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  • Articles  (77)
  • artificial intelligence  (77)
  • Springer  (77)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Wiley
  • Computer Science  (77)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuous approach to inductive inference (1992)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 215-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Inductive inference ; Boolean function synthesis ; satisfiability ; artificial intelligence ; integer programming ; interior point method ; Riemannian geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe an interior point mathematical programming approach to inductive inference. We list several versions of this problem and study in detail the formulation based on hidden Boolean logic. We consider the problem of identifying a hidden Boolean functionℱ:{0, 1} n → {0, 1} using outputs obtained by applying a limited number of random inputs to the hidden function. Given this input—output sample, we give a method to synthesize a Boolean function that describes the sample. We pose the Boolean Function Synthesis Problem as a particular type of Satisfiability Problem. The Satisfiability Problem is translated into an integer programming feasibility problem, that is solved with an interior point algorithm for integer programming. A similar integer programming implementation has been used in a previous study to solve randomly generated instances of the Satisfiability Problem. In this paper we introduce a new variant of this algorithm, where the Riemannian metric used for defining the search region is dynamically modified. Computational results on 8-, 16- and 32-input, 1-output functions are presented. Our implementation successfully identified the majority of hidden functions in the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socially useful artificial intelligence (1987)
    Springer
    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 5-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; social sciences ; parallel computing systems ; collaboration ; problem-solving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Artificial intelligence is presented as a set of tools with which we can try to come to terms with human problems, and with the assistance of which, some human problems can be solved. Artificial intelligence is located in its social context, in terms of the environment within which it is developed, and the applications to which it is put. Drawing on social theory, there is consideration of the collaborative and social problem-solving processes which are involved in artificial intelligence and society. In a look ahead to the coming generations of highly parallel computing systems, it is suggested that lessons can be learnt from the highly parallel processes of human social problem-solving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01905885
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial intelligence: Cannibal or missionary? (1987)
    Springer
    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; intelligent program ; common-sense reasoning ; social effect ; dehumanising
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Some of the concerns people have about AI are: its misuses, effect on unemployment, and its potential for dehumanising. Contrary to what most people believe and fear, AI can lead to respect for the enormous power and complexity of the human mind. It is potentially very dangerous for users in the public domain to impute much more inferential power to computer systems, which look common-sensical, than they actually have. No matter how impressive AI programs may be, we must be aware of their limitations and should not abrogate human responsibility to such programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01905886
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural language interfaces and strategic computing (1987)
    Springer
    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; computer systems ; military systems ; DARPA ; natural language processing ; strategic computing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Modern weaponry is often too complex for unaided human operation, and is largely or totally controlled by computers. But modern software, particularly artificial intelligence software, exhibits such complexity and inscrutability that there are grave dangers associated with its use in non-benign applications. Recent efforts to make computer systems more accessible to military personnel through natural language processing systems, as proposed in the Strategic Computing Initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, increases rather than decreases the dangers of unpredictable behavior. Defense systems constitute, in fact, a paradigm case of the wrong kind of application for this technology. This cannot be expected to change, since the unpredictability stems from inherent properties of computer systems and of natural languages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01905889
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The piping of thought and the need for a permanent monitoring of the cultural effects of artificial intelligence (1987)
    Springer
    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; creativity ; cultural function ; resolutive intelligence ; problematic intelligence ; AI products ; piping of thought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Over the years, AI has undergone a transformation from its original aim of producing an ‘intelligent’ machine to that of producing pragmatic solutions of problems of the market place. In doing so, AI has made a significant contribution to the debate on whether the computer is an instrument or an interlocutor. This paper discusses issues of problem solving and creativity underlying this transformation, and attempts to clarify the distinction between theresolutive intelligence andproblematic intelligence. It points out that the advance of ‘intelligent’ technology, with its failure to make a clear distinction betweenresolutive andcreative intelligence, could contribute to the further cultural marginalisation of human activities not connected with production. A further danger is that AI products may suffer a further loss of social reputation and prestige for those activities for which it is not possible to build artificial devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891269
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of AI to law (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 31-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; expert systems ; legal practice ; computerisation ; judicial interpretation ; legal ideology ; legal sociology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract There is much interest in moving AI out into real world applications, a move which has been encouraged by recent funding which has attempted to show industry and commerce can benefit from the Fifth Generation of computing. In this article I suggest that the legal application area is one which is very much more complex than it might — at first sight — seem. I use arguments from the sociology of law to indicate that the viewing of the legal system as simply a rule-bound discipline is inherently nave. This, while not new in jurisprudence, is — as the literature of AI and law indicates — certainly novel to the field of artificial intelligence. The socio-legal argument provided is set within the context of AI as one more example of the failure of scientific success and method to easily transmit itself over into the social sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891441
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial intelligence: A contribution to systems theories of sociology (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; sociology ; expert systems ; systemic sociology ; social interaction ; human-machine interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of my contribution is to try to analyse some points of similarity and difference between post-Parsonian social systems theory models for sociology — with special reference to those of W. Buckley, F.E. Emery and N. Luhmann — and expert systems models1 from Artificial Intelligence. I keep specifically to post-Parsonian systems theories within sociology because they assume some postulates and criteria derived from cybernetics and which are at the roots of AI. I refer in particular to the fundamental relevance of the system-environment relationship in both sociology and AI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891375
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The closed world: Systems discourse, military strategy and post WWII American historical consciousness (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; computer systems ; military systems ; SAGE ; SCI ; SDI ; strategy ; discourse ; systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay proposes a cultural and historical explanation for the American Military's fascination with computing. Three key elements of post-WWII US political culture — apocalyptic struggle with the USSR, subsuming all other conflicts: a long history of antimilitarist sentiment in American politics; and the rise of science-based military power — contributed to a sense of the world as a closed system accessible to American technological control. A developing scientific systems discourse, centrally including computer science and AI, was adopted for strategic thinking and military technology. The Strategic Computing and Strategic Defense Initiatives are discussed as contemporary examples of this conjunction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01908547
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Product creation: An appropriate coupling of human and artificial intelligence (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 341-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; design ; manufacturing ; human-centred
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Small batch manufacture dominates the manufacturing sector of a growing number of industrialised countries. The organisational structures and management methods currently adopted in such enterprises are firmly based upon historical developments which started with individual craftsmen. These structures and methods are primarily concerned with the co-ordination of human activities, rather than with the management of theknowledge process underlying the creation of products. This paper argues that it is the failure to understand this knowledge process and its effective integration at aKnowledge Level which presents the real barrier to increased flexibility, not, as is presently perceived, a lack of suitableInformation Level integration. Potential techniques and methodologies for achievingKnowledge Level integration are beginning to emerge from Artificial Intelligence research. Realisation of full Knowledge Level integration will not only require further research into the AI techniques and methodologies involved, but also an understanding of the wider human aspects of their application. Some questions concerning the effective coupling of human and artificial intelligence to achieve Knowledge Level integration of the product creation process are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891367
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human decision making & the symbolic search space paradigm in AI (1987)
    Springer
    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; human decision making ; expert systems ; connectionism ; computer systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I shall describe the symbolic search space paradigm which is the dominant model for most of AI. Coupled with the mechanisms of logic it yields the predominant methodology underlying expert systems which are the most successful application of AI technology to date. Human decision making, more precisely, expert human decision making is the function that expert systems aspire to emulate, if not surpass. Expert systems technology has not yet proved to be a decisive success — it appears to fare better in some areas of human expertise than others. As a result subdomains of human expertise are variously categorised and we shall examine a few of the suggested classification schemes. A particular line of argument explored is one which maintains that certain types of human decision making, at least, are not adequately approximated by the symbolic search space paradigm of AI. Furthermore, attempts to project this inadequate model of human decision making via implementations of expert systems will be detrimental to both our image of ourselves and the future possibilities for AI software. Finally, we examine one possible route to the realization of AI, perhaps even practical applications of AI, that is a significant alternative to the model offered by the symbolic search space paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891271
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