalt ; copper ; soil ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Iron is an essential element for almost all organisms, a cofactor playing a crucial role in a number of vital functions, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and respiration. However, its ability to exchange electrons renders excess iron potentially toxic, since it is capable of catalyzing the formation of highly poisonous free radicals. As a consequence, iron homeostasis is tightly controlled by sophisticated mechanisms that have been partially elucidated. Because of its biological importance, numerous disorders have been recently linked to the deregulation of iron homeostasis, which include not only the typical disorders of iron overload and deficiency but also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This leads iron metabolism to become an interesting therapeutic target for novel pharmacological treatments against these diseases. Several therapies are currently under development for hematological disorders, while other are being considered for different pathologies. The therapeutic targeting under study includes the hepcidin/ferroportin axis for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, complex cytosolic machineries for the regulation of the intracellular iron status and its association with oxidative damage, and reagents exploiting proteins of iron metabolism such as ferritin and transferrin receptor. A promising potential target is a recently described form of programmed cell death named ferroptosis, in which the role of iron is essential but not completely clarified. This Special Issue has the aim to summarize the state-of-the-art, and the latest findings published in the iron field, as well as to elucidate future directions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QD415-436 ; Q1-390 ; developmental ; Anemia of chronic disease ; neurodegeneration ; supplementation ; MHC ; iron chelation therapy ; osteoblast ; serum biomarker ; FeSO4 ; haptoglobin ; prevention ; brain development ; pituitary ; trauma ; hepcidin ; Alzheimer’s disease ; chaotropes ; social behavior ; Africa ; macrophage ; anemia of inflammation ; Tfr2 ; chelation ; cardiomyocyte ; IV iron therapy ; Oxidative stress ; treatment ; chronic kidney disease ; iron homeostasis ; oxygen sensing ; iron chelators ; age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ; pharmaceutical targets ; non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) ; iron dextran ; pulmonary arterial hypertension ; labile iron ; low and middle income countries ; ferroportin ; gut microbiota ; reducibility ; non-HFE ; oxidative stress ; antitumor compound ; senescence ; electron transfer ; nanotechnology ; iron deficiency ; neonatal period ; heme oxygenase ; hypoxia ; Anemia ; NCOA4 ; patient blood management ; microbiome ; anemia ; iron mobilization ; iron release ; phlebotomy ; peritoneal dialysis ; Friedreich Ataxia ; ferritin ; CD8+ T cells ; M cells ; neurodegenerative disease ; NaFeEDTA ; vascular calcification ; cinnamic acid derivatives ; oral iron salts ; lipid ; acute lung injury ; Iron-sulfur ; Interleukin-6 ; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation ; macrophages ; erythroblastic islands ; cystic fibrosis ; neuroimmune responses ; flavin nucleotide ; hemopexin ; Iron chelators ; nutrient iron ; developing countries ; hereditary hypoferritinemia ; iron ; cancer ; Indonesia ; n/a ; Hfe ; HFE ; chronic heart failure ; iron supplementation ; intestinal inflammation ; TNF ; chelators ; hemolysis ; children ; pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells ; cytokines ; didox ; intravenous iron ; T lymphocytes ; colorectal cancer ; infants ; liver ; ferritinophagy ; hereditary hyperferritinemia ; SCFA ; rheumatoid arthritis ; membrane interactions ; Sucrosomial® iron ; lung ; Kupffer cell ; iron chelation ; erythrophagocytosis ; acute kidney injury ; neurophysiology ; iron transporters ; iron absorption ; infection ; ferroptosis ; fluorescent iron chelator ; neonatal ; SNC ; immunity ; mycobacteria ; non-haem iron ; natural history ; 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ; haem ; inflammation ; bone homeostasis ; cardiovascular disease ; heme ; heme homeostasis ; protein binding ; brain ; iron deficiency anemia ; Fe2+-chelating activity ; bioengineering ; Mek/Erk ; Bmp/Smad ; iron delivery ; genetic hemochromatosis ; osteoclast ; histidine ; rhodamine ; COPD ; hemorrhage ; antibacterial activity ; bacteria ; SLC40A1 ; transferrin receptor ; drug delivery ; nanocage ; soybean seed ferritin ; pig ; iron metabolism ; kidney ; innate immunity ; cataracts syndrome ; erythropoiesis ; obesity ; mucosal immunity ; iron overload ; fluorophore ; binding ability ; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ; osteoporosis ; biomarker ; bioavailability ; adverse event profile ; metabolism ; iron-carbohydrate complex ; kinetics ; flavonoids ; iron regulatory proteins ; lung infection ; non transferrin bound iron ; central nurse macrophage ; iron processing ; malaria ; neurodegenerative diseases ; multifunctional iron chelators ; retina ; neuroinflammation ; anti-hepcidin therapy ; lung diseases ; anaemia ; RRM2 ; cognition ; mitochondria ; therapy ; NBIA ; red pulp macrophage ; efficacy ; hemochromatosis ; tolerability ; oral iron therapy ; growth ; venesections ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Pyrometallurgy is considered to be an environmentally friendly technology in processing of primary and secondary raw materials. The continuous development of pyrometallurgical processes to treat more complex raw materials requires direct support from fundamental research. In this reprint, 18 papers focusing on recent investigations into the existing and new pyrometallurgical processes such as recovery of cobalt through chlorination–volatilization, the extraction of tungsten from low-grade concentrates, copper and lead smelting, ironmaking, and steelmaking are collected. This reprint is expected to serve as a valuable reference for academia and the industry working on thermodynamics, kinetics, and technological optimization and development.
    Keywords: phase equilibria ; thermodynamics ; Na2O-SiO2-WO3 system ; liquidus temperature ; pyrometallurgy ; chlorination–volatilization ; cobalt oxide ; calcium chloride ; phases of calcines ; gear steel ; inclusions characteristics ; EPMA ; sulphide modification ; copper smelting ; bottom-blowing ; SKS ; slag ; fluid dynamic ; oxide metallurgy ; high heat input welding ; Ti-Ca deoxidation ; inclusion evolution ; formation mechanism ; blast furnace ; data pre-processing ; extreme outlier ; gas utilization rate ; support vector regression ; carbon brick ; corrosion resistance to molten iron ; carburization ; iron infiltration ; sinter ; sintering liquid ; sinter softening behaviour ; lead-rich slag ; kinetics ; fluxes ; FactSage ; reduction mechanisms ; continuous casting ; tundish ; argon blowing ; protective casting ; numerical simulation ; basic Oxygen Furnace steelmaking ; intelligent manufacturing ; functional data analysis ; phase plane ; blowing period recognition ; anomaly monitoring ; end-point time prediction ; arsenic distribution ; arsenic control ; blister copper ; anode copper ; smelting slag ; converting slag ; copper metallurgy ; plume eye ; bottom-blowing copper smelting ; water model ; CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system ; blast furnace slag ; basicity ; copper smelting slag ; smelting reduction ; Cu-Fe alloy ; tungsten ; pyrometallurgical smelting ; sodium tungstate ; wolframite ; high-proportion pellet ; desulphurization ; removal of alkali ; ironmaking ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This reprint focuses on the effective removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater using unique freestanding polymeric-based methods. It also examines innovative green methods for efficiently reusing various solid waste products. In addition, several new eco-friendly hybrid materials are being reviewed in order to alleviate the problem of water pollution in novel, rapid, and efficient methods.
    Keywords: cyanoguanidine-modified chitosan adsorbent ; Congo red dye ; adsorption kinetics ; adsorption isotherms ; adsorption thermodynamic ; Nelumbo nucifera leaf adsorbent ; fixed-bed column ; immobilization ; breakthrough curve ; desorption ; polymer complexant ; rare earth separation ; phosphorylated chitosan ; complexation–ultrafiltration ; kinetic study ; Eucalyptus ; biochar ; arsenic ; fluoride ; methylene blue ; activated carbon ; agro-waste ; wastewater ; adsorption ; cationic dyes ; low-cost adsorbents ; bio-waste ; Sargassum latifolium ; methylene blue dye ; water pollution ; equilibrium isotherm ; plasma ; produced water ; membranes ; desalination ; gliding arc ; nanofiltration ; nanofibers ; ROMP ; thiol-functionalized polymer ; polynorbornene dicarboximide ; heavy metal adsorption ; lead ; cadmium ; nickel ; fabrication techniques ; inorganic contaminants ; organic pollutants ; polymer nanocomposites ; water treatment ; polyamine ; industrial wastewater treatment ; heavy metal ions ; hypercrosslinked polymer ; porous polymer ; catechol ; Fenton catalyst ; dye degradation ; nanofilter ; nanocomposite ; water ; purification ; capillary-driven flow ; biocompatible ; biodegradable ; Ismate violet 2R dye ; IV2R ; ZnO-NP ; BET ; kinetics ; isotherm modelling ; thermodynamic ; poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) ; thermo-responsive membrane ; hydrophilic hydrogel support ; interfacial polymerization ; electrospun nanofibers ; polyethylene terephthalate ; superhydrophobic nanosilica ; solid-phase microextraction ; organochlorine pesticides ; electrospun-nanofibers ; Calix[4]arene ; polyurethane ; polysulfone ; extraction ; chlorobenzenes ; heavy metals ; environmental remediation ; polyaniline ; coconut fiber ; electrospinning ; nickel titanate ; photodegradation ; mathematical modeling ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Kinetics and reactor modeling for heterogeneous catalytic reactions are prominent tools for investigating and understanding catalyst functionalities at nanoscale and the related rates of complex reaction networks. This book illustrates some examples related to the transformation of simple to more complex feedstocks, including different types of reactor designs, i.e., steady-state, transient plug flow reactors, and TAP reactors for which there is sometimes a strong gap in the operating conditions from ultra-high-vacuum to high-pressure conditions. In conjunction, new methodologies have emerged, giving rise to more robust microkinetics models. As exemplified, they include the kinetics and the dynamics of the reactors and span a large range of length and time scales. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide contributions that can illustrate recent advances and novel methodologies for elucidating the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions and the necessary multiscale approach for optimizing the reactor design. This book is dedicated to postgraduate and scientific researchers, and experts in heterogeneous catalysis. It may also serve as a source of original information for the elaboration of lessons on catalysis for Master students.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; microkinetics ; n/a ; internal effectiveness factor ; FTIR spectroscopy ; automation ; power-law ; AEIR method ; promoter ; TAP reactor ; rhodium ; Temkin model ; mechanism analysis ; H2S ; N2O ; catalytic decomposition ; cracking ; 1 ; 2 ; methanol-to-olefins (MTO) ; zeolite ; ZSM-23 ; kinetic model ; pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor ; methane ; effective diffusion coefficient ; SAPO-18 ; kinetics ; alkali metal ; ZSM-5 ; digitalization ; gas-phase oxidation ; kinetic modeling ; temporal analysis of products ; selective oxidation ; Methyl Ethyl Ketone ; amorphous calcium phosphate ; reactor modeling ; HNO3 ; 3-Butadiene ; transient kinetics ; catalytic combustion ; cobalt mixed oxide ; 3-Butanediol dehydration ; ammonia decomposition ; heats of adsorption ; Pd/?-Al2O3 ; SAPO-34 ; Langmuir–Hinshelwood ; hierarchical graphite felts ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 39
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The triple-R model (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is the essential concept of the circular economy. Due to population growth, the recovery of added-value products from wastes has become a challenge. Wastewaters of different origin (urban, industrial, mining, textile, distillery, and microbial culture, among others) are rich in energy, water, and nutrient sources that can be recovered and reused within a circular economy framework. Recently, wastewater treatment plants have been converted into biofactories, since they can convert waste into new products (water, nutrients, fertilizers, biomethane, electricity, heat, etc.) with a minimal environmental impact. In this context, adsorption and ion-exchange, as well as the integration of both processes, have been proposed as promising technologies for the treatment of wastewaters for resource recovery. Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue, entitled “Wastewater Treatment by Adsorption and/or Ion-Exchange Processes for Resource Recovery”, is to promote these two processes as innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives for the recovery of secondary raw materials from by-products or waste streams. These processes could improve the environmental, economic, and social impacts of the currently used wastewater treatment techniques.
    Keywords: clay ; dye ; adsorption ; isotherm ; kinetics ; hydroxyapatite ; calcium carbonate ; coating ; heavy metal sorption ; groundwater remediation ; adsorption technology ; ultra-sonication ; phosphate removal ; granular ferric hydroxide ; micro-sized adsorbents ; organic acid ; circular economy ; optimization process ; bio-economy ; response surface methodology ; corn stream ; surface-active compounds ; eco-adsorbents ; green membranes ; resource recovery ; hybrid biosorbent ; desorption ; thermodynamic ; nanofiltration ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 40
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The development of effective treatment methods or the synthesis of new effective adsorbents capable of selective sorption of toxic substances is now of great importance. This reprint contains articles focused on wastewater treatment containing heavy metal ions, and hormones from synthetic and real solutions using different types of adsorbent, such as synthetic ion exchangers, natural and synthetic aluminosilicates, zeolites, magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes, biosorbents, imprinted polymers, and magnetic adsorbents, as well as cost estimation of activated carbon production from waste nutshells by physical activation could be found.
    Keywords: economic evaluation ; production cost ; nutshell waste ; activated carbon ; magnetic multiwall carbon nanotube ; adsorption ; kinetics ; isotherm ; thermodynamic ; lead ; date seeds ; thermodynamics ; T. longibrachiatum ; T. fasciculatum ; bioadsorption ; cadmium ; heavy metals ; isotherms ; bioadsorption mechanism ; mycoremediation ; amino group ; kinetic ; multifunction ; cation ; anion ; β-estradiol ; akaganeite nanorods ; adsorptive removal ; endocrine disruptors ; desirability function ; divalent cobalt ; Lemna gibba ; biosorption ; desorption ; SEM-EDX ; androgenic hormones ; solid-phase extraction ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; trenbolone ; nickel removal ; ion exchangers ; water pollution ; Lewatit MonoPlus TP220 ; lead (II) ; Azadirachta indica leaves ; water ; metals ; smectite ; kaolinite ; zeolites ; nanomaterials ; remediation ; bioelectrochemical systems ; wastewater ; nanocomposites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The search for alternative sources of energy is an attempt to solve two of the main problems facing the modern world. Today's resources are mainly based on fossil flammable substances such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The first problem is related to the expected and observed depletion of deposits, not only those available but also less accessible. Another is related to global warming from emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) as well as emissions of other pollutants in the atmosphere. Mitigating the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is an obvious challenge for mankind. This Special Issue includes articles on the search for new raw materials and new technologies for obtaining energy, such as those existing in nature, methane hydrates, biomass, etc., new more efficient technologies for generating electricity, as well as analyses of the possibilities and conditions of use of these resources for practical applications.
    Keywords: thermoelectric generation ; turbo-generator ; exhaust heat recovery ; kinetics ; pyrolysis ; wood-based panels ; Van KREVELEN systematics ; TG-MS/FTIR analysis ; CH4 hydrate ; replacement ; IGCC syngas ; in-situ Raman ; thermodynamic cycles ; ORC ; efficiency ; energy consumption ; comminution ; grinding ; multi-disc mill ; energy consumption index ; energy assessment ; wind power plant ; sustainable development ; modernization ; recycling ; solar energy ; wind energy ; energy efficiency ; environmental impact ; economic evaluation ; on-grid system ; HOMER Pro software ; natural gas hydrate ; critical velocity ; solid fluidization method ; water jet ; ultimate breaking distance ; biofuel policy ; efficiency rating ; ethanol ; data mining ; waste-to-energy ; sector coupling ; waste incineration ; waste heat recovery in desalination ; efficiency increasing in waste incineration ; waste plastic oil ; biodiesel ; castor oil ; emission ; diesel engine ; parallel plugin hybrid ; hybrid two-wheeler ; load-levelling control (LLC) ; equivalent fuel-consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) ; battery ageing ; fuel economy ; engine switching and charge sustained ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This Special Issue comprises 15 papers broadly outlining current trends in nucleic acid biophysics. It contains original research papers and reviews on structure, stability, and interactions of canonical and non-canonical nucleic acids. The authors describe the use of established, time-honored experimental and computational techniques as well as their more recently developed counterparts. Molecular insights that can be gained from the papers collected in this issue range from the fundamental to the applied with emphasis on biological functions and biomedical prospects of nucleic acids. The collection is not meant to be exhaustive, but to highlight recent advances from select laboratories worldwide. Nevertheless, it represents a useful guide for scientists who wish to familiarize themselves with biophysical topics in nucleic acid research. This Special Issue will be useful both for researchers who study fundamental aspects of nucleic acid structure, stability, and dynamics, as well as for those that are mainly interested in practical biological and biomedical applications of nucleic acids.
    Keywords: nucleic acid structures ; nucleic acid conformation ; biological structure database ; DNA ; RNA ; validation standards ; G-quadruplex ; replication ; thermodynamics ; ligand ; topology ; quadruplex-duplex hybrids ; minor groove binding drugs ; stability ; optical spectroscopy ; nucleic acids ; charge ; electrostatic potential ; ab initio methods ; NMR spectroscopy ; molecular dynamics ; forcefield ; AMBER ; B-DNA ; DNA-hairpin ; perchlorates ; brines ; pressure ; Mars ; habitability ; DNA minor groove binder ; mixed base-pair DNA sequences ; sequence selectivity ; ligand–DNA complex thermodynamic ; molecular curvature ; heterocyclic diamidine ; biosensor ; calorimetry ; DNA conjugate ; metal ion ; triple helix ; silver ion ; lanthanide ; ATP sensor ; aptamer ; terpyridine ; sequence edition ; DNAzyme ; molecular dynamics simulation (MD) ; potential of mean force (PMF) ; dsDNA–dsDNA interactions ; flexibility ; origins of life ; DNA-protein networks ; protocells ; DNA sequence-dependent structure ; DNA deformability ; DNA sequence context ; DNA curvature ; DNA minicircles ; hydrostatic pressure ; volume ; CD spectroscopy ; G-quadruplexes ; potassium ; polymorphism ; kinetics ; folding ; kinetic models ; fitting ; aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) ; salicylic acid polymers ; methylene-salicylic acid ; SARS-CoV-2 ; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) ; yeast ribosomes ; human serum albumin (HSA) ; molecular recognition ; biological function and viral disease ; inhibitor binding ; single-molecule biophysics ; nucleic acid thermodynamics ; statistical mechanics ; fluctuation theorems ; computational biophysics ; n/a ; drug discovery ; drug-target interactions ; thermodynamic binding signatures ; isothermal titration calorimetry ; lead optimization ; fragment-based drug discovery ; drug-like properties ; enthalpic efficiency ; group efficiency ; lipophilic efficiency ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The chemical industry is essential in the daily humn life of modern society; despite the misconception about the real need for chemical production, everyone enjoys the benefit of the chemical progress. However, the chemical industry generates a large variety of products, including (i) basic chemicals, e.g., polymers, petrochemicals, and basic inorganics; (ii) specialty chemicals for crop protection, paints, inks, colorants, textiles, paper, and engineering; and (iii) consumer chemicals, including detergents, soaps, etc. For these reasons, chemists in both acdemia and industry are challenged with developing green and sustainable chemical production towrad the full-recycling of feedstocks and waste. Aiming to improve the intensification of the process, chemists have established chemical reactions based on catalysis, as well as alternative technologies, such as continuous flow. The aim of this book is to cover promising recent research and novel trends in the field of novel catalytic reactions (homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic, as well as their combinations) in continuous flow conditions. A collection of recent contribution for conversion of starting material originated from petroleum resources or biomass into highly-added value chemicals are reported.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; dynamic mesh ; catalytic hydrodechlorination ; Pd catalyst ; fuel reactor ; catalysis ; alcohols ; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ; ketones ; numerical prediction ; heterogeneous catalyst ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ; CO2 capture ; chemical looping combustion ; SBA-15 ; biodiesel ; ?-valerolactone ; (bio) catalysis ; economizer ; erosion rate ; magnesium ; circulating fluidized bed ; continuous reactor ; erosion evolution ; kinetics ; Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction ; flow microreactor ; CFD ; micro reactor ; Oppenauer oxidation ; chlorophenols ; succinate ; aldehydes ; multiphase catalysis ; methyl levulinate ; pheromone ; zirconium ; flow chemistry ; continuous flow ; biomass ; glucose ; oxidation ; dialkyl succinates ; tube-in-tube ; aerobic ; chemo-enzymatic catalysis ; homogeneous catalysis ; lipase Cal B ; expiry period ; titanium dioxide ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The high demand for advanced metallic materials raises the need for an extensive recycling of metals and such a sustainable use of raw materials. ""Sustainable Utilization of Metals - Processing, Recovery and Recycling"" comprises the latest scientific achievements in efficient production of metals and such addresses sustainable resource use as part of the circular economy strategy. This policy drives the present contributions, aiming on the recirculation of EoL-streams such as Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), multi-metal alloys or composite materials back into metal production. This needs a holistic approach, resulting in the maximal avoidance of waste. Considering both aspects, circular economy and material design, recovery and use of minor metals play an essential role, since their importance for technological applications often goes along with a lack of supply on the world market. Additionally, their ignoble character and low concentration in recycling materials cause an insufficient recycling rate of these metals, awarding them the status of “critical metals”. In order to minimize losses and energy consumption, this issue explores concepts for the optimization concerning the interface between mechanical and thermal pre-treatment and metallurgical processes. Such new approaches in material design, structural engineering and substitution are provided in the chapters.
    Keywords: TX1-1110 ; T1-995 ; n/a ; tramp element ; reuse ; titanium recovery ; smartphone ; electrolytic manganese ; chemical equilibrium diagram ; thermodynamics ; displays ; selective extraction ; negative activation energy ; rare earths ; precipitation ; yttrium ; melting behavior ; zinc ; Bayer process ; silver leaching ; lanthanum ; steel scrap ; waste utilization ; super-gravity ; solvent extraction ; scandium ; magnesium ; gravity separation ; dynamic material flow model ; electrolytic lodes and scrapings ; enrichment of Ti ; ammonium scandium hexafluoride ; carbothermal reduction ; simultaneous recovery ; karst bauxite ; fines ; vanadium ; silver ; oxygen-depolarized cathodes ; ionic liquids ; flotation ; steelmaking dust ; aluminium purification ; zinc recycling ; physical separation ; manganese ; intermetallic formation ; gold ; aluminum alloy ; copper ; slag valorization ; reduction of Co ; NMC batteries ; process development ; REE–Nb–Fe ore ; bauxite residue ; hydrometallurgy ; Zinc ; polythermal section ; alkaline leaching ; electric arc furnace ; neodymium ; environmentally friendly process ; electrodeposition ; volatilization ; characterization ; rheorefining ; Li-ion battery ; anti-solvent crystallization ; basic oxygen furnace ; Bayan Obo ; selective precipitation ; pyrolysis ; WPCBs ; cold-bonded briquettes ; separation ; battery pre-treatment ; dysprosium ; dust ; metal recovery ; pyrometallurgy ; thermal treatment ; jarosite ; lifetime of steel ; leaching ; rare-earths ; sustainable development ; industry sector ; closed-loop circulation ; circular economy ; iron removal ; kinetics ; polishing waste ; material flow analysis ; cerium ; rare earth elements ; recycling potential ; halogenation ; ultra-high purity ; cryogenic pre-treatment ; Tin recovery ; refining ; WPCB ; desulfurization ; spent catalysts ; trace elements ; dimethyl sulfoxide ; vacuum distillation ; industrial residue ; condensation ; glass polishing waste ; flash smelting ; red mud ; microwave assisted pyrolysis ; NdFeB magnets ; cavitation ; sludge ; cementation ; indium ; metallurgy ; recycling ; gallium ; copper removal ; jarosite residue ; preparation for recovery ; laterites ; scandium recovery ; blast furnace ; circulation ; recycling rate
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The aim of this Special Issue was to propose, on the basis of the evidence that the current literature provides, new training techniques and specific evaluation methods for the different populations practicing physical activity.
    Keywords: balance ; fatigue ; female ; support leg ; recovery ; body composition ; BIVA ; phase angle ; R-Xc graph ; somatotype ; total body water ; vector length ; aerobic exercise ; obesity ; resistance exercise ; subjective health status ; walking ; Sarcopenia ; gait speed ; cardiorespiratory responses ; physical fitness ; older people ; exercise ; cooling ; thermal ; environment ; endurance ; EMG ; quadriceps ; gluteus maximus ; adductor longus ; weight training ; strength training ; front squat ; back squat ; feet stance ; spot reduction ; resistance training ; adipose tissue ; MENS ; oxygen consumption ; deoxyhemoglobin kinetics ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; lactate ; cycling ; countermovement jump ; sports performance ; PAP ; RM ; training ; VO2 kinetics ; muscle oxygenation ; judo ; upper body ; arm crank ; repeated sprint ability ; bioelectrical impedance ; vector analysis ; lean soft tissue ; fat mass ; muscle mass ; track and field ; sprinters ; sprint start ; block start ; block velocity ; biomechanics ; kinematics ; kinetics ; sprint running ; initial acceleration ; sprint first stance ; sprint first two steps ; field-based tests ; amputee soccer ; assessment ; disability ; impairment ; athletes ; adapted sport ; training programs ; physical activity ; effort ; patients ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Manufacturers of soft polymer products, as well as suppliers and processors of polymers, raw materials, and compounds or blends are compelled to use predictive and advanced laboratory testing in their search for high-performance soft polymer materials for future applications. The collection of 12 publications contained in this edition therefore presents different methods used to solve problems in the characterization of various phenomena in soft polymer materials, asks relevant questions and offers appropriate solutions.
    Keywords: ultraviolet radiation ; thermoplastic elastomer ; high vinyl S-B-S ; photoinitiator ; mechanical properties ; rubber ; curing ; bismaleimide ; tensile strength ; Diels–Alder reaction ; effective electrical resistance ; elastomer sensors ; natural rubber ; local strain ; conductive filler ; digital image correlation ; strain sweep ; rheometer ; rubber process analyzer ; swelling ; absorption ; infrared spectroscopy ; mass spectrometry ; gas chromatography ; mechanical behavior ; synthetic aviation fuels ; 3D printed elastomers ; elastomer ; fast characterization ; energy stored and released ; heat source reconstruction ; intrinsic dissipation ; infrared thermography ; engine mount ; elastomer characterisation ; experimental testing ; resonance frequency ; dynamic stiffness ; parameter identification ; electrodynamic shaker ; test bench ; cogging torque ; synchronous machine ; carbon black ; tensile ; Mullins effect ; Payne effect ; dynamic strain ; hysteresis ; material testing ; rheology ; Poisson’s ratio ; viscoelasticity ; plasticizer ; polarity ; carbon black network ; simultaneous mechanical and dielectric analysis ; mechanical stability ; glass transition ; kinetics ; resin ; BDS ; FDSC ; nanocomposites ; carbon nanotubes ; atomic force microscopy ; dynamical mechanical analysis ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Reactions at mineral surfaces are central to all geochemical processes. As minerals comprise the rocks of the Earth, the processes occurring at the mineral–aqueous fluid interface control the evolution of the rocks and hence the structure of the crust of the Earth during processes such as metamorphism, metasomatism, and weathering. In recent years focus has been concentrated on mineral surface reactions made possible through the development of advanced analytical methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), advanced electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), phase shift interferometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and advanced synchrotron-based applications, to enable mineral surfaces to be imaged and analyzed at the nanoscale. Experiments are increasingly complemented by molecular simulations to confirm or predict the results of these studies. This has enabled new and exciting possibilities to elucidate the mechanisms that govern mineral–fluid reactions. In this Special Issue, “Mineral Surface Reactions at the Nanoscale”, we present 12 contributions that highlight the role and importance of mineral surfaces in varying fields of research.
    Keywords: QE1-996.5 ; Q1-390 ; metadynamics ; minerals ; n/a ; microstructure ; dissolution-reprecipitation ; stabilization ; albite ; mineral–water interface ; simulation ; krennerite ; mineralogy ; mineral replacement ; calcite ; pyrite ; dissolution-precipitation ; goethite ; recrystallization ; gold–(silver) tellurides ; isotopes ; non-classical nucleation ; calaverite ; interfacial precipitation ; toxic metals ; metasomatism ; adsorption ; amorphous ; pre-nucleation clusters ; surface ; dissolution ; hematite ; cyanide ; MOFs ; leaching ; Raman spectroscopy ; sodalite ; carbonation ; rate spectra ; retreat velocity ; additives ; liquid precursors ; bioaragonite ; brucite ; kinetics ; re-adsorption ; brushite ; polymorphs ; dissolution–precipitation ; hydrothermal experiments ; apatite ; ferrihydrite ; mesocrystals ; catalysts ; carbonic anhydrase ; XPS ; replacement reaction ; mineral growth ; carbon capture and storage ; interfaces ; citrate ; classical nucleation theory ; REEs ; phosphate ; wollastonite ; polarization microscopy ; natural porous gold ; sylvanite ; analcime ; calcium phosphate ; Fe atom exchange ; nepheline ; biomineralisation ; interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation ; hydrothermal method ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book entitled “Chemical Symmetry Breaking” is a collective volume of state-of-the-art reports on unique nonlinear chemical and physical symmetry-breaking phenomena that were experimentally observed upon a thermally or photochemically induced phase transition in various organic condensed phases, such as metastable liquid crystals, crystals, amorphous solids, and colloidal polymer materials, only under nonequilibrium conditions. Each author summarizes the introductory section in simple terms but in detail for beginners in this field. We wish that many readers familiarize themselves with the general concepts and features of nonlinear and nonequilibrium (or out of equilibrium) complexity theory, which govern a variety of unique dynamic behaviors observed in chemistry, physics, life science and other fields, so that they may discover novel symmetry-breaking phenomena in their own research areas.
    Keywords: amplification of chirality ; dynamic crystallization ; Diels–Alder reaction ; absolute asymmetric synthesis ; conglomerate ; racemization ; attrition-enhanced deracemization ; Viedma ripening ; reversible reaction ; enantiomorphic crystal ; polymorphism ; off-shell quantum field ; space-like momentum ; dressed photon ; micro-macro duality ; Clebsch dual field ; Majorana fermion ; the cosmological term ; Weyl tensor ; dark energy ; dark matter ; photomechanical ; crystal ; right–left symmetry breaking ; chiral symmetry breaking ; dissipative structure ; energy conversion ; mechanical work ; self-oscillation ; collective dynamics ; autonomous motion ; self-replication ; autocatalysis ; molecular motor ; molecular robot ; amorphous-to-crystal phase transformation ; detection of real-time symmetry breaking ; mechanofluorochromism ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; liquid-like cluster ; evaporative crystallization ; quartz crystal microbalance ; two-step nucleation model ; chiral ; circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) ; magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) ; spontaneous resolution ; chirality ; deracemization ; preferential enrichment ; thermodynamics ; phase diagrams ; kinetics ; symmetry breaking ; ferroelectricity ; antiferrolelectricity ; subphases ; resonant X-ray scattering ; vapochromism ; fluorescence ; macrocycles ; inclusion crystals ; host–guest chemistry ; spin symmetry breaking ; magnetic liquid crystals ; magneto-LC effect ; nitroxide radicals ; superparamagnetic domain ; spin glass state ; elastic organic crystals ; mechanical deformation ; π-conjugated molecules ; photoluminescence ; deformation-induced photoluminescence changes ; biomolecular handedness ; circular dichroism ; circularly polarized luminescence ; non-equilibrium ; colloid ; conjugated polymer ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book introduces a variety of treatment technologies, such as physical, chemical, and biological methods for the treatment of gas emissions, wastewater, and solid waste. It provides a useful source of information for engineers and specialists, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students, in the areas of environmental science and engineering.
    Keywords: adsorption ; chromium ; competition ; fluoride ; soil and water pollution ; municipal solid waste management ; life cycle assessment ; life cycle impacts ; life cycle stages ; eutrophication ; global warming ; human health ; acidification ; Harare ; Zimbabwe ; iron tailings ; ammonium sulfate roasting process ; reaction mechanism ; kinetics ; carbon footprint ; CiteSpace ; a visual analysis ; metronidazole ; porous carbon ; surface modification ; wastewater treatment ; membrane fouling ; molecular composition of foulant ; transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) ; fouling propensities ; waste incineration ; cyclone flue ; gas-solid separation ; numerical simulation ; polysaccharides ; microfiltration process ; calcium ion ; copper adsorption ; magnetized pine needle biochar ; isotherms ; FTIR and XRD studies ; VLE ; CO2 capture ; amine ; DEA-12-PD ; 12-HEPP ; porosity properties ; adsorption capacity ; carbon dioxide storage ; melamine Schiff bases ; surface area ; energy ; antimony ; mineral processing ; potentially toxic elements ; pollution characteristics ; solid waste ; cleaner production ; electronic waste ; recycling ; waste printed circuit boards ; waste EAF slag ; magnesium silicate hydrate ; radioactive waste ; stabilization/solidification ; strontium ; leaching ; membrane technologies ; biofouling ; composite membranes ; polymer blending ; wastewater treatment plants ; environmental costs ; PID control ; dynamic assessment of performance ; heavy metals ; hybrid materials ; functionalized ; Schiff base ; lead ; Langmuir and Freundlich ; carbon capture and storage (CCS) ; offshore gas field ; techno-economic analysis ; calcium oxide nanoparticles ; calcination ; blended cement paste ; mix design ; compressive strength ; bulk density ; transition metal dichalcogenides ; liquid exfoliation ; quenching ; waste collection route planning ; traveling salesman problem ; genetic algorithms ; steelmaking ; bentonite ; solid waste management ; sustainable materials ; biomass ; characterization ; lignocellulosic ; bioenergy ; water treatment ; nanomaterials ; functionalization ; lime ; mineral nitrogen ; soil pH ; organic carbon ; microbial biomass ; N2O ; batch pyrolysis ; business model ; South Africa ; waste tyres ; circular economy ; environmental sustainability ; mollusk shell ; porous concrete ; construction ; algal biomass ; gasification ; activation energy distribution ; household solid waste ; metal recovery value ; socio-economic benefits ; waste composition of Karachi-Pakistan ; waste management ; waste recycling ; ash-free coal ; CO2 gasification ; coal structure ; tri-high coal ; nanoparticles ; ZnO ; equilibrium ; kinetic ; thermodynamic ; phosphate ; aqueous solution ; sustainable synthetic slag production ; energy recovery ; metal spheres ; fixed bed regenerator ; waste and energy nexus ; antibiotics ; competitive sorption ; retention/release ; sorbents ; surface-flow constructed wetland ; nitrogen load ; nitrate ; ammonium ; organic nitrogen ; hydraulic load ; hydraulic residence time ; temperature ; denitrification ; biological uptake ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A high demand for metals (cobalt, copper, gold, lithium, nickel, tin, vanadium, etc.) has been recorded for the past several decades, and this demand is expected to increase even further in the coming decades as the world moves to low-carbon technologies based on renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) and away from the heavy use of fossil fuels. To meet the high forecasted demand, unconventional sources of metals such as low-grade complex ores, seafloor massive sulfides (SMSs), and wastes (e.g., tailings, metallurgical residues, and electronic wastes (e-wastes)) have become very important sources of metals; moreover, these metals should be extracted in a sustainable manner without negatively impacting the environment. This Special Issue focused on recent advances in the sustainable production of metals from the above-mentioned unconventional sources.This reprint is a compilation of a Special Issue of Minerals, “Sustainable Production of Metals for Low-Carbon Technologies”, where 13 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Reprint cover a wide range of topics, including mineral processing (gravity concentration, magnetic separation, and flotation), hydrometallurgical techniques (leaching, solvent extraction, and cementation) to extract minerals/metals from primary and secondary resources. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to readers of Minerals.
    Keywords: flotation circuit ; gold ore ; diagnosis ; optimization ; mass balance ; process simulation ; printed circuit boards ; heat treatment ; strength ; liberation ; Cu recovery ; physical separation ; ferronickel slag ; sulfuric acid leaching ; light magnesium oxide ; rare earth elements ; magnetic separation ; upgradation ; Khalzan Buregtei deposit ; NiMH batteries ; rare earth metals ; leaching ; solvent extraction ; precipitation ; gold ; cementation ; galvanic interaction ; aluminum ; activated carbon ; kinetics ; ammonium thiosulfate solution ; mass transfer ; fluorine ; occurrence ; removal ; gravity-flotation separation ; lignite ; lead ; zinc ; Al metal powder ; zinc plant leach residues ; flotation ; copper sulfides ; tailings ; carrier flotation ; flocculation ; oil agglomeration ; complex sulfide ores ; sphalerite ; anglesite ; extraction ; lithium ion battery ; recycling ; carbothermic reduction ; graphite ; porphyry copper deposits ; chalcopyrite ; pyrite ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Geophysical, environmental, and urban fluid flows (i.e., flows developing in oceans, seas, estuaries, rivers, aquifers, reservoirs, etc.) exhibit a wide range of reactive and transport processes. Therefore, identifying key phenomena, understanding their relative importance, and establishing causal relationships between them is no trivial task. Analysis of primitive variables (e.g., velocity components, pressure, temperature, concentration) is not always conducive to the most fruitful interpretations. Examining auxiliary variables introduced for diagnostic purposes is an option worth considering. In this respect, tracer and timescale methods are proving to be very effective. Such methods can help address questions such as, "where does a fluid-born dissolved or particulate substance come from and where will it go?" or, "how fast are the transport and reaction phenomena controlling the appearance and disappearance such substances?" These issues have been dealt with since the 19th century, essentially by means of ad hoc approaches. However, over the past three decades, methods resting on solid theoretical foundations have been developed, which permit the evaluation of tracer concentrations and diagnostic timescales (age, residence/exposure time, etc.) across space and time and using numerical models and field data. This book comprises research and review articles, introducing state-of-the-art diagnostic theories and their applications to domains ranging from shallow human-made reservoirs to lakes, river networks, marine domains, and subsurface flows
    Keywords: residence time ; Three Gorges Reservoir ; tributary bay ; density current ; water level regulation ; marina ; water renewal ; transport timescales ; return-flow ; macro-tidal ; wind influence ; floating structures ; San Francisco Estuary ; Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta ; water age ; transport time scales ; hydrodynamic model ; tidal hydrodynamics ; stable isotopes ; reactive tracers ; tailor-made tracer design ; hydrogeological tracer test ; kinetics ; partitioning ; Mahakam Delta ; age ; exposure time ; return coefficient ; CART ; source water fingerprinting ; floodplain ; turbulence ; ADCP measurement ; wave bias ; Reynolds stress ; transport process ; passive tracers ; terrestrial dissolved substances ; Pearl River Estuary ; shallow lake ; meteorological influence ; sub-basins ; Delft3D ; partial differential equations ; boundary conditions ; geophysical and environmental fluid flows ; reactive transport ; interpretation methods ; diagnostic timescales ; age distribution function ; radionuclide ; tracer ; data collection ; antimony 125 (125Sb) ; tritium (3H) ; dispersion ; modeling ; English Channel ; North Sea ; Biscay Bay ; timescale ; transport ; hydrodynamic ; ecological ; biogeochemical ; coastal ; estuary ; flushing time ; shallow reservoir ; numerical modeling ; Lagrangian transport modelling ; coupled wave–ocean models ; ocean drifters ; wave-induced processes ; model skills ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on computational detailed studies (simulation, modeling, and calculations) of the structures, main properties, and peculiarities of the various nanomaterials (nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanolayers, nanofibers, nanotubes, etc.) based on various elements, including organic and biological components, such as amino acids and peptides. For many practical applications in nanoelectronics., such materials as ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, having switching parameters (polarization, magnetization), are highly requested, and simulation of dynamics and kinetics of their switching are a very important task. An important task for these studies is computer modeling and computational research of the properties on the various composites of the other nanostructures with polymeric ferroelectrics and with different graphene-like 2-dimensional structures. A wide range of contemporary computational methods and software are used in all these studies.
    Keywords: single nanowires ; silicon ; dual shells ; off-resonance ; absorption ; photocurrent ; magnetism ; transition-metal oxide clusters ; DFT calculations ; structure ; electronic properties ; LGD theory ; polarization ; nanoscale ferroelectrics ; kinetics ; homogeneous switching ; computer simulation ; fitting ; diphenylalanine ; peptide nanotubes ; self-assembly ; water molecules ; DFT ; molecular modelling ; semi-empirical methods ; chirality ; Ir-modified MoS2 ; decomposition components of SF6 ; adsorption and sensing ; atomistic simulation ; core–shell bi-magnetic nanoparticles ; Monte Carlo simulation ; interfacial exchange ; terahertz ; graphene ; plasmons ; Drude absorption ; polarization conversion ; yield surface ; plastic flow ; crystal plasticity ; polycrystalline aluminum ; dipeptides ; helical structures ; molecular modeling ; dipole moments ; tunnel junction ; machine learning ; III-nitride ; hydroxyapatite ; modeling ; density functional theory ; defects ; vacancies ; substitutions ; structural and optical properties ; band gap ; electronic density of states ; nanomaterials ; plasmon-induced transparency ; strontium titanate ; slow light ; iron doping ; hydroxyapatite bioceramics ; hybrid density functional ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ; phenylalanine ; protein secondary structure ; optoelectronic devices ; nanostructured polymer film ; antireflection coating ; finite-difference time-domain method ; ferroelectrics ; heterostructures ; domains ; negative capacitance ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Most of the available studies on marine fungi are based on the isolation and identification of fungi from different surfaces (e.g., submerged wood, sediments, macrophytes), mostly in coastal benthic environments. However, recent evidence suggests that fungi are also present in the oceanic water column, most likely mainly associated to particles, with the genomic potential to significantly contribute to marine biogeochemical cycles. Still, we lack even basic information on the ecology of the oceanic mycobiome, precluding us from determining the ecological role of this enigmatic kingdom in our oceans. The aim of this book and Special Issue was to focus on the ecology of marine fungi. Topics include, fungal abundance, distribution, activity, and phylogenetic and/or functional diversity in coastal to open ocean environments, including seawater column and sediments, derived both from laboratory and field studies.
    Keywords: marine fungi ; oxygen minimum zone ; nitrous oxide ; diversity ; 15N tracer ; size-fractioned ; eastern tropical North Pacific ; metagenome ; emergency disposal of raw of sewage ; seaside air ; bioaerosol ; mold ; yeast-like fungi ; mycology ; fungal diversity ; Antarctica ; bioprospecting ; psychrophiles ; cold-adapted enzymes ; industrial applications ; blue biotechnologies ; mycobiome ; marine sponge ; Agelas ; mesophotic ; halophytes ; marine mycology ; salt marsh fungi ; worldwide distribution ; chloroform-methanol extraction ; HPLC-UV ; LC-MS/MS ; ergosterol ; pelagic fungal biomass ; fluorescence in situ hybridisation ; mycoplankton ; fungal cultures ; pelagic ; fluorescence ; novel lineages ; phylogeny ; genetic markers ; antimicrobial ; anti-cancer ; comparative genomics ; metabolites ; whole genome sequencing ; deep-sea sediments ; trophic conditions ; Ross Sea ; total extracellular enzymatic activity ; kinetics ; maximum velocity ; half-saturation constant ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book collects the peer-reviewed contributions accepted for the publication in the Special Issue “Advances in In Situ Biological and Chemical Groundwater Treatment” of the MDPI journal Water. As such, the contributions refer to a variety of widespread pollutants (chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated phenols, chromium, copper, nickel, and arsenic phenols) and new remediation approaches (bioremediation, bioelectrochemical systems, and sorption), covering lab and field studies.
    Keywords: microplastic ; bioplastic ; chlorinated phenols ; sorption ; kinetics ; matrix effect ; arsenic ; phosphate ; competitive surface complexes ; release ; mobility ; remediation ; magnetite nanoparticles ; onion peel ; corn silk ; adsorption ; groundwater ; chlorinated solvents ; biological reductive dechlorination ; aerobic oxidation ; qPCR ; ethenotrophs ; methanotrophs ; bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) ; hexavalent chromium ; electrobioremediation ; groundwater treatment ; heavy metals ; carbon nanotubes ; adsorption mechanism ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The Special Issue “Technological Eco-Innovations for the Quality Control and the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils” deals with the most recent research activities carried out at lab and field scale on eco-sustainable tools for the remediation of contaminated environmental substrates. It is particularly devoted to highlight the relevance of biological organisms (plants, microbes, algae) to assess the chemical contamination in water and soil and to remediate such matrices from the pollution caused by the human activities. Therefore, bioremediation is a primary focus of most of the articles published within the present Special Issue. Bioremediation is a promising environmentally friendly technology to deal with the chemical pollution in different ecosystem compartments and its integration with the traditional approaches might represent a
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TD172-193.5 ; Q1-390 ; bioremediation ; natural-based remediation strategies ; plant stress reactions ; heavy metals ; bottom urban sediment ; cesium ions ; antioxidant defence ; pollution ; artificial intelligence ; plant growth promoting bacteria ; ferulic acid ; geostatistical analysis ; photosynthesis ; sulfur ; mining wastes ; phytomanagement ; TNT ; MCPA ; water contamination ; arsenic adsorption ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; water filtration ; salt stress ; industrial crop ; water ; proline ; 2 ; syringic acid ; energy crops ; coal ; kinetics ; Ralstonia sp. ; rhizobacterial inoculants ; bacterial contamination ; urban sediments ; water pollution ; biodegradation ; soil ; phytoremediation ; anti-oxidant enzymes ; ecotoxicity ; microscope ; autochthonous microbial community ; plant physiology ; Tagetes patula ; soil microbial communities ; DDT ; soil pollution ; polyamines ; Festuca arundinacea ; synthetic zeolite ; geological heterogeneity ; biostimulation ; Monviso clone ; acclimation ; iron and manganese minerals ; 4-D ; metal tolerance ; diesel oil ; dielectric permittivity ; plant secondary metabolites ; removal ; indigenous microorganisms ; Brassica napus ; PCDDs/PCDFs ; oxidative stress ; dissolved organic carbon ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In recent years, many technologies for gait and posture assessments have emerged. Wearable sensors, active and passive in-house monitors, and many combinations thereof all promise to provide accurate measures of physical activity, gait, and posture parameters. Motivated by market projections for wearable technologies and driven by recent technological innovations in wearable sensors (MEMs, electronic textiles, wireless communications, etc.), wearable health/performance research is growing rapidly and has the potential to transform future healthcare from disease treatment to disease prevention. The objective of this Special Issue is to address and disseminate the latest gait, posture, and activity monitoring systems as well as various mathematical models/methods that characterize mobility functions. This Special Issue focuses on wearable monitoring systems and physical sensors, and its mathematical models can be utilized in varied environments under varied conditions to monitor health and performance
    Keywords: step detection ; machine learning ; outlier detection ; transition matrices ; autoencoders ; ground reaction force (GRF) ; micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) ; gait ; walk ; bipedal locomotion ; 3-axis force sensor ; shoe ; force distribution ; multi-sensor gait classification ; distributed compressed sensing ; joint sparse representation classification ; telemonitoring of gait ; operating range ; accelerometer ; stride length ; peak tibial acceleration ; running velocity ; wearable sensors ; feedback technology ; rehabilitation ; motor control ; cerebral palsy ; inertial sensors ; gait events ; spatiotemporal parameters ; postural control ; falls in the elderly ; fall risk assessment ; low-cost instrumented insoles ; foot plantar center of pressure ; flexible sensor ; gait recognition ; piezoelectric material ; wearable ; adaptability ; force sensitive resistors ; self-tuning triple threshold algorithm ; sweat sensor ; sweat rate ; dehydration ; IoT ; PDMS ; surface electromyography ; handgrip force ; force-varying muscle contraction ; nonlinear analysis ; wavelet scale selection ; inertial measurement unit ; gyroscope ; asymmetry ; feature extraction ; gait analysis ; lower limb prosthesis ; trans-femoral amputee ; MR damper ; knee damping control ; inertial measurement units ; motion analysis ; kinematics ; functional activity ; repeatability ; reliability ; biomechanics ; cognitive frailty ; cognitive–motor impairment ; Alzheimer’s disease ; motor planning error ; instrumented trail-making task ; ankle reaching task ; dual task walking ; nondestructive ; joint moment ; partial weight loading ; muscle contributions ; sit-to-stand training ; motion parameters ; step length ; self-adaptation ; Parkinson’s disease (PD) ; tremor dominant (TD) ; postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) ; center of pressure (COP) ; fast Fourier transform (FFT) ; wavelet transform (WT) ; fall detection system ; smartphones ; accelerometers ; machine learning algorithms ; supervised learning ; ANOVA analysis ; Step-detection ; ActiGraph ; Pedometer ; acceleration ; physical activity ; physical function ; physical performance test ; chair stand ; sit to stand transfer ; wearables ; gyroscopes ; e-Health application ; physical rehabilitation ; shear and plantar pressure sensor ; biaxial optical fiber sensor ; multiplexed fiber Bragg gratings ; frailty ; pre-frail ; wearable sensor ; sedentary behavior ; moderate-to-vigorous activity ; steps ; fall detection ; elderly people monitoring ; telerehabilitation ; virtual therapy ; Kinect ; eHealth ; telemedicine ; insole ; injury prevention ; biomechanical gait variable estimation ; inertial gait variable ; total knee arthroplasty ; falls in healthy elderly ; fall prevention ; biometrics ; human gait recognition ; ground reaction forces ; Microsoft Kinect ; high heels ; fusion data ; ensemble classifiers ; accidental falls ; older adults ; neural networks ; convolutional neural network ; long short-term memory ; accelerometry ; obesity ; nonlinear ; electrostatic field sensing ; gait measurement ; temporal parameters ; artificial neural network ; propulsion ; aging ; walking ; smart footwear ; frailty prediction ; fall risk ; smartphone based assessments ; adverse post-operative outcome ; intelligent surveillance systems ; human fall detection ; health and well-being ; safety and security ; n/a ; movement control ; anterior cruciate ligament ; kinetics ; real-time feedback ; biomechanical gait features ; impaired gait classification ; pattern recognition ; sensors ; clinical ; knee ; osteoarthritis ; shear stress ; callus ; woman ; TUG ; IMU ; geriatric assessment ; semi-unsupervised ; self-assessment ; domestic environment ; functional decline ; symmetry ; trunk movement ; autocorrelation ; gait rehabilitation ; wearable device ; IMU sensors ; gait classification ; stroke patients ; neurological disorders ; scanning laser rangefinders (SLR), GAITRite ; cadence ; velocity and stride-length ; power ; angular velocity ; human motion measurement ; sensor fusion ; complementary filter ; fuzzy logic ; inertial and magnetic sensors ; ESOQ-2 ; Parkinson’s disease ; UPDRS ; movement disorders ; human computer interface ; RGB-Depth ; hand tracking ; automated assessment ; at-home monitoring ; Parkinson’s Diseases ; motorized walker ; haptic cue ; gait pattern ; statistics study ; walk detection ; step counting ; signal processing ; plantar pressure ; flat foot ; insoles ; force sensors ; arch index ; sports analytics ; deep learning ; classification ; inertial sensor ; cross-country skiing ; classical style ; skating style ; batteryless strain sensor ; wireless strain sensor ; resonant frequency modulation ; Ecoflex ; human activity recognition ; smartphone ; human daily activity ; ensemble method ; running ; velocity ; smart shoe ; concussion ; inertial motion units (IMUs) ; vestibular exercises ; validation ; motion capture ; user intent recognition ; transfemoral prosthesis ; multi-objective optimization ; biogeography-based optimization ; smart cane ; weight-bearing ; health monitoring ; wearable/inertial sensors ; regularity ; variability ; human ; motion ; locomotion ; UPDRS tasks ; posture ; postural stability ; center of mass ; RGB-depth ; neurorehabilitation ; hallux abductus valgus ; high heel ; proximal phalanx of the hallux ; abduction ; valgus ; ultrasonography ; Achilles tendon ; diagnostic ; imaging ; tendinopathy ; foot insoles ; electromyography ; joint instability ; muscle contractions ; motorcycling ; wearable electronic devices ; validity ; relative movement ; lower limb prosthetics ; biomechanic measurement tasks ; quantifying socket fit ; rehabilitation exercise ; dynamic time warping ; automatic coaching ; exergame ; fine-wire intramuscular EMG electrode ; non-human primate model ; traumatic spinal cord injury ; wavelet transform ; relative power ; linear mixed model ; VO2 ; calibration ; MET ; VO2net ; speed ; equivalent speed ; free-living ; children ; adolescents ; adults ; gait event detection ; hemiplegic gait ; appropriate mother wavelet ; acceleration signal ; wavelet-selection criteria ; conductive textile ; stroke ; hemiparetic ; real-time monitoring ; lower limb locomotion activity ; triplet Markov model ; semi-Markov model ; on-line EM algorithm ; human kinematics ; phase difference angle ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This highly informative and carefully presented book discusses the preparation, processing, characterization and applications of different types of nanoenergetic materials, as well as the tailoring of their properties. It gives an overview of recent advances of outstanding classes of energetic materials applied in the fields of physics, chemistry, aerospace, defense, and materials science, among others. The content of this book is relevant to researchers in academia and industry professionals working on the development of advanced nanoenergetic materials and their applications.
    Keywords: solid propellants ; condensed products ; catalytic combustion ; compositions ; rocket motor ; thermolysis ; energetic materials ; GO-based catalysts ; quantitative analyses ; decomposition mechanisms ; electrospinning ; NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 ; energetic performance ; sensitivity ; nitrocellulose ; supercritical antisolvent process ; nanoparticles ; combustion ; nano AP ; nano AN ; liquid nitrogen ; freeze drying ; nanoenergetic material ; compatibility ; nonisothermal reaction kinetics ; thermal safety ; catalytic action ; nano-Al/MoO3 MIC ; stable suspension ; electrophoretic deposition ; kinetics ; micro initiator ; carbon mesosphere ; Fe2O3 ; supported nanoparticles ; thermal decomposition ; composite energetic materials ; nano-sized particles ; Al-based ; morphology performance ; hazardous properties ; ignition ; metal ; combustion mode ; heat transfer ; free-molecular ; burning time ; nanothermite ; pyroMEMS ; nanoenergetics ; reactive thin film ; Al ; CuO ; aging ; initiation ; HTPB ; aluminum nanopowders ; burning rate ; coated aluminum ; n/a ; reactive materials ; nanocomposite ; metal combustion ; thermal analysis ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Leaching is a primary extractive operation in hydrometallurgical processing, by which a metal of interest is transferred from naturally occurring minerals into an aqueous solution. In essence, it involves the selective dissolution of valuable minerals, where the ore, concentrate, or matte is brought into contact with an active chemical solution known as a leach solution. Currently, the hydrometallurgical processes have a great number of applications, not only in the mining sector—in particular, for the recovery of precious metals—but also in the environmental sector, for the recovery of toxic metals from wastes of various types, and their reuse as valuable metals, after purification. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop novel solutions, to implement environmentally sustainable practices in the recovery of these valuable and precious metals, with particular reference to critical metals; those included in materials that are indispensable to modern life and for which an exponential increase in consumption is already a reality, or will be in a short-term perspective. For publication in this Special Issue, consideration has been given to articles that contribute to the optimization of the kinetic conditions of innovative hydrometallurgical processes—economic and of low environmental impact—applied to the recovery of valuable and critical metals.
    Keywords: eudialyte ; rare earth elements ; dry digestion ; leaching ; neural network ; uranium ; contaminated groundwater ; permeable reactive barrier ; zero-valent iron ; Al-Ni alloys ; aluminothermic reactions ; reaction rate ; Al master alloys ; kinetics ; Hydrometallurgical processes ; Chalcopyrite ; low-pressure leaching ; mining waste ; hydrometallurgical processes ; leaching kinetic ; thiosulphate leaching ; electrowinning ; gold ; waste printed circuit board ; iodide ; iodine ; ascorbic acid ; precipitation ; thiosulfate oxidation ; catalysis ; oxygen ; high alumina fly ash ; desilication rate ; physical–chemical activation ; alumina silica mass ratio ; refractory gold concentrate ; resources depletion ; reducing harmful emissions ; arsenic ; nitric acid ; shrinking core model ; pyrite ; arsenopyrite ; clays ; nanoscale zero-valent iron ; groundwater ; wastewater ; geochemical characteristics ; pitchblende ; U neutral leaching ; ELZPA ore deposit in Pakistan ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Catalyst deactivation, the loss over time of catalytic activity and/or selectivity, is a problem of great and continuing concern in the practice of industrial catalytic processes. Costs to industry for catalyst replacement and process shutdown total tens of billions of dollars per year. While catalyst deactivation is inevitable for most processes, some of its immediate, drastic consequences may be avoided, postponed, or even reversed. Accordingly, there is considerable motivation to better understand catalyst decay and regeneration. Indeed, the science of catalyst deactivation and regeneration has been developing rapidly as evidenced by the considerable literature addressing this topic, including 21,000 journal articles, presentations, reports, reviews, and books; and more than 29,000 patents for the period of 1980 to 2012. This developing science provides the foundation for continuing, substantial improvements in the efficiency and economics of catalytic processes through development of catalyst deactivation models, more stable catalysts, and regeneration processes. This special issue focuses on recent advances in catalyst deactivation and regeneration, including advances in (1) scientific understanding of mechanisms; (2) development of improved methods and tools for investigation; and (3) more robust models of deactivation and regeneration.
    Keywords: TP155-156 ; models ; deactivation and regeneration ; sintering ; Hydrotreating ; fouling ; mechanical degradation ; catalyst deactivation and regeneration in: mechanisms ; stability improvements ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; catalyst deactivation ; poisoning ; catalyst ; Methanol synthesis ; Selective catalytic reduction of NOx ; methods of study ; kinetics ; catalyst regeneration ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; artificial neural network ; n/a ; corrosion ; inclusion control ; steel-making ; simulation ; liquid steel ; phosphate capacity ; slag ; hydrogen ; TG analysis ; surface roughness ; iron sulfate ; shot peening ; refining kinetics ; iso-conversional method ; oxygen blast furnace ; Barkhausen noise ; gas flow rate ; ductile cast iron ; toughness ; self-reduction briquette ; Mg deoxidation ; phosphorus distribution ratio ; iron oxides ; phase analysis ; desiliconisation ; solid flow ; CaO/Al2O3 ratio ; surface depression ; carbothermal reduction ; rotary hearth furnace ; torrefied biomass ; hot metal pre-treatment ; inclusions ; microwaves ; ironmaking ; reactivity ; CaO–based slags ; high-aluminum iron ore ; oxides ; HPSR ; internal crack ; fluorapatite ; crystallization rate ; COREX ; liquid area ; Al addition ; Wilcox–Swailes coefficient ; plasma arc ; evaluation of coupling relationship ; penetration theory ; silicate crystals ; ionization degree ; pellet size ; prediction model ; continuous casting ; direct element method ; modified NPL model ; slag film ; volatile matter ; crystallite size ; Al-TRIP steel ; viscosity ; anosovite crystals ; slag formation ; CO2 emissions ; integrated steel plant ; flow pattern ; high-heat-input welding ; dephosphorisation ; copper stave ; direct reduction ; shrinkage ; Cr recovery ; chemical composition ; high speed steel ; material flow ; 33MnCrTiB ; gas-based reduction ; converter ; bio-coal ; flat steel ; sulfur distribution ratio ; cold experiment ; secondary refining process ; re-oxidation ; vaporization dephosphorization ; sulfide capacity ; electroslag cladding ; hydrogen attack ; oxygen steelmaking ; non-metallic inclusions ; cracks ; non-contact measurement ; energy consumption ; high-manganese iron ore ; non-metallic inclusion ; Ca deoxidation ; Ca-treatment ; compressive strength (CS) ; oil-pipeline steel ; thermal treatment ; carbon monoxide ; composite roll ; crystallization behaviors ; devolatilization ; carbon-saturated iron ; steelmaking factory ; slag crust ; combustion ; high heat input welding ; ore-carbon briquette ; activation energy ; flow velocity ; kinetics ; hydrogen plasma ; casting speed ; solid and gaseous oxygen ; hercynite ; low fluorine ; iron ore pellets ; fayalite ; heat-affected zone ; CO–CO2 atmosphere ; and nitrogen ; smelting reduction ; high-phosphorus iron ore ; iron oxide ; mold flux ; BaO ; intragranular acicular ferrite ; carbon composite pellet ; electrolytic extraction ; iron ore ; carbon dioxide ; agglomerate ; vanadium titano-magnetite ; emission spectrum ; static process model ; concentrate ; structure ; titanium slag ; bonding interface ; fork ; blast furnace ; reaction mechanism ; reduction ; synergistic reduction ; injection ; principal component analysis ; ultrafine particles exposure ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book is an embodiment of a series of articles that were published as part of a Special Issue of Biomolecules. It is dedicated to exploring the role of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in various chronic diseases. The main goal of the articles is to describe recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms by which IDPs cause various human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, amyloidosis, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and genetic diseases, to name a few. Contributed by leading investigators in the field, this compendium serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians as well as postdoctoral fellows and graduate students
    Keywords: IDP ; fuzzy interactions ; protein complementation assays ; split-GFP reassembly ; kinetics ; membraneless organelles ; optical tweezer ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; protein diffusion ; depletion interaction ; entropic force ; low-complexity sequences ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; PAGE4 ; conformational plasticity ; order–disorder transition ; phosphorylation ; intrinsic disordered protein ; extremely fuzzy complex ; protein interaction ; binding mechanism ; tumor protein p53 ; mouse double minute 2 ; mouse double minute 4 ; Kinase-inducible domain interacting domain ; phosphomimetics ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; transient secondary structure ; COR15A ; Late embryogenesis abundant ; Trifluoroethanol ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; intrinsically disordered regions ; functional segments ; disease-related proteins ; protein-protein interaction ; subcellular location ; glucocorticoid receptor ; intrinsically disordered ; transactivation activity ; gene regulation ; coactivators ; microtubule associated protein ; tau ; intrinsically disordered protein ; dynamic configuration ; free energy landscape ; microtubules ; electrostatics ; diffusion ; protein structure prediction ; molecular modelling ; molecular dynamics ; tau–microtubule association ; conformational ensemble ; replica exchange molecular dynamics ; drug design ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Germanium (Ge) chalcogenides are characterized by unique properties that make these materials interesting for a very wide range of applications from phase change memories to ovonic threshold switches and from photonics to thermoelectric and photovoltaic devices. In many cases, their physical properties can be finely tuned by doping or by changing the amount of Ge, which may therefore play a key role in determining the applications, performance, and even the reliability of these devices. In this book, we include 11 articles, mainly focusing on applications of Ge chalcogenides for non-volatile memories. Most of the papers have been produced with funding received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement n. 824957. In the Special Issue “BeforeHand: Boosting Performance of Phase Change Devices by Hetero- and Nanostructure Material Design”, two contributions are related to the prototypical Ge2Sb2Te5 compound, which is the most studied composition, already integrated in many devices such as optical and electronic memories. Five articles focus on Ge-rich GeSbTe alloys, exploring the electrical and the structural properties, as well as the decomposition paths. Other contributions are focused on the effect of the interfaces and on nanowires.
    Keywords: PCM ; Ge2Sb2Te5 ; sputtering ; flexible substrates ; crystallization ; electrical properties ; phase change materials ; nitrogen ; strain ; kinetics ; amorphous phase ; germanium telluride ; indium alloying ; optical contrast ; Ge-rich alloys ; crystallization temperature ; segregation ; Ge-rich GST alloys ; Raman ; electronic properties ; Ge-rich GST ; pulsed laser deposition ; phase separation ; GGST ; EDX elemental chemical mapping ; embedded memory ; density functional theory ; MOCVD ; VLS ; phase-change memory ; nanowires ; core-shell ; Ge–Sb–Te ; Ge–Sb–Te/Sb2Te3 ; embedded electronic memories ; Density Functional Theory ; high-throughput calculations ;   ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The book is a collection of scientific contributions that highlight how scientific and technological evolution can change the paradigm of organic waste as an environmental problem into a renewable resource of energy and materials. Numerous researchers and research institutions that are located in different countries with varying levels of socio-economic development and other traditions were involved in this work. The materials that were considered include household waste, including human excreta and those generated by typical urban activities. The organic waste was derived from the agro-industrial sector and from packaging labelled as being biodegradable. Problems related to the detoxification of aquatic plants are discussed and the use of these plants for their ability to produce biomethane is documented simultaneously. An organic waste management strategy that was developed in the Albania context is also presented and discussed. Anaerobic digestion is one of the most widely studied technologies in this field, and this process is responsible for the production of biogas or methane, even in fossil resource-rich countries. On the other hand, aerobic fermentation is considered for the degradation of very toxic organic substances that can be dissolved into aqueous solutions that aid in the recovery of valuable materials from electrical and electronic equipment that do not have further use. There are a wide range of arguments and experiences that support the use of waste as a resource through disposal with simultaneous energy enhancement and the production of new materials, thus limiting the use of non-renewable resources for more sustainable development for the benefit of future generations.
    Keywords: biogas plants ; anaerobic digestion ; plant monitoring ; bioenergy ; process optimization ; environment technologies ; waste management ; organic waste ; organic waste projection ; biomethane ; Pistia stratiotes L. plants ; copper bioremoval ; anaerobic degradation of hazardous plants ; environmental biotechnology ; bioremediation ; biomethane production ; sewage sludge ; organic matter ; valorization ; energy saving ; alternative fuel ; biopolymers ; starch- and polylactic acid-based material ; methane production ; surface roughness ; tensile strength ; FTIR and microscopic analyses ; biogas ; greenhouse gas ; economic feasibility ; tetramethylammonium hydroxide ; industrial and organic wastewater ; E&S industry ; pilot scale activity ; aerobic treatment ; chemical precipitation ; safeguard and groundwater quality ; water quality ; brewing industry ; residual brewer’s grains ; biosorption ; Cd(II) ions ; kinetics ; biogas plant ; biowaste ; circular economy ; feedstock ; municipal waste ; odorants ; odour nuisance ; organic fraction from municipal solid waste ; freshwater from the sea ; purification of municipal wastewater ; osmotic energy ; reverse osmosis ; pressure retarded osmosis ; process integration ; energy efficiency ; environmental sustainability ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This reprint is a compilation of the articles submitted in the Special Issue entitled, “Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Solution for a Greener Earth”, from the journal Catalysts, which presents an overview of the latest advances in the development of innovative photocatalytic processes.
    Keywords: Ce-modified ZnO ; electron microscopy ; methylene blue (MB) degradation ; photoluminescence ; photocatalysis ; TiO2 ; sol–gel process ; SiO2 ; Pd-modification ; activation treatments ; CNS-doped TiO2 ; NaYF4:Yb,Er ; upconversion phosphor ; UV-Vis–NIR photocatalysis ; NiTiO3 ; g-C3N4 ; composite photocatalyst ; recombination ; photodegradation ; charge separation efficiency ; coagulation ; landfill leachate ; reverse osmosis concentrate ; photo-Fenton ; LED ; lime precipitation ; ambient crystallization ; Zr/N doping ; titania ; aqueous sol-gel process ; p-nitrophenol degradation ; maprotiline ; advanced oxidation processes ; LC/HRMS coupling ; structural elucidation ; kinetics ; ecotoxicity estimations ; 6-mercaptopurine photodegradation ; wastewater ; cytostatic ; emerging pollutants ; sol–gel synthesis ; peptization ; doping ; pollutant degradation ; mild temperature ; tri-doped TiO2 ; thiacloprid ; water treatment ; nano-Ag–TiO2 nanostructured nanofibers ; electrospinning ; UV-visible light assisted photocatalytic activity ; photodegradation kinetics ; antimicrobial activity ; nanoparticles ; semi-pilot plant ; fabric ; green synthesis ; nickel oxide ; oxygen evolution reaction ; electrocatalysts ; mesoporous titania ; glass fiber ; contaminants of emerging concern ; high resolution mass spectrometry ; transformation products ; ligand-to-metal charge transfer ; anatase ; oxygen-based bidentate diketone ; sol-gel ; TGA-MS ; remediation of aqueous pollutants ; smectite ; adsorption ; pollutant removal ; environment remediation ; trimetallic ; iron oxide ; photocatalytic ; magnetic ; alcohol ; oxidation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The characteristics of nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, surface morphology, crystal structure, grain boundaries, and composition, can be tuned to match the intended use. Thus, the design of nanostructured materials with a wide range of applications in the engineering, chemistry, physics, ceramics, biotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental fields represents an active area of research. Nanostructured materials are now widely used in research and industry, and their particular properties enable advanced physicochemical, electrical, thermal, catalytic, coloristic, optical, and magnetic applications.The present Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of original research articles, communications, and reviews that focus on the development, characterization, and/or applications of nanoparticles and their composites.
    Keywords: chitin ; N-doped carbonized microspheres ; congo red ; remarkable adsorption ; calcium phosphate glasses ; XRD ; EPR ; magnetic susceptibility ; adsorption ; Schiff base ; tungsten ; synthesis ; kinetics ; chromium ; environmental remediation ; silica xerogel ; absorption kinetics ; equilibrium study ; thiol–epoxy reaction ; functionalized disiloxanes ; organosilicon synthetic methodology ; nonconventional fluorescence ; hydrogel ; polypeptide ; cellulose nanofiber ; injectable ; aligned structure ; neuron ; tissue engineering ; three-dimensional tomography ; calcium imaging ; gold nanoparticles ; neutron activation analysis ; anxiety ; cognitive functions ; development ; cobalt ferrite ; silica matrix ; doping ; calcination ; magnetic behavior ; bacterial infection ; gold nanoclusters ; gold nanorods ; gold nanobipyramids ; gold nanostars ; antibacterial mechanism ; dental composite cement ; mesenchymal stem cells ; biocompatibility ; curcumin ; MOF ; sodium alginate hydrogel ; drug release ; antibacterial activity ; DNA nanotechnology ; nanoelectronics ; self-assembly ; nanomaterials ; colloidal quantum dots ; microsphere lasers ; whispering gallery mode laser ; surface functionalisation ; self-assembled supraparticles ; aptamers ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This Special Issue presents the latest advances in agriculture, aquaculture, food technology and environmental protection and engineering, discussing, among others, the following issues: new technologies in water, stormwater and wastewater treatment; water saving, lake restoration; new sludge and waste management systems; biodiesel production from animal fat waste; the microbiological quality of compound fish feeds for aquaculture; the role of technological processes to improve food quality and safety; new trends in the analysis of food and food components including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico analyses; and functional and structural aspects of bioactivities of food molecules.
    Keywords: food science ; light ; color ; LEDs ; sustainable aquaculture ; fish production ; preliminary results ; water resources ; surface mulching ; water saving potential ; micro-spray irrigation ; economic profit ; biosolids ; quality index ; microbial biomass ; enzymatic activity ; micro and macronutrients ; organic amendment ; biofilter maturation ; nitrogen compounds ; recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) ; VOSviewer software ; bibliometric analysis ; statistical analysis ; agricultural innovation ; Mechanical Heat Treatment ; autoclaving ; autoclaving of municipal waste ; mesophilic fermentation ; thermophilic fermentation ; anaerobic digestion ; 16S rRNA ; gastrointestinal tract ; gut microbiota ; sequencing ; salinity ; Esox lucius ; microbiome ; metagenomics ; bioinformatics ; BIOPEP-UWM database ; bitter-tasting peptides ; hydrolysates ; soybean proteins ; biopeptides ; cheese ; metabolic syndrome ; milk proteins ; biodiesel ; fuel ; energy generation ; agricultural waste ; food waste ; animal waste ; lard ; tallow ; animal fat ; transesterification ; urban lake ; restoration ; dredging ; phosphorus inactivation ; biomanipulation ; microbiota ; seasonal variations ; high-throughput sequencing ; NGS ; female infertility ; nutrient ; vitamin D ; folates ; soy ; antioxidants ; minerals ; vitamins ; food research trends ; environmental impact ; cryopreservation ; cryotherapy ; food safety ; liquid nitrogen ; biotechnology ; fruit plants ; infectious waste ; sterilization ; biomedical waste ; greenhouse gas ; Bacillus stearothermophilus ; lipase ; immobilized lipase ; bell pepper ; maturity ; fuzzy logic ; computational vision ; aquaculture ; compound feed ; antimicrobial stabilizers ; Amaranthus cruentus ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; crop protection UAS ; operation parameters ; wheat agronomy ; droplet distribution ; aphid ; powdery mildew ; head blight ; control effect ; kinetics ; organic compound removal ; nitrification and denitrification ; low temperature ; wintertime airport maintenance ; efficiency of contaminant removal ; technological reliability ; wastewater purification ; activated sludge ; national park ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In this Special Issue on human health engineering, we invited submissions exploring recent contributions to the field of human health engineering, which is the technology used for monitoring the physical or mental health status of individuals in a variety of applications. Contributions focused on sensors, wearable hardware, algorithms, or integrated monitoring systems. We organized the different papers according to their contributions to the main aspects of the monitoring and control engineering scheme applied to human health applications, including papers focusing on measuring/sensing physiological variables, contributions describing research on the modelling of biological signals, papers highlighting health monitoring applications, and finally examples of control applications for human health. In comparison to biomedical engineering, the field of human health engineering also covers applications on healthy humans (e.g., sports, sleep, and stress) and thus not only contributes to develop technology for curing patients or supporting chronically ill people, but also more generally for disease prevention and optimizing human well-being.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; n/a ; smartphone ; information technology ; stoop ; pain minimum compressive pressure ; pulse wave ; knee joint ; health information ; gait characteristics ; stance assistance ; air-trapping ; youth ; harmonization ; missing data ; wearable device ; decision tree ; usability ; children ; shoulder ; walking speed ; body-plethysmography ; lifting technique ; bicycle helmet ; smart wearables ; personalized model ; finite element simulation ; streaming algorithm ; thermoregulation ; soft walking assistive robot ; machine leaning ; simultaneous EEG–fMRI ; magnetorheological brake ; gradient artefact ; cohort studies ; long-term effect ; mortality prediction ; distal skin temperature ; model predictive control ; support-vector-machine ; ADHD ; sliding mode control ; reliability ; orthosis control ; SVM ; interface formats ; emphysema ; ligament ; Van der Pol ; quality function deployment ; FitzHugh–Nagumo ; insole foot area ; arm ; alveolar pressure ; contour of shoe insole ; emotional reaction ; oxygen uptake ; machine learning ; elderly person ; thermal comfort ; homeostasis ; hard-margin support vector machines ; ankle torque ; dystonia ; airflow limitation ; feature engineering ; zonal performance characteristics ; validity ; novel ; COPD ; forced expiration ; remoteness ; screening ; mobility scale ; mHealth ; work-related musculoskeletal disorders ; musculoskeletal modeling ; control parameter reference ; freestyle skiing aerials ; VO2 ; cyberaddiction ; pulse oximeter ; intensive care unit ; control system ; muscle modeling ; dynamic model ; airway resistance ; relaxation oscillator ; wearable devices ; four-wheeled rollator ; adaptive model ; body mass index ; electrocardiographic signal ; weight loss ; calcaneal spur ; Hill muscle ; anxiety ; spirometry ; cold-induced-vasoconstriction ; bicycle helmets ; spherical phantom ; antagonistic actuator ; kinetics ; internet ; choreoathetosis ; thermal manikin ; fractional calculus ; squat ; rehabilitation robotics ; cold-induced-vasodilation ; exercise testing ; artefact correction ; swarm optimization ; multiple imputations ; photoplethysmogram ; powered mobility ; head-shaped phantom ; specific airway conductance ; computed tomography ; streaming data ; back loading ; dynamic modelling ; meta-analysis ; pneumatic artificial muscle ; adaptive control ; convective and evaporative heat loss ; spine ; thermal sensation ; driver drowsiness ; movement disorder ; ankle angular velocity ; heart model ; older adults ; new technologies ; blood pressure estimation ; Kano-TRIZ design theory ; dyskinetic cerebral palsy ; nomophobia ; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics—from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RA1190-1270 ; WitOMI analysis ; n/a ; DST accumulation ; mussel ; dinophysistoxins ; depuration ; human health ; pectenotoxins (PTXs) ; cryptophytes ; Mesodinium ; dinophysis ; compartmentalization ; resistance ; Japanese scallop ; surf clam ; HAB monitoring ; toxins ; organic matter ; OMI analysis ; PTXs ; time-series ; Diarrhetic shellfish toxins ; predator-prey preferences ; immunity ; okadaic acid ; physical–biological interactions ; defense ; digestion ; Dinophysis ; harmful algal blooms ; pectenotoxin ; El Niño Southern Oscillation ; lysate ; suspended particulate matter (SPM) ; D. caudata ; mixotrophic cultures ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; bivalves ; diarrhetic shellfish poisoning ; biotransformation ; Mesodinium cf. rubrum ; RNA-Seq ; DST esterification ; Mesodinium rubrum ; statistical analysis ; seasonality ; mass culture conditions ; D. acuminata-complex ; Argopecten purpuratus ; harmful algal bloom ; pipis (Plebidonax deltoides) ; DTX-2 ; Reloncaví Fjord ; pectenotoxins ; deep sequencing ; climatic anomaly ; Brazil ; qPCR ; high throughput sequencing ; DSP ; accumulation ; LC/MS/MS ; Protoceratium reticulatum ; shellfish toxicity ; transcriptomic response ; New Zealand ; blooms ; trophic transfer ; metabolism ; bacterial community ; kinetics ; marine biotoxins ; diarrhetic shellfish toxins ; bivalve shellfish ; Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) ; diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) ; Scotland ; Dinophysis acuminata ; DSP toxins ; toxin accumulation ; Southern Annual Mode ; Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ; Dinophysis toxins ; OA ; marine toxins ; toxin vectors ; wild harvest ; Dinophysis acuta ; Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) ; Argopecten irradians ; dinophysistoxin ; Port Underwood ; aquaculture ; niche partitioning ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint focuses on radioactivity and applied research on the gamma irradiation of marjoram and the transfer of natural radionuclides to date palm plants. Sustainable techniques such as phytoremediation and bio-sorption were used in the treatment of radioactive waste, and sustainable materials were used in the immobilization of radioactive waste and radiation shielding. Natural radioactivity was investigated in common construction materials.
    Keywords: asphaltene ; cement ; polyvinylchloride ; radiation shielding ; waste immobilization ; radiopharmaceutical ; radioactive spillage ; decontamination ; radioactivity ; adsorption ; nuclear medicine ; chelator ; soil uranium ; mobilization ; phytoextraction ; slow release ; rhyolite ; sustainable natural material ; thermoluminescence ; kinetic parameters ; elicitation ; gamma irradiation ; organic agriculture ; secondary metabolites ; yeast ; radioecology ; nuclear power ; soil radioactivity ; plant sciences ; agricultural sustainability ; energy studies ; arid land ; impact assessment ; NORM ; potassium ; middle east ; mass attenuation coefficient ; effective atomic number ; build-up factor ; borosilicate glass ; natural radioactivity ; gamma rays ; radon gas ; radiation exposure ; building materials ; granites ; ceramic ; olive waste ; water hyacinth ; cobalt ; cesium ; kinetics ; biomass ; wastewater ; ICP-OES spectroscopy ; radioactive waste ; medical linear accelerator ; clearance level ; radionuclide ; Monte Carlo simulation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This reprint is a compilation of the articles submitted in the Special Issue entitled, “Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Solution for a Greener Earth”, from the journal Catalysts, which presents an overview of the latest advances in the development of innovative photocatalytic processes.
    Keywords: Ce-modified ZnO ; electron microscopy ; methylene blue (MB) degradation ; photoluminescence ; photocatalysis ; TiO2 ; sol–gel process ; SiO2 ; Pd-modification ; activation treatments ; CNS-doped TiO2 ; NaYF4:Yb,Er ; upconversion phosphor ; UV-Vis–NIR photocatalysis ; NiTiO3 ; g-C3N4 ; composite photocatalyst ; recombination ; photodegradation ; charge separation efficiency ; coagulation ; landfill leachate ; reverse osmosis concentrate ; photo-Fenton ; LED ; lime precipitation ; ambient crystallization ; Zr/N doping ; titania ; aqueous sol-gel process ; p-nitrophenol degradation ; maprotiline ; advanced oxidation processes ; LC/HRMS coupling ; structural elucidation ; kinetics ; ecotoxicity estimations ; 6-mercaptopurine photodegradation ; wastewater ; cytostatic ; emerging pollutants ; sol–gel synthesis ; peptization ; doping ; pollutant degradation ; mild temperature ; tri-doped TiO2 ; thiacloprid ; water treatment ; nano-Ag–TiO2 nanostructured nanofibers ; electrospinning ; UV-visible light assisted photocatalytic activity ; photodegradation kinetics ; antimicrobial activity ; nanoparticles ; semi-pilot plant ; fabric ; green synthesis ; nickel oxide ; oxygen evolution reaction ; electrocatalysts ; mesoporous titania ; glass fiber ; contaminants of emerging concern ; high resolution mass spectrometry ; transformation products ; ligand-to-metal charge transfer ; anatase ; oxygen-based bidentate diketone ; sol-gel ; TGA-MS ; remediation of aqueous pollutants ; smectite ; adsorption ; pollutant removal ; environment remediation ; trimetallic ; iron oxide ; photocatalytic ; magnetic ; alcohol ; oxidation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Environmental challenges posed by wrong end of lifeplastic management drive the plastics recycling schemes for energy recovery and cutting emissions, penalties, energy consumption, non-renewable resources, and manufacturing costs. Plastic recycling has the lowest environmental impact on global warming potential and total energy use. However, under-utilised plastic wastes due to low value issues with sorting/contamination pose major challenges. Novel technologies drive innovation in a circular economy model for plastics and employ reuse, recycling and responsible manufacture solutions, support the development of new industries and jobs, reduce emissions and increase efficient use of natural resources (including energy, water and materials). Many economies are working towards achieving a zero plastic waste economy. This Special Issue covers the applications of recycled plastics in the areas of energy recovery/alternative fuels, economic analyses, bitumen additives, flame retardants, recycled polymer nanocomposites to enhance the mechanical property, thermomechanical recycling to improve physical properties, mechano-chemical treatment, cryogenic waste tyre recycling, application in decarbonizing technology, e.g., cement industry, waste characterization, improving agricultural soil quality, as smart fertilizers. The Editors express their appreciation to all the contributors across the world in the development of this reprint. This reprint gives different perspectives and technical ideas for the transformation of plastic wastes into value-added products and to achieve higher recycling rates in the coming years.
    Keywords: lignin ; bituminous modifier ; lignin modified bitumen ; chemical analysis ; rheological behavior ; mechanical properties ; road engineering ; open graded friction course ; viscoelastic properties ; creep compliance ; relaxation modulus ; dynamic modulus ; linear correlation ; polymer-modified asphalt ; Hamburg wheel-tracking ; indirect tensile strength ; co-pyrolysis ; synergy ; kinetics ; plastic waste ; animal manure ; cement decarbonization ; waste utilization ; co-pyro-gasification ; carbon conversions ; non-soot catalysts ; clean energy ; polymer ; rubber ; recycling ; cryoagent ; liquid nitrogen ; waste tire ; thermal conductivity ; post-consumer waste ; mechanical recycling ; polyethylene ; polypropylene ; contamination ; composition ; tensile properties ; impact properties ; compatibilisation ; polymer based post-consumer waste ; mechano-chemical treatment ; ball milling ; thiol-ene ; carbon nanotubes ; polysilicone ; functionalization ; flame retardancy ; dispersion ; epoxy resin ; silicone ; thermal degradation ; activation energy ; poly (l-lactic acid) ; poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) ; non-isothermal crystallisation kinetics ; circular economy ; circo-economics ; material circularity indicator ; packaging ; recycled opaque PET ; reactive extrusion ; chain extension ; long-chain branching ; polyethylene-modified bitumen ; wax-based additives ; rutting ; linear viscoelastic properties ; combustion ; automotive shredder residue ; solid recovered fuel ; alternative fuels ; sustainable energy ; waste-to-energy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQK Pollution control
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: Enzymes, also known as biocatalysts, are proteins produced by living cells and found in a wide range of species, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Due to their specificity, enzymes are often widely used to catalyze various chemical reactions as proficient biocatalysts in many applications. Since enzymes are proteins, they are easily denatured and lose their activity under unfavorable conditions of the surrounding environment. Therefore, in order to prolong the activity of and increase the stability of enzymes, immobilization technology is commonly used for improving the overall efficiency of enzyme catalysis. Recent developments in the discovery of stable enzymes have expanded their uses to encompass organic synthesis and the production of specialized chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, and agrochemicals. In order to improve enzyme performance, microbial screening or gene cloning is generally used. It is also common for enzyme studies to use a particular medium for microbiological fermentation in order to produce enzymes. This Special Issue shows that enzymes and biocatalysis have found numerous applications in various fields. These applications include the production of APIs, wastewater treatment, transformation of health ingredients, laundry detergent, fortification of feed, and biocementation. Moreover, there are also studies focusing on the immobilization and production procedures of enzymes. Finally, an extensive review of metagenomics studies related to water and soil has also been included.
    Keywords: enzyme identification ; flavin-dependent halogenases ; bromination ; metagenome screening ; bacterial consortia of Botryococcus braunii ; bioinformatics ; animal nutrition ; enzyme ; animal feed ; zootechnical additive ; digestibility ; antinutritional factors ; Aspergillus ; protease ; sequential fermentation ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; lipase ; immobilization ; Aspergillus japonicus ; montmorillonite KSF ; Bambusa oldhamii ; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase ; substrate specificity ; plant secondary metabolism ; phenylpropanoid ; small molecule ; dynamic kinetic resolution ; levetiracetam ; nitrile hydratase ; amino amide ; amino nitrile ; HCV ; NS3 ; protein expression ; diagnosis ; helicase ; biocatalyst ; cyanide hydratase ; nitrilase ; Exidia glandulosa ; industrial effluent ; cokemaking ; electroplating ; wastewater treatment ; free cyanide ; formamide ; α-amylase ; pullulanase ; Clavispora lusitaniae ; purification ; enzyme characterization ; adsorption of protein mixtures ; BEICP ; EICP ; MICP ; hydrophobic soils ; Sporosarcina pasteurii ; soil ; water ; metagenomics ; enzymes ; biodiversity ; docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester ; eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ; packed-bed reactor ; ultrasonication ; mass transfer ; solvent-free ; ethyl acetate ; trypsin ; calcium-binding ; enzyme engineering ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This Special Issue of Biomolecules, “Physics of Protein Folding, Misfolding, and Intrinsic Disorder: A Themed Issue in Honour of Professor Vladimir Uversky on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday”, is a dedication to one of the discoverers of IDPs. This collection is a small token of the respect, admiration, and affection the contributors have for Prof. Vladimir (Volodya) Uversky. It is also a celebration of his illustrious career, and his accomplishments, and contributions to the IDP field that have inspired so many minds worldwide. This Special Issue presents the state of the art as it emerges from the contribution of the community of IDP researchers (IDPers), who have responded to the invitation to give credit to the pioneering work of Prof. Vladimir Uversky aimed at defining the class of disordered proteins and at promoting the attention of scientists toward the existence of “non-globular proteins”. The papers in this collection show the advancement of our knowledge through the application of an integrative structural approach and witnesses at the same time the interest of the IDPer community toward new concepts (i.e., liquid-liquid phase separation) and new methodological frontiers (i.e., the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to disorder prediction and modelling).
    Keywords: charge clustering ; polyelectrolytes ; average shape of conformational ensembles ; charged-residue patterning ; hydrodynamic radius ; solvent-accessible surface area ; proline content ; conformational compactness ; ellipsoid model ; intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) ; intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) ; LC–MS/MS ; IUPred analysis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; cold hardiness ; intrinsic disorder ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; intrinsic disordered regions ; disorder scale ; disorder propensity ; amino acids ; amino acid bias ; predictive performance ; disorder prediction ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; IDP ; RNA ; NMR ; pH ; liquid-liquid phase separation ; protein solubility ; protein disorder ; mutations ; bioinformatics ; kinetics ; fluorescence ; site-directed mutagenesis ; protein–protein interactions ; SH2 domains ; Crkl ; Paxillin ; Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle ; conditionally disordered protein ; history of modern science ; metabolism regulation ; moonlighting protein ; protein-protein interaction ; biomolecular condensates ; machine learning ; predictor ; physical interactions ; phase separation ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; biomineralization ; calcium carbonate ; otoliths ; nucleation pathways ; nickel ; intrinsically disordered regions ; lung cancer ; nmr ; isothermal titration calorimetry ; circular dichroism ; light scattering ; Dss1 ; intrinsically disordered protein ; IDPs ; molecular dynamics ; sequence composition ; SAXS ; membrane-less organelles ; stress ; long foldable segments ; pyHCA ; soluble domains ; protein sequence ; conditional order ; hidden order ; dark proteomes ; intrinsically disordered domains ; coexistence line ; tumor suppressor p53 ; intramolecular interaction ; salt-dependent binding affinity ; counterion condensation theory ; DNA binding ; fluorescence anisotropy ; van’t Hoff ; protein purification ; affinity chromatography ; Tau ; androgen receptor (AF1) ; isoform ; large-scale analysis ; protein structure ; AlphaFold ; canonical protein ; alpha-synuclein ; membrane ; synaptic vesicle ; synapsin ; Parkinson’s ; Myc ; drug targets ; SLiM ; small-molecule inhibitors ; glutamate receptor ; discrete molecular dynamics ; single molecule fluorescence ; integrative structural biology ; unfolded ; unstructured ; flexible ; protein function ; polymer physics ; percolation ; entanglement ; topology ; polymer rheology ; D/E repeats ; K/R repeats ; molecular dynamics simulations ; hub proteins ; multivalency ; transcription factor ; linker length ; heterogeneity ; dimers ; duplexes ; coarse-grained simulation ; molecular mass ; LLPS stability ; FUS ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The aim of this reprint is to highlight the progress and fundamental aspects for the synthesis, characterization, properties, and application of novel polymeric materials, as well as their copolymers, composites, and nanocomposites.
    Keywords: poly(lactic acid) ; epoxidized natural rubber ; polymer blend ; natural additives ; antioxidant ; polymer blending ; radiation crosslinking ; polyethylene ; polyurethane ; heat resistance ; mechanical property ; aramid fiber ; ballistic test ; failure mechanism ; cyclotriphosphazane ; flame retardancy ; dielectric properties ; azo compound ; liquid crystal ; structure–property relationship ; axial behavior ; geopolymer concrete (GC) ; ferrocement ; finite element analysis (FEA) ; polyacrylonitrile ; lignin ; electrospinning ; selective chemical dissolution ; porous nanofibers ; nanofibers ; soft template ; peat soil ; cement ; stabilization ; fly ash ; polypropylene fiber ; unconfined compressive strength (UCS) ; California bearing ratio (CBR) ; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ; bio-based polyurethanes ; jatropha oil ; algae oil ; recovered palm oil ; epoxy composite ; green composite ; corn cob ; polycarbonates ; transesterification ; polycondensation ; polymer ; hydrogen ; hydrophobic ; sensing ; nanostructures ; palladium ; polymer composite ; fibre-prestressing ; residual stresses ; PCL–SBA-15 nanocomposites ; real-time variable-temperature synchrotron measurements ; confinement ; mechanical behavior ; nanoclay ; nanocomposites ; mechanical properties ; impact properties ; hardness ; polymer composites ; graphene quantum dots ; bioactive ; biomedical ; synthesis ; PVK ; hexylthiophene ; PANI ; nanocomposite ; photovoltaic cells ; DFT ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; fibers ; biodegradability ; packaging ; patents ; poly(aminopropyl/phenyl)silsesquioxane ; thiol-ene ; kinetics ; activation energy ; polymer characterization ; viscoelasticity ; DMA ; solution blow spinning ; polyethylene oxide ; morphology ; materials characterization ; polymer dissolution ; kaolin flocculation ; aggregate resistance ; salinity ; flocculation kinetic ; shear rate ; thermoplastic starch ; silane ; foam ; carbon dioxide ; microcapsules ; dip coating ; encapsulation ; spectroscopy ; microscopy ; antibacterial silver ; polyaniline ; dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid ; γ-Al2O3 ; in situ polymerization ; core–shell nanocomposite ; polyphosphazene ; micro-nanospheres ; species-absorbing mechanisms ; hydrophobicity ; thermochemical ; PVDF ; alkali-grafting ; α-methyl styrene ; acrylonitrile ; proton exchange membrane ; block copolymers ; random copolymers ; catalytic membranes ; esterification ; isopropyl acetate ; bioinspired bottlebrush polymers ; aqueous boundary lubrication ; friction ; wear resistance ; supramolecular hydrogel ; acrylic acid ; maleic anhydride ; terpyridine ; coordination interaction ; thermoplastic polyurethanes ; surface free energy ; dithiol ; differential scanning calorimetry ; optical properties ; arsine ; ligands ; polypropylene ; catalyst ; degradation ; sol-gel process ; 3D network hybrid materials ; nanoparticles ; nanodispersity ; ionic liquids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering::TDCP Plastics and polymers
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The aim of this reprint was to report recent innovative studies based on the use of secondary raw materials for applications in civil and environmental engineering. To this purpose, papers were related to the preparation of innovative construction materials and to the treatment of wastes for environmental applications. The investigations were characterized by a common purpose, i.e., to find a way to reduce the amount of waste generated, thus reducing the need for landfilling and optimizing the values of these novel materials, which are an abundant resource that can be easily reused for different applications.
    Keywords: cement conglomerates ; end-of-life tire rubber ; perlite ; thermal insulation ; mechanical strength ; vegetable fiber ; fiber-reinforced mortar ; cement and cement-lime mortars ; sustainability ; render ; recycled aggregate concrete ; silica fume ; mixing process ; compressive strength ; water treatment ; nanomaterials ; adsorbents ; clay-polymers nanocomposites ; waste paper fiber ; fiber-cement plaster mortar ; physical and mechanical performance ; limestone ; granulated blast furnace slag ; adhesive strength ; industrial waste ; renewable resource ; reuse ; civil engineering material ; regulatory promotion ; composite materials ; carbon fiber-reinforced composites ; recycling techniques ; chemical recycling ; subcritical fluids ; supercritical fluids ; supercritical alcohols ; biochar ; modification ; sodium ; sorbent ; saline water ; soil ; bolt connectors ; fibre-reinforced concrete ; steel-concrete-steel sandwich ; shear behaviour ; ultimate load ; recycled materials ; environmental engineering ; water reuse ; oil removal ; cement mortar ; wheat straw ; acoustic absorption ; secondary raw materials ; phosphorescent composites ; thermal ; mechanical ; rheology ; sorption ; kinetics ; peat ; cenosphere ; oil sorption ; Weber–Morris ; diffusion model ; granules ; biocomposite ; scrap tire recycled steel fiber ; soil–cement blocks ; hydrochar ; digestate ; endocrine disruptor ; estrogen ; biosorbent ; adsorption ; water decontamination ; soil remediation ; recycled brick aggregate ; pervious concrete ; image processing ; pore feature ; recycled concrete aggregate ; green concrete ; machine learning ; decision tree ; gradient boosting ; bagging regressor ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This Special Issue is result of a call for papers of the Section Industrial Crystallization of MDPI’s scientific journal Crystals. It addresses scientists and engineers active in research and process & product development in life-science industries (e.g. pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and biotechnology products) and bulk chemical applications (e.g. desalination) as well. The contributions comprise several fundamental and application-oriented facets of crystallization providing an overview of industrially relevant subjects in the field. Main issues cover phase equilibria and solid-state behavior of crystalline compounds, crystal shape and size and related measurement techniques. Melt and solution crystallization are considered specifically addressing contemporary aspects of continuous crystallization and process intensification.
    Keywords: K-MER zeolite ; synthesis parameter ; morphology ; cyanoethylation of methanol ; catalyst ; multi-dendrite motion ; CA-LBM model ; dendritic growth ; natural convection ; numerical simulation ; melt crystallization ; freeze crystallization (FC) ; recycling ; ionic liquid (IL) ; solid–liquid equilibrium ; cellulose ; nanocrystals ; modification ; poly(butylene succinate) ; crystallization ; kinetics ; chirality ; deracemization ; preferential crystallization ; racemic conglomerate ; phase behavior ; polymorphism ; aryl glycerol ethers ; spherical BaTiO3 nanoparticle ; hydrothermal synthesis ; nanoscale TiO2 seed ; crystal growth ; dielectric property ; curcumin ; purification ; ternary mixture of curcuminoids ; reverse osmosis ; membrane fouling ; gypsum scaling ; fluorescent-tagged polyacrylate ; fluorescence ; scale inhibition mechanisms ; solvent effect ; crystal habit ; aspect ratio ; molecular dynamics (MD) ; surface structure ; amine ; biocatalysis ; enzyme ; process intensification ; enantioselective ; fluidized bed ; continuous ; chiral separation ; racemate resolution ; enantiomer ; asparagine monohydrate ; fine chemicals ; continuous crystallization ; crystal shape ; process design ; DTB crystallizer ; scale up ; L-serine ; L-alanine ; enantiomers ; isomorphic miscibility ; thermal expansion ; PXRD ; TRPXRD ; optical measurement techniques ; crystal size measurement ; inline probe ; crystal needles ; microcrystals ; microplate ; grid scanning ; in situ data collection ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This Book serves to highlight the mechanisms related to the low intestinal drug absorption, the strategies to overcome the obstacles or intestinal drug absorption, and in situ, in vitro, and in silico methodologies to predict to intestinal drug absorption. This Book presents a series of drug absorption studies and related technologies that predict intestinal permeation of drugs that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs. It also contains the mechanistic understanding regarding the first-pass metabolism and intestinal efflux that modulate the pharmacokinetics of drug and suggest the formulation strategies to enhance the bioavailability of investigated drugs.
    Keywords: rebamipide ; nanocrystals ; oral mucositis ; hydrogel ; endocytosis ; enoxaparin ; lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles ; oral ; intestinal absorption ; naftidrofuryl oxalate ; solubility ; permeability ; dissolution profiles ; pharmaceutical availability ; BCS drug classification ; non-sink condition ; solubility–permeability interplay ; unstirred water layer ; poorly soluble drugs ; solubilizer additive ; phenylketonuria ; l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; enzyme ; kinetics ; catabolism disorder ; biomedical drug ; P-glycoprotein ; breast cancer resistance protein ; LY335979 ; WK-X-34 ; in vivo–in vitro correlation ; lipolysis-permeation ; lipid-based drug delivery system ; PermeaPad ; cinnarizine ; lipolysis ; amorphous solid dispersion ; candesartan Cilexetil ; PVPK30 ; pH-modulation ; spray drying ; bioavailability ; nasal administration ; spray-drying ; chitosan ; microsphere ; meloxicam ; silymarin ; D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) ; liver distribution ; acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity ; extra virgin olive oil ; secoiridoids ; metabolism ; phenolic compounds ; intestinal permeability ; drug-phytochemical interaction ; hepatic metabolism ; mixed inhibition ; quercetin ; repaglinide ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book collects research activities focused on the development of new processes to replace obsolete practices that are often highly invasive, unsustainable, and socially unacceptable.Taking inspiration from real problems and the need to face real cases of contamination or prevent potentially harmful situations, the development and optimization of ‘smart’ solutions, i.e., sustainable not only from an environmental point of view but also economically, are discussed in order to encourage, as much as possible, their actual implementation.
    Keywords: water resources ; virtual water trade ; input-output method ; Gansu province ; ecological consumption ; influencing factors ; panel regressions ; ecological footprint ; innovative envelope ; building components ; green roofs ; indoor comfort ; energy consumption ; building modelling ; simulation models ; chitosan ; chromium ; heavy metals ; adsorption ; kinetics ; low-cost adsorbent ; tannery ; ion exchange ; nanobubbles ; contaminated soil ; electrokinetic ; in situ ; remediation ; Spinacia oleracea microbiota ; electrochemically activated solution ; peroxyacetic acid ; sanitization ; 16s rRNA pyrosequencing ; amplicon sequence variants ; alpha diversity ; bacterial community composition ; sedimentation ; drag ; fractal aggregates ; shear-thinning ; non-Newtonian fluids ; suspensions ; numerical simulations ; environmental impact ; waste management ; industrial production ; investment project ; risk evaluation ; multicriterial approach ; production planning ; carbon regulation ; reconditioning ; green logistics ; optimization ; drinking water treatment plant ; advection–diffusion–reaction ; chlorine dosage ; simulator validation ; industrial application ; biodegradation ; dehalogenase-producing bacteria ; haloalkanoic acids ; trichloroacetic acid ; 16S rRNA ; Lysinibacillus ; building energy efficiency ; European environmental brands ; tourism sector ; agritourism ; nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) ; submerged marine debris ; economic valuation ; contingent valuation ; economic benefit ; willingness to pay ; proecological behavior ; circular economy ; environmental management ; survey ; nonparametric methods ; serpentinite ; magnesium oxide ; calcination ; particle size distribution ; specific surface area ; magnesium potassium phosphate matrix ; radioactive waste ; immobilization ; hydrolytic stability ; strength ; pH-neutral electrochemically activated solution ; total bacterial count ; Salmonella Enteritidis ; egg cuticle integrity ; soil remediation ; soil contamination ; greenhouse ; phytoextraction ; mobilizing agents ; photosynthetic efficiency ; photovoltaics ; luminescent dyes ; energy savings ; sustainability ; cork–graphite electrode ; electrochemistry ; lead ; environmental application ; environmental pollution and remediation ; hazardous waste management ; soil and water reclamation ; nanomaterials ; sustainable processes ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Since process models are nowadays ubiquitous in many applications, the challenges and alternatives related to their development, validation, and efficient use have become more apparent. In addition, the massive amounts of both offline and online data available today open the door for new applications and solutions. However, transforming data into useful models and information in the context of the process industry or of bio-systems requires specific approaches and considerations such as new modelling methodologies incorporating the complex, stochastic, hybrid and distributed nature of many processes in particular. The same can be said about the tools and software environments used to describe, code, and solve such models for their further exploitation. Going well beyond mere simulation tools, these advanced tools offer a software suite built around the models, facilitating tasks such as experiment design, parameter estimation, model initialization, validation, analysis, size reduction, discretization, optimization, distributed computation, co-simulation, etc. This Special Issue collects novel developments in these topics in order to address the challenges brought by the use of models in their different facets, and to reflect state of the art developments in methods, tools and industrial applications.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber ; n/a ; coagulation bath ; binder dissolution ; sensitivity analysis ; simulation ; neural networks ; kernel development ; thermodynamics ; phytochemicals ; wave resonance ; natural extracts ; population balance model ; optimization ; vane ; parameter estimation ; grey-box model ; observability ; optimal clustering ; energy ; idling test ; data-mining ; extents ; computational fluid dynamics ; scrap dissolution ; Combined Heat and Power ; dynamic optimization ; scrap melting ; swelling ; engineering ; dry-jet wet spinning process ; fluid bed granulation ; point estimation method ; algebraic modeling language ; Design of Experiments ; costing stopping ; materials ; hydration ; SOS programming ; kinetics ; moisture content ; CHP legislation ; model predictive control ; graph theory ; robust optimization ; dynamic converter modelling ; partial least square regression ; uncertainty ; state decoupling ; utility management ; fluidized bed drying ; reactor coolant pump ; condensation ; wheat germ ; cooking ; maximum wave amplitude ; moving horizon estimation ; gray-box model ; chemistry ; barley ; machine learning ; heat and mass balance ; equality constraints ; porridge ; process model validation ; Pharmaceutical Processes ; mathematical model ; model identification ; Mammalian Cell Culture ; process modeling ; parameter correlation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 80
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Sports performance is primarily associated with elite sport, however, recreational athletes are increasingly attempting to emulate elite athletes. Performance optimization is distinctly multidisciplinary. Optimized training concepts and the use of state-of-the-art technologies are crucial for improving performance. However, sports performance enhancement is in constant conflict with the protection of athletes’ health. Notwithstanding the known positive effects of physical activity on health, the prevention and management of sports injuries remain major challenges to be addressed. Accordingly, this Special Issue on "Sports Performance and Health" consists of 17 original research papers, one review paper, and one commentary, and covers a wide range of topics related to fatigue, movement asymmetries, optimization of sports performance by training, technique, and/or tactics enhancements, prevention and management of sports injuries, optimization of sports equipment to increase performance and/or decrease the risk of injury, and innovations for sports performance, health, and load monitoring. As this Special Issue offers several new insights and multidisciplinary perspectives on sports performance and health, readers from around the world who work in these areas are expected to benefit from this Special Issue collection.
    Keywords: symmetry ; asymmetry ; foot ; force ; balance ; postural stability ; standing ; hurdling ; biomechanics ; hurdle clearance ; technique analysis ; collar height ; kinematics ; kinetics ; dynamic stability ; ankle injury ; range of motion ; basketball shooting ; proprioception ; ankle sprain ; taping ; soccer ; basketball ; prevention ; musculoskeletal disorders ; personalized treatment ; measurement ; healthy athletes ; jump performance ; smartphones ; My Jump 2 ; reliability ; validity ; training environment ; sports ; athletes ; interval training ; biological emotional evaluation ; sports sciences ; muscle activations ; electromyography ; slope walking ; backpack loads ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; training ; mitochondrion ; table tennis ; racket ; racket sports ; performance analysis ; game-actions ; strokes ; morphology ; isokinetic ; sprints ; vertical jump performance ; handball shooting ; agility ; strength ; power ; inter-limb asymmetry ; global navigation satellite system ; GPS ; IMU ; inertial motion capture ; pressure insoles ; ski racing ; alpine skiing ; athletes’ health ; epidemiology ; spine ; musculoskeletal injuries ; skiing simulation ; optical motion capture ; tensiometer ; ski waist-width ; knee injury ; wrist ; elbow ; shot ; accuracy ; RFD-SF ; badminton ; knee joint ; injury ; one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping ; eccentric ; alpine ski racing ; strength training ; supramaximal loads ; athlete safety ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 81
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The Tsinghua University–University of Waterloo Joint Research Center for Micro/Nano Energy & Environment Technology (JCMEET) is a platform. It was established on Nov.11, 2017. The Chairperson of University Council of Tsinghua University, Dr. Xu Chen, and the President of the University of Waterloo, Dr. Feridun Hamdullahpur, attended the opening ceremony and unveiled the nameplate for the joint research center on 29th of March, 2018. The research center serves as a platform for researchers at both universities to conduct joint research in the targeted areas, and to meet regularly for information exchange, talent exchange, and knowledge mobilization, especially in the fields of micro/nano, energy, and environmental technologies. The center focuses on three main interests: micro/nano energy technology, micro/nano pollution control technology, and relevant fundamental research. In order to celebrate the first anniversary of the Joint Research Center, we were invited to serve as the Guest Editors of this Special Issue of Materials focusing on the topic of micro/nano-materials for clean energy and environment. It collects research papers from a broad range of topics related to micro/nanostructured materials aimed at future energy resources, low emission energy conversion, energy storage, energy efficiency improvement, air emission control, air monitoring, air cleaning, and many other related applications. This Special Issue provides an opportunity and example for the international community to discuss how to actively address the energy and environment issues that we are facing.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; particle size ; nanoplates ; filter paper ; potassium-based adsorbent ; Limestone ; engine filtration ; particle deposition ; airborne nanoparticle ; CaO ; air filtration ; DFT ; nanoparticles ; model ; multiscale model ; building materials ; shale ; adsorption ; passive building systems ; thermal energy storage (TES) ; As2O3 ; nanofibers ; product island ; TGA ; water quality ; oxidation kinetics ; failure ; loading performance ; kinetics ; pressure decay method ; concrete ; airborne dust ; mortar ; flame synthesis ; permeability measurement ; flame stabilizing on a rotating surface (FSRS) ; particle concentration ; submicro-fiber ; rotational speed ; phase change material (PCM) ; PM2.5 ; load modification ; oxygen carrier ; amalgam ; CO2 adsorption ; Karlovitz number ; cellulose nanofiber ; Lyocell fiber ; microscopic characteristics ; sulfation ; spectral blue shift ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue explores recent developments and advanced concepts related to the valorisation of organic wastes and other biomass through the application of anaerobic digestion (AD). Biological phenomena, the efficiency of the AD process, the viability of full-scale AD installations, the integration of hydrogen and biomethane concepts, and biorefineries are some of the themes covered. While AD is addressed under different perspectives, the results all strengthen AD to fulfil its important role as a sustainable and highly versatile technology. Further research and development needs are also presented.
    Keywords: anaerobic digestion ; industrial solid citrus waste ; cattle manure ; citrus industry ; bioenergy potential ; soft sensor ; deep learning ; anaerobic membrane bioreactors ; ambient temperature ; membrane fouling ; mean cell residence time ; wastewater treatment ; biogas ; methane yield ; biochemical methane potential ; crop material ; energy crops ; agricultural wastes ; biogas production ; anaerobic digestion costs ; economic viability ; UK policy ; Brexit ; feed-in tariff ; renewable heat incentive ; wheat straw ; hydrothermal pretreatment ; biomethane potential ; batch test ; in-situ biomethanisation ; power-to-gas ; biomethane production ; United Kingdom policy ; energy security ; biomethane ; biohydrogen ; membrane separation ; mixed matrix membranes ; upgrading technologies ; thermal rearrangement ; CO2 biomethanisation ; pH change ; CO2 partial pressure ; volatile fatty acids ; ammonia ; insect frass ; black soldier fly ; Hermetia illucens ; BMP tests ; CSTR digestion ; agricultural waste ; biobased products ; nutrients ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; proteins ; RBP test ; biogas yield models ; decision trees ; Gaussian process ; regression ; inhibition ; salts ; counter-ions ; kinetics ; methane ; biomethanation ; in-situ ; biogas upgrading ; hydrogen ; gas–liquid mass transfer ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 83
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: The development of renewable energy sources will help alleviate the twin problems of energy appetite and environmental pollution. Among such renewable sources, biofuels standout. Biodiesel is at the top of the list of biofuels that have the potential to substitute conventional fossil-based transportation fuels. The reprint comprises 11 chapters in total dealing with a variety of feedstock needed for the sustainable production of biodiesel, various catalysts that could be used for the accelerated production of biodiesel, and advances in reactor technology for the demand-based production of biodiesel. Indebtedness is due to various research groups, namely: Fahad Rehman and co-workers from Pakistan, Qatar, and the UK; Tao Lyu and co-workers from the UK, China, and Germany; Sandro L. Barbosa and co-workers from Brazil and the USA; Anita Salic and co-workers from Croatia; Fabrizio Roncaglia and co-workers from Italy; Jose C. S. dos Santos and co-workers from Brazil; Anoop Singh and co-workers from India and Brazil; Dhurba Neupane from the USA; Zhang and Wang and co-workers from China; and Awogbemi and Kallon from South Africa for their scholarly work that enabled the publication of this reprint on “Acceleration of biodiesel production”.
    Keywords: tubular reactor ; biodiesel ; catalyst ; transesterification ; feedstock ; reactor technologies ; waste cooking oil ; bifunctional catalyst ; microbubble technology ; biofuel ; feedstocks ; sustainability ; research articles ; bibliometric analysis ; bioengineering ; biorefinery ; waste ; valorization ; life cycle assessment ; waste recovery ; renewable energy ; microalgal technology ; DES ; microextractor ; purification ; glycerol extraction ; Zr-based MOFs ; heterogeneous catalysis ; esterification ; biofuels ; kinetics ; RSM ; glycerol ; flow chemistry ; glycerol carbonate ; carbon cycle ; CO2 capture ; generation of biofuels ; renewable resources ; fossil fuel ; population growth ; greenhouse gas emissions ; environmentally friendly processes ; bayer residue ; waste management ; basic catalyst ; contaminants ; red mud ; fatty acid methyl ester ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 84
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates possessing a 3D network structure. They are widely considered to have been the leading materials of the last few decades in the fields of chemical engineering, energy sources, and environmental protection. Zeolites with various pore sizes can be obtained with different ratios of SiO2 and Al2O3, demonstrating large specific areas and strong gas adsorption. Therefore, they are commonly used for various processes, such as dehydration, gas separation and synthesis, air pollution control (H2S, SO2, and NOx decontamination), fuel conversion (electrolyte film), petroleum cracking, and others, playing the roles of a membrane, catalyst, and support. This Special Issue is dedicated to novel research and discussions on zeolites, with a focus on, but not limited to, the following: (1) Fundamental research on mechanisms of the formation of pores for zeolites; (2) Zeolites used as the membrane, catalyst, and support; (3) Theoretical simulation and machine learning research for zeolites; (4) Novel applications for zeolites; (5) Related porous materials
    Keywords: cerium oxide ; photocatalysis ; flash combustion ; water treatment ; air purification ; visible light ; alkali ions ; sodalite ; transesterification ; kinetics ; thermodynamic ; mechanism ; adsorption ; natural zeolite support ; single and double metal oxide catalysts ; synergistic mechanism ; SAPO-34 ; zeolites ; crystallization ; esterification ; propyl levulinate ; Zn-BEA zeolites ; dealumination ; acid–base characteristics ; propane dehydrogenation with CO2 ; propene ; Cu-SSZ-16 ; Ce content ; NH3-SCR ; low temperature ; hydrothermal stability ; zeolitic membranes ; gas separation and purification ; metal–organic frameworks ; bimetallic ; electrocatalysts ; CO2 utilization ; syngas ; zeolite ; catalyst ; pore structure ; redox ; applications ; propane oxidation dehydrogenation (ODHP) ; N2O ; Cu-BEA ; density functional theory (DFT) ; microkinetic modelling ; Mn-Ce/CuX catalyst ; zinc species poisoning ; low-temperature NH3-SCR ; benzene alkylation ; H-ZSM-5 zeolite ; Al spatial distribution ; DFT calculation ; ZSM-5 ; NOx removal ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In recent years, many technologies for gait and posture assessments have emerged. Wearable sensors, active and passive in-house monitors, and many combinations thereof all promise to provide accurate measures of physical activity, gait, and posture parameters. Motivated by market projections for wearable technologies and driven by recent technological innovations in wearable sensors (MEMs, electronic textiles, wireless communications, etc.), wearable health/performance research is growing rapidly and has the potential to transform future healthcare from disease treatment to disease prevention. The objective of this Special Issue is to address and disseminate the latest gait, posture, and activity monitoring systems as well as various mathematical models/methods that characterize mobility functions. This Special Issue focuses on wearable monitoring systems and physical sensors, and its mathematical models can be utilized in varied environments under varied conditions to monitor health and performance
    Keywords: step detection ; machine learning ; outlier detection ; transition matrices ; autoencoders ; ground reaction force (GRF) ; micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) ; gait ; walk ; bipedal locomotion ; 3-axis force sensor ; shoe ; force distribution ; multi-sensor gait classification ; distributed compressed sensing ; joint sparse representation classification ; telemonitoring of gait ; operating range ; accelerometer ; stride length ; peak tibial acceleration ; running velocity ; wearable sensors ; feedback technology ; rehabilitation ; motor control ; cerebral palsy ; inertial sensors ; gait events ; spatiotemporal parameters ; postural control ; falls in the elderly ; fall risk assessment ; low-cost instrumented insoles ; foot plantar center of pressure ; flexible sensor ; gait recognition ; piezoelectric material ; wearable ; adaptability ; force sensitive resistors ; self-tuning triple threshold algorithm ; sweat sensor ; sweat rate ; dehydration ; IoT ; PDMS ; surface electromyography ; handgrip force ; force-varying muscle contraction ; nonlinear analysis ; wavelet scale selection ; inertial measurement unit ; gyroscope ; asymmetry ; feature extraction ; gait analysis ; lower limb prosthesis ; trans-femoral amputee ; MR damper ; knee damping control ; inertial measurement units ; motion analysis ; kinematics ; functional activity ; repeatability ; reliability ; biomechanics ; cognitive frailty ; cognitive–motor impairment ; Alzheimer’s disease ; motor planning error ; instrumented trail-making task ; ankle reaching task ; dual task walking ; nondestructive ; joint moment ; partial weight loading ; muscle contributions ; sit-to-stand training ; motion parameters ; step length ; self-adaptation ; Parkinson’s disease (PD) ; tremor dominant (TD) ; postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) ; center of pressure (COP) ; fast Fourier transform (FFT) ; wavelet transform (WT) ; fall detection system ; smartphones ; accelerometers ; machine learning algorithms ; supervised learning ; ANOVA analysis ; Step-detection ; ActiGraph ; Pedometer ; acceleration ; physical activity ; physical function ; physical performance test ; chair stand ; sit to stand transfer ; wearables ; gyroscopes ; e-Health application ; physical rehabilitation ; shear and plantar pressure sensor ; biaxial optical fiber sensor ; multiplexed fiber Bragg gratings ; frailty ; pre-frail ; wearable sensor ; sedentary behavior ; moderate-to-vigorous activity ; steps ; fall detection ; elderly people monitoring ; telerehabilitation ; virtual therapy ; Kinect ; eHealth ; telemedicine ; insole ; injury prevention ; biomechanical gait variable estimation ; inertial gait variable ; total knee arthroplasty ; falls in healthy elderly ; fall prevention ; biometrics ; human gait recognition ; ground reaction forces ; Microsoft Kinect ; high heels ; fusion data ; ensemble classifiers ; accidental falls ; older adults ; neural networks ; convolutional neural network ; long short-term memory ; accelerometry ; obesity ; nonlinear ; electrostatic field sensing ; gait measurement ; temporal parameters ; artificial neural network ; propulsion ; aging ; walking ; smart footwear ; frailty prediction ; fall risk ; smartphone based assessments ; adverse post-operative outcome ; intelligent surveillance systems ; human fall detection ; health and well-being ; safety and security ; n/a ; movement control ; anterior cruciate ligament ; kinetics ; real-time feedback ; biomechanical gait features ; impaired gait classification ; pattern recognition ; sensors ; clinical ; knee ; osteoarthritis ; shear stress ; callus ; woman ; TUG ; IMU ; geriatric assessment ; semi-unsupervised ; self-assessment ; domestic environment ; functional decline ; symmetry ; trunk movement ; autocorrelation ; gait rehabilitation ; wearable device ; IMU sensors ; gait classification ; stroke patients ; neurological disorders ; scanning laser rangefinders (SLR), GAITRite ; cadence ; velocity and stride-length ; power ; angular velocity ; human motion measurement ; sensor fusion ; complementary filter ; fuzzy logic ; inertial and magnetic sensors ; ESOQ-2 ; Parkinson’s disease ; UPDRS ; movement disorders ; human computer interface ; RGB-Depth ; hand tracking ; automated assessment ; at-home monitoring ; Parkinson’s Diseases ; motorized walker ; haptic cue ; gait pattern ; statistics study ; walk detection ; step counting ; signal processing ; plantar pressure ; flat foot ; insoles ; force sensors ; arch index ; sports analytics ; deep learning ; classification ; inertial sensor ; cross-country skiing ; classical style ; skating style ; batteryless strain sensor ; wireless strain sensor ; resonant frequency modulation ; Ecoflex ; human activity recognition ; smartphone ; human daily activity ; ensemble method ; running ; velocity ; smart shoe ; concussion ; inertial motion units (IMUs) ; vestibular exercises ; validation ; motion capture ; user intent recognition ; transfemoral prosthesis ; multi-objective optimization ; biogeography-based optimization ; smart cane ; weight-bearing ; health monitoring ; wearable/inertial sensors ; regularity ; variability ; human ; motion ; locomotion ; UPDRS tasks ; posture ; postural stability ; center of mass ; RGB-depth ; neurorehabilitation ; hallux abductus valgus ; high heel ; proximal phalanx of the hallux ; abduction ; valgus ; ultrasonography ; Achilles tendon ; diagnostic ; imaging ; tendinopathy ; foot insoles ; electromyography ; joint instability ; muscle contractions ; motorcycling ; wearable electronic devices ; validity ; relative movement ; lower limb prosthetics ; biomechanic measurement tasks ; quantifying socket fit ; rehabilitation exercise ; dynamic time warping ; automatic coaching ; exergame ; fine-wire intramuscular EMG electrode ; non-human primate model ; traumatic spinal cord injury ; wavelet transform ; relative power ; linear mixed model ; VO2 ; calibration ; MET ; VO2net ; speed ; equivalent speed ; free-living ; children ; adolescents ; adults ; gait event detection ; hemiplegic gait ; appropriate mother wavelet ; acceleration signal ; wavelet-selection criteria ; conductive textile ; stroke ; hemiparetic ; real-time monitoring ; lower limb locomotion activity ; triplet Markov model ; semi-Markov model ; on-line EM algorithm ; human kinematics ; phase difference angle ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 86
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: This book focuses of the neurotransmission phenomenon. By definition, neurotransmitters are chemicals that enable communication, i.e., the flow of nerve impulses between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscles and glands. Recently, one can distinguish excitatory and inhibitory mediators, both of which are endo–exogenous compounds that control the function of the whole organism. From a chemical point of view, neurotransmitters belong to many different structural groups, such as amino acids (such as glycine), peptides (such as substance P, somatostatin), monoamines (such as noradrenaline or dopamine), purine derivatives (such as adenosine), gases (such as nitrogen, NO, carbon monoxide CO), and acetylcholine. From a medical point of view, disturbances in the concentration of neurotransmitters in the body result in the occurrence of mental disorders and diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease) and contribute to the occurrence of dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), among other diseases. However, the problem is much wider. These disorders can lead to a number of cardiovascular diseases and can lead to the development of vascular diseases of the brain as well as in many other organs. Therefore, pharmacological intervention is a therapy that tries to interfere with regulatory processes year after year. Such treatments improve survival, reduce the frequency of readmission, and improve patients' quality of life.
    Keywords: white matter hyperintensities ; dysautonomia ; genetic polymorphisms ; dementia ; levodopa ; renin-angiotensin system ; orthostatic hypotension ; reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model ; vortioxetine ; ropinirole ; serotonin and dopamine in fibromyalgia ; mouse ; dopamine ; acetylcholine ; glutamate ; BDNF ; serotonin ; neurotransmitters ; statins ; neurodegenerative diseases ; stroke ; depression ; androgenetic alopecia ; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors ; mixed dyslipidemia ; risk factors ; halogenated pyrazolines ; monoamine oxidase inhibitors ; kinetics ; reversibility ; molecular dynamics ; guanylate cyclase (GC) ; chronic heart failure (CHF) ; pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) ; tiagabine ; cardiac voltage-gated ion channels ; molecular modeling ; ECG study ; SGLT2i ; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors ; neuroprotection ; atheroprotection ; mTOR ; type 2 diabetes mellitus ; cognitive impairment ; inflammation ; oxidative stress ; antibiotics ; neurotoxicity ; adverse drug reaction ; neurotransmission ; 5-HT receptors ; gastrointestinal tract ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Coumarins are widely distributed in nature and can be found in a large number of naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive molecules. The unique and versatile oxygen-containing heterocyclic structure makes them a privileged scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Many coumarin derivatives have been extracted from natural sources, designed, synthetized, and evaluated on different pharmacological targets. In addition, coumarin-based ion receptors, fluorescent probes, and biological stains are growing quickly and have extensive applications to monitor timely enzyme activity, complex biological events, as well as accurate pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties in living cells. The extraction, synthesis, and biological evaluation of coumarins have become extremely attractive and rapidly developing topics. A large number of research and review papers have compiled information on this important family of compounds in 2020. Research articles, reviews, communications, and concept papers focused on the multidisciplinary profile of coumarins, highlighting natural sources, most recent synthetic pathways, along with the main biological applications and theoretical studies, were the main focus of this book. The huge and growing range of applications of coumarins described in this book is a demonstration of the potential of this family of compounds in Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, and different sciences related to the study of natural products. This book includes 23 articles: 17 original papers and six review papers.
    Keywords: coumarin ; hydroxyl-modified coumarin ; photophysical ; thermal and structural characterization ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; glycyrol ; liquiritigenin ; cholinesterases ; human monoamine oxidases ; kinetics ; docking simulation ; chalcone ; neurodegenerative diseases ; adenosine receptors ; binding affinity ; docking ; 4-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin ; macrophage ; inflammation ; NF-κB ; MAPK ; calanolides ; pseudocalanolides ; calanolide A ; Calophyllum ; Calophyllaceae ; anti-HIV ; reverse transcriptase ; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) ; osthole ; umbelliferone ; esculin ; 4-hydroxycoumarin ; sorafenib ; apoptosis ; autophagy ; Yin Chen Hao ; constitutive androstane receptor ; scoparone ; coumarins ; quorum sensing ; QS inhibitors ; plant-derived molecules ; Chromobacterium violaceum ; immunoproteasome ; psoralen core ; non-peptidic ; electrophilic compounds ; warhead scan ; inflammatory bowel disease ; isocoumarin ; Crohn’s disease ; ulcerative colitis ; glutathione ; oxidative stress ; complementary therapies ; intestinal inflammation ; benzopyrones ; five-membered aromatic heterocycles ; furan ; pyrrole ; thiophene ; selenophen ; dihydrocoumarin-fused dihydropyranones ; 3-aroylcoumarines ; benzyl 2,3-butadienoate ; 6’-(4-biphenyl)-β-iso-cinchonine ; biological applications ; drug discovery ; fluorescent probes ; warfarin ; acenocoumarol ; mechanical valve ; time in therapeutic range ; anticoagulation ; Ruta chalepensis ; Rutaceae ; chalepin ; chalepensin ; bioactivity ; biosynthesis ; coumarin3-carboxamides ; pyranocoumarins ; anticancer activity ; antibacterial activity ; free radical polymerization ; LED ; photocomposites ; direct laser write ; analytical methods ; model plant ; natural genetic variation ; natural products ; simple coumarins ; chalcocoumarin ; MAO-B ; molecular dynamics ; in silico studies ; dye-sensitized solar cells ; coumarin dyes ; thieno [3,2-b] thiophene ; charge transfer ; ethynylaryl ; esculetin ; antiplatelet activity ; impedance aggregometry ; COX ; polyphenols ; pyrazole ; imidazole ; thiazole ; oxazole ; triazole ; thiadiazole ; curcumin ; curcumin–coumarin hybrids ; neuroprotection ; monoamine oxidase inhibition ; cholinesterase inhibition ; scavenging activity ; Escherichia coli ; biotransformation ; ferulenol ; structural annotation ; in silico tools ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 88
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: The presence of pollutants (i.e., emerging contaminants, radionuclides, potential toxic metals, dyes, etc.) in water has a negative impact on the environment and presents a potential health risk for inhabitants. Among the existing technologies (i.e., advanced oxidation process, membrane filtration, biodegradation, etc.) that are used to remove them from water, adsorption has garnered significant interest due to its low cost and fast removal. The development of advanced materials and their application for water treatments have recently caught the attention of researchers.This reprint aimed to establish updated information on adsorption technology for water and wastewater treatments. The submissions selected for this SI focus on (1) applying reality technology for water and wastewater treatments and (2) exploring detailed adsorption mechanisms using current data (i.e., comparing changes in the properties of adsorbents before and after adsorption using appropriate techniques).
    Keywords: antimony ; hydroxy-iron ; sepiolite ; adsorption ; carbon nanomaterials ; magnetite ; captopril ; phenol ; activated carbon ; modeling ; k-nearest neighbor ; gray wolf optimizer ; fluorine removal ; capacitive deionization ; mesoporous carbon ; nitrogen doping ; pharmaceuticals ; dyes ; clays ; isotherm ; kinetics ; water treatment ; Zr-doped G-C3N4 ; wastewater treatment ; mineral pollutant ; catalysts regeneration ; adsorption kinetics ; pseudo-second-order model ; nonlinear method ; linear method ; sugarcane bagasse ; olive mills wastewater ; factorial design ; phenol adsorption ; different clays ; adsorption mechanism ; physics-statistics modeling ; conducting polymers ; Cr (VI) management ; nanocomposites ; zinc oxide ; bioremediation ; hydrophytes ; algae ; heavy metals ; wastewater ; magnetic Fe-C-N composite ; chromium ; reduction ; coagulation sludge ; pyrolyzation ; mechanism ; modelling ; artificial intelligence ; emerging pollutant ; machine learning ; statistical physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 89
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The formulation of coated composite materials is an important field of research around the world today. Coated composite materials include inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials. These materials are formulated by an amalgamate minimum of two or more materials that accommodate different properties. These materials have a vast field of appealing applications that encourage scientists to work on them. Due to their unique properties, such as their strength, liability, swiftness, and low cost, they are used as promising candidates for reliable applications in various fields, such as biomedical, engineering, energy devices, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. Different types of composite materials have had a noticeable impact in these fields already, such as glass, plastic, and, most promisingly, metal oxide nanoparticles.
    Keywords: 6H-SiC ; Cu-Sn alloy ; ion implantation ; wettability ; interface ; nanoparticles ; dyes ; catalysis ; reduction ; glass/Kevlar ; hybrid composites ; hand layup ; epoxy ; hardener ; tensile ; hardness shore D ; water absorption ; density ; peel ; ratio ; Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite ; consolidation behavior ; microstructure ; mechanical properties ; thermal shock resistance ; ammonia electro-oxidation ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrochemical surface area (ECSA) ; electrocatalysts ; nanocomposites ; infrared detector ; resonant cavity ; energy applications ; absorptance ; Ce–Cu oxide ; co-precipitation ; photocatalyst ; dye degradation ; CuO/γ-Al2O3 ; ammonia electro-oxidation (AEO) ; nanocomposite structure ; XRD ; photoluminescence ; rare earth element REE ; heterogeneous catalysis ; perovskite ; CH3NH3PbI3 ; solar cells ; polysilane ; decaphenylcyclopentasilane ; stability ; chlorobenzene ; calculation ; Raman scattering ; lead-free ; NBT–BMN ; weight loss ; dielectric ; piezoelectric ceramics ; bimetallic nanoparticles ; kinetics ; antioxidant studies ; catalytic activity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 90
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book introduces the recent technologies introduced for gases capture including CO2, CO, SO2, H2S, NOx, and H2. Various processes and theories for gas capture and removal are presented. The book provides a useful source of information for engineers and specialists, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of environmental and chemical science and engineering.
    Keywords: in situ gasification chemical looping combustion ; high-flux circulating fluidized bed ; counter-flow moving bed ; gas leakage ; coupling mechanism ; carbon capture and utilization ; biogas upgrading ; calcium carbonate precipitation ; chemical absorption ; gas pressure ; gas content ; gas basic parameters ; rapid estimation technology ; supercritical water oxidation ; high-pressure separation ; oxygen recovery ; energy recovery ; economic analysis ; coal-direct chemical looping combustion ; theoretical methodology ; high-flux ; pressure gradient ; gas mole fraction ; activity ; UNIFAC ; phase equilibrium ; threshold value ; CO2 capture ; calcium looping ; chemical sorption ; anti-attrition ; pore-former particle size ; Reaction ; kinetics ; carbon dioxide ; N-methyldiethanolamine ; L-Arginine ; stopped flow technique ; carbon capture ; CO2 sequestration ; steel-making waste ; steel slag ; H2S absorption ; amine solutions ; glycols ; desulfurization ; aqueous and non-aqueous solutions ; gas diffusion ; unipore diffusion model ; bidisperse diffusion model ; dispersive diffusion model ; refinery plants ; industrial gas streams ; petrochemical processes ; waste gases ; activated carbons ; catalytic activation ; physicochemical structure ; SO2 adsorption ; optimal conceptual design ; market prediction ; economic uncertainty ; environmental impact ; carbon dioxide separation ; Aspen Plus ; CCGT ; Taguchi ; Minitab ; optimization ; 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol ; modelling and Simulation ; post-combustion capture ; exergy analysis ; flowsheeting configurations ; nanofluids ; absorption intensification ; mass transfer coefficient ; bubble column ; global warming ; membrane contactor ; removal of NO2 and CO2 ; coke oven ; carbonaceous deposits ; spectral analysis ; mechanism ; arsenene ; doping ; first principles study ; gas adsorption ; two-dimensional ; waste polyurethane foam ; physical activation ; high selectivity ; ultra-micropore ; mechanical activation ; iron ore ; carbonation ; calcination ; recyclability ; mechanochemical reactions ; carbonation kinetics ; MXene ; gas separation ; Knudsen diffusion ; molecular sieving ; transport mechanism ; spiral nozzle ; gas absorption ; spray atomization ; droplet size ; droplet velocity ; gas emission ; capture ; CO2 ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 91
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book presents recent advances in computational methods for polymers. It covers multiscale modeling of polymers, polymerization reactions, and polymerization processes as well as control, monitoring, and estimation methods applied to polymerization processes. It presents theoretical insights gained from multiscale modeling validated with exprimental measurements. The book consolidates new computational tools and methods developed by academic researchers in this area and presents them systematically. The book is useful for graduate students, researchers, and process engineers and managers.
    Keywords: rapid tooling ; additive manufacturing ; failure modes ; injection molding ; modeling ; olefin ; gas phase ; kinetics ; hyperbranched ; Monte Carlo simulation ; radius of gyration ; span length ; continuous stirred-tank reactor ; data-driven parameter estimation ; retrospective cost model refinement algorithm ; global sensitivity analysis ; polyolefin synthesis ; olefin copolymerization ; reactivity ratios ; electronic effects ; salan catalysts ; post-metallocene ; DFT ; insertion kinetics ; olefin capture ; PolyEThyleneAmidoAmine (PETAA) dendrimer ; molecular topological indices ; Eccentric connectivity index ; copolymerization ; design of experiments ; reactivity ratio estimation ; terpolymerization ; PLP-SEC ; n-butyl acrylate ; degree of branching ; nanostar dendrimer ; irregularity measure ; complexity of structure ; NS1[p] ; NS2[p] ; NS3[p] ; subspace identification ; polymer processing ; model predictive control ; rotational molding ; batch process modeling and control ; method of moments ; free-radical polymerization ; methyl acrylate ; thermal polymerization ; high-temperature polymerization ; molecular graph ; irregularity indices ; dendrimers ; density functional theory ; inhibitors ; phenolic ; stable nitroxide radicals ; styrene ; polymerization ; RAFT polymerization ; multi-rate observer ; nonlinear sampled-data system ; measurements with delay ; parameter fitting ; droplet impact ; viscoelasticity ; volume of fluid method ; process intensification ; operability ; modularity ; process modeling and simulation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The microstructures of both martensite and bainite, although sharing some common features, depict a plethora of subtle differences that made them unique when studied in further detail. Tailoring the final properties of a microstructure based on one or the other as well as in combination with others and exploring more sophisticated concepts, such as Q&P and nanostructured bainite, are the topics which are the focus of research around the world. In understanding the key microstructural parameters controlling the final properties as well as definition of adequate process parameters to attain the desired microstructures requires that a proper understanding of the mechanism ruling their transformation and a detailed characterization first be acheived. The development of new and powerful scientific techniques and equipment (EBSD, APT, HRTEM, etc.) allow us to gain fundamental insights that help to establish some of the principles by which those microstructures are known. The developments accompanying such findings lead to further developments and intensive research providing the required metallurgical support.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; TA401-492 ; n/a ; TRIP ; tempering ; modeling ; microstructure ; nanobainite ; lenticular martensite ; stainless steel ; carbonitrides precipitation ; carbide precipitation ; bainitic ferrite ; EBSD ; hot rolling ; fatigue ; transmission Kikuchi diffraction ; transmission electron microscopy ; medium-Mn steel ; dilatometry ; industrialization ; molybdenum ; ausforming ; offshore steels ; welding ; Q&amp ; creep resistant steels ; inductive measurements ; metastable austenite ; retained austenite ; mechanical properties ; martensite ; carbon partitioning ; transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) ; thermomechanical treatment ; phase transformation ; transformation kinetics ; kinetics ; MX nanoprecipitates ; phase equilibrium ; steel ; electron backscattering diffraction ; titanium ; impact toughness ; surface modification ; bainitic/martensitic ferrite ; retained austenite stability ; dilatation behavior ; P ; tempered martensite embrittlement ; yield strength ; bainite ; high strength steel ; tensile ductility ; synchrotron ; niobium ; microalloyed steels ; ultrahigh strength steel ; low temperature bainite ; strain-induced martensite ; plate thickness ; ferritic/martensitic steel ; austenite decomposition ; nitrocarburising ; high carbon steels ; Kernel average misorientation ; austempering ; martensitic steel ; HEXRD ; direct quenched ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 93
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Block copolymers with crystallizable blocks have moved into the focus of current research, owing to their unique self-assembly behaviour and properties. New synthetic concepts give, for example, even access to tetrablock copolymers with four crystalline blocks, bio-based thermoplastic elastomers (e.g., based on ABA triblock copolymers with poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) hard segments), and allow new, exciting insights into the interplay of microphase separation and crystallization in controlling self-assembly in bulk (confined vs. break-out crystalliza­tion).Concerning self-assembly in solution, crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) paved the way to a myriad of crystalline-core micellar structures and hierarchical super­structures that were not accessible before via self-assembly of fully amorphous block copolymers. This allows for the production of cylindrical micelles with defined lengths, length distribution, and corona chemistries (block type or patchy corona), as well as branched micelles and fascinating micellar superstructures (e.g., 2D lenticular platelets, scarf-shaped micelles, multidimensional micellar assemblies, and cross and “windmill”-like supermicelles).This Special Issue brings together new developments in the synthesis and self-assembly of block copolymers with crystallizable blocks and also addresses emerging applications for these exciting materials. It includes two reviews on CDSA and eight contributions spanning from membranes for gas separation to self-assembly in bulk and solution.
    Keywords: crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) ; crystalline-core micelles ; patchy micelles ; block copolymers ; crystal morphologies ; polymer crystallization ; nucleation mechanism ; scaling relations ; crystallization-driven self-assembly ; calcium alginate hydrogel ; cylindrical micelles ; poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polymethylene ; blends ; diblock copolymers ; ferroelectric phase ; semicrystalline block copolymers ; phase separation and crystallization ; epitaxial crystallization ; nanostructures ; kinetics ; fragmentation ; growth ; polypeptoids ; crystallization ; solution self-assembly ; triblock terpolymers ; polyethylene (PE) ; poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) ; poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) ; tricrystalline spherulites ; copolymer ; membrane ; hydrocarbon ; cohesive energy density ; gas separation ; semicrystalline polymer ; 3D confinement ; ABC triblock terpolymers ; degradation ; emulsification ; microparticles ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 94
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In recent years, many technologies for gait and posture assessments have emerged. Wearable sensors, active and passive in-house monitors, and many combinations thereof all promise to provide accurate measures of physical activity, gait, and posture parameters. Motivated by market projections for wearable technologies and driven by recent technological innovations in wearable sensors (MEMs, electronic textiles, wireless communications, etc.), wearable health/performance research is growing rapidly and has the potential to transform future healthcare from disease treatment to disease prevention. The objective of this Special Issue is to address and disseminate the latest gait, posture, and activity monitoring systems as well as various mathematical models/methods that characterize mobility functions. This Special Issue focuses on wearable monitoring systems and physical sensors, and its mathematical models can be utilized in varied environments under varied conditions to monitor health and performance
    Keywords: step detection ; machine learning ; outlier detection ; transition matrices ; autoencoders ; ground reaction force (GRF) ; micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) ; gait ; walk ; bipedal locomotion ; 3-axis force sensor ; shoe ; force distribution ; multi-sensor gait classification ; distributed compressed sensing ; joint sparse representation classification ; telemonitoring of gait ; operating range ; accelerometer ; stride length ; peak tibial acceleration ; running velocity ; wearable sensors ; feedback technology ; rehabilitation ; motor control ; cerebral palsy ; inertial sensors ; gait events ; spatiotemporal parameters ; postural control ; falls in the elderly ; fall risk assessment ; low-cost instrumented insoles ; foot plantar center of pressure ; flexible sensor ; gait recognition ; piezoelectric material ; wearable ; adaptability ; force sensitive resistors ; self-tuning triple threshold algorithm ; sweat sensor ; sweat rate ; dehydration ; IoT ; PDMS ; surface electromyography ; handgrip force ; force-varying muscle contraction ; nonlinear analysis ; wavelet scale selection ; inertial measurement unit ; gyroscope ; asymmetry ; feature extraction ; gait analysis ; lower limb prosthesis ; trans-femoral amputee ; MR damper ; knee damping control ; inertial measurement units ; motion analysis ; kinematics ; functional activity ; repeatability ; reliability ; biomechanics ; cognitive frailty ; cognitive–motor impairment ; Alzheimer’s disease ; motor planning error ; instrumented trail-making task ; ankle reaching task ; dual task walking ; nondestructive ; joint moment ; partial weight loading ; muscle contributions ; sit-to-stand training ; motion parameters ; step length ; self-adaptation ; Parkinson’s disease (PD) ; tremor dominant (TD) ; postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) ; center of pressure (COP) ; fast Fourier transform (FFT) ; wavelet transform (WT) ; fall detection system ; smartphones ; accelerometers ; machine learning algorithms ; supervised learning ; ANOVA analysis ; Step-detection ; ActiGraph ; Pedometer ; acceleration ; physical activity ; physical function ; physical performance test ; chair stand ; sit to stand transfer ; wearables ; gyroscopes ; e-Health application ; physical rehabilitation ; shear and plantar pressure sensor ; biaxial optical fiber sensor ; multiplexed fiber Bragg gratings ; frailty ; pre-frail ; wearable sensor ; sedentary behavior ; moderate-to-vigorous activity ; steps ; fall detection ; elderly people monitoring ; telerehabilitation ; virtual therapy ; Kinect ; eHealth ; telemedicine ; insole ; injury prevention ; biomechanical gait variable estimation ; inertial gait variable ; total knee arthroplasty ; falls in healthy elderly ; fall prevention ; biometrics ; human gait recognition ; ground reaction forces ; Microsoft Kinect ; high heels ; fusion data ; ensemble classifiers ; accidental falls ; older adults ; neural networks ; convolutional neural network ; long short-term memory ; accelerometry ; obesity ; nonlinear ; electrostatic field sensing ; gait measurement ; temporal parameters ; artificial neural network ; propulsion ; aging ; walking ; smart footwear ; frailty prediction ; fall risk ; smartphone based assessments ; adverse post-operative outcome ; intelligent surveillance systems ; human fall detection ; health and well-being ; safety and security ; n/a ; movement control ; anterior cruciate ligament ; kinetics ; real-time feedback ; biomechanical gait features ; impaired gait classification ; pattern recognition ; sensors ; clinical ; knee ; osteoarthritis ; shear stress ; callus ; woman ; TUG ; IMU ; geriatric assessment ; semi-unsupervised ; self-assessment ; domestic environment ; functional decline ; symmetry ; trunk movement ; autocorrelation ; gait rehabilitation ; wearable device ; IMU sensors ; gait classification ; stroke patients ; neurological disorders ; scanning laser rangefinders (SLR), GAITRite ; cadence ; velocity and stride-length ; power ; angular velocity ; human motion measurement ; sensor fusion ; complementary filter ; fuzzy logic ; inertial and magnetic sensors ; ESOQ-2 ; Parkinson’s disease ; UPDRS ; movement disorders ; human computer interface ; RGB-Depth ; hand tracking ; automated assessment ; at-home monitoring ; Parkinson’s Diseases ; motorized walker ; haptic cue ; gait pattern ; statistics study ; walk detection ; step counting ; signal processing ; plantar pressure ; flat foot ; insoles ; force sensors ; arch index ; sports analytics ; deep learning ; classification ; inertial sensor ; cross-country skiing ; classical style ; skating style ; batteryless strain sensor ; wireless strain sensor ; resonant frequency modulation ; Ecoflex ; human activity recognition ; smartphone ; human daily activity ; ensemble method ; running ; velocity ; smart shoe ; concussion ; inertial motion units (IMUs) ; vestibular exercises ; validation ; motion capture ; user intent recognition ; transfemoral prosthesis ; multi-objective optimization ; biogeography-based optimization ; smart cane ; weight-bearing ; health monitoring ; wearable/inertial sensors ; regularity ; variability ; human ; motion ; locomotion ; UPDRS tasks ; posture ; postural stability ; center of mass ; RGB-depth ; neurorehabilitation ; hallux abductus valgus ; high heel ; proximal phalanx of the hallux ; abduction ; valgus ; ultrasonography ; Achilles tendon ; diagnostic ; imaging ; tendinopathy ; foot insoles ; electromyography ; joint instability ; muscle contractions ; motorcycling ; wearable electronic devices ; validity ; relative movement ; lower limb prosthetics ; biomechanic measurement tasks ; quantifying socket fit ; rehabilitation exercise ; dynamic time warping ; automatic coaching ; exergame ; fine-wire intramuscular EMG electrode ; non-human primate model ; traumatic spinal cord injury ; wavelet transform ; relative power ; linear mixed model ; VO2 ; calibration ; MET ; VO2net ; speed ; equivalent speed ; free-living ; children ; adolescents ; adults ; gait event detection ; hemiplegic gait ; appropriate mother wavelet ; acceleration signal ; wavelet-selection criteria ; conductive textile ; stroke ; hemiparetic ; real-time monitoring ; lower limb locomotion activity ; triplet Markov model ; semi-Markov model ; on-line EM algorithm ; human kinematics ; phase difference angle ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.
    Keywords: polynuclear cobalt complexes ; water oxidation ; artificial photosynthesis ; Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler ; nitrobenzene compounds wastewater ; pilot-scale test ; biodegradability-improvement ; Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) ; oxygenates ; iron ; cobalt ; ruthenium ; Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution ; Fischer–Tropsch ; catalyst deactivation ; potassium ; liquid-phase catalytic oxidation ; limonene ; carvone ; zeolitic imidazolate frameworks ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; chain growth ; CO insertion ; kinetic isotope effect ; DFT ; hydrogenation of CO ; iron catalysts ; syngas ; monometallic iron catalysts ; Fischer–Tropsch product distribution ; reaction mechanism ; catalysis ; process synthesis and design ; energy conversion ; iron–cobalt bimetal catalysts ; electrochemical application ; hydrogen evolution ; oxygen evolution ; oxygen reduction ; RWGS ; iron oxides ; CO2 conversion ; gas-switching ; Synthetic natural gas (SNG) ; Cobalt ; Iron ; C2–C4 hydrocarbons ; paraffin ratio ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; homogeneous catalysis ; structural design ; conformational analysis ; NMR spectroscopy ; alumina ; strong metal support interactions ; CO2 hydrogenation ; pressure ; temperature ; cobalt carboxylate ; coating ; autoxidation ; alkyd ; siccative ; polymerization ; manganese ; Fischer–Tropsch synthesis ; modeling ; kinetics ; Co ; Al2O3 ; Pt ; Cd ; In ; Sn ; hydrocarbon selectivity ; synergic effect ; GTL ; additives ; reducibility ; XANES ; mesoporous silica based catalysts ; kinetic studies ; 3-D printed microchannel microreactor ; cobalt–nickel nanoparticles ; cobalt–nickel alloys ; nickel ; HAADF-STEM ; TPR-EXAFS/XANES ; CO hydrogenation ; CSTR ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vitamin C ; functions ; kinetics ; pool ; saturation ; requirements ; RDA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung von Vitamin C für den menschlichen Organismus wird aus den wichtigen Funktionen ersichtlich, an denen das Vitamin beteiligt ist, wie zum Beispiel Kollagen- und Karnitinsynthesen. In neuerer Zeit entdeckt wurde seine Rolle bei der Noradrenalinsynthese, der Inaktivierung von freien Radikalen sowie der Verhinderung der Nitrosaminbildung. Die Vielfalt dieser Vitamin-C-abhängigen Funktionen läßt erkennen, daß die Bedarfsfestsetzung für Vitamin C nicht nur die Verhütung der Mangelkrankheit Skorbut anvisieren, sondern auch berücksichtigen sollte, daß alle diese Funktionen jederzeit genügend Vitamin C zur Verfügung haben müßten, um optimal reagieren zu können. Das Konzept der Gewebesättigung kommt diesem Ziel am nächsten. Studien mit einem kinetischen Modell haben ergeben, daß eine Sättigung mit täglicher Einnahme von 100 mg Vitamin C bei Nichtrauchern und von 140 mg bei Rauchern eintritt, Mengen, die als optimale Werte gelten können. Bei verschiedenen Krankheiten dürfte der Bedarf höher sein; die genauen Mengen müssen jedoch erst noch ermittelt werden.
    Notes: Summary The importance of vitamin C is reflected in its multifunctional roles which include participation in collagen and carnitine syntheses, promotion of iron absorption and the more recently discovered participation in noradrenaline synthesis, inactivation of free radical chain reactions, prevention of N-nitroso compound formation and more. Given the many extra-antiscorbutic functions of the vitamin, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) should not just prevent deficiency disease but should aim at providing sufficient amounts for all vitamin C-dependent functions to operate at full capacity. The concept of vitamin C tissue saturation is best able to meet this demand. The use of kinetic models has shown that the body pool is saturated with a daily intake of 100 mg vitamin C in non-smokers and 140 mg in smokers, amounts that may be regarded as optimal RDA values. Certain disease states may be accompanied by still higher vitamin C requirements but the exact amounts are not yet known.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 188-189 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymerization ; kinetics ; redox polymerization ; acrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 958-964 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: a-Se colloids ; photoadsorption ; kinetics ; activation energy ; compensation effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study, a model is developed to explain in microscopic terms the results obtained from thermally activated photoadsorption experiments in a-Se colloids. The observed compensation effect can be described for two different cases. At low efficiency adsorption, the process is controlled by the potential at the boundary layer. In the high efficiency adsorption case, the process is controlled by diffusion transport.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 366-373 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: kinetics ; isothermal crystallization ; polymer ; spherulite ; differential scanning calorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the DSC technique, isothermal crystallization experiments are usually performed on thin flat specimens, but their interpretation generally uses theories developed for an unbounded volume. In this paper, isothermal crystallization of spherical entities in the volume limited by two parallel infinite planes is considered. Our model, derived from Avrami's theory, gives an analytical expression for the transformed volume fraction as a function of time. It is shown that the influence of thickness becomes important when thickness becomes of the order of or smaller than the average spherulite radius. The main effects of a decreasing thickness are a slower crystallization kinetics and a decrease in the Avrami exponent. These results can be used to interpret experimental data obtained in isothermal polymer crystallization.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Phospholipid bilayer ; kinetics ; laser temperature jump ; phase transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The iodine-laser temperature-jump technique has been used to investigate the main phase transition in single shell vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. The probe molecules DPH and TMA-DPH were incorporated into the lipid bilayer and laserT-jump experiments with turbidity and flourescence polarization detection were performed. We found three well separated relaxation processes between 5 μs and 10 ms. The relaxation signals showed strong cooperativity in the relaxation times as well as in their corresponding amplituedes. We attributed the relaxation to the formation and dissolution of clusters of different order inside the bilayer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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