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  • Artikel  (77)
  • artificial intelligence  (77)
  • Springer  (77)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Wiley
  • Informatik  (77)
  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Strategic Computing Program at four years: Implications and intimations (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): artificial intelligence ; high technology ; military doctrine ; Star Wars ; strategic computing ; war
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Examining the Strategic Computing Program after four years, in the context of the crucial recognition that it is only a small part of the whole range of military artificial intelligence applications, suggests a number of clear implications and intimations about such crucial questions as: 1) the current roles of industry and the universities in developing high technology war; 2) the effects on political and military policy of high-tech weapons systems; and 3) the importance of advanced military computing to subtle philosophical dilemmas including human self-definition and the future of war.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891378
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological and artificial intelligence (1988)
    Springer
    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 152-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): artificial intelligence ; biological intelligence ; plasticity ; memory ; categorization ; generalization ; connection machines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The paper discusses the characteristics of Biological Intelligence (BI) and its differences with artificial intelligence. In particular the plasticity of the nervous system is considered in the different forms with special attention to deterministic and localizationist views of the brain vs holistic approaches. When memory and learning are considered the localizationist views do not offer a possible solution to a number of problems while memory may be better conceptualized in terms of categorization procedures and generalizing strategies. Finally, the problem of individual variability, an important feature in terms of BI, is considered. The legitimacy of analogies between BI and AI is discussed and the necessity for an innovative approach to the field of AI is stressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891381
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Legal informatics research in Italy: The Istituto per la Documentazione Giuridica of the Italian National Research Council (1990)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 24 (1990), S. 437-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): legal informatics ; law ; Italian legal system ; databases ; artificial intelligence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract The IDG was originally founded to carry out research into the collection and processing of documentation relating to Italian legislation, case law and legal authority. The Institute has since concentrated on automated documentation and legal informatics, as well as the application of artificial intelligence to the law. This article describes the many projects undertaken at the Institute.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186488
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reaping the whirlwind: Reply to Harnad's “other bodies, other minds” (1993)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 3 (1993), S. 219-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): Animal intelligence ; artificial intelligence ; causation ; consciousness ; Chinese Room Experiment ; Descartes ; intentionality ; other-minds problem ; Searle ; subjectivity ; symbol grounding ; Turing ; Turing's Test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Harnad's proposed “robotic upgrade” of Turing's Test (TT), from a test of linguistic capacity alone to a Total Turing Test (TTT) of linguisticand sensorimotor capacity, conflicts with his claim that no behavioral test provides even probable warrant for attributions of thought because there is “no evidence” of consciousness besides “private experience”. Intuitive, scientific, and philosophical considerations Harnad offers in favor of his proposed upgrade are unconvincing. I agree with Harnad that distinguishing real from “as if” thought on the basis of (presence or lack of) consciousness (thus rejecting Turing (behavioral) testing as sufficient warrant for mental attribution)has the skeptical consequence Harnad accepts — “there is in factno evidence for me that anyone else but me has a mind”. I disagree with hisacceptance of it! It would be better to give up the neo-Cartesian “faith” in private conscious experience underlying Harnad's allegiance to Searle's controversial Chinese Room “Experiment” than give up all claim to know others think. It would be better to allow that (passing) Turing's Test evidences — evenstrongly evidences — thought.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00975533
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Software Agents and Their Bodies (1997)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 7 (1997), S. 227-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): Embodiment ; body ; software agents ; artificial intelligence ; computational transformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Within artificial intelligence and the philosophy of mind,there is considerable disagreement over the relationship between anagent's body and its capacity for intelligent behavior. Some treatthe body as peripheral and tangential to intelligence; others arguethat embodiment and intelligence are inextricably linked. Softwareagents–-computer programs that interact with software environmentssuch as the Internet–-provide an ideal context in which to studythis tension. I develop a computational framework for analyzingembodiment. The framework generalizes the notion of a body beyondmerely having a physical presence. My analysis sheds light oncertain claims made about the relevance of the body to intelligence,as well as on embodiment in software worlds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008255418509
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Truly Total Turing Test* (1998)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 8 (1998), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): artificial intelligence ; behavioral criteria ; other minds problem ; Turing Test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The paper examines the nature of the behavioral evidence underlying attributions of intelligence in the case of human beings, and how this might be extended to other kinds of cognitive system, in the spirit of the original Turing Test (TT). I consider Harnad's Total Turing Test (TTT), which involves successful performance of both linguistic and robotic behavior, and which is often thought to incorporate the very same range of empirical data that is available in the human case. However, I argue that the TTT is still too weak, because it only tests the capabilities of particular tokens within a preexisting context of intelligent behavior. What is needed is a test of the cognitive type, as manifested through a number of exemplary tokens, in order to confirm that the cognitive type is able to produce the context of intelligent behavior presupposed by tests such as the TT and TTT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008229619541
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Frame Problem: An AI Fairy Tale (1998)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 8 (1998), S. 317-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): artificial intelligence ; frame problem ; causal induction ; machine learning ; logicism ; Bayesian learning ; MML
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract I analyze the frame problem and its relation to other epistemological problems for artificial intelligence, such as the problem of induction, the qualification problem and the "general" AI problem. I dispute the claim that extensions to logic (default logic and circumscriptive logic) will ever offer a viable way out of the problem. In the discussion it will become clear that the original frame problem is really a fairy tale: as originally presented, and as tools for its solution are circumscribed by Pat Hayes, the problem is entertaining, but incapable of resolution. The solution to the frame problem becomes available, and even apparent, when we remove artificial restrictions on its treatment and understand the interrelation between the frame problem and the many other problems for artificial epistemology. I present the solution to the frame problem: an adequate theory and method for the machine induction of causal structure. Whereas this solution is clearly satisfactory in principle, and in practice real progress has been made in recent years in its application, its ultimate implementation is in prospect only for future generations of AI researchers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008286921835
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    When Physical Systems Realize Functions... (1999)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 161-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): computation ; implementation ; computationalism ; realization of a function ; digital system ; computer ; computational practice ; cognitive science ; artificial intelligence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract After briefly discussing the relevance of the notions ‘computation’ and ‘implementation’ for cognitive science, I summarize some of the problems that have been found in their most common interpretations. In particular, I argue that standard notions of computation together with a ‘state-to-state correspondence view of implementation’ cannot overcome difficulties posed by Putnam's Realization Theorem and that, therefore, a different approach to implementation is required. The notion ‘realization of a function’, developed out of physical theories, is then introduced as a replacement for the notional pair ‘computation-implementation’. After gradual refinement, taking practical constraints into account, this notion gives rise to the notion ‘digital system’ which singles out physical systems that could be actually used, and possibly even built.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008364332419
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Beauty and the beast: New approaches to teaching computing for humanities students at the University of Aberdeen (1992)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 26 (1992), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): education ; human computer interaction ; artificial intelligence ; computing ; humanities
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports on the history and development of a new undergraduate course teaching computing for humanities students at the University of Aberdeen, and assesses some new teaching approaches developed in the course. It is noted that teaching computing to humanities students appears to be viewed with suspicion by some Computer Science and Humanities Departments. The two camps seem to fear, for different reasons, that issues and practices important to their disciplines will be compromised or watered down. This paper describes an attempt to reverse any such attitudes on the part of staff and students and to take undergraduates considerably beyond mere word processing and computer literacy. Various methods and techniques used in the course are presented and their value assessed. The importance of using a consistent computer interface to helping students form a stable conceptual model of computers is considered. We reflect on the value of teaching more about Human Computer Interaction and Artificial Intelligence than is usual in Humanities Computing courses. A number of lessons are drawn from the course.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054272
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ARPO-2: An expert system for legal advice on the breach of building contracts (1996)
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 4 (1996), S. 133-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): artificial intelligence ; knowledge engineering ; legal expert systems ; building contracts ; breach of contract
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Although Berman and Hafner [Berman 1989, pp. 928–938] presented the possibility to adapt the model of reasoning of development of an expert system for medical diagnosis to the reasoning of a judge when he/she sentences criminals does not resemble the reasoning found in the decisions of physicians, mathematicians or statisticians. When a lawyer reasons, he/she not only looks for the solution of a case; he/she simultaneously looks for the bases on which his/her reasoning can rest [Galindo 1992, pp. 363–367]. That is to say, he/she not only needs to find the solution but moreover he/she has to find the references (laws, jurisprudence and bibliography) that allow him/her to argue the solution. In many cases, computer solutions to these reasoning processes have been made in a separated way: the solution to the cases using expert systems, and the search of documentation using information retrieval systems. This paper presents the ARPO-2 prototype, a solution integrating the two aspects of legal reasoning: an expert system which is able to simultaneously find the solution to a problem and to give the necessary references so that the lawyer argues the solution. The subject on which the prototype solves problems is the breach of building contracts. In this paper, we describe the process of development of an expert system for solving, justification and documentation of ‘breach of contracts’, giving details on the way how the objects that intervene in the case were defined as well as on the reasoning followed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116789
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