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  • Biochemistry
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (679)
  • Springer Nature  (24)
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  • 1
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    Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This Open Access book gives a comprehensive account of both the history and current achievements of molecular beam research. In 1919, Otto Stern launched the revolutionary molecular beam technique. This technique made it possible to send atoms and molecules with well-defined momentum through vacuum and to measure with high accuracy the deflections they underwent when acted upon by transversal forces. These measurements revealed unforeseen quantum properties of nuclei, atoms, and molecules that became the basis for our current understanding of quantum matter. This volume shows that many key areas of modern physics and chemistry owe their beginnings to the seminal molecular beam work of Otto Stern and his school. Written by internationally recognized experts, the contributions in this volume will help experienced researchers and incoming graduate students alike to keep abreast of current developments in molecular beam research as well as to appreciate the history and evolution of this powerful method and the knowledge it reveals.
    Keywords: Quantum Physics ; Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra ; Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics ; Physics, general ; Atomic and Molecular Structure and Properties ; History of Physics and Astronomy ; Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy ; Physics and Astronomy ; Open Access ; Molecular Beam History ; Precision Measurements ; Femto- and Atto-science ; Foundations of Quantum Mechanics ; Droplet Beams ; Molecular Beam Applications ; Matter Wave Interferometry ; Ultracold Atoms ; Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) ; Nuclear physics ; Theoretical & mathematical astronomy ; History of science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
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  • 2
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    Student Misconceptions and Errors in Physics and Mathematics (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access report explores the nature and extent of students’ misconceptions and misunderstandings related to core concepts in physics and mathematics and physics across grades four, eight and 12. Twenty years of data from the IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and TIMSS Advanced assessments are analyzed, specifically for five countries (Italy, Norway, Russian Federation, Slovenia, and the United States) who participated in all or almost all TIMSS and TIMSS Advanced assessments between 1995 and 2015. The report focuses on students’ understandings related to gravitational force in physics and linear equations in mathematics. It identifies some specific misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings demonstrated by the TIMSS Advanced grade 12 students for these core concepts, and shows how these can be traced back to poor foundational development of these concepts in earlier grades. Patterns in misconceptions and misunderstandings are reported by grade, country, and gender. In addition, specific misconceptions and misunderstandings are tracked over time, using trend items administered in multiple assessment cycles. The study and associated methodology may enable education systems to help identify specific needs in the curriculum, improve inform instruction across grades and also raise possibilities for future TIMSS assessment design and reporting that may provide more diagnostic outcomes.
    Keywords: Education ; International education  ; Comparative education ; Assessment ; Science education ; Mathematics ; Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNK Organization & management of education::JNKD Examinations & assessment ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNU Teaching of a specific subject ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PB Mathematics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 3
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    Human Challenge Studies in Endemic Settings (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book provides an extensive review of ethical and regulatory issues related to human infection challenge studies, with a particular focus on the expansion of this type of research into endemic settings and/or low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Human challenge studies (HCS) involve the intentional infection of research participants, and this type of research is rapidly increasing in frequency worldwide. HCS are widely considered to be an especially promising approach to vaccine development, including for pathogens endemic to LMICs. However, challenge studies are sometimes controversial and raise complex ethical issues, some of which are especially salient in endemic and/or LMIC settings. Informed by qualitative interviews with experts in infectious diseases and bioethics, this book highlights areas of ethical consensus and controversy concerning this kind of research. As the first volume to focus on ethical issues associated with human challenge studies, it sets the agenda for further work in this important area of global health research; contributes to current debates in research ethics; and aims to inform regulatory policy and research practice. Insofar as it focuses on HCS in (endemic) settings where diseases are present and/or widespread, much of the analysis provided here is directly relevant to HCS involving pandemic diseases including COVID19.
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Infectious Diseases ; Vaccine ; Development and Health ; Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics ; Internal Medicine ; Pharmacology ; Development Studies ; human challenge studies ; Open Access ; capacity building in low-income countries ; capacity building in middle-income countries ; malariotherapy ; intentional infection ; ethics of challenge studies ; challenge studies in endemic settings ; challenge studies and vulnerable populations ; Falciparum malaria challenge studies in Africa ; Infectious & contagious diseases ; Immunology ; Development studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCJ Infectious and contagious diseases ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTP Development studies
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  • 4
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    The Physics of the B Factories (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Physics
    Keywords: Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book highlights concepts discussed at two international conferences that brought together world-renowned scientists to advance the science of potassium (K) recommendations for crops. There was general agreement that the potassium recommendations currently in general use are oversimplified, outdated, and jeopardize soil, plant, and human health. Accordingly, this book puts forward a significantly expanded K cycle that more accurately depicts K inputs, losses and transformations in soils. This new cycle serves as both the conceptual basis for the scientific discussions in this book and a framework upon which to build future improvements. Previously used approaches are critically reviewed and assessed, not only for their relevance to future enhancements, but also for their use as metrics of sustainability. An initial effort is made to link K nutrition in crops and K nutrition in humans. The book offers an invaluable asset for graduate students, educators, industry scientists, data scientists, and advanced agronomists.
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Plant Biochemistry ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Ecology ; Soil Science ; Bioavailable Potassium ; Fertilizer Management ; Plant Nutrition ; Potash ; Soil Chemistry ; Sustainability ; Open access ; Agricultural science ; Botany & plant sciences ; Biochemistry ; Sedimentology & pedology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere::RBGB Sedimentology and pedology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology
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  • 6
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    Rice Improvement (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. By 2050, human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion. The demand for increased food production needs to be met from ever reducing resources of land, water and other environmental constraints. Rice remains the staple food source for a majority of the global populations, but especially in Asia where ninety percent of rice is grown and consumed. Climate change continues to impose abiotic and biotic stresses that curtail rice quality and yields. Researchers have been challenged to provide innovative solutions to maintain, or even increase, rice production. Amongst them, the ‘green super rice’ breeding strategy has been successful for leading the development and release of multiple abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice varieties. Recent advances in plant molecular biology and biotechnologies have led to the identification of stress responsive genes and signaling pathways, which open up new paradigms to augment rice productivity. Accordingly, transcription factors, protein kinases and enzymes for generating protective metabolites and proteins all contribute to an intricate network of events that guard and maintain cellular integrity. In addition, various quantitative trait loci associated with elevated stress tolerance have been cloned, resulting in the detection of novel genes for biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Mechanistic understanding of the genetic basis of traits, such as N and P use, is allowing rice researchers to engineer nutrient-efficient rice varieties, which would result in higher yields with lower inputs. Likewise, the research in micronutrients biosynthesis opens doors to genetic engineering of metabolic pathways to enhance micronutrients production. With third generation sequencing techniques on the horizon, exciting progress can be expected to vastly improve molecular markers for gene-trait associations forecast with increasing accuracy. This book emphasizes on the areas of rice science that attempt to overcome the foremost limitations in rice production. Our intention is to highlight research advances in the fields of physiology, molecular breeding and genetics, with a special focus on increasing productivity, improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and nutritional quality of rice. ; Up-to-date contributions by experts from international research centers and universities Provides practical knowledge and strong scientific foundation on rice biotechnology All-in-one resource for current advances in rice breeding Open Access
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Plant Breeding/Biotechnology ; Plant Genetics and Genomics ; Plant Physiology ; Nutrition ; Plant Biotechnology ; Plant Genetics ; Open Access ; Rice Biotechnologies ; Rice Breeding ; biotic stress tolerance ; abiotic stress tolerance ; Submergence tolerance ; Biofortification ; Marker Assisted and Forward Breeding ; disease resistance ; CRISPR/CAS ; Agricultural science ; Botany & plant sciences ; Biotechnology ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 7
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    Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Climate Change; Energy Efficiency; Remote Sensing; Photogrammetry; Physics
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Energy Efficiency ; Remote Sensing ; Photogrammetry ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHH Thermodynamics and heat
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book is written by world-recognized experts in the fields of applied superconductivity and superconducting accelerator magnet technologies. It provides a contemporary review and assessment of the experience in research and development of high-field accelerator dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor over the past five decades. The reader attains clear insight into the development and the main properties of Nb3Sn composite superconducting wires and Rutherford cables, and details of accelerator dipole designs, technologies and performance. Special attention is given to innovative features of the developed Nb3Sn magnets. The book concludes with a discussion of accelerator magnet needs for future circular colliders. ; Broadens our understanding of design and performance limits of high-field Nb3Sn accelerator magnets for a future very high energy hadron collider Offers beginners a concise overview of the relevant design concepts for a new generation of superconducting accelerator magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor Illustrates the complete process of accelerator magnet design and fabrication Provides a contemporary review and assessment of the past experience with Nb3Sn high-field dipole accelerator magnets Identifies the main open R&D issues for Nb3Sn high-field dipole magnets
    Keywords: Physics ; Particle acceleration ; Physical measurements ; Measurement    ; Machinery ; Atoms ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering::TGBN Engines and power transmission
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  • 9
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    Information—Consciousness—Reality (2020)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book chronicles the rise of a new scientific paradigm offering novel insights into the age-old enigmas of existence. Over 300 years ago, the human mind discovered the machine code of reality: mathematics. By utilizing abstract thought systems, humans began to decode the workings of the cosmos. From this understanding, the current scientific paradigm emerged, ultimately discovering the gift of technology. Today, however, our island of knowledge is surrounded by ever longer shores of ignorance. Science appears to have hit a dead end when confronted with the nature of reality and consciousness. In this fascinating and accessible volume, James Glattfelder explores a radical paradigm shift uncovering the ontology of reality. It is found to be information-theoretic and participatory, yielding a computational and programmable universe.
    Keywords: Popular works ; Physics ; Epistemology ; Physics ; Statistical physics ; Dynamical systems ; Philosophy and science ; Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDZ Popular science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDZ Popular science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics
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  • 10
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    Gene Drives at Tipping Points (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book reports on a pilot project aiming at collecting information on the socio-ecological risks that could arise in the event of an uncontrolled spread of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. The researchers will, for instance, be taking a closer look at genetically engineered oilseed rape, genetically engineered olive flies as well as plants and animals with so-called gene drives. The book mainly adresses researchers.
    Keywords: Ecotoxicology ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Management ; Genetically modified organisms ; Socio-ecological risk ; Olive flies ; Environmental spread ; Open Access book ; Environmental science, engineering & technology ; Biochemistry ; Environmental medicine ; Environmental management, ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKV Environmental medicine ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management
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  • 11
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    Biomineralization (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book is the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Biomineralization (BIOMIN XIV) held in 2017 at Tsukuba. Over the past 45 years, biomineralization research has unveiled details of the characteristics of the nano-structure of various biominerals; the formation mechanism of this nano-structure, including the initial stage of crystallization; and the function of organic matrices in biominerals, and this knowledge has been applied to dental, medical, pharmaceutical, materials, agricultural and environmental sciences and paleontology. As such, biomineralization is an important interdisciplinary research area, and further advances are expected in both fundamental and applied research.
    Keywords: Life sciences ; Biochemistry ; Mineralogy ; Inorganic chemistry ; Cell biology ; Biomaterials ; Dentistry ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSF Cellular biology (cytology) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
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  • 12
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    Ship and Offshore Structure Design in Climate Change Perspective (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This book summarizes results of longstanding research and scientific contributions from many projects and relevant working groups. It collects and evaluates wind and wave climate projections under changing climate having design needs and marine safety in focus. Potential impact of projected climate change in met-ocean conditions on ships and offshore structures is discussed and illustrated by an example of the expected wave climate change on tanker design.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TA1-2040 ; TK1-9971 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; TL1-4050 ; HG1-9999 ; QE1-996.5 ; RS1-441 ; TA401-492 ; Statistics for Engineering ; Computer Science ; Climate Change Management and Policy ; Chemistry and Earth Sciences ; Reliability ; Safety and Risk ; Physics ; Quality Control ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics
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  • 13
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    Alternatives to Animal Testing (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and describes a variety of practical applications of the three key guiding principles for the more ethical use of animals in experiments – replacement, reduction, and refinement, collectively known as the 3Rs. Important examples from across the world of implementation of the 3Rs in the testing of cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, and biologics, including vaccines, are described, with additional information on relevant regulations. The coverage also encompasses emerging approaches to alternative tests and the 3Rs. The book is based on the most informative contributions delivered at the Asian Congress 2016 on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. It will be of value for those working in R&D, for graduate students, and for educators in various fields, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, and animal welfare. The free, open access distribution of Alternatives to Animal Testing is enabled by the Creative Commons Attribution license in International version 4: CC BY 4.0.
    Keywords: Medicine ; Pharmacology ; Biochemistry ; Animal welfare ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MZ Veterinary medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 14
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    Principles of Mechanics (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access textbook takes the reader step-by-step through the concepts of mechanics in a clear and detailed manner. Mechanics is considered to be the core of physics, where a deep understanding of the concepts is essential in understanding all branches of physics. Many proofs and examples are included to help the reader grasp the fundamentals fully, paving the way to deal with more advanced topics. After solving all of the examples, the reader will have gained a solid foundation in mechanics and the skills to apply the concepts in a variety of situations. The book is useful for undergraduate students majoring in physics and other science and engineering disciplines. It can also be used as a reference for more advanced levels.
    Keywords: Physics ; Mechanics ; Mechanical engineering ; Elementary particles (Physics) ; Quantum field theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGB Mechanical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering
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  • 15
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    Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the role and potential of microorganisms in the degradation and preservation of cultural materials (e.g. stone, metals, graphic documents, textiles, paintings, glass, etc.). Microorganisms are a major cause of deterioration in cultural artefacts, both in the case of outdoor monuments and archaeological finds. This book covers the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration and control methods used to reduce their impact on cultural artefacts. Additionally, the reader will learn more about how microorganisms can be used for the preservation and protection of cultural artefacts through bio-based and eco-friendly materials. New avenues for developing methods and materials for the conservation of cultural artefacts are discussed, together with concrete advances in terms of sustainability, effectiveness and toxicity, making the book essential reading for anyone interested in microbiology and the preservation of cultural heritage.
    Keywords: Microbiology ; Cultural Heritage ; Microbial Ecology ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Enzymology ; Applied Microbiology ; Microbial Genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; Open Access ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biodeterioration ; Bioweathering ; Bioremediation ; Biocleaning ; Biotechnology ; Green Chemistry ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Artwork ; Antimicrobial protection ; Biocides ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Cultural studies ; Social & cultural history ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 16
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    High Density Lipoproteins (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Pharmacology/Toxicology; Molecular Medicine; Human Physiology; Immunology; Cell Biology
    Keywords: Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Molecular Medicine ; Human Physiology ; Immunology ; Cell Biology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering
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  • 17
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    Flowing Matter (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book, published in the Soft and Biological Matter series, presents an introduction to selected research topics in the broad field of flowing matter, including the dynamics of fluids with a complex internal structure -from nematic fluids to soft glasses- as well as active matter and turbulent phenomena. Flowing matter is a subject at the crossroads between physics, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology and earth sciences, and relies on a multidisciplinary approach to describe the emergence of the macroscopic behaviours in a system from the coordinated dynamics of its microscopic constituents. Depending on the microscopic interactions, an assembly of molecules or of mesoscopic particles can flow like a simple Newtonian fluid, deform elastically like a solid or behave in a complex manner. When the internal constituents are active, as for biological entities, one generally observes complex large-scale collective motions. Phenomenology is further complicated by the invariable tendency of fluids to display chaos at the large scales or when stirred strongly enough. This volume presents several research topics that address these phenomena encompassing the traditional micro-, meso-, and macro-scales descriptions, and contributes to our understanding of the fundamentals of flowing matter. This book is the legacy of the COST Action MP1305 “Flowing Matter”.
    Keywords: Physics ; Amorphous substances ; Complex fluids ; Fluids ; Fluid mechanics ; Chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Engineering: Mechanics of fluids ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Engineering: Mechanics of fluids
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  • 18
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    Make Life Visible (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book describes marked advances in imaging technology that have enabled the visualization of phenomena in ways formerly believed to be completely impossible. These technologies have made major contributions to the elucidation of the pathology of diseases as well as to their diagnosis and therapy. The volume presents various studies from molecular imaging to clinical imaging. It also focuses on innovative, creative, advanced research that gives full play to imaging technology in the broad sense, while exploring cross-disciplinary areas in which individual research fields interact and pursuing the development of new techniques where they fuse together. The book is separated into three parts, the first of which addresses the topic of visualizing and controlling molecules for life. Th e second part is devoted to imaging of disease mechanisms, while the final part comprises studies on the application of imaging technologies to diagnosis and therapy. Th e book contains the proceedings of the 12th Uehara International Symposium 2017, “Make Life Visible” sponsored by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and held from June 12 to 14, 2017. It is written by leading scientists in the field and is an open access publication under a CC BY 4.0 license. ;
    Keywords: Medicine ; Neurosciences ; Immunology ; Cell biology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSF Cellular biology (cytology)
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  • 19
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    Measurement and Control of Charged Particle Beams (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This advanced textbook and reference is the first comprehensive and systematic review of all methods used for the measurement, correction, and control of the beam dynamics of modern particle accelerators. Based on material presented in several lectures at the US Particle Accelerator School, the text is intended for graduate students starting research or work in the field of beam physics. Relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage rings provide the focus. After a review of linear optics, the text addresses basic and advanced techniques for beam control, plus a variety of methods for the manipulation of particle-beam properties. In each case, specific procedures are illustrated by examples from operational accelerators, e.g., CERN, DESY, SLAC, KEK, LBNL, and FNAL. The book also treats special topics such as injection and extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport, and polarization. Problems and solutions enhance the book’s usefulness in graduate courses.
    Keywords: Physics ; Physics ; CERN ; DESY ; Particle accelerator ; Storage ring ; control ; measurement ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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    Ionospheric Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Tools (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book provides a comprehensive toolbox of analysis techniques for ionospheric multi-satellite missions. The immediate need for this volume was motivated by the ongoing ESA Swarm satellite mission, but the tools that are described are general and can be used for any future ionospheric multi-satellite mission with comparable instrumentation. In addition to researching the immediate plasma environment and its coupling to other regions, such a mission aims to study the Earth’s main magnetic field and its anomalies caused by core, mantle, or crustal sources. The parameters for carrying out this kind of work are examined in these chapters. Besides currents, electric fields, and plasma convection, these parameters include ionospheric conductance, Joule heating, neutral gas densities, and neutral winds. ;
    Keywords: Physics ; Space sciences ; Atmospheric sciences ; Observations, Astronomical ; Astronomy—Observations ; Planetary science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time::PGS Solar system: the Sun and planets ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTD Space science::TTDS Astronautics
    Language: English
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    Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This Open Access volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market. Release of radionuclides after NREs can cause substantial contamination in the animal production systems. Critical responsibility of veterinary authorities is therefore to prevent such contamination, establish early response mechanisms to mitigate the consequences and prevent placement of contaminated products of animal origin on the market for human consumption. This work summarizes the critical technical points for effective management of NREs for national veterinary services.
    Keywords: Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science ; Public Health ; Emergency Services ; Animal Ecology ; Nutrition ; Veterinary Science ; Ecology ; Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies ; Radiological Contamination ; Animal Production Systems ; Disaster Management ; Open Access ; Veterinary medicine ; Public health & preventive medicine ; Accident & emergency medicine ; Zoology & animal sciences ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MZ Veterinary medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health and preventive medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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    Particle Accelerator Physics (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This book by Helmut Wiedemann is a well-established, classic text, providing an in-depth and comprehensive introduction to the field of high-energy particle acceleration and beam dynamics. The present 4th edition has been significantly revised, updated and expanded. The newly conceived Part I is an elementary introduction to the subject matter for undergraduate students. Part II gathers the basic tools in preparation of a more advanced treatment, summarizing the essentials of electrostatics and electrodynamics as well as of particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields. Part III is an extensive primer in beam dynamics, followed, in Part IV, by an introduction and description of the main beam parameters and including a new chapter on beam emittance and lattice design. Part V is devoted to the treatment of perturbations in beam dynamics. Part VI then discusses the details of charged particle acceleration.
    Keywords: Physics ; Physics ; Accelerator Science and Technology ; Beam dynamics ; Beam physics ; Charged particle beams ; Charged particles dynamics ; Free electron laser ; Introduction to Particle Accelerators ; Physics of Particle Accelerators ; Synchrotron radiation ; US Accelerator Physics School ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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    Tensor Network Contractions (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Tensor network is a fundamental mathematical tool with a huge range of applications in physics, such as condensed matter physics, statistic physics, high energy physics, and quantum information sciences. This open access book aims to explain the tensor network contraction approaches in a systematic way, from the basic definitions to the important applications. This book is also useful to those who apply tensor networks in areas beyond physics, such as machine learning and the big-data analysis. Tensor network originates from the numerical renormalization group approach proposed by K. G. Wilson in 1975. Through a rapid development in the last two decades, tensor network has become a powerful numerical tool that can efficiently simulate a wide range of scientific problems, with particular success in quantum many-body physics. Varieties of tensor network algorithms have been proposed for different problems. However, the connections among different algorithms are not well discussed or reviewed. To fill this gap, this book explains the fundamental concepts and basic ideas that connect and/or unify different strategies of the tensor network contraction algorithms. In addition, some of the recent progresses in dealing with tensor decomposition techniques and quantum simulations are also represented in this book to help the readers to better understand tensor network. This open access book is intended for graduated students, but can also be used as a professional book for researchers in the related fields. To understand most of the contents in the book, only basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and linear algebra is required. In order to fully understand some advanced parts, the reader will need to be familiar with notion of condensed matter physics and quantum information, that however are not necessary to understand the main parts of the book. This book is a good source for non-specialists on quantum physics to understand tensor network algorithms and the related mathematics.
    Keywords: Physics ; Physics ; Quantum physics ; Quantum optics ; Statistical physics ; Machine learning ; Elementary particles (Physics) ; Quantum field theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
    Language: English
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    Obsessed by a Dream (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This Open Access biography chronicles the life and achievements of the Norwegian engineer and physicist Rolf Widerøe. Readers who meet him in the pages of this book will wonder why he isn't better known. The first of Widerøe's many pioneering contributions in the field of accelerator physics was the betatron, the second, the linear accelerator, both summarized in a 27 page PhD. The betatron revolutionized the fields of cancer treatment through radiation therapy and also nondestructive testing; hospitals worldwide installed Widerøe's machine and today’s modern radiation treatment equipment is based on his inventions. The most recent renaissance of the linac provides unprecedented x-ray intensities at Free Electron Laser (FEL) facilities in operation and construction worldwide. . Widerøe’s story also includes a fair share of drama, particularly during World War II when both Germans and the Allies vied for his collaboration. Widerøe held leading positions in multinational industry groups and was one of the consultants for building the world's largest nuclear laboratory, CERN, in Switzerland. He gained over 200 patents, received several honorary doctorates and a number of international awards. The author, a professional writer and maker of TV documentaries, has gained access to hitherto restricted archives in several countries, which provided a wealth of new material and insights, in particular in relation to the war years. She tells here a gripping and illuminating story.
    Keywords: Popular works ; Physics ; Particle acceleration ; Cancer research ; Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCL Oncology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDZ Popular science ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHP Particle & high-energy physics
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    [This Week in Science] Adaptors conduct the EGFR symphony (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Leslie K. Ferrarelli
    Keywords: Biochemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Making error-free DNA from RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Nanoparticles restore tolerance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: John F. Foley
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] A metal shuttle keeps pathogens well fed (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of life-threatening infections in humans. Knowledge of how this pathogen colonizes the human host and causes disease is crucial for the development of strategies to prevent and treat S. aureus infections (see the image, next page). On page 1105 of this issue, Ghssein et al. report the discovery, isolation, and functional evaluation of staphylopine (see the figure), a compound biosynthesized by S. aureus that captures metal ions from the pathogen's surroundings and thereby enables it to grow (1). Author: Elizabeth M. Nolan
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    [This Week in Science] The fuel for fungal enzymes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Nicolas S. Wigginton
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Watching phonons propagate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Shaping the interaction potential (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Imaging electromagnetic waveforms (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Blocking ROCK2 to prevent autoimmunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: John F. Foley
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Making sense of transport in WSe2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] A benchmark for materials simulation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Density functional theory (DFT) stands out from all first-principles quantum mechanical methods for the simulation of materials, as it enables very good approximations for the complicated components of electronic motion called exchange and correlation. DFT is the method of choice for many materials simulations because of the availability of general-purpose programs that can perform calculations on any material. Results obtained with one DFT program need to be reproducible by any of the other DFT programs, and this has not been straightforward up to now. On page 10.1126/science.aad3000 of this issue, Lejaeghere et al. (1) describe an extensive effort by developers of the major solid-state DFT codes to provide a unified and reproducible benchmark of precision for their calculations based on a reliable criterion, the so-called Δ gauge. Using the Δ gauge, the authors found that the level of precision that can be achieved today in DFT calculations of elemental crystalline solids is comparable to the precision of the most advanced techniques for experimental measurement of the properties of materials. The work leads to the conclusion that the DFT simulation of elemental crystalline solids is a (computationally) solved problem, but also poses the question of whether we can achieve the same levels of validation and reproducibility for more complex simulations of materials involving several elements and/or several methods. Author: Chris-Kriton Skylaris
    Keywords: Physics
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    [In Depth] Fighting autoimmunity with immune cells (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Autoimmune diseases share a grim similarity with cancer: People's own cells become their enemies. But a study published online in Science reveals a happier parallel, suggesting that a therapy designed to harness the immune system to attack cancer cells may also cull the turncoat immune cells behind certain autoimmune diseases. The approach relies on chimeric antigen receptor T cells, or CAR T cells: immune cells genetically modified to home in on a desired target on cancer cells or—in this case—on rogue B cells, another immune cell type. The new study only gauged the CAR T cells' capabilities in the lab dish and in mouse models of pemphigus vulgaris, an autoimmune condition in which B cells secrete antibodies that attack a protein in skin and mucous membrane. But some scientists are already calling the approach, which specifically targets the errant B cells, a breakthrough. Author: Mitch Leslie
    Keywords: Immunology
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    [Perspective] Timing photoemission—Final state matters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: The photoemission of electrons from atoms, molecules, and condensed matter provides the experimental basis of our understanding of electronic structure. During the process of photoemission, a sufficiently large quantum of electromagnetic radiation (a photon) is absorbed by matter and converted into an electronic excitation, promoting a bound electron into a final state above the vacuum energy Evac. In photoemission spectroscopy, the kinetic energy and momentum of electrons in such final states are analyzed after their propagation to a distant detector. To determine the electronic structure of the sample, the “sudden approximation” has to be fulfilled, whereby the photoelectron leaves the sample fast enough, without further interaction with the remaining electronic structure. On page 62 of this issue, Tao et al. (1) provide unprecedented insight into final-state dynamics by measuring the time a photoelectron takes to leave a solid material for characteristically different final states. By comparing an electron excited to a final state of a nickel solid Ψ Nif with one excited to a state of vacuum Ψ vacf, they establish that a photoelectron resides in the final state for 200 attoseconds (as) (2 × 10−16 s) before it leaves the nickel (see the figure). Such time scales would still allow for the electron to interact with its surroundings and, thus, are relevant for the validity of the sudden approximation. Authors: Uwe Bovensiepen, Manuel Ligges
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Perspective] Converting to adapt (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Effective immune responses rely on balancing lymphocyte stability and plasticity. Lymphocytes have regulatory circuits that control phenotypic and functional identity. Stable circuits maintain homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. But plasticity is needed to integrate new environmental inputs and generate immune responses that subdue the eliciting agent without damaging tissue. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that control effector T cell responses and prevent excessive inflammation and autoimmunity (1, 2). On page 1581 in this issue, Sujino et al. (3) report that intestinal Tregs convert into CD4+ intraepithelial T cells (CD4IELs) to adapt to the local intestinal environment, thus identifying the intestinal epithelium as a compartment that enforces lymphocyte plasticity. Authors: Marco Colonna, Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
    Keywords: Immunology
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    [Editors' Choice] A partially protected surface state (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Book Review] The supercollider that wasn't (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: When a multibillion-dollar physics experiment is canceled, it's tempting to look for lessons that can be applied to future megascience projects. A new book on the rise and fall of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) by a trio of science historians takes on that challenge. And while the authors do an excellent job of describing what occurred in the decade from its inception to its demise, they stumble when trying to assign blame. Author: Jeffrey Mervis
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Perspective] A lipid arsenal to control inflammation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Innate immune cells act as a surveillance system, detecting and responding to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. The complex patterns of signals they receive are detected by a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). On page 1232 of this issue, Zanoni et al. (1) find that innate immune responses to microbial products do not occur in a vacuum; rather, there is a complex array of danger signals in surrounding damaged tissue that can determine an immune cell type–specific response to pathogens. They describe a host-derived lipid that binds to a PRR to induce a hyperactive innate immune response that enhances long-lived protective immunity against invading microbes. Authors: Brooke A. Napier, Denise M. Monack
    Keywords: Immunology
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    [This Week in Science] Why rapamycin is a good immunosuppressant (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Author: John F. Foley
    Keywords: Immunology
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    [This Week in Science] A nuclear power source in the cell (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Infection history matters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Taiwan. Researchers say new institutes offer them a chance 'to do good science' (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; Interferometry ; *Molecular Biology/economics ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research/economics ; Research Support as Topic ; Taiwan
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Peering into 2002 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Optics and Photonics ; Proteins/physiology ; Proteome ; *Research ; *Science ; Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Molecular biology. Creation's seventh day (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute are attempting to find out what life would look like if DNA contained more than four nucleotide bases and proteins more than 20 amino acids. By reengineering DNA, RNA, and the proteins that interact with them, they hope to create synthetic organisms with a chemical makeup fundamentally different from all life that has existed on Earth for the last 3.8 billion years. If they succeed, their biochemical reengineering could have a profound effect on everything from basic molecular biology to industrial chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/chemistry ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Bioethics ; *Biology ; DNA/*chemistry ; Genetic Code ; Genetic Engineering ; Life ; Proteins/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/genetics
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    Free-electron lasers. Status and applications (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: A free-electron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. Today such lasers are used for research in materials science, chemical technology, biophysical science, medical applications, surface studies, and solid-state physics. Free-electron lasers with higher average power and shorter wavelengths are under development. Future applications range from industrial processing of materials to light sources for soft and hard x-rays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Shea, P G -- Freund, H P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1853-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Plasma Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Biological Science Disciplines ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Electrons ; Laser Therapy ; *Lasers ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 50
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2443-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Axons/physiology ; Benzamides ; Carbon ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Electronics ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Piperazines/therapeutic use ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use ; Rna ; *Research ; *Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 51
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    Kleiber and Planck: the missing link? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Radny, Marian W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):59; author reply 59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; *Carnivora/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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    Underground laboratory. U.S. researchers go for scientific gold mine (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):1979.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Financing, Government ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Gold ; *Laboratories ; *Mining ; *Natural Science Disciplines ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research ; United States
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    Machine learning for science: state of the art and future prospects (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Recent advances in machine learning methods, along with successful applications across a wide variety of fields such as planetary science and bioinformatics, promise powerful new tools for practicing scientists. This viewpoint highlights some useful characteristics of modern machine learning methods and their relevance to scientific applications. We conclude with some speculations on near-term progress and promising directions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mjolsness, E -- DeCoste, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2051-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Machine Learning Systems Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA. mjolsness@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Cluster Analysis ; *Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Robotics
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    Toward self-organization and complex matter (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Beyond molecular chemistry based on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry aims at developing highly complex chemical systems from components interacting through noncovalent intermolecular forces. Over the past quarter century, supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major field and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics. Some of the conceptual advances and future challenges are profiled here.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehn, Jean-Marie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2400-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Science et d'Ingenierie Supramoleculaires (ISIS), Universite Louis Pasteur, 67000 Strasbourg, and College de France, 75005 Paris, France. lehn@chimie.u-strasbg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; *Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Molecular Structure ; Nanotechnology ; Physical Phenomena ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Polymers/chemistry
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    Poetic and polemic (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Falling from a fall in rainfall (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Cranking up the field (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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    Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: The anomalous metallic state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates is masked by superconductivity near a quantum critical point. Applying high magnetic fields to suppress superconductivity has enabled detailed studies of the normal state, yet the direct effect of strong magnetic fields on the metallic state is poorly understood. We report the high-field magnetoresistance of thin-film La 2– x Sr x CuO 4 cuprate in the vicinity of the critical doping, 0.161 ≤ p ≤ 0.190. We find that the metallic state exposed by suppressing superconductivity is characterized by magnetoresistance that is linear in magnetic fields up to 80 tesla. The magnitude of the linear-in-field resistivity mirrors the magnitude and doping evolution of the well-known linear-in-temperature resistivity that has been associated with quantum criticality in high-temperature superconductors.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Time and place of electron exit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tunable quantum criticality and super-ballistic transport in a "charge" Kondo circuit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are ubiquitous in strongly correlated materials. However, the microscopic complexity of these systems impedes the quantitative understanding of QPTs. We observed and thoroughly analyzed the rich strongly correlated physics in two profoundly dissimilar regimes of quantum criticality. With a circuit implementing a quantum simulator for the three-channel Kondo model, we reveal the universal scalings toward different low-temperature fixed points and along the multiple crossovers from quantum criticality. An unanticipated violation of the maximum conductance for ballistic free electrons is uncovered. The present charge pseudospin implementation of a Kondo impurity opens access to a broad variety of strongly correlated phenomena.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Orientation-dependent stereo Wigner time delay and electron localization in a small molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Attosecond metrology of atoms has accessed the time scale of the most fundamental processes in quantum mechanics. Transferring the time-resolved photoelectric effect from atoms to molecules considerably increases experimental and theoretical challenges. Here we show that orientation- and energy-resolved measurements characterize the molecular stereo Wigner time delay. This observable provides direct information on the localization of the excited electron wave packet within the molecular potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that photoelectrons resulting from the dissociative ionization process of the CO molecule are preferentially emitted from the carbon end for dissociative 2 states and from the center and oxygen end for the 2 states of the molecular ion. Supported by comprehensive theoretical calculations, this work constitutes a complete spatially and temporally resolved reconstruction of the molecular photoelectric effect.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Going beyond the first Chern number (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The ultrafast laser excitation of matters leads to nonequilibrium states with complex solid-liquid phase-transition dynamics. We used electron diffraction at mega–electron volt energies to visualize the ultrafast melting of gold on the atomic scale length. For energy densities approaching the irreversible melting regime, we first observed heterogeneous melting on time scales of 100 to 1000 picoseconds, transitioning to homogeneous melting that occurs catastrophically within 10 to 20 picoseconds at higher energy densities. We showed evidence for the heterogeneous coexistence of solid and liquid. We determined the ion and electron temperature evolution and found superheated conditions. Our results constrain the electron-ion coupling rate, determine the Debye temperature, and reveal the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Topology and disorder have a rich combined influence on quantum transport. To probe their interplay, we synthesized one-dimensional chiral symmetric wires with controllable disorder via spectroscopic Hamiltonian engineering, based on the laser-driven coupling of discrete momentum states of ultracold atoms. Measuring the bulk evolution of a topological indicator after a sudden quench, we observed the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which added disorder drives the band structure of a wire from topologically trivial to nontrivial. In addition, we observed the robustness of topologically nontrivial wires to weak disorder and measured the transition to a trivial phase in the presence of strong disorder. Atomic interactions in this quantum simulation platform may enable realizations of strongly interacting topological fluids.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Playing with particle physics (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Caspase-8 is a player in pyroptosis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Pathogen blockade of TAK1 triggers caspase-8-dependent cleavage of gasdermin D and cell death (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Description: Limited proteolysis of gasdermin D (GSDMD) generates an N-terminal pore-forming fragment that controls pyroptosis in macrophages. GSDMD is processed via inflammasome-activated caspase-1 or -11. It is currently unknown whether macrophage GSDMD can be processed by other mechanisms. Here, we describe an additional pathway controlling GSDMD processing. The inhibition of TAK1 or IB kinase (IKK) by the Yersinia effector protein YopJ elicits RIPK1- and caspase-8–dependent cleavage of GSDMD, which subsequently results in cell death. GSDMD processing also contributes to the NLRP3 inflammasome–dependent release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Thus, caspase-8 acts as a regulator of GSDMD-driven cell death. Furthermore, this study establishes the importance of TAK1 and IKK activity in the control of GSDMD cleavage and cytotoxicity.
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Making a practical valleytronics device (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Keywords: Physics
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    A valley valve and electron beam splitter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Description: Developing alternative paradigms of electronics beyond silicon technology requires the exploration of fundamentally new physical mechanisms, such as the valley-specific phenomena in hexagonal two-dimensional materials. We realize ballistic valley Hall kink states in bilayer graphene and demonstrate gate-controlled current transmission in a four-kink router device. The operations of a waveguide, a valve, and a tunable electron beam splitter are demonstrated. The valley valve exploits the valley-momentum locking of the kink states and reaches an on/off ratio of 8 at zero magnetic field. A magnetic field enables a full-range tunable coherent beam splitter. These results pave a path to building a scalable, coherent quantum transportation network based on the kink states.
    Keywords: Physics
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    IgE B cells unmasked (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Evolution of a highly active and enantiospecific metalloenzyme from short peptides (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Primordial sequence signatures in modern proteins imply ancestral origins tracing back to simple peptides. Although short peptides seldom adopt unique folds, metal ions might have templated their assembly into higher-order structures in early evolution and imparted useful chemical reactivity. Recapitulating such a biogenetic scenario, we have combined design and laboratory evolution to transform a zinc-binding peptide into a globular enzyme capable of accelerating ester cleavage with exacting enantiospecificity and high catalytic efficiency ( k cat / K M ~ 10 6 M –1 s –1 ). The simultaneous optimization of structure and function in a naïve peptide scaffold not only illustrates a plausible enzyme evolutionary pathway from the distant past to the present but also proffers exciting future opportunities for enzyme design and engineering.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    High-affinity allergen-specific human antibodies cloned from single IgE B cell transcriptomes (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies protect against helminth infections but can also cause life-threatening allergic reactions. Despite their role in human health, the cells that produce these antibodies are rarely observed and remain enigmatic. We isolated single IgE B cells from individuals with food allergies and used single-cell RNA sequencing to elucidate the gene expression and splicing patterns unique to these cells. We identified a surprising example of convergent evolution in which IgE antibodies underwent identical gene rearrangements in unrelated individuals. Through the acquisition of variable region mutations, these IgE antibodies gained high affinity and unexpected cross-reactivity to the clinically important peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 3. These findings provide insight into IgE B cell transcriptomics and enable biochemical dissection of this antibody class.
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Quantification of drought during the collapse of the classic Maya civilization (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: The demise of Lowland Classic Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic Period (~800 to 1000 CE) is a well-cited example of how past climate may have affected ancient societies. Attempts to estimate the magnitude of hydrologic change, however, have met with equivocal success because of the qualitative and indirect nature of available climate proxy data. We reconstructed the past isotopic composition ( 18 O, D, 17 O-excess, and d-excess) of water in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, using a technique that involves isotopic analysis of the structurally bound water in sedimentary gypsum, which was deposited under drought conditions. The triple oxygen and hydrogen isotope data provide a direct measure of past changes in lake hydrology. We modeled the data and conclude that annual precipitation decreased between 41 and 54% (with intervals of up to 70% rainfall reduction during peak drought conditions) and that relative humidity declined by 2 to 7% compared to present-day conditions.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    New geological age comes under fire (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    DNA-induced liquid phase condensation of cGAS activates innate immune signaling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The binding of DNA to cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) leads to the production of the secondary messenger cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP), which activates innate immune responses. We have shown that DNA binding to cGAS robustly induced the formation of liquidlike droplets in which cGAS was activated. The disordered and positively charged cGAS N terminus enhanced cGAS-DNA phase separation by increasing the valencies of DNA binding. Long DNA was more efficient in promoting cGAS liquid phase separation and cGAS enzyme activity than short DNA. Moreover, free zinc ions enhanced cGAS enzyme activity both in vitro and in cells by promoting cGAS-DNA phase separation. These results demonstrated that the DNA-induced phase transition of cGAS promotes cGAMP production and innate immune signaling.
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Phase separation focuses DNA sensing (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Liquid droplets step on the cGAS (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A shrinking marine refrigerator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    More to imaging than meets the eye (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Abrupt cloud clearing of marine stratocumulus in the subtropical southeast Atlantic (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: We document rapid and abrupt clearings of large portions of the subtropical marine low cloud deck that have implications for the global radiation balance and climate sensitivity. Over the southeast Atlantic, large areas of stratocumulus are quickly eroded, yielding partial or complete clearing along sharp transitions hundreds to thousands of kilometers in length that move westward at 8 to 12 meters per second and travel as far as 1000+ kilometers from the African coast. The westward-moving cloudiness reductions have an annual peak in occurrence in the period from April through June. The cloud erosion boundaries reduce cloud at 10-kilometer scale in less than 15 minutes, move approximately perpendicular to the mean flow, and are often accompanied by small-scale wave features. Observations suggest that the cloud erosion is caused by atmospheric gravity waves.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Connecting immune deficiency and inflammation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fishin' gone? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Mercury sinking (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    Cooperative quantum magnetism (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Single-particle cryo-EM--How did it get here and where will it go (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Cryo–electron microscopy, or simply cryo-EM, refers mainly to three very different yet closely related techniques: electron crystallography, single-particle cryo-EM, and electron cryotomography. In the past few years, single-particle cryo-EM in particular has triggered a revolution in structural biology and has become a newly dominant discipline. This Review examines the fascinating story of its start and evolution over the past 40-plus years, delves into how and why the recent technological advances have been so groundbreaking, and briefly considers where the technique may be headed in the future.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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  • 86
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    Comment on "Innovative scattering analysis shows that hydrophobic disordered proteins are expanded in water" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Riback et al . (Reports, 13 October 2017, p. 238) used small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments to infer a degree of compaction for unfolded proteins in water versus chemical denaturant that is highly consistent with the results from Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. There is thus no "contradiction" between the two methods, nor evidence to support their claim that commonly used FRET fluorophores cause protein compaction.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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  • 87
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    Response to Comment on "Innovative scattering analysis shows that hydrophobic disordered proteins are expanded in water" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Best et al . claim that we provide no convincing basis to assert that a discrepancy remains between FRET and SAXS results on the dimensions of disordered proteins under physiological conditions. We maintain that a clear discrepancy is apparent in our and other recent publications, including results shown in the Best et al . comment. A plausible origin is fluorophore interactions in FRET experiments.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Quantum entanglement of the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons using metamaterials (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metamaterials constructed from deep subwavelength building blocks have been used to demonstrate phenomena ranging from negative refractive index and -near-zero to cloaking, emulations of general relativity, and superresolution imaging. More recently, metamaterials have been suggested as a new platform for quantum optics. We present the use of a dielectric metasurface to generate entanglement between the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons. We demonstrate the generation of the four Bell states on a single photon by using the geometric phase that arises from the photonic spin-orbit interaction and subsequently show nonlocal correlations between two photons that interacted with the metasurface. Our results show that metamaterials are suitable for the generation and manipulation of entangled photon states, introducing the area of quantum optics metamaterials.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Quantum metasurface for multiphoton interference and state reconstruction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metasurfaces based on resonant nanophotonic structures have enabled innovative types of flat-optics devices that often outperform the capabilities of bulk components, yet these advances remain largely unexplored for quantum applications. We show that nonclassical multiphoton interferences can be achieved at the subwavelength scale in all-dielectric metasurfaces. We simultaneously image multiple projections of quantum states with a single metasurface, enabling a robust reconstruction of amplitude, phase, coherence, and entanglement of multiphoton polarization-encoded states. One- and two-photon states are reconstructed through nonlocal photon correlation measurements with polarization-insensitive click detectors positioned after the metasurface, and the scalability to higher photon numbers is established theoretically. Our work illustrates the feasibility of ultrathin quantum metadevices for the manipulation and measurement of multiphoton quantum states, with applications in free-space quantum imaging and communications.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Measurement of a superconducting qubit with a microwave photon counter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Fast, high-fidelity measurement is a key ingredient for quantum error correction. Conventional approaches to the measurement of superconducting qubits, involving linear amplification of a microwave probe tone followed by heterodyne detection at room temperature, do not scale well to large system sizes. We introduce an approach to measurement based on a microwave photon counter demonstrating raw single-shot measurement fidelity of 92%. Moreover, the intrinsic damping of the photon counter is used to extract the energy released by the measurement process, allowing repeated high-fidelity quantum nondemolition measurements. Our scheme provides access to the classical outcome of projective quantum measurement at the millikelvin stage and could form the basis for a scalable quantum-to-classical interface.
    Keywords: Physics
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    The making of a plankton toxin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Making ultrafast cycles of light (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Physics
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    Quantum oscillations in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    A sudden outburst of erosion (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Detailing subduction zones (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    It takes two to signal (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Insulator or a metal? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 98
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    Quantum oscillations of electrical resistivity in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: In metals, orbital motions of conduction electrons on the Fermi surface are quantized in magnetic fields, which is manifested by quantum oscillations in electrical resistivity. This Landau quantization is generally absent in insulators. Here, we report a notable exception in an insulator—ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB 12 ). The resistivity of YbB 12 , which is of a much larger magnitude than the resistivity in metals, exhibits distinct quantum oscillations. These unconventional oscillations arise from the insulating bulk, even though the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude follows the conventional Fermi liquid theory of metals with a large effective mass. Quantum oscillations in the magnetic torque are also observed, albeit with a lighter effective mass.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Glacial lake outburst floods as drivers of fluvial erosion in the Himalaya (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Himalayan rivers are frequently hit by catastrophic floods that are caused by the failure of glacial lake and landslide dams; however, the dynamics and long-term impacts of such floods remain poorly understood. We present a comprehensive set of observations that capture the July 2016 glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Bhotekoshi/Sunkoshi River of Nepal. Seismic records of the flood provide new insights into GLOF mechanics and their ability to mobilize large boulders that otherwise prevent channel erosion. Because of this boulder mobilization, GLOF impacts far exceed those of the annual summer monsoon, and GLOFs may dominate fluvial erosion and channel-hillslope coupling many tens of kilometers downstream of glaciated areas. Long-term valley evolution in these regions may therefore be driven by GLOF frequency and magnitude, rather than by precipitation.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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    Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Subduction zones are home to the most seismically active faults on the planet. The shallow megathrust interfaces of subduction zones host Earth’s largest earthquakes and are likely the only faults capable of magnitude 9+ ruptures. Despite these facts, our knowledge of subduction zone geometry—which likely plays a key role in determining the spatial extent and ultimately the size of subduction zone earthquakes—is incomplete. We calculated the three-dimensional geometries of all seismically active global subduction zones. The resulting model, called Slab2, provides a uniform geometrical analysis of all currently subducting slabs.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
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