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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
  • Etna
  • Springer  (21)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (5)
  • Elsevier Scientific Publishers  (2)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil CO2 degassing on Mt Etna (Sicily) during the period 1989–1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 52-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Etna ; Carbon dioxide ; Soil degassing ; Seasonal influences ; Volcanic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Wide variations were measured in the diffuse CO2 flux through the soils in three selected areas of Mt Etna between August 1989 and March 1993. Degassing of CO2 from the area of Zafferana Etnea-S. Venerina, on the eastern slope of the volcano, has been determined to be more strongly influenced by meteorological parameters than the other areas. The seasonal component found in the data from this area has been excluded using a filtering algorithm based on the best fitting equation calculated from the correlation between CO2 flux values and those of air temperature. The filtered data appear to have variations temporally coincident with those from the other areas, thus suggesting a common and probably deep source of gas. The highest fluxes measured in the two most peripheral areas may correlate well with other geophysical and volcanological anomalous signals that preceded the strong eruption of 1991–1993 and that were interpreted as deep pressure increases. Anomalous decreases in CO2 fluxes accompanied the onset and the evolution of that eruption and have been interpreted as a sign of upward migration of the gas source. The variations of CO2 flux at the 1989 SE fracture have also given interesting information on the timing of the magmatic intrusion that has then fed the 1991–1993 eruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298707
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-correlation analysis of seismic and volcanic data at Mt Etna volcano, Italy (1993)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 55 (1993), S. 596-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Statistics ; Precursors ; Earthquakes ; Eruptions ; Tremor ; Volcanoes ; Etna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seismic data from the MVT-SLN sesmic station located 7 km from the summit area of Mt Etna volcano, which has been operating steadily for the last two decades, have been analysed together with the volcanic activity during the same period. Cross-correlation techniques are used to investigate possible relationships between seismic and volcanic data and to evaluate the statistical significance of the results. A number of significant correlations have been identified, showing that there is an evident relation between seismic events and flank eruptions, and a less clear relation with summit activity, which appears more linked to tremor rather than to the low-frequency events. Particularly interesting are the low-frequency events whose rate of occurrence increases, starting from 17 to 108 days, prior to the onset of the flank activity and are candidates for a useful precursor. On the other hand, a tendency towards the increase in both the duration and the occurrence rate of transients in the volcanic tremor was observed before the onset of summit eruptions. As a result of this study different stages in the volcanic activity of Mt Etna, represented by changes in the characteristics of the recorded seismic phenomena, are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301812
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The volume and shape of the 1991–1993 lava flow field at Mount Etna, Sicily (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1997), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words 1991 ; 1993 eruption ; Etna ; Volume ; Shape ; Topographic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The 1991–1993 lava flow is the most voluminous flow erupted at Mount Etna, Sicily, in over 300 years. Estimates of the volume obtained by various methods range from 205×106 m3 (Tanguy 1996) to over 500×106 m3 (Barberi et al. 1993). This paper describes the results of an electronic distance measurement (EDM)-based field survey of the upper surface of the 1991–1993 flow field undertaken in 1995. The results were digitised, interpolated and converted into a digital elevation model and then compared with a pre-eruption digital elevation model, constructed from a 1 : 25 000 contour map of the area, based on 1989 aerial photographs. Our measurements are the most accurate to date and show that the 1991–1993 lava flow occupies a volume of 231±29×106 m3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050153
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma movements in Etna volcano associated with the major 1991–1993 lava eruption: evidence from gravity and deformation (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Microgravity ; Ground deformation ; Etna ; Eruption precursors ; Dyke injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The 1991–1993 eruption was probably the largest on Mt. Etna for 300 years. Since then the volcano has entered an unusually quiescent period. A comprehensive record of gravity and ground deformation changes presented here bracket this eruption and give valuable insight into magma movements before, during and after the eruption. The gravity and deformation changes observed before the eruption (1990–1991) record the intrusion of magma into the summit feeder and the SSE-trending fracture system which had recently been active in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1989, creating the feeder dyke for the 1991–1993 eruption. In the summit region gravity changes between 1992 and 1993 (spanning the end of the eruption) reflect the withdrawal of magma from the conduit followed more recently (1993–1994) by the re-filling of magma in the conduit up to pre-eruption levels. In contrast, in the vicinity of the fracture zone, gravity has remained at the 1991–1992 level, indicating that no withdrawal has occurred here. Rather, magma has solidified in the fracture system and sealed it such that the 1993–1994 increase in magma level in the conduit was not accompanied by further intrusion into the flanks. Mass calculations suggest that a volume of at least 107  m3 of magma has solidified within the southeastern flank of the volcano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300989
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIS and Volcanic Risk Management (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: volcanic risk assessment ; GIS ; digital cartography ; volcanic hazard ; Etna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Volcanic catastrophes constitute a majorproblem in many developing and developed countries. Inrecent years population growth and the expansion ofsettlements and basic supply lines (e.g., water, gas,etc.) have greatly increased the impact of volcanicdisasters. Correct land-use planning is fundamental inminimising both loss of life and damage to property.In this contribution Geographical Information Systems(GIS), linked with remote sensing technology andtelecommunications/warning systems, have emerged asone of the most promising tools to support thedecision-making process. Some GIS are presented fortwo volcanic areas in Italy, Mt. Etna and Vesuvius.GIS role in risk management is then discussed, keepingin mind the different volcanic scenarios of effusiveand explosive phenomena. Mt. Etna system covers alarge area (more than 1,000 km2) potentiallyaffected by effusive phenomena (lava flows) whichcause damage to both houses and properties in general.No risk to life is expected. The time-scales of lavaflows allow, at least in principle, modification ofthe lava path by the building of artificial barriers.Vesuvius shows typically an explosive behaviour. Inthe case of a medium size explosive eruption, 600,000people would potentially have to be evacuated from anarea of about 200 km2 around the Volcano, sincethey are exposed to ruinous, very fast phenomena likepyroclastic surges and flows, lahars, ash fallout,etc. Ash fallout and floods/lahars are also expectedin distal areas, between Vesuvius and Avellino,downwind of the volcano. GIS include digital elevationmodels, satellite images, volcanic hazard maps andvector data on natural and artificial features (energysupply lines, strategic buildings, roads, railways,etc.). The nature and the level of detail in the twodata bases are different, on the basis of thedifferent expected volcanic phenomena. The GIS havebeen planned: (a) for volcanic risk mitigation (hazard,value, vulnerability and risk map assessing), (b) toprovide suitable tools during an impending crisis, (c)to provide a basis for emergency plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016304797
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Echo-resonance and hydraulic perturbations in magma cavities: application to the volcanic tremor of Etna (Italy) in relation to its eruptive activity (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Etna ; Volcanic seismology ; Volcanic tremor ; Echo-resonance theory ; Volcanic eruptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A study is presented of spectral features of volcanic tremor recorded at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) following the methods of analysis suggested by the resonant scattering formalism of Gaunaurd and Überall (1978, 1979a, 1979b) and the model for hydraulic origin of Seidl et al. (1981). The periods investigated include summit and flank eruptions that occurred between 1984 and 1993. Recordings from a permanent station located near the top of the volcano were used, and the temporal patterns associated with (a) the average spacing ( $$\bar \Delta $$ ) between consecutive spectral peaks in the frequency range 1–6 Hz, (b) the spectral shape and (c) the overall spectral amplitude were analyzed. $$\bar \Delta $$ values are thought to depend on the physical properties of magma, such as its density, which, in turn, is controlled by the degree of gas exsolution. Variations in the spectral shape are tentatively attributed to changes in the geometrical scattering from the boundary of resonant conduits and magma batches. Finally, the overall amplitude at the station should essentially reflect the state of turbulence of magma within the superficial ascending path. A limit in the application of the resonant scattering formalism to the study of volcanic tremor is given by the fact that the fundamental modes and integer harmonics are difficult to identify in the frequency spectra, as tremor sources are likely within cavities of very complex geometry, rather than in spherical or cylindrical chambers, as expected by theory. This study gives evidence of some correlations between the analyzed temporal patterns and the major events in the volcanic activity, related to both lava flow and explosions at the summit vents. In particular, relatively high values of $$\bar \Delta $$ have been attained during the SE crater eruption of 1984, the complex eruptive phases of September–October 1989 and the 1991–1993 flank eruption, suggesting the presence of a relatively dense magma for all of these events. Conversely, very low values have been recorded in coincidence with the December 1985 activity and the paroxysmal explosions at the summit craters of early 1990, which are interpreted here as fed by fluid-vesiculated magma. Appreciable modifications in the spectral shape have been observed in relation to changes of the volcanic activity that probably preceded the opening and disactivation of shallow dykes or magma batches. Finally, the overall amplitude seems to be a sensitive indicator of the state of gas turbulence within the shallow conduits, as is suggested by the high values attained during phases of intense volcanic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265422
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma movements in Etna volcano associated with the major 1991–1993 lava eruption: evidence from gravity and deformation (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Microgravity ; Ground deformation ; Etna ; Eruption precursors ; Dyke injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1991–1993 eruption was probably the largest on Mt. Etna for 300 years. Since then the volcano has entered an unusually quiescent period. A comprehensive record of gravity and ground deformation changes presented here bracket this eruption and give valuable insight into magma movements before, during and after the eruption. The gravity and deformation changes observed before the eruption (1990–1991) record the intrusion of magma into the summit feeder and the SSE-trending fracture system which had recently been active in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1989, creating the feeder dyke for the 1991–1993 eruption. In the summit region gravity changes between 1992 and 1993 (spanning the end of the eruption) reflect the withdrawal of magma from the conduit followed more recently (1993–1994) by the re-filling of magma in the conduit up to pre-eruption levels. In contrast, in the vicinity of the fracture zone, gravity has remained at the 1991–1992 level, indicating that no withdrawal has occurred here. Rather, magma has solidified in the fracture system and sealed it such that the 1993–1994 increase in magma level in the conduit was not accompanied by further intrusion into the flanks. Mass calculations suggest that a volume of at least 107 m3 of magma has solidified within the southeastern flank of the volcano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300989
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  • 8
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    Types of eruptions of Etna volcano AD 16702003: implications for short-term eruptive behaviour (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Analysis of the historical records of Etnas eruptive activity for the past three centuries shows that, after the large 1669 eruption, a period of about 60 years of low-level activity followed. Starting from 1727, explosive activity (strombolian, lava fountaining and subplinian) at the summit crater increased exponentially to the present day. Since 1763, the frequency of flank eruptions also increased and this value remained high until 1960; afterward it further increased sharply. In fact, the number of summit and flank eruptions between 1961 and 2003 was four times greater than that of the pre-1960 period. This long-term trend of escalating activity rules out a pattern of cyclic behaviour of the volcano. We propose instead that the 16702003 period most likely characterises a single eruptive cycle which began after the large 1669 eruption and which is still continuing. On the basis of the eruptive style, two distinct types of flank eruptions are recognised: Class A and Class B. Class A eruptions are mostly effusive with associated weak strombolian activity; Class B eruptions are characterised by effusive activity accompanied by intense, long-lasting, strombolian and lava fountaining activity that produces copious tephra fallouts, as during the 2001 and 20022003 eruptions. Over the past three centuries, seven Class B eruptions have taken place with vents located mainly on the south-eastern flank, indicating that this sector of the volcano is a preferential zone for the intrusion of volatile-rich magma rising from the deeper region of the Etna plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 732-742
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; Historical record ; Summit activity ; Flank eruptions ; Eruptive behaviour ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Interaction between particles transported by fallout and surge in the deposits of the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy) (2006)
    Elsevier Scientific Publishers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Agnano^Monte Spina Tephra (AMST) is a complex sequence of beds generated by contrasting fragmentation and transportation dynamics. The 4.1 ka eruption was accompanied by a volcano-tectonic collapse, part of which is the present Agnano plain. The pyroclastic sequence is subdivided into members and submembers, each characterized by different lithological and sedimentological features. Plinian/subplinian fallout deposits frequently alternate with base-surge beds of phreatomagmatic origin. Analysis of lateral facies variations and vertical facies associations of correlated layers of submembers B2, D2 and E2 reveals that during some eruption phases the contrasting eruptive dynamics were almost contemporaneous. Base-surge deposits of submember B2 formed during the declining stage of a plinian column. They resulted from highly energetic and steady pyroclastic density currents that traveled long distances from the vent area and surmounted topographic obstacles such as the Posillipo hill (V150 m) and the northern sector of the Camaldoli hill (V250 m). Submember D2 pyroclastic density currents formed when contemporaneous fallout from an eruptive column was present. Coarse particles from the column settled throughout the pyroclastic density current, determining a significant increase of the solid load of the base surge. The consequent increase of supply rate from the transportation to the depositional zone of the base surge led to the formation of unsteady flows that could not efficiently transport the solid load and did not have the ability to travel long distances. Base-surge deposits of submember E2 were fed by a pulsating phreatomagmatic activity, which was punctuated by a short-lived fallout phase. Fallout material, which was incorporated as an additional load to the base surges, was partially transported by low-energy, steady pyroclastic density currents that traveled over the Agnano plain but did not surmount either the Camaldoli or the Posillipo hills. Only the very fine material, in continuous suspension in the upper, no-shearing part of the base-surge cloud, was dispersed higher in the atmosphere and quietly settled over a large area outside the caldera rim. The phreatomagmatic origin of base surges, which contrasts with the magmatic origin of fallout activity, suggests that the pyroclastic density currents of the Agnano^Monte Spina eruption did not result from eruption column collapses. They were most likely related to radially spreading clouds which were contemporaneous with fallout activity but issued from distinct zones in the vent area. The turbulent nature and the high expansion of base surges made them capable, under certain conditions, of passing over high topographic obstacles, with hazardous effects in distal areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 193-210
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: base-surge deposits ; Campi Flegrei ; phreatomagmatism ; fallout deposits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    Turbulent boundary layer shear flows as an approximation of base surges at Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy) (2006)
    Elsevier Scientific Publishers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Small-volume base-surge deposits of Astroni and Agnano^Monte Spina eruptions at Campi Flegrei consist of sets of beds formed by the passage of multiple pyroclastic density currents. Each set is made by a fining-upward sequence consisting, from base to top,of : (1) an inversely graded layer made of bombs and lapilli; (2) a finely laminated layer with wavy bedforms made of coarse ash and fine lapilli; (3) a structureless fine-ash bed. Lack of discontinuities at layer contacts allows us to hypothesize that each set of beds represents the passage of one pyroclastic density current. The sequence formed as a function of the decreasing particle transportation capability of the base surge during the waxing^sustained^waning phases of flowage. We make the simplifying assumptions that the flow,on passing from the deposition of the inversely graded layer to the deposition of the finely laminated layer,had low particle concentration,was quasi-steady and incompressible. By such assumptions,some of the equations that regulate sediment mechanics are applicable to the base surges of Campi Flegrei to reconstruct flow density and shear velocity in between the deposition of the two layers. Structural and textural features of deposits stress the importance of shear and turbulence during transportation and suggest that the turbulent boundary layer shear flow is a good approximation to such pyroclastic density currents. We used the Coles formula to reconstruct velocity as a function of flow height during the formation of the finely laminated layer of Astroni and Agnano^Monte Spina base surges. The methodology we used allows the reconstruction of flow parameters just at a particular point in time and space of base-surge evolution,and does not provide the complete picture of the flow history of pyroclastic density currents. Nevertheless,flow velocity and density data, as obtained with the proposed approach,point to dynamic pressure values that are compatible with those reported for similar currents on other volcanoes. We conclude therefore that the results obtained give approximate but helpful information on the nature of such hazardous events at Campi Flegrei.
    Description: Published
    Description: 221-228
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: base-surge deposits ; boundary layer ; pyroclastic density current ; phreatomagmatic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 497 bytes
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