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  • pharmacokinetics  (2,025)
  • Evolution
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (3,443)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (99)
  • Springer Nature
  • 1
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the history of genomics across three different species and four decades, from the 1980s to the recent past. It takes an inclusive approach in order to capture not only the international initiatives to map and sequence the genomes of various organisms, but also the work of smaller-scale institutions engaged in the mapping and sequencing of yeast, human and pig DNA. In doing so, the authors expand the historiographical lens of genomics from a focus on large-scale projects to other forms of organisation. They show how practices such as genome mapping, sequence assembly and annotation are as essential as DNA sequencing in the history of genomics, and argue that existing depictions of genomics are too closely associated with the Human Genome Project. Exploring the use of genomic tools by biochemists, cell biologists, and medical and agriculturally-oriented geneticists, this book portrays the history of genomics as inseparably entangled with the day-to-day practices and objectives of these communities. The authors also uncover often forgotten actors such as the European Commission, a crucial funder and forger of collaborative networks undertaking genomic projects. In examining historical trajectories across species, communities and projects, the book provides new insights on genomics, its dramatic expansion during the late twentieth-century and its developments in the twenty-first century. Offering the first extensive critical examination of the nature and historicity of reference genomes, this book demonstrates how their affordances and limitations are shaped by the involvement or absence of particular communities in their production. ;
    Keywords: Genome mapping ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Human DNA ; Pig DNA ; Sus scrofa ; High throughput sequencing technology ; Whole-genome projects ; Sequence assembly ; Annotation ; European Commission ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers the first comprehensive account of the pan-genome concept and its manifold implications. The realization that the genetic repertoire of a biological species always encompasses more than the genome of each individual is one of the earliest examples of big data in biology that opened biology to the unbounded. The study of genetic variation observed within a species challenges existing views and has profound consequences for our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning bacterial biology and evolution. The underlying rationale extends well beyond the initial prokaryotic focus to all kingdoms of life and evolves into similar concepts for metagenomes, phenomes and epigenomes. The book’s respective chapters address a range of topics, from the serendipitous emergence of the pan-genome concept and its impacts on the fields of microbiology, vaccinology and antimicrobial resistance, to the study of microbial communities, bioinformatic applications and mathematical models that tie in with complex systems and economic theory. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership interested in population dynamics, evolutionary biology and genomics.
    Keywords: Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Evolutionary Biology ; Genetics and Population Dynamics ; Microbial Ecology ; Human Genetics ; Genetics and Genomics ; Comparative genomics ; Metagenomics ; Microbial Population Analysis ; Pangenome Profile ; Supra-Genome Analysis ; Adaptive Evolution ; Computational Tools ; Bioinformatic Genomics ; Core Dispensable Genome ; Selection, Recombination, Composition ; Acquired Resistance ; Bacterial Species Concept ; Genomic Diversity ; Bacterial Ecology, Microevolution ; Open Access ; Pan-metagenomics ; Pan-microbiomics ; Pan-epigenome ; Gene Transfer ; Pan-phenomes ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Evolution ; Applied mathematics ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Medical genetics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical)
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Mammals diversified by colonizing drastically different environments, with each transition yielding numerous molecular changes, including losses of protein function. Though not initially deleterious, these losses could subsequently carry deleterious pleiotropic consequences. We have used phylogenetic methods to identify convergent functional losses across independent marine mammal lineages. In one extreme case, Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) accrued lesions in all marine lineages, while remaining intact in all terrestrial mammals. These lesions coincide with PON1 enzymatic activity loss in marine species’ blood plasma. This convergent loss is likely explained by parallel shifts in marine ancestors’ lipid metabolism and/or bloodstream oxidative environment affecting PON1’s role in fatty acid oxidation. PON1 loss also eliminates marine mammals’ main defense against neurotoxicity from specific man-made organophosphorus compounds, implying potential risks in modern environments.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: The turbulent surfaces of rivers and streams are natural hotspots of biogeochemical exchange with the atmosphere. At the global scale, the total river-atmosphere flux of trace gasses such as carbon dioxide depends on the proportion of Earth’s surface that is covered by the fluvial network, yet the total surface area of rivers and streams is poorly constrained. We used a global database of planform river hydromorphology and a statistical approach to show that global river and stream surface area at mean annual discharge is 773,000 ± 79,000 square kilometers (0.58 ± 0.06%) of Earth’s nonglaciated land surface, an area 44 ± 15% larger than previous spatial estimates. We found that rivers and streams likely play a greater role in controlling land-atmosphere fluxes than is currently represented in global carbon budgets.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Description: The color patterns of African cichlid fishes provide notable examples of phenotypic convergence. Across the more than 1200 East African rift lake species, melanic horizontal stripes have evolved numerous times. We discovered that regulatory changes of the gene agouti-related peptide 2 ( agrp2 ) act as molecular switches controlling this evolutionarily labile phenotype. Reduced agrp2 expression is convergently associated with the presence of stripe patterns across species flocks. However, cis-regulatory mutations are not predictive of stripes across radiations, suggesting independent regulatory mechanisms. Genetic mapping confirms the link between the agrp2 locus and stripe patterns. The crucial role of agrp2 is further supported by a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout that reconstitutes stripes in a nonstriped cichlid. Thus, we unveil how a single gene affects the convergent evolution of a complex color pattern.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-10-26
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-07-13
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-04-13
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-07-06
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus ) maintain seasonal camouflage by molting to a white winter coat, but some hares remain brown during the winter in regions with low snow cover. We show that cis-regulatory variation controlling seasonal expression of the Agouti gene underlies this adaptive winter camouflage polymorphism. Genetic variation at Agouti clustered by winter coat color across multiple hare and jackrabbit species, revealing a history of recurrent interspecific gene flow. Brown winter coats in snowshoe hares likely originated from an introgressed black-tailed jackrabbit allele that has swept to high frequency in mild winter environments. These discoveries show that introgression of genetic variants that underlie key ecological traits can seed past and ongoing adaptation to rapidly changing environments.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-02-10
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Maintenance of biodiversity in a rapidly changing climate will depend on the efficacy of evolutionary rescue, whereby population declines due to abrupt environmental change are reversed by shifts in genetically driven adaptive traits. However, a lack of traits known to be under direct selection by anthropogenic climate change has limited the incorporation of evolutionary processes into global conservation efforts. In 21 vertebrate species, some individuals undergo a seasonal color molt from summer brown to winter white as camouflage against snow, whereas other individuals remain brown. Seasonal snow duration is decreasing globally, and fitness is lower for winter white animals on snowless backgrounds. Based on 2713 georeferenced samples of known winter coat color—from eight species across trophic levels—we identify environmentally driven clinal gradients in winter coat color, including polymorphic zones where winter brown and white morphs co-occur. These polymorphic zones, underrepresented by existing global protected area networks, indicate hot spots for evolutionary rescue in a changing climate.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-17
    Description: Anyone awed by towering redwoods should offer thanks to stomata, the tiny pores on the leaves of all trees and other vascular plants. These microscopic mouths allow plants to grow tall and to regulate carbon dioxide intake and water loss. Stomata, in short, helped plants colonize the landscape and transform the planet. Now, molecular studies are giving scientists glimpses of the early days of stomata and how they have changed since then. They suggest complex stomata evolved to help early plants control moisture in their spore capsules and that other plants later exploited these pores to breathe in carbon dioxide and exhale water vapor. And hundreds of millions of years later, more sophisticated stomata evolved in grasses, enabling them to tightly control water loss—a feature that helped them dominate dry landscapes around the world. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-08-11
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-15
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-22
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-01
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-24
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-02
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Avian egg shape is generally explained as an adaptation to life history, yet we currently lack a global synthesis of how egg-shape differences arise and evolve. Here, we apply morphometric, mechanistic, and macroevolutionary analyses to the egg shapes of 1400 bird species. We characterize egg-shape diversity in terms of two biologically relevant variables, asymmetry and ellipticity, allowing us to quantify the observed morphologies in a two-dimensional morphospace. We then propose a simple mechanical model that explains the observed egg-shape diversity based on geometric and material properties of the egg membrane. Finally, using phylogenetic models, we show that egg shape correlates with flight ability on broad taxonomic scales, suggesting that adaptations for flight may have been critical drivers of egg-shape variation in birds.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-28
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 36
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Description: Extreme environmental perturbations offer opportunities to observe the effects of natural selection in wild populations. During the winter of 2013–2014, the southeastern United States endured an extreme cold event. We used thermal performance, transcriptomics, and genome scans to measure responses of lizard populations to storm-induced selection. We found significant increases in cold tolerance at the species’ southern limit. Gene expression in southern survivors shifted toward patterns characteristic of northern populations. Comparing samples before and after the extreme winter, 14 genomic regions were differentiated in the surviving southern population; four also exhibited signatures of local adaptation across the latitudinal gradient and implicate genes involved in nervous system function. Together, our results suggest that extreme winter events can rapidly produce strong selection on natural populations at multiple biological levels that recapitulate geographic patterns of local adaptation.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-03
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 42
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-05
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-06
    Description: The phrase “perception is reality” is used in many contexts but is often not true. For example, human inability to perceive ultraviolet light does not negate its reality. Nevertheless, perception can cause reality to evolve. This is the insight of the study by Nachev et al. on page 75 of this issue (1). The authors integrated field and laboratory experiments with computer simulations to explain how perceptual mechanisms in a pollinator—a bat—can cause the evolution of counterintuitive traits in flowers. Author: Hamilton Farris
    Keywords: Evolution
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Charles Darwin closed his first edition of On the Origin of Species with the poetic words: “There is grandeur in this view of life,…whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved” (1). Today, scientists are using genetics to understand how species multiply, and ecological and behavioral knowledge to understand why they do so. However, many questions remain about the sources of genetic variation and how new phenotypes arise in response to environmental change. Recent research has revealed unexpected origins of genetic variation, providing crucial insights into phenotypic divergence and the evolutionary effects of rare events triggered by global climatic change. Authors: B. Rosemary Grant, Peter R. Grant
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2017-10-20
    Description: We used extensive data from a long-term study of great tits ( Parus major ) in the United Kingdom and Netherlands to better understand how genetic signatures of selection translate into variation in fitness and phenotypes. We found that genomic regions under differential selection contained candidate genes for bill morphology and used genetic architecture analyses to confirm that these genes, especially the collagen gene COL4A5 , explained variation in bill length. COL4A5 variation was associated with reproductive success, which, combined with spatiotemporal patterns of bill length, suggested ongoing selection for longer bills in the United Kingdom. Last, bill length and COL4A5 variation were associated with usage of feeders, suggesting that longer bills may have evolved in the United Kingdom as a response to supplementary feeding.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Nachev et al . (Reports, 6 January 2017, p. 75) present dilute nectar in bat-pollinated plants as "paradoxical" because bats prefer concentrated nectar, but paradox disappears with realistic assumptions about nectar evolution. We argue that they make unrealistic assumptions about the cognitive abilities of bat pollinators, invoke Weber’s law inappropriately, and cannot predict observed nectar concentrations of bat flowers or negative correlations between pollinator body size and average concentration.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Pyke and Waser claim that our virtual pollination ecology model makes unrealistic assumptions and fails to predict observed nectar concentrations of bat flowers and negative correlations between pollinator body size and sugar concentration. In their comment, crucial model features are misrepresented, misunderstood, or ignored. Sensitivity to the supply/demand ratio explains both the equilibrium concentrations and the selection for lower concentrations by larger pollinators.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-07
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 51
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: One of the most important developments in Earth's history is the change from the anaerobic environment of the early Earth to the aerobic and highly oxidizing environment that we have today, with 21% atmospheric oxygen (O2) (1). Many geologists, atmospheric scientists, and biologists have studied this dramatic change in the redox state of Earth—the “great oxidation event” (2)—to understand when and how it took place. On page 1436 of this issue, Soo et al. report exciting new evidence toward answers to both these questions (3). Author: Robert E. Blankenship
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 52
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2017-09-22
    Description: Animals that wield toxins face self-intoxication. Poison frogs have a diverse arsenal of defensive alkaloids that target the nervous system. Among them is epibatidine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist that is lethal at microgram doses. Epibatidine shares a highly conserved binding site with acetylcholine, making it difficult to evolve resistance yet maintain nAChR function. Electrophysiological assays of human and frog nAChR revealed that one amino acid replacement, which evolved three times in poison frogs, decreased epibatidine sensitivity but at a cost of acetylcholine sensitivity. However, receptor functionality was rescued by additional amino acid replacements that differed among poison frog lineages. Our results demonstrate how resistance to agonist toxins can evolve and that such genetic changes propel organisms toward an adaptive peak of chemical defense.
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-10-20
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Mutualistic symbiotic relationships are those in which both species benefit; for example, the vivid colors of coral reefs come from symbiotic algae that provide their living coral hosts with nutrients and oxygen through photosynthesis in exchange for protection. A similar mutualistic relationship exists between gut-dwelling bacteria and their animal hosts (1). It remains unclear, however, to what degree symbiosis has shaped host-microbial interactions and coevolution. On page 380 of this issue, Moeller et al. show that gut bacterial strains cospeciated with hominids (apes and humans) over the past 15 million years (2). These findings set the stage for exploring the evolutionary processes that underlie the symbiotic relationship between hominids and their gut-dwelling microbes. Authors: Julia A. Segre, Nick Salafsky
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Caroline Ash
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 57
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Several unprecedented videos of gelatinous sea creatures called comb jellies, or ctenophores, now threaten to upend the standard view of the evolution of the so-called through-gut. Comb jellies, jellyfish, sea sponges, and a few other creatures all were thought to lack an anus, which meant they had to eat and defecate through a single hole. These are descendants of some of the first animals to arise, so it has been thought that the through-gut and anus were an innovation that came after those lineages emerged—and perhaps something that drove the diversity of new animal forms. But on 15 March, at the Ctenopolooza meeting in St. Augustine, Florida, evolutionary biologist William Browne of the University of Miami in Florida debuted films of comb jellies pooping—and it wasn't through their mouths. Browne's videos elicited gasps from the audience, who is now rethinking when the through-gut first evolved—and whether it may have emerged more than once. Author: Amy Maxmen
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: For years, scientists have debated where dogs came from. Did wolves first forge their special relationship with humans in Europe, or in Asia? The answer, according to a new study, is yes. Researchers report that genetic analysis of hundreds of canines—including a nearly 5000-year-old dog unearthed on the east coast of Ireland—reveals that dogs may have been domesticated twice, once in Asia and once in Europe or the Near East, although European ancestry has mostly vanished from today's dogs. The findings could resolve a rift that has roiled the canine origins community—but experts say a lot more work needs to be done to confirm them. Author: David Grimm
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: One of the greatest symbols of the birth of evolutionary biology is Darwin's first sketch of an evolutionary tree, above which he wrote: “I think.” Not only are evolutionary trees central to how scientists conceptualize evolutionary processes, Darwin's words also capture a key aspect of evolutionary science: It is difficult to observe, forcing researchers to rely heavily on inference. In recent decades, studies of fast-growing microorganisms have allowed hypotheses about evolutionary processes to be tested experimentally (1). On page 1147 of this issue, Baym et al. (2) report a device for visualizing evolutionary branching as bacteria grow across a meter-scale agar slab. The results offer important insights into evolutionary dynamics in spatially extended systems. Authors: Luke McNally, Sam P. Brown
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: The field of molecular evolution is concerned with evolutionary changes in genes and genomes and the underlying driving forces behind those changes. Current studies in molecular evolution are almost entirely retrospective, with a focus on the mutations that were fixed during evolution, and the conclusions are often explanatory, offering no predictive insights. Because only a tiny fraction of all mutations that have ever occurred during evolution have been fixed, the “successes” that we see today provide an incomplete or even biased understanding of the evolutionary process. One way to circumvent this problem is to obtain the whole fitness landscape of a gene to understand, prospectively, chance and necessity in evolution (see the figure). Two studies in this issue, by Li et al. on page 837 (1) and Puchta et al. on page 840 (2), each take on this challenge by characterizing the in vivo fitness landscape of two RNA genes. Authors: Xionglei He, Li Liu
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 62
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: For many evolutionary biologists, nothing gets their dander up faster than suggesting evolution is anything other than the process of natural selection, acting on random mutations. So some are uneasy that the John Templeton Foundation has awarded $8.7 million to U.K., Swedish, and U.S. researchers for experimental and theoretical work intended to put a revisionist view of evolution, the so-called extended evolutionary synthesis, on a sounder footing. Using a variety of plants, animals, and microbes, the researchers will study the possibility that organisms can influence their own evolution and that inheritance can take place through routes other than the genetic material. Critics are against evolutionary biologists accepting this money and argue that evolutionary theory already embraces the best of these ideas. But others are pleased as the money should help clarify the importance of different aspects of the extended synthesis. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: Dinosaurs were once widely considered an evolutionary dead end without much bearing on the evolution of living animals. Yet, today it is clear that theropod dinosaurs gave rise to birds, and that dinosaurs are therefore still alive today. Similarly, placoderms, a group of extinct armored fishes, long held little or no interest to evolutionary biologists. However, discoveries from China are changing that by showing how important placoderms are to understanding the early assembly of the vertebrate body plan. On page 334 of this issue, Zhu et al. (1) report the discovery of a placoderm from Qujing in Yunnan, China, that fills a big gap in our understanding of how vertebrate jaws evolved. Author: John A. Long
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: Repeated evolution of similar traits in organisms facing the same ecological challenges has long captured the interest of evolutionary biologists (1–4). Naturally occurring examples of “convergent evolution” offer new opportunities to ask about predictability in evolution. Do complex genomes mean that there are endless possibilities for adapting to an ecological challenge? Or must evolution target the same genes, or even the same amino acids in the same proteins, in order to increase the fitness and therefore survival of different species facing similar challenges? Natarajan et al. (5), on page 336 of this issue, provide an example of an integrated approach to answer these questions. By using a combination of genetic data with experimental tests, they show that evolution of a new protein function in response to low-oxygen, high-altitude conditions can occur through different genetic mechanisms across a wide diversity of avian species living at high and low elevations. Author: Jamie T. Bridgham
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-28
    Description: Some species, such as the giraffe or bottlenose dolphin, are immediately recognizable and might seem immutable. In fact, their evolutionary stories are often more complicated. Regional populations of giraffe with distinct pelage patterns have only recently been recognized as four different species (1), and the number of species represented by what we recognize as the bottlenose dolphin was historically as many as 20, refined down to one, then two, and the question is still being resolved (2). On page 477 of this issue, de Manuel et al. (3) describe the relationship between two other iconic species in unprecedented detail, comparing whole genomes from populations of bonobo (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). They report evidence for gene flow between these species, contributing to our increasing appreciation for the complexities of the process of speciation. Author: A. Rus Hoelzel
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: In convergent evolution, different species independently acquire similar traits. Knowing whether divergent species use the same or different genetic solutions to adapt to similar selection pressures can illuminate innate constraints on underlying molecular networks. Most cases of convergence that are understood at the genetic level are relatively simple, involving one or a few genes. On page 1431 of this issue, Yeaman et al. (1) report mapping of locally adaptive genes in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and interior spruce (the species complex that includes Picea engelmannii and Picea glauca) (see the photo). The authors show that many genes implicated in local adaptation are shared among the two species. Author: Angela M. Hancock
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: Author: Annalisa VanHook
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 69
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: Human activities alter ecosystems around the planet, often rendering environmental conditions unfavorable for plant and animal survival. In the salt marshes along North America's Atlantic coast, the influx of industrial waste has caused chemical pollutants to accumulate at lethal levels, causing the disappearance of many species from affected sites. Yet, multiple populations of the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) have adapted to cope with levels of pollution orders of magnitude higher than those that members of the same species from unaffected habitats can tolerate. On page 1305 of this issue, Reid et al. (1) provide strong evidence that adaptation has occurred rapidly and through similar genetic changes in multiple populations of killifish that have independently colonized polluted habitats. Authors: Michael Tobler, Zachary W. Culumber
    Keywords: Evolution
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2015-09-05
    Description: Fusion of intracellular transport vesicles requires soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and Sec1/Munc18-family (SM) proteins. Membrane-bridging SNARE complexes are critical for fusion, but their spontaneous assembly is inefficient and may require SM proteins in vivo. We report x-ray structures of Vps33, the SM subunit of the yeast homotypic fusion and vacuole protein-sorting (HOPS) complex, bound to two individual SNAREs. The two SNAREs, one from each membrane, are held in the correct orientation and register for subsequent complex assembly. Vps33 and potentially other SM proteins could thus act as templates for generating partially zipped SNARE assembly intermediates. HOPS was essential to mediate SNARE complex assembly at physiological SNARE concentrations. Thus, Vps33 appears to catalyze SNARE complex assembly through specific SNARE motif recognition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727825/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727825/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, Richard W -- Jeffrey, Philip D -- Zick, Michael -- Phillips, Ben P -- Wickner, William T -- Hughson, Frederick M -- GM071574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM23377/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007388/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):1111-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7906.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. hughson@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Munc18 Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Qa-SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; R-SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25/chemistry/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2013-11-10
    Description: The last step in eukaryotic translational initiation involves the joining of the large and small subunits of the ribosome, with initiator transfer RNA (Met-tRNA(i)(Met)) positioned over the start codon of messenger RNA in the P site. This step is catalyzed by initiation factor eIF5B. We used recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a structure of the eIF5B initiation complex to 6.6 angstrom resolution from 〈3% of the population, comprising just 5143 particles. The structure reveals conformational changes in eIF5B, initiator tRNA, and the ribosome that provide insights into the role of eIF5B in translational initiation. The relatively high resolution obtained from such a small fraction of a heterogeneous sample suggests a general approach for characterizing the structure of other dynamic or transient biological complexes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836175/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836175/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, Israel S -- Bai, Xiao-Chen -- Hussain, Tanweer -- Kelley, Ann C -- Lorsch, Jon R -- Ramakrishnan, V -- Scheres, Sjors H W -- 096570/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184332/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A025_1013/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT096570/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):1240585. doi: 10.1126/science.1240585. Epub 2013 Nov 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/*chemistry ; Humans ; *Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Transfer, Met/chemistry ; Ribosomes/*chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: In different phases of the transcription cycle, RNA polymerase (Pol) II recruits various factors via its C-terminal domain (CTD), which consists of conserved heptapeptide repeats with the sequence Tyr(1)-Ser(2)-Pro(3)-Thr(4)-Ser(5)-Pro(6)-Ser(7). We show that the CTD of transcribing yeast Pol II is phosphorylated at Tyr(1), in addition to Ser(2), Thr(4), Ser(5), and Ser(7). Tyr(1) phosphorylation stimulates binding of elongation factor Spt6 and impairs recruitment of termination factors Nrd1, Pcf11, and Rtt103. Tyr(1) phosphorylation levels rise downstream of the transcription start site and decrease before the polyadenylation site, largely excluding termination factors from gene bodies. These results show that CTD modifications trigger and block factor recruitment and lead to an extended CTD code that explains transcription cycle coordination on the basis of differential phosphorylation of Tyr(1), Ser(2), and Ser(5).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayer, Andreas -- Heidemann, Martin -- Lidschreiber, Michael -- Schreieck, Amelie -- Sun, Mai -- Hintermair, Corinna -- Kremmer, Elisabeth -- Eick, Dirk -- Cramer, Patrick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1723-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1219651.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Peptide Termination Factors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Transcriptional Elongation Factors/metabolism ; Tyrosine/*metabolism
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: DNA topoisomerase II completely removes DNA intertwining, or catenation, between sister chromatids before they are segregated during cell division. How this occurs throughout the genome is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in yeast, centromeric plasmids undergo a dramatic change in their topology as the cells pass through mitosis. This change is characterized by positive supercoiling of the DNA and requires mitotic spindles and the condensin factor Smc2. When mitotic positive supercoiling occurs on decatenated DNA, it is rapidly relaxed by topoisomerase II. However, when positive supercoiling takes place in catenated plasmid, topoisomerase II activity is directed toward decatenation of the molecules before relaxation. Thus, a topological change on DNA drives topoisomerase II to decatenate molecules during mitosis, potentially driving the full decatenation of the genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baxter, J -- Sen, N -- Martinez, V Lopez -- De Carandini, M E Monturus -- Schvartzman, J B -- Diffley, J F X -- Aragon, L -- MC_U120074328/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1328-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1201538.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Jon.Baxter@sussex.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle ; Chromosome Segregation ; DNA Replication ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/*metabolism ; DNA, Catenated/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Fungal/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Superhelical/*chemistry/metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Mitosis ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Plasmids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: It is not known whether evolution will usually be rapid enough to allow a species to adapt and persist in a deteriorating environment. We tracked the eco-evolutionary dynamics of metapopulations with a laboratory model system of yeast exposed to salt stress. Metapopulations experienced environmental deterioration at three different rates and their component populations were either unconnected or connected by local dispersal or by global dispersal. We found that adaptation was favored by gradual deterioration and local dispersal. After further abrupt deterioration, the frequency of evolutionary rescue depended on both the prior rate of deterioration and the rate of dispersal. Adaptation was surprisingly frequent and rapid in small peripheral populations. Thus, evolutionary dynamics affect both the persistence and the range of a species after environmental deterioration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, Graham -- Gonzalez, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1327-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1203105.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; *Environment ; Models, Biological ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: Communication between organelles is an important feature of all eukaryotic cells. To uncover components involved in mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) junctions, we screened for mutants that could be complemented by a synthetic protein designed to artificially tether the two organelles. We identified the Mmm1/Mdm10/Mdm12/Mdm34 complex as a molecular tether between ER and mitochondria. The tethering complex was composed of proteins resident of both ER and mitochondria. With the use of genome-wide mapping of genetic interactions, we showed that the components of the tethering complex were functionally connected to phospholipid biosynthesis and calcium-signaling genes. In mutant cells, phospholipid biosynthesis was impaired. The tethering complex localized to discrete foci, suggesting that discrete sites of close apposition between ER and mitochondria facilitate interorganelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933203/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933203/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kornmann, Benoit -- Currie, Erin -- Collins, Sean R -- Schuldiner, Maya -- Nunnari, Jodi -- Weissman, Jonathan S -- Walter, Peter -- R01 GM032384/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM032384-27/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):477-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1175088. Epub 2009 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. benoit.kornmann@ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium Signaling/genetics ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: Ferritins are the main iron storage proteins found in animals, plants, and bacteria. The capacity to store iron in ferritin is essential for life in mammals, but the mechanism by which cytosolic iron is delivered to ferritin is unknown. Human ferritins expressed in yeast contain little iron. Human poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) increased the amount of iron loaded into ferritin when expressed in yeast. PCBP1 bound to ferritin in vivo and bound iron and facilitated iron loading into ferritin in vitro. Depletion of PCBP1 in human cells inhibited ferritin iron loading and increased cytosolic iron pools. Thus, PCBP1 can function as a cytosolic iron chaperone in the delivery of iron to ferritin.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505357/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505357/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, Haifeng -- Bencze, Krisztina Z -- Stemmler, Timothy L -- Philpott, Caroline C -- R01 DK068139/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK068139-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK054510-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1207-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1157643.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cytosol/metabolism ; Ferritins/metabolism ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: Transport of metabolites across the mitochondrial inner membrane is highly selective, thereby maintaining the electrochemical proton gradient that functions as the main driving force for cellular adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Mitochondria import many preproteins via the presequence translocase of the inner membrane. However, the reconstituted Tim23 protein constitutes a pore remaining mainly in its open form, a state that would be deleterious in organello. We found that the intermembrane space domain of Tim50 induced the Tim23 channel to close. Presequences overcame this effect and activated the channel for translocation. Thus, the hydrophilic cis domain of Tim50 maintains the permeability barrier of mitochondria by closing the translocation pore in a presequence-regulated manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meinecke, Michael -- Wagner, Richard -- Kovermann, Peter -- Guiard, Bernard -- Mick, David U -- Hutu, Dana P -- Voos, Wolfgang -- Truscott, Kaye N -- Chacinska, Agnieszka -- Pfanner, Nikolaus -- Rehling, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1523-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biophysik, Universitat Osnabruck, FB Biologie/Chemie, D-49034 Osnabruck, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane Permeability ; Liposomes ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: Real-time fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for examining chromatin dynamics. The initial lesson is that much of the genome, particularly in yeast, is highly dynamic. Its movement within the interphase nucleus is correlated with metabolic activity. Nonetheless, the nucleus is an organelle with conserved rules of organization. Determining the distribution and regulation of mobile domains in interphase chromosomes, and characterizing sites of anchorage, will undoubtedly shed new light on the function of nuclear order.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gasser, Susan M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1412-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. susan.gasser@molbio.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Centromere/physiology/ultrastructure ; Chromatin/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Chromosomes/*physiology/ultrastructure ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Interphase ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Telomere/physiology/ultrastructure ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 80
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Important human pathogens invade and harm simple organisms. What's more, these infections require many of the same bacterial genes needed to make mammals sick. These observations suggest that even though simple organisms aren't perfect models for complex hosts such as mammals, the basic mechanisms by which bacteria establish infections in the various organisms may be similar. As a result, the work may help microbiologists identify the host proteins involved in infections, thereby providing potential new targets for antibacterial drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/*microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*microbiology ; Dictyostelium/*microbiology ; Drosophila/genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Immunity, Innate ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Proteins/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Virulence
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The seven-subunit Arp2/3 complex choreographs the formation of branched actin networks at the leading edge of migrating cells. When activated by Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp), the Arp2/3 complex initiates actin filament branches from the sides of existing filaments. Electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Arp2/3 complexes bound to the WASp carboxy-terminal domain reveal asymmetric, oblate ellipsoids. Image analysis of actin branches indicates that the complex binds the side of the mother filament, and Arp2 and Arp3 (for actin-related protein) are the first two subunits of the daughter filament. Comparison to the actin-free, WASp-activated complexes suggests that branch initiation involves large-scale structural rearrangements within Arp2/3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkmann, N -- Amann, K J -- Stoilova-McPhie, S -- Egile, C -- Winter, D C -- Hazelwood, L -- Heuser, J E -- Li, R -- Pollard, T D -- Hanein, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2456-9. Epub 2001 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acanthamoeba ; Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Actin-Related Protein 2 ; Actin-Related Protein 3 ; Actins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; *Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Fourier Analysis ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: major facilitator superfamily ; iron transport ; siderophores ; enterobactin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While in fungi iron transport via hydroxamate siderophores has been amply proven, iron transport via enterobactin is largely unknown. Enterobactin is a catecholate-type siderophore produced by several enterobacterial genera grown in severe iron deprivation. By using the KanMX disruption module in vector pUG6 in a fet3Δ background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we were able to disrupt the gene YOL158c Sce of the major facilitator super family (MFS) which has been previously described as a gene encoding a membrane transporter of unknown function. Contrary to the parental strain, the disruptant was unable to utilize ferric enterobactin in growth promotion tests and in transport assays using 55Fe-enterobactin. All other siderophore transport properties remained unaffected. The results are evidence that in S. cerevisiae the YOL158c Sce gene of the major facilitator super family, now designated ENB1, encodes a transporter protein (Enb1p), which specifically recognizes and transports enterobactin.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen presentation ; Autoimmune disease ; Evolution ; MHC ; Self peptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Comparison of peptides eluted from human class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the proteins from which they are derived (source proteins) revealed that class I MHC bind peptides derived from proteins that are highly conserved, hydrophilic, and universally expressed, while the peptides themselves are hydrophobic and even more conserved than their source proteins. In contrast, source proteins for class II-bound peptides were not significantly more conserved than a random sample of proteins. Class II-bound peptides were generally more conserved than their source proteins but were significantly less conserved than class I-bound peptides. The characteristics of class I-bound peptides can probably be explained by the selectivity of processing and transport of peptides for binding by class I, while the relative lack of selectivity of peptide binding for class II may explain the high incidence of autoimmune diseases associated with alleles of these molecules.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words iNOS ; Fish ; Parasite ; Evolution ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Using an oligonucleotide primer based on a partial goldfish inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) sequence, a complete carp iNOS cDNA was isolated from an activated carp phagocyte cDNA library. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis indicate that carp iNOS encodes a 1127-amino acid protein with 57% sequence identity to human iNOS. Like mammalian NOSs, carp iNOS protein contains putative binding sites for heme, tetrahydrobiopterin, calmodulin, flavine mononucleotide, flavine adenine dinucleotide, and NADPH. Phylogenetic analysis, using neighbor joining, showed that the carp iNOS protein clustered together with the other vertebrate iNOS proteins. Inducibility of carp iNOS was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction after stimulation of carp phagocytes with lipopolysaccharide or the protozoan blood flagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. These stimulators produced high amounts of nitric oxide that were toxic for T. borreli in vitro. The nuclear transciption factor NF-κB was shown to play a role in the induction of iNOS transcription.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA ; Patr class I molecules ; Evolution ; Polymorphism ; AIDS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human immunodefiency virus (HIV) poses a major threat to humankind. And though, like humans, chimpanzees are susceptible to HIV infection, they are considered to be resistant to the development of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I diversity in chimpanzee populations and, moreover, whether qualitative aspects of Patr class I molecules may control resistance to AIDS. To address these questions, we assayed MHC class I diversity in a West African chimpanzee population and in some animals from other subspecies of chimpanzee. Application of different techniques allowed the detection of 17 full-length Patr-A, 19 Patr-B, and 10 Patr-C alleles. All Patr-A alleles cluster only into the HLA-A1/A3/A11 family, which supports the idea that chimpanzees have experienced a reduction in their repertoire of A locus alleles. The Patr-B alleles do not cluster in the same lineages as their human equivalents, due to frequent exchange of polymorphic sequence motifs. Furthermore, polymorphic motifs may have been exchanged between Patr-A and Patr-B loci, resulting in convergence. With regard to evolutionary stability, the Patr-C locus is more similar to the Patr-A locus than it is to the Patr-B locus. Despite the relatively low number of animals analyzed, humans and chimpanzees were ascertained as sharing similar degrees of diversity at the contact residues constituting the B and F pockets in the peptide-binding side of MHC class I molecules. Our results indicate that within a small sample of a West African chimpanzee population, a high degree of Patr class I diversity is encountered. This is in agreement with the fact that chimpanzees display more mitochondrial DNA variation than humans. In addition, population analyses demonstrated that particular Patr-B molecules, with the capacity to bind conserved HIV-1 epitopes, are characterized by high gene frequencies. These findings have important implications for evaluating immune responses in HIV vaccine studies and, more importantly, may help in understanding the relative resistance of chimpanzees to AIDS.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA genes ; IgV genes ; Evolution ; Gene conversion ; Sheep ileal Peyer's patch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Polymorphic sequence variation in the peptide-binding domains of MHC class I molecules appears to have been driven largely by the constructive action of natural selection on the specificity of the peptide-binding groove. Similar features are displayed by the variable domains of immunoglobulins generated in the sheep ileal Peyer's patch, but in this case there is evidence that the action of a targeted hypermutator acting on a selected substrate rather than antigen-driven selection is responsible for the pattern of variation in the system. Such a hypermutator acting in the germ line would not only mimic the action of natural selection but also, by convergent mutation, generate similar patterns of variation in unrelated alleles that could be interpreted as evidence for short-tract gene conversion. We analyzed human class I MHC alleles in the light of these data, but failed to find evidence of the action of a similar hypermutator. A search for other mutationally driven patterns of variation also failed, even in hypervariable residues from parsimonious phylogenies. Single-nucleotide variation at these residues is also frequent in recent allelic variants, but the data are as consistent with short-tract gene conversion as with base mutation. We conclude that the patterns of allelic variation in MHC molecules are not driven by mutational pressure, but rather by conventional mutational processes, accompanied by short-tract gene conversion and intense natural selection.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
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    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 587-590 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words J chain ; Immunoglobulin ; Amphibian ; Evolution ; Comparative immunology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 606-609 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC ; Evolution ; Primate ; Callithrix ; Callicebus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
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    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Keywords Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Pteridophyte ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The percentage of arbuscular mycorrhizal pteridophytes among 256 pteridophyte species distributed in Yunnan (southwest China) was found to be lower than that in angiosperms. In the pteridophytes, the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizas was low in sporophytes of fern-allies and leptosporangiates, whereas in the eusporangiates it was relatively high. From the standpoint of mycotrophism, the evolutionary trend in the Filicineae may be from constantly mycorrhizal to facultative mycorrhizal and finally to nonmycorrhizal plants.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
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    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Stomatogastric nervous system ; Penaeus ; Motor pattern ; Neural network ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Motor patterns of the cardiac sac, the gastric and the pyloric network in the stomatogastric nervous system of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus, the most primitive decapod species, were studied. Single neurons can switch from the gastric or the pyloric pattern to the cardiac sac pattern. Some of the pyloric neurons fire with the gastric pattern. All of the gastric neurons fire with the pyloric pattern, unlike those in reptantians. Proctolin activates and modulates the cardiac sac and the pyloric rhythm, and promotes reconfiguration of the networks. Neurons of the three networks have so many interconnections that they construct a multifunctional neural network like those in Cancer. This network may function in different configurations under the appropriate conditions. Several modes of interactions between the networks found in different reptantian species can apply to the penaeidean shrimp. Such interactions are general features of the stomatogastric nervous system in decapods. Phylogenetic differences among the decapod infraorders are seen in the number and orientation of muscles and the innervation pattern of muscles. The multifunctional networks have existed in the most primitive decapod species, and types of configurations of the networks would have evolved to produce a wide range of motor patterns as the foregut structure has become complex.
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  • 91
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    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 644-650 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Keywords Pax protein ; Paired domain ; Homeobox ; Transposase ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Pax proteins play a diverse role in early animal development and contain the characteristic paired domain, consisting of two conserved helix-turn-helix motifs. In many Pax proteins the paired domain is fused to a second DNA binding domain of the paired-like homeobox family. By amino acid sequence alignments, secondary structure prediction, 3D-structure comparison, and phylogenetic reconstruction, we analyzed the relationship between Pax proteins and members of the Tc1 family of transposases, which possibly share a common ancestor with Pax proteins. We suggest that the DNA binding domain of an ancestral transposase (proto-Pax transposase) was fused to a homeodomain shortly after the emergence of metazoans about one billion years ago. Using the transposase sequences as an outgroup we reexamined the early evolution of the Pax proteins. Our novel evolutionary scenario features a single homeobox capturing event and an early duplication of Pax genes before the divergence of porifera, indicating a more diverse role of Pax proteins in primitive animals than previously expected.
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  • 92
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    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 82-91 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words T-box genes ; Zebrafish ; Fins ; Evolution ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The presence of two sets of paired appendages is one of the defining features of jawed vertebrates. We are interested in identifying genetic systems that could have been responsible for the origin of the first set of such appendages, for their subsequent duplication at a different axial level, and/or for the generation of their distinct identities. It has been hypothesized that four genes of the T-box gene family (Tbx2–Tbx5) played important roles in the course of vertebrate limb evolution. To test this idea, we characterized the orthologs of tetrapod limb-expressed T-box genes from a teleost, Danio rerio. Here we report isolation of three of these genes, tbx2, tbx4, and tbx5. We found that their expression patterns are remarkably similar to those of their tetrapod counterparts. In particular, expression of tbx5 and tbx4 is restricted to pectoral and pelvic fin buds, respectively, while tbx2 can be detected at the anterior and posterior margins of the outgrowing fin buds. This, in combination with conserved expression patterns in other tissues, suggests that the last common ancestor of teleosts and tetrapods possessed all four of these limb-expressed T-box genes (Tbx2–Tbx5), and that these genes had already acquired, and have subsequently maintained, their gene-specific functions. Furthermore, this evidence provides molecular support for the notion that teleost pectoral and pelvic fins and tetrapod fore- and hindlimbs, respectively, are homologous structures, as suggested by comparative morphological analyses.
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  • 93
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    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 329-336 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Development ; Evolution ; Notch ; Insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Studies of somitogenesis in vertebrates have identified a number of genes that are regulated by a periodic oscillator that patterns the pre-somitic mesoderm. One of these genes, hairy, is homologous to a Drosophila segmentation gene that also shows periodic spatial expression. This, and the periodic expression of a zebrafish homologue of hairy during somitogenesis, has suggested that insect segmentation and vertebrate somitogenesis may use similar molecular mechanisms and possibly share a common origin. In chicks and mice expression of the lunatic fringe gene also oscillates in the presomitic mesoderm. Fringe encodes an extracellular protein that regulates Notch signalling. This, and the finding that mutations in Notch or its ligands disrupt somite patterning, suggests that Notch signalling plays an important role in vertebrate somitogenesis. Although Notch signalling is not known to play a role in the formation of segments in Drosophila, we reasoned that it might do so in other insects such as the grasshopper, where segment boundaries form between cells, not between syncytial nuclei as they do in Drosophila. Here we report the cloning of a single fringe gene from the grasshopper Schistocerca. We show that it is not detectably expressed in the forming trunk segments of the embryo until after segment boundaries have formed. We conclude that fringe is not part of the mechanism that makes segments in Schistocerca. Thereafter it is expressed in a pattern which shows that it is a downstream target of the segmentation machinery and suggests that it may play a role in segment morphogenesis. Like its Drosophila counterpart, Schistocerca fringe is also expressed in the eye, in rings in the legs, and during oogenesis, in follicle cells.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Stratigraphy ; Evolution ; El Chichón ; México
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: 2 abundance and depletion in MgO, CaO, TiO2, as well as trace and rare earth elements. This suggests segregation of olivine and orthopyroxene from the melt. Since human settlements in southeast Mexico and Central America can be traced as far back as approximately 2500 years BP, most of these events probably affected human activity. In fact, there are reports of pottery shards and other artifacts in deposits from the eruption of 1250 BP. Pottery fragments in deposits of an eruption that took place 2500 BP are also reported in this paper. Thus, the impact of the volcano on human activities has been frequent, with most of the repose intervals lasting between 100 to 600 years. The impact of the eruptions was probably of greater than local extent, because airfall tephra could reach distant sites and possibly even affect weather. The eruptive history of El Chichón also offers clues in the investigation of the Maya civilization. Several researchers have considered the volcano as an important factor in the answer to some intriguing questions such as the extensive use of volcanic ash in Late Classic Maya ceramics or, of greater importance, the causes of the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words KIR ; Multigene family ; Gene duplication ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Natural killer (NK) immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a family of polymorphic receptors which interact with specific motifs on HLA class I molecules and modulate NK cytolytic activity. In this study, we analyzed a recently sequenced subgenomic region on chromosome 19q13.4 containing eight members of the KIR receptor repertoire. Six members are clustered within a 100-kb continuous sequence. These genes include a previously unpublished member of the KIR gene family 2DS6, as well as 2DL1, 2DL4, 3DL1, 2DS4, 3DL2, from centromere to telomere. Two additional KIR genes, KIRCI and 2DL3, which may be located centromeric of this cluster were also analyzed. We show that the KIR genes have undergone repeated gene duplications. Diversification between the genes has occurred postduplication primarily as a result of retroelement indels and gene truncation. Using pre- and postduplication Alu sequences identified within these genes as evolutionary molecular clocks, the evolution and duplication of this gene cluster is estimated to have occurred 30–45 million years ago, during primate evolution. A proposed model of the duplication history of the KIR gene family leading to their present organization is presented.
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  • 96
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    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC class I ; Pseudogene ; Evolution ; Gorilla ; Chimpanzee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulin ; Fugu ; VH family ; Teleosts ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain is created by a somatic rearrangement of a limited number of germline genes. This mechanism of gene assembly [V(D)J recombination] has been found to take place only in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). To understand how this mechanism evolved and diversified it is necessary to study the genomic organization of the heavy-chain gene in different vertebrate lineages. Since there is scant sequence information on the VH locus in fish, shotgun sequencing of a cosmid clone containing part of the VH genomic region of the Japanese pufferfish, Fugu rubripes, was undertaken. Eight full-length VH genes were isolated and characterized. They have higher homology to trout genes, but show the same structural features as VHs found in other vertebrates. Two VH subgroups have been identified whose members are interspersed. The frequency of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution for VH comparisons between family members was found to be higher in the complementarity-determining regions than in the framework regions. Finally, there are four other genes interspersed with the VH genes, one of which is the first full-length retrotransposon element characterized in vertebrates.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words J chain ; Polymeric immunoglobulin ; Ontogeny ; Evolution ; Comparative immunology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The J chain is a component of polymeric immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules and may play an important role in their polymerization and the transport of polymeric Ig across epithelial cells. In this study, the primary structure of the chicken J chain was determined by sequencing cDNA clones. The cDNA had an open reading frame of 476 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 158 amino acid residues including the signal sequence. The 3′ untranslated region consisted of 1216 nucleotides and a poly(A) tail. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chicken J chain had a high degree of homology to that of human, cow, rabbit, mouse, frog, and earthworm, with eight conserved Cys residues identical to the mammalian J chains. Northern blot hybridization performed with total RNA from various chicken tissues revealed high levels of J-chain mRNA expression in spleen, intestine, Harderian gland, and bursa of Fabricius, and low levels in the thymus. The J chain was expressed in the bursa as early as day 15 of embryogenesis. These data indicated that the chicken J-chain gene displays a high degree of homology with that of other species, and is expressed at an early stage of development of the chicken immune system.
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  • 99
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    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 330-341 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words  Arabidopsis thaliana ; Carbon dioxide ; Evolution ; Reproduction ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) was as low as 18 Pa during the Pleistocene and is projected to increase from 36 to 70 Pa CO2 before the end of the 21st century. High pCO2 often increases the growth and reproduction of C3 annuals, whereas low pCO2 decreases growth and may reduce or prevent reproduction. Previous predictions regarding the effects of high and low pCO2 on C3 plants have rarely considered the effects of evolution. Knowledge of the potential for evolution of C3 plants in response to CO2 is important for predicting the degree to which plants may sequester atmospheric CO2 in the future, and for understanding how plants may have functioned in response to low pCO2 during the Pleistocene. Therefore, three studies using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for C3 annuals were conducted: (1) a selection experiment to measure responses to selection for high seed number (a major component of fitness) at Pleistocene (20 Pa) and future (70 Pa) pCO2 and to determine changes in development rate and biomass production during selection, (2) a growth experiment to determine if the effects of selection on final biomass were evident prior to reproduction, and (3) a reciprocal transplant experiment to test if pCO2 was a selective agent on Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis showed significant positive responses to selection for high seed number at both 20 and 70 Pa CO2 during the selection process. Furthermore, plants selected at 20 Pa CO2 performed better than plants selected at 70 Pa CO2 under low CO2 conditions, indicating that low CO2 acted as a selective agent on these annuals. However, plants selected at 70 Pa CO2 did not have significantly higher seed production than plants selected at 20 Pa CO2 when grown at high pCO2. Nevertheless, there was some evidence that high CO2 may also be a selective agent because changes in development rate and biomass production during selection occurred in opposite directions at low and high pCO2. Plants selected at high pCO2 showed no change or reductions in biomass relative to control plants due to a decrease in the length of the life cycle, as indicated by earlier initiation of flowering and senescence. In contrast, selection at low CO2 resulted in an average 35% increase in biomass production, due to an increase in the length of the life cycle that resulted in a longer period for biomass accumulation before senescence. From the Arabidopsis model system we conclude that some C3 annuals may have produced greater biomass in response to low pCO2 during the Pleistocene relative to what has been predicted from studies exposing a single generation of C3 plants to low pCO2. Furthermore, C3 annuals may exhibit evolutionary responses to high pCO2 in the future that may result in developmental changes, but these are unlikely to increase biomass production. This series of studies shows that CO2 may potentially act as a selective agent on C3 annuals, producing changes in development rate and carbon accumulation that could not have been predicted from single-generation studies.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Citrinin ; Pet mutants ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Vacuolar ATPase ; YKL118W disruption ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In countries with a hot climate the mycotoxin citrinin represents a serious problem in fungal food-poisoning. In humans the renal system is affected the most and the mitochondrial respiratory chain was identified as a possible sensitive target for this toxin. In addition, citrinin has an antifungal activity that also inhibits the growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. So far the precise mode of action and the subcellular targets for citrinin have not been identified. Therefore, we decided to use the model organism yeast for a genetic approach to identify genes that play a role in the sensitivity against this mycotoxin. A large collection of conditional respiratory deficient yeast mutants was screened for sensitivity against citrinin. One special pet-ts mutant was identified that exhibited a higher sensitivity against citrinin. The genetic system of yeast allowed the isolation of the respective wild-type gene. This yeast gene encodes the Vph2p subunit that is essential for the correct assembly of the vacuolar ATPase. Isolation of the mutated gene and gene-disruption experiments of VPH2 and the partially overlapping small YKL118W gene verified this finding. The wild-type VPH2 gene restores all defects of the mutants. In contrast to this, YKL118W gave no complementation and the null mutant showed no phenotype. Thereby the yeast vacuolar ATPase was found to be important for the toxic effect of citrinin in yeast cells. The consequences of this finding for the molecular mechanism of citrinin action and its relation to the mitochondrial respiratory chain are discussed.
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