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  • 1
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    Firenze University Press, Genova University Press | ASA 2022 Data-Driven Decision Making
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Covid-19 emergency has produced within societies a strong impulse toward digitization policies, designed to mitigate the negative effects produced on national economies and to ensure a recovery of it. Among the objectives included by the Italian Government within the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) there is a boosting of investments in the 4.0 Transition with measures involving not only a strengthening of the digital infrastructure but also a greater diffusion of digital literacy among the population. Therefore, starting from the intervention forecasts contained within Mission 1, paragraph 2 "Digitization, innovation and competitiveness in the production system," four elementary indicators were selected from the I.Stat database in compliance with the requirements of data available from both a spatial and temporal standpoint. As a matter of fact, the study aims to trace and compare the performance obtained by the main Italian macro-areas from the point of view of digitization of the production system, considering the years preceding and concomitant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the intrinsic complexity of the digitization phenomenon, the development of statistic measures to study it can be directed toward the construction of synthetic indices. Throughout the present study, a synthesis methodology has been adopted that takes advantage of a non-aggregative approach: the Partially ordered set (POSET). The study is divided into sections, in which the main opportunities related to the construction of an index that evaluates the performance of the policies presented in the RRP will be outlined, as well as the characteristics and implications attributable to the use of a non-aggregative approach such as the POSET in its declination for the temporal study of socio-economic phenomena, and lastly, a presentation will be made of the results obtained from the application of the index to the Italian context.
    Keywords: Digitalization ; Partially ordered set ; Synthetic index ; Industry 4.0 ; National Recovery and Resilience Plan ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing)
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right and a core value in liberal democracies. It is also, however, one of our time’s most contested issues, constantly claimed to be either too wide-ranging, at the peril of vulnerable minority groups, or too limited, restricting dissent and democratic deliberation. Employing a sociological lens on the dynamics of the public sphere, this book investigates how the boundaries of free speech are contested and negotiated through social processes which silence certain groups and opinions while amplifying others. The book focuses on key topics in current free speech debates – immigration, religion and culture. Drawing on population-representative survey data, media analysis and in-depth interviews, the authors paint a broad picture of how boundaries of free speech are defined and maintained, experienced and challenged, in the rapidly changing Norwegian public sphere.
    Keywords: free speech ; media ; norway ; public sphere ; Freedom of speech ; Hate speech ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing) | Interaction: 'Samhandling' Under Risk
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: "Samhandling is considered as a key solution when asymmetry occurs. An expectation of seamless samhandling can be a special challenge to High Reliability Organizations which have mechanistic traditions in common, i.e. an assumption of linearity and routine-based work. In this chapter, a model to operationalize samhandling is presented. This conceptual study is based on observational data from an inter-organizational exercise. A full-scale exercise of a train accident on the Öresund Bridge between Sweden and Denmark was observed. The overall goal of the exercise was to effectively solve the situation. However, different routines contributed to confusion and misunderstandings in the meeting on how to act. The exercise was dominated by a focus on linearity within the internal organizations, which hindered samhandling. In order to conceptualize samhandling, a three-level model is presented. It consists of “sequential samhandling”, i.e. a simplified, assembly-line type work process, “parallel samhandling”, i.e. carrying out tasks simultaneously, and “synchronous samhandling”, i.e. tasks performed at the same time in a spontaneous and natural way. A three-level samhandling model such as the one presented can be a useful tool for managing disasters."
    Keywords: Samhandling ; interaction ; inter-organizational exercise ; High Reliability Organizations ; preparedness ; organizational learning ; unforeseen ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JW Warfare and defence ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JW Warfare and defence::JWK Military and defence strategy
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing)
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: "Prioritization is a necessity in healthcare, in the allocation of limited resources. Which criteria and considerations prove decisive, however, when it comes to prioritization in practice? The dominant political objective of the Norwegian public healthcare system is to provide services of high quality, fairly distributed among Norway’s citizens. Regulatory and economic policies, professional values, administrative organization and distribution of resources are among the factors that influence everyday decision-making and the realization of healthcare objectives. How do healthcare providers experience these factors? Which hidden prioritization mechanisms are at play? How are equal treatment and fair distribution of services understood in practice? These are among the questions discussed in the various chapters of the book, written by scholars in social science, law, philosophy and medicine. While researchers, academics, students and healthcare providers are the targeted readers, this book will be of interest to everyone engaged in today´s challenges related to healthcare prioritization, including decision-makers at various political and administrative levels. This anthology is the result of the research project Prioritizing Health Care - Tensions and Interplay between Legal, Political, Economic and Professional Perspectives, funded by the Norwegian Research Council."
    Description: "Det må prioriteres i helsetjenesten. Ressursene strekker ikke til alt man ønsker, og alt kan ikke gjøres samtidig. Men hva er avgjørende for hva som faktisk prioriteres? De overordnete politiske målsetningene om gode og likeverdige tjenester skal realiseres i et system som påvirkes av en rekke faktorer og mekanismer. Rettslig regulering, økonomisk styring, profesjonelle verdier, organisering og funksjonsdeling – alt dette påvirker de faktiske beslutningene i helsetjenestens hverdag. Hvordan opplever helsepersonell at de styres av slike forhold? Hvilke skjulte prioriteringsmekanismer spiller inn? Er det åpenbart hva likebehandling og rettferdig fordeling betyr? Dette er eksempler på spørsmål som diskuteres i bokens 10 kapitler, skrevet at fagfolk fra samfunnsvitenskapene, jus, filosofi og medisin. Målgruppen for boken er forskere, universitets- og høyskoleansatte, studenter og helsepersonell, men den kan også være av interesse for alle som er opptatt av utfordringene knyttet til prioriteringer i helsevesenet, som beslutningstakere på ulike nivå i det politisk-administrative styringssystemet. Antologien er et resultat av forskningsprosjektet Prioritizing Health Care - Tensions and Interplay between Legal, Political, Economic and Professional Perspectives, finansiert av Norges Forskningsråd. De fleste norske kommuner, byer, regioner og fylker forsøker å stimulere vekst og utvikling på sitt sted. De ønsker vekst i folketallet og flere arbeidsplasser. I denne boka beskrives hovedtrekkene i den regionale utviklingen i Norge siden 2000. Gjennom mange års arbeid har Telemarksforsking utviklet en ny modell, attraktivitetsmodellen, for å forklare steders vekst og utvikling. Attraktivitetsmodellen avdekker de viktigste strukturelle drivkreftene for vekst i befolkning og arbeidsplasser, og åpner samtidig for at steder kan påvirke sin egen utvikling gjennom å bli attraktive for bosetting, bedrifter og besøk. Attraktive steder vokser mer enn forventet ut fra de strukturelle kreftene som påvirker stedet utenfra. De innsikter som attraktivitetsmodellen gir om hvordan ulike strukturelle krefter og steders attraktivitet påvirker utviklingen kan også brukes til å lage scenarioer over fremtidig utvikling. Hvor mye kan et sted påvirke sin vekst hvis det er attraktivt? Hva som gjør et sted attraktivt varierer fra sted til sted, mellom ulike tidsepoker og er alltid avhengig av hva andre steder gjør samtidig. Det finnes derfor ingen enkel og konkret oppskrift for hvordan et sted kan bli attraktivt. Det finnes imidlertid noen steder som har oppnådd høy attraktivitet. Slike eksempler kan vi lære av, selv om oppskriften ikke kan kopieres direkte."
    Keywords: resources ; ressurser ; prioritization ; etiske vurderinger ; helsetjenesten ; prioriteringer ; public healthcare ; healthcare ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
    Language: Miscellaneous languages
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: In recent years, hatred directed against women has spread exponentially, especially in online social media. Although this alarming phenomenon has given rise to many studies both from the viewpoint of computational linguistics and from that of machine learning, less effort has been devoted to analysing whether models for the detection of misogyny are affected by bias. An emerging topic that challenges traditional approaches for the creation of corpora is the presence of social bias in natural language processing (NLP). Many NLP tasks are subjective, in the sense that a variety of valid beliefs exist about what the correct data labels should be; some tasks, for example misogyny detection, are highly subjective, as different people have very different views about what should or should not be labelled as misogynous. An increasing number of scholars have proposed strategies for assessing the subjectivity of annotators, in order to reduce bias both in computational resources and in NLP models. In this work, we present two corpora: a corpus of messages posted on Twitter after the liberation of Silvia Romano on the 9th of May, 2020 and corpus of comments constructed starting from posts on Facebook that contained misogyny, developed through an experimental annotation task, to explore annotators’ subjectivity. For a given comment, the annotation procedure consists in selecting one or more chunk from each text that is regarded as misogynistic and establishing whether a gender stereotype is present. Each comment is annotated by at least three annotators in order to better analyse their subjectivity. The annotation process was carried by trainees who are engaged in an internship program. We propose a qualitative-quantitative analysis of the resulting corpus, which may include non-harmonised annotations.
    Keywords: subjectivity ; misogyny ; disagreement ; social bias ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Firenze University Press, Genova University Press | ASA 2022 Data-Driven Decision Making
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The Trusted Smart statistics is an expression introduced by Eurostat to indicate the mature phase of the production of statistics based on Big Data and the transition from statistics based on traditional data sources to statistics created with new data sources. In this paper we will discuss: the impact of digital transformation in National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) and in their production of official statistics, how NSIs have adapted new research paradigms, how digital transformation has prompted National Statistical Institutes to adapt their production processes by exploiting new data sources, with the aim of improving statistical information also in terms of eg. of timeliness and granularity and strengthening their role in the ecosystem of scientific knowledge. This transformation process involves the entire organization in order to guarantee the same levels of relevance, quality and trust as traditional statistics. Istat, thanks to new data sources, increasingly performing technologies and specific skills, has positively seized the opportunities offered by the general context and has recently established a Trusted Smart Statistics Center (TSS Center) to have a governing body that systematically guides organizational adaptation at a technological, methodological, ethical, legal, communication and human resource level. The objective of the TSS Center is to capitalize the investments that Istat has made in European (e.g. ESSNet) and international (e.g. UNECE HLG-MOS) research projects, transferring the lessons learned and the know-how acquired in the statistics of new processes productive. At an organizational level, the TSS Center has the task of designing a sustainable organizational structure that helps and supports the individual company components to work in a systemic, coherent and synergistic way to create the new Trusted Smart Statistics production system.
    Keywords: new data sources ; Trusted smart statistics ; knowledge ecosystem ; official statistics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Firenze University Press, Genova University Press | ASA 2022 Data-Driven Decision Making
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Educational achievement can be considered a multifaceted issue, which comprises different domains of learning. In Italy, on one hand the INVALSI tests administered to students through the schooling years aim to measure the ability of students in numeracy, literacy and English reading and listening competencies, separately. On the other hand, the high school final mark may be considered an overall performance outcome, formed by the combination of several marks in different subjects. Finally, at university academic achievement may be represented by the number of credits earned during the first year of enrolment, usually considered a good predictor of successful academic performances. The aim of the present work is to understand if the INVALSI scores, the high school final mark and the number of credits earned in the first academic year are associated. More specifically, our objective is twofold: first, we intend to verify if and how the INVALSI scores are associated with students’ high school final mark; second, we aim to check if the INVALSI scores and / or the high school final mark are predictive of students’ career in terms of credits earned in the first year. We will interpret our results concentrating our attention on eventual differences depending on type of school, university, field of study, student’s geographical area of residence. We use the MOBYSU.it database, selecting nearly 200.000 students who obtained their high school diploma in Italy in 2019 and enrolled in an Italian university in academic year 2019/2020. For the first objective, we estimate a multilevel ordered logit models, with students nested within high schools; as for the second objective, we estimate a cross-classified multilevel models, with students nested within high schools and athenaeums. We interpret our results in the light of assessing eventual divergences in students’ performances during the transition from high school to university.
    Keywords: University students ; academic performance ; educational achievement ; multilevel models ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing) | Interaction: 'Samhandling' Under Risk
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: "This study examines self-assessment of preparedness for unforeseen events and how it varies between groups and individuals according to roles and functions within an organization. The study has two objectives. The first is to analyse the relationship between general self-efficacy, perceived competence in demanding situations and social support, and based on this, to assess the efficiency of interaction (samhandling) in organizations and preparedness for the unforeseen. The second aim is to examine how these factors vary according to professional experience. A survey questionnaire was completed during winter 2016/2017. All 624 respondents were male or female employees of the Norwegian Armed Forces, based in different units, with different levels of competence, and included commissioned and non-commissioned officers, officer cadets and conscripts. The response rate was 77 percent, and a total of 810 personnel were approached. This study incorporates central concepts of individual and social resources that could permit the prediction and understanding of resilient behaviors in complex and demanding situations. Interaction was found to be the most important predictor of preparedness for the unforeseen. This study also shows that interaction combined with general self-efficacy and social support can account for a considerable proportion of the variance in preparedness for the unforeseen. The results indicate that it is possible to prepare for unforeseen events by implementing measures that improve social factors in particular."
    Keywords: Samhandling ; interaction ; preparedness ; social support ; competence ; leadership ; organizational learning ; unforeseen ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JW Warfare and defence ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JW Warfare and defence::JWK Military and defence strategy
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: VET (Vocational Education and Training) Reforms and Labour Market reforms have started a process aimed at filling the gap between demand and supply of competences. The demand of competences, in fact, is affected by factors requiring the constant adjustment of production and training processes as well as the greater connection between education/training system and enterprises. Digital training, included in National Programmes of ERASMUS+, is essential in order to ensure effective training practices for the current VET system which is undergoing organizational and methodological change. In this context, Digital Teaching in VET System is an innovative approach to support the objectives set out in national and European strategies for applying ICT to VET systems through teachers/trainers training. The use of Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality technologies is an important strategy to innovate teaching and improve attention of students during the training session. iDid, application for immersive teaching, represent the deliverable of the project that allows VET teachers and trainers to produce contents of lessons using the potentialities of AR/VR/MR streams, and to share contents in a community oriented approach to transfer know-how and also obtain important user feedbacks.
    Keywords: Vet system ; Vet trainer ; AR/VR/MR teaching ; ERASMUS+ ; Digital.VET ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Firenze University Press, Genova University Press | ASA 2022 Data-Driven Decision Making
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: During the Covid-19 pandemic, remote working (RW) has been a way to producing despite limiting contacts. In Italy, about a half of the workers experienced, at least for a part of their working time, RW during the years 2020 and 2021. In this paper we analyse the data collected through a web-based survey conducted in the second half of 2021 at a convenience sample of Italian adults. The survey was aimed at highlighting how Italians experienced the pandemic and how they perceived their future. Also, we measured the frequency and the intensity of the RW phenomenon, the feelings of those who practiced and the opinion of workers about the possibility to practice it in the future. The data show that so many adults practiced RW during the pandemic. Their judgement of the experience is largely positive: 60.8% stated they were inclined to pursue it again as a normal work strategy. Though, there are distinctions. The type of job and the recent experience entail people’s commitment towards RW. Even what people expect from work may influence their disposition to take in RW as normal. The convolution of wells of the RW disposition, scouted through a multivariate statistical analysis, showed that, on top of the well-known suitability of RW to certain job types (white-collar, gig activities, self-employed), the workers’ propensity to RW is higher if commuting cost saving, own time optimisation and not-too-open schedules, work-family balance and a free time surplus, the possibility of interaction and socialisation with other company’s employees and customers and a secure web connection characterise their jobs.
    Keywords: Remote working ; Covid-19 pandemic ; Psychological disposition ; Work-family balance ; Employee socialisation ; Job schedule ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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