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  • 1
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    Flowing Matter (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book, published in the Soft and Biological Matter series, presents an introduction to selected research topics in the broad field of flowing matter, including the dynamics of fluids with a complex internal structure -from nematic fluids to soft glasses- as well as active matter and turbulent phenomena. Flowing matter is a subject at the crossroads between physics, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology and earth sciences, and relies on a multidisciplinary approach to describe the emergence of the macroscopic behaviours in a system from the coordinated dynamics of its microscopic constituents. Depending on the microscopic interactions, an assembly of molecules or of mesoscopic particles can flow like a simple Newtonian fluid, deform elastically like a solid or behave in a complex manner. When the internal constituents are active, as for biological entities, one generally observes complex large-scale collective motions. Phenomenology is further complicated by the invariable tendency of fluids to display chaos at the large scales or when stirred strongly enough. This volume presents several research topics that address these phenomena encompassing the traditional micro-, meso-, and macro-scales descriptions, and contributes to our understanding of the fundamentals of flowing matter. This book is the legacy of the COST Action MP1305 “Flowing Matter”.
    Keywords: Physics ; Amorphous substances ; Complex fluids ; Fluids ; Fluid mechanics ; Chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Engineering: Mechanics of fluids ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Engineering: Mechanics of fluids
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Primary Physical Science Education (2023)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This open access book is the first of two volumes that integrates a study of direct encounters with Primary Forces of Nature, Wind, Light, Rain, Heat and Cold, Water, etc., with imaginative narrative forms of communication. The approach developed in this book shows how the growth of cognitive tools (first of mythic and then of romantic forms of understanding) lets children make sense of experiencing physical phenomena. An in-depth description of Fluids, Gravity, and Heat as Basic Forces shows how primary sense-making can evolve into understanding of aspects of physical science, allowing for a nature-based pedagogy and application to environmental systems. The final chapter introduces visual metaphors and theatrical storytelling that are particularly useful for understanding the role of energy in physical processes. It explores how a mythic approach to nature can inform early science pedagogy. This book is of interest to kindergarten and primary school teachers as well as early education researchers and instructors.
    Keywords: Primary science education ; Primary Forces of Nature ; Fluids ; Gravity ; Heat ; Energy ; Environmental systems ; Mythic understanding ; Imagination ; Embodied cognition ; Cognitive tools ; Abstraction ; Polarities and tensions ; Stories of Forces of Nature ; Forces of Nature Theater ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNU Teaching of a specific subject ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools::JNLA Pre-school & kindergarten
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Stress-induced changes in hydrothermal gas discharges along active faults near Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Near-continuous monitoring both of gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and H2S) and of water temperature at Santa Venera al Pozzo thermal springs (SE foot of Mt. Etna volcano, Sicily, Italy) was conducted from December 2017 to April 2019, using a novel and cheaper Chromatography Monitoring System (CMS) coupled with a water temperature sensor. The results showed methane as predominant gas and temporal changes in gas concentrations that were in part due to daily fluctuations, which caused small amplitude variations, and in part due to non-environmental causes. These latter were correlated with the occurrence of strong earthquakes and slow tectonic events related to magmatic intrusions, but not with input of magmatic gases into the thermal aquifer, given the nonmagmatic origin of all monitored gases. Methane spikes were observed during many volcano-tectonic events and call for a deep source of this gas. H2S was detected only during the strongest local tectonic events, including a Mw 4.9 earthquake, suggesting that this gas has a common origin as CH4 (i.e., mixing between microbial and thermogenic gas), but it is released only when tectonic stress is applied for sufficiently long periods as to cause H2S oversaturation in the hydrothermal aquifer. Water temperature decreases were also observed immediately after the two strongest earthquakes in the area, which helped us produce a comprehensive model to explain the observed geochemical variations. Our approach allowed revealing the great sensitivity of gases such as CH4 and especially H2S to tectonic stress, thus making them valuable indicators of impending strong tectonic or volcanotectonic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229388
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Volcanic activity ; Geothermal systems ; Fluids ; Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Porosity and fluid budget of a water-rich megathrust revealed with electromagnetic data at the Middle America Trench (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17 (2016): 4495–4516, doi:10.1002/2016GC006556.
    Description: At convergent margins, the distribution of fluids released from the downgoing slab modulates the state of stress and seismic coupling at the megathrust plate interface. However, existing geophysical data are unable to quantify the porosity along this interface. Here we use controlled-source electromagnetic data collected across the Middle America Trench offshore Nicaragua to image the electrical conductivity structure of the outer fore arc. Our results detect a highly conductive channel, inferred to be the region around the décollement, showing the entire section of water-rich seafloor sediments underthrust with the subducting lithosphere. We use an empirical model of the electrical conductivity of porous media to quantify the channel porosity. Our estimates are consistent with sediment compaction studies, showing a rapid decay of 65%–10% porosity from the trench to 25 km landward. We constrain the channel thickness and use the porosity estimates to determine the water budget, which represents the fraction taken up by fluid. The porosity and water budget estimates show significant lateral variations that we attribute to changes in subducted sediment thickness caused by outer rise bending faults. Between 18 and 23 km from the trench, the conductive channel broadens greatly to 1.5–2 km thick, possibly due to concentrated blind faults or sediment underplating, which suggests a sudden change in hydrogeologic structure at the plate interface. The impact of the anomalous conductor on the seismic coupling and mechanical properties of the megathrust is potentially related to the discrepancy in estimated fault slip between seismic and tsunami source inversions for the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: OCE-0841114 , OCE-0840894; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
    Description: 2017-05-16
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Electrical conductivity ; Fluids ; Megathrust ; Fore arc
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Conceptual models of the climate : 2003 program of study, Non-Newtonian geophysical fluid dynamics (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Non-Newtonian fluids occur commonly in our world. These fluids, such as toothpaste, saliva, oils, mud and lava, exhibit a number of behaviors that are different from Newtonian fluids and have a number of additional material properties. In general, these differences arise because the fluid has a microstructure that influences the flow. In section 2 we will present a collection of some of the interesting phenomena arising from flow nonlinearities, the inhibition of stretching, elastic effects and normal stresses. In section 3 we will discuss a variety of devices for measuring material properties, a process known as rheometry.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-97-1-0934 and The National Science Foundation under Contract No. OCE 98-10647.
    Keywords: Fluids ; Flow ; Non-Newtonian
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Water-rich bending faults at the Middle America Trench (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16 (2015): 2582–2597, doi:10.1002/2015GC005927.
    Description: The portion of the Central American margin that encompasses Nicaragua is considered to represent an end-member system where multiple lines of evidence point to a substantial flux of subducted fluids. The seafloor spreading fabric of the incoming Cocos plate is oriented parallel to the trench such that flexural bending at the outer rise optimally reactivates a dense network of normal faults that extend several kilometers into the upper mantle. Bending faults are thought to provide fluid pathways that lead to serpentinization of the upper mantle. While geophysical anomalies detected beneath the outer rise have been interpreted as broad crustal and upper mantle hydration, no observational evidence exists to confirm that bending faults behave as fluid pathways. Here we use seafloor electromagnetic data collected across the Middle America Trench (MAT) offshore of Nicaragua to create a comprehensive electrical resistivity image that illuminates the infiltration of seawater along bending faults. We quantify porosity from the resistivity with Archie's law and find that our estimates for the abyssal plain oceanic crust are in good agreement with independent observations. As the Cocos crust traverses the outer rise, the porosity of the dikes and gabbros progressively increase from 2.7% and 0.7% to 4.8% and 1.7%, peaking within 20 km of the trench axis. We conclude that the intrusive crust subducts twice as much pore water as previously thought, significantly raising the flux of fluid to the seismogenic zone and the mantle wedge.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants OCE-0841114 and OCE-0840894, and the Seafloor Electromagnetic Methods Consortium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
    Description: 2016-02-16
    Keywords: Subduction zones ; Fluids ; Oceanic crust ; Bending faults
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Astrophysical and geophysical flows as dynamical systems : 1998 summer study program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The theme of the 1998 Geophyscial Fluid Dynamics (GFD) summer program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was Astrophysical and Geophysical Flows as Dynamical Systems. Antonello Provenzale of the Institute of Cosmogeophysics in Italy was the principal lecturer for the summer, and Charles Tresser of IBM gave a series of seminars on introductory dynamical systems theory. In addition to the usual intense schedule of seminars on a variety of unfocussed topics falling into the general theme of the summer, the program included three "theme weeks." The first was focused on climate dynamics, the second on bifurcation and pattern theory, and the third was the special "Mixing Week." Ten GFD Fellows, at various stages of their graduate work, undertook supervised research projects. This volume contains notes from the principal lectures and the Fellows' Reports.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-97-1-0934 and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-9314484.
    Keywords: Nonlinear dynamics ; Fluids ; Fluid models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Sound scattering by cylinders of noncircular cross section (2012)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution October 1993
    Description: This thesis investigates a new method for predicting the farfield scattered pressure of a plane wave due to an infinite cylinder of noncircular cross section. Both impenetrable and penetrable :fluid boundary condi tions will be treated for several types of cross sections and for a large frequency range. This new method requires the conformal mapping of both the exterior and interior of a closed surface to a semi-infinite strip. Numerically efficient algorithms wi ll be presented for both of these cases. A new method for satisfying the boundary conditions will be developed, as well as an efficient algorithm for generating the required modal functions on the boundary. Numerical results are presented for cross sections in the shape of an ellipse, square, and three leaf clover. In all cases, the results compare extremely well with exact or high frequency asymptotic results.
    Keywords: Sound-waves ; Fluids
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 9
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    Stirring and mixing : 1999 Program of Summer Study in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The central theme of the 1999 GFD Program was the stirring, transport, reaction and mixing of passive and active tracers in turbulent, stratified, rotating fluids. The problem of mixing in fluids has applications in areas ranging from oceanography to engineering and astrophysics. In geophysical settings, mixing spans and unites a broad range of scales -- from micrometers to megameters. The mixing of passive tracers is of fundamental importance in environmental and industrial problems, such as pollution, and in determining the large-scale heat and salt balance of the worlds oceans. The transport of active tracers, on the other hand, such as vorticity, plays a key role in the turbulence that occurs in most geophysical and astrophysical fluids. William R. Young (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) gave a series of principal lectures, the notes of which as taken by the fellows, appear in this volume. Report of the projects of the student fellows makes up the second half of this volume.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-9810647 and the Office of Naval Research under Grant No. NOO0l4-97-1-0934.
    Keywords: Fluids ; Mixing ; Transport
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 10
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    Site characterization of the PIER-ICDP drill holes by imaging the subsurface electrical conductivity structure: local and regional structure beneath Mýtina and Neualbenreuth Maar (ConeEM) (2020)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The West Bohemian Massif as part of the geodynamically active European Cenozoic Rift System is characterised by ongoing magmatic processes in the intra-continental lithospheric mantle. A series of phenomena such as massive degassing of CO2 and repeated earthquake swarms make the Eger Rift a unique target area for European intra-continental geo-scientific research. The ICDP project "Drilling the Eger Rift" was funded to study the field of earthquake-fluid-rock-biosphere interaction. In the framework of this ICDP project, magnetotelluric (MT) experiments have been conducted to image the subsurface distribution of the electrical conductivity down to depths of several tens of kilometres as the electrical conductivity is particularly sensitive to the presence of high-conductive phases such as aqueous fluids, partial melts or metallic compounds. Based on recent MT experiments in 2015/2016, Munoz et al. (2018) presented 2D images of the electrical conductivity structure along a NS profile across the Eger Rift. It reveals a conductive channel at the earthquake swarm region that extend from the lower crust to the surface forming a pathway for fluids up to the region of the mofettes. A second conductive channel is present in the south of the model. Due to the given station setup along a profile, the resulting 2D inversion allows ambiguous interpretations of this feature. As 3D inversion is required to distinguish between the different interpretations, we conducted another MT field experiment at the end of 2018. This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT. 201810 .1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).
    Description: Other
    Description: The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) provides field instruments for (temporary) seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) and for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. The GIPP is operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instrument facility is open for academic use. Instrument applications are evaluated and ranked by an external steering board. See Haberland and Ritter (2016) and https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp for more information.
    Keywords: Magnetotelluric ; West Bohemian Massif ; Eger Rift ; ICDP project “Drilling the Eger Rift” ; Conductive channel ; Fluids ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Probes
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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