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  • Other Sources  (2,841)
  • Springer  (2,336)
  • Nature Research  (506)
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  • 1
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    Divergence between sea urchins and their microbiota following speciation (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-28
    Description: Animals have a deep evolutionary relationship with microbial symbionts, such that individual microbes or an entire microbial community can diverge alongside the host. Here, we explore these host-microbe relationships in Echinometra, a sea urchin genus that speciated with the Isthmus of Panama and throughout the Indo-West Pacific. We find that the eggs from five Echinometra species generally associate with a species-specific bacterial community and that the relatedness of these communities is largely congruent with host phylogeny. Microbiome divergence per million years was higher in more recent speciation events than in older ones. We, however, did not find any bacterial groups that displayed co-phylogeny with Echinometra. Together, these findings suggest that the evolutionary relationship between Echinometra and their microbiota operates at the community level. We find no evidence suggesting that the associated microbiota is the evolutionary driver of Echinometra speciation. Instead, divergence between Echinometra and their microbiota is likely the byproduct of ecological, geographic, and reproductive isolations.
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  • 2
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    Dual clumped isotopes from Mid-Eocene bivalve shell reveal a hot and summer wet climate of the Paris Basin (2024)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-28
    Description: Accurate reconstruction of seasonal atmospheric patterns of the past is essential for reliable prediction of how climate will evolve due to anthropogenic CO2 forcing. The Eocene ‘hot house’ climate, as the warmest epoch during the Cenozoic, is considered as a potential analogue for ‘high-CO2’ future climate scenarios. In this context, the reconstruction of variations in seasonality are as important as changes in mean annual conditions. Here we combine stable oxygen (δ18O) and dual clumped isotope (Δ47 + Δ48) measurements of a bivalve shell to determine sub-annual variations in sea surface temperatures and oceanic freshening in the Paris Basin during the Mid-Eocene Climate Optimum, 40 million years ago. Our reconstruction indicates to high mean annual temperatures with a small seasonal amplitude (33.3 °C ± 4.4 °C) and an enhanced fresh water input during the summer period. Our results implying a substantially warmer climate state with different hydrological conditions for Western Europe during the Eocene than previously suggested by proxy data or climate modelling.
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  • 3
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    Global census of the significance of giant mesopelagic protists to the marine carbon and silicon cycles (2024)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-28
    Description: Thriving in both epipelagic and mesopelagic layers, Rhizaria are biomineralizing protists, mixotrophs or flux-feeders, often reaching gigantic sizes. In situ imaging showed their contribution to oceanic carbon stock, but left their contribution to element cycling unquantified. Here, we compile a global dataset of 167,551 Underwater Vision Profiler 5 Rhizaria images, and apply machine learning models to predict their organic carbon and biogenic silica biomasses in the uppermost 1000 m. We estimate that Rhizaria represent up to 1.7% of mesozooplankton carbon biomass in the top 500 m. Rhizaria biomass, dominated by Phaeodaria, is more than twice as high in the mesopelagic than in the epipelagic layer. Globally, the carbon demand of mesopelagic, flux-feeding Phaeodaria reaches 0.46 Pg C y −1 , representing 3.8 to 9.2% of gravitational carbon export. Furthermore, we show that Rhizaria are a unique source of biogenic silica production in the mesopelagic layer, where no other silicifiers are present. Our global census further highlights the importance of Rhizaria for ocean biogeochemistry.
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  • 4
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    OncIdent—an interactive identification key for Oncaeidae Giesbrecht, 1893 ["1892"] (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-27
    Description: An interactive (multi-access) global identification key (OncIdent) has been developed for the pelagic marine microcopepod family Oncaeidae and made accessible online. Details of the general approach and development of the key are given in Bottger-Schnack and Schnack (J Nat Hist 49:2727-2741, 2015). After beta-testing, new additions include illustrations for all species and feature attributes considered, plus a textual summary of each species' feature states in the key. Additional taxonomic notes are given where required, highlighting morphological or molecular genetic peculiarities or problems, with links to large data bases leading directly to more comprehensive information about each species. The present paper briefly reviews the taxonomic background for key construction, summarizes the opportunities and limitations of the current online version OncIdent2.0, and provides guidance for its practical use.
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  • 5
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    Magmatic processes within the plumbing system of the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge: constraints from olivine, plagioclase and melt inclusions (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Processes taking place within the magma plumbing system can exert an important control on the composition of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) found at magma-poor mid-ocean ridges exhibit diverse disequilibrium characteristics, which can provide vital insights for distinguishing the complex effects of melt transport from those of source heterogeneity on the compositions of MORBs. Here, we present new insights into magmatic processes using integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the PUBs from two zones (~ 50° and ~ 64°E longitude) along the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge (SWIR). The studied PUBs have complex mineral morphologies, including skeletal and acicular crystals, glomerocrysts with open and closed structure, reverse and normally zoned crystals and external and internal resorption even in single samples. Both low- and high-Fo olivine and An plagioclase crystals are in disequilibrium with their matrix glasses. Some plagioclase phenocrysts have repeated oscillatory zoning (An77–86) going from their core to rim and an abrupt decrease in An content toward the rim. Disequilibrium Sr isotopic compositions are present at several scales: between cores and rims of plagioclase crystals, between different plagioclase crystals and between plagioclase and their host lavas. Inferred pressures of magma storage range from 0.3 to 11.3 kbar. The textural and compositional diversity of crystals together with the variability in melt compositions reflect the combined influences of source heterogeneity and magmatic processes (e.g. crystallization, assimilation and magma mixing processes) taking place within crystal mushes. Our data combined with previous studies suggest that the magmatic processes within the SWIR magma plumbing system involve formation, disaggregation and juxtaposition of crystal-rich mush zones.
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  • 6
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    Hazardous explosive eruptions of a recharging multi-cyclic island arc caldera (2024)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-24
    Description: Caldera-forming eruptions of silicic volcanic systems are among the most devastating events on Earth. By contrast, post-collapse volcanic activity initiating new caldera cycles is generally considered less hazardous. Formed after Santorini’s latest caldera-forming eruption of ~1600 bce , the Kameni Volcano in the southern Aegean Sea enables the eruptive evolution of a recharging multi-cyclic caldera to be reconstructed. Kameni’s eruptive record has been documented by onshore products and historical descriptions of mainly effusive eruptions dating back to 197 bce . Here we combine high-resolution seismic reflection data with cored lithologies from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 398 at four sites to determine the submarine architecture and volcanic history of intra-caldera deposits from Kameni. Our shore-crossing analysis reveals the deposits of a submarine explosive eruption that produced up to 3.1 km 3 of pumice and ash, which we relate to a historical eruption in 726 ce . The estimated volcanic explosivity index of magnitude 5 exceeds previously considered worst-case eruptive scenarios for Santorini. Our finding that the Santorini caldera is capable of producing large explosive eruptions at an early stage in the caldera cycle implies an elevated hazard potential for the eastern Mediterranean region, and potentially for other recharging silicic calderas.
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  • 7
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    Deep inflow transport and dispersion in the Gulf of St. Lawrence revealed by a tracer release experiment (2024)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-24
    Description: The Gulf of St. Lawrence is increasingly affected by bottom water hypoxia; however, the timescales and pathways of deep water transport remain unclear. Here, we present results from the Deep Tracer Release eXperiment (TReX Deep), during which an inert SF 5 CF 3 tracer was released inshore of Cabot Strait at 279 m depth to investigate deep inflow transport and mixing rates. Dispersion was also assessed via neutrally-buoyant Swish floats. Our findings indicate that the tracer moves inland at 0.5 cm s −1 , with an effective lateral diffusivity of 2 × 10 2 m 2 s −1 over 1 year. Simplified 1D simulations suggest inflow water should reach the estuary head in 1.7 years, with the bulk arriving after 4.7 years. Basin-wide effective vertical diffusivity is around 10 −5 m 2 s −1 over 1 year; however, vertical diffusivity increases near the basin slopes, suggesting that turbulent boundary processes influence mixing. These results are compared to Lagrangian simulations in a regional 3D model to evaluate the capacity to model dispersion in the Gulf.
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  • 8
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    Effects of environmental and climatic drivers on abyssal macrobenthic infaunal communities from the NE Pacific nodule province (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: The macrofauna in soft sediments of the deep seafloor is generally diverse and represents a comparatively well-studied faunal group of deep-sea ecosystems. In the abyss of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) in the NE Pacific, macrofauna are major contributors to benthic biodiversity. Their distribution, composition, and diversity have been frequently investigated to assess the potential impacts of future mining activities on the resident fauna. In this study, patterns of densities and community structure of CCFZ macrobenthic infauna and their relationships with a range of environmental and climatic variables were examined, with a special focus on communities from the eastern German contract area (referred to as BGR CA). However, comparisons were also made with other contractor areas (e.g., IFREMER, IOM, GSR) and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI3). Material for this study was obtained by means of a box corer during six expeditions to the CCFZ between 2013 and 2018 resulting in 148 samples. Our study uncovered notable spatial and temporal variations in both faunal densities and community composition. While areas within the BGR CA exhibited a similar community composition, slight differences were observed between the various CAs and APEI3. Surprisingly, we found an unexpected negative correlation between food availability and both macrofaunal density and community structure that may be attributed to differences in sampling methodologies and pronounced temporal variation. Furthermore, we explored the impact of climatic fluctuations associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on macrofaunal densities, observing an increase during warm (El Niño) events. Our findings underscore the challenges of accurately assessing spatial and temporal variations in the absence of standardised sampling protocols. Hence, we emphasize the importance of adopting standardised protocols to enhance data comparability, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the underlying factors influencing spatial and temporal changes in macrofauna community structure within the CCFZ.
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  • 9
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    Predatory preferences of a non-indigenous crab do not depend on prey invasion scenarios (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Predatory non-indigenous species (NIS) have profound impacts on global ecosystems, potentially leading to native prey extinction and reshaping community dynamics. Among mechanisms potentially mediating predator impacts and prey invasion success are predator preferences between native vs. non-indigenous prey, a topic still underexplored. Using functional response and prey preference experiments, this study focused on the predation by the non-indigenous Japanese brush-clawed shore crab, Hemigrapsus takanoi, between the native gammarid Gammarus duebeni and the analogous non-indigenous Gammarus tigrinus. Although H. takanoi showed subtle differences in its functional response type between the two prey species, its preferences across their environmental frequencies were not strongly influenced by the prey invasion scenario. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of interactions in ecosystems with multiple NIS, offering fresh insights into complex feeding interactions within marine environments.
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  • 10
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    Deep ocean hydrographic variability estimated from distributed geodetic sensor arrays off northern Chile (2024)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Observations of spatio-temporal variability of the deep ocean are rare and little is known about occurrence of deep ocean mesoscale dynamics. Here, we make use of 2.5 years of time series data from three distributed sensor arrays, which acquired high-resolution temperature, pressure and sound speed data of the bottom layer offshore northern Chile. Estimating salinity and density from the direct observations enable access to the full spectrum of hydrographic variability from a multi-hourly to annual time scale and with average inter-station distances of less than 1 km. Analyses revealed interannual warming over the continental slope of 0.002 °C yr−1–0.003 °C yr−1, and could trace periodic hydrographic anomalies, likely related to coastal-trapped waves, as far as to the lower continental slope. A concurrent change in the shape of the warm anomalies and the rate of deep-sea warming that occurs with the crossing of the deep-sea trench suggests that the abyssal part of the eastern boundary current system off Chile does not extend past the deep sea trench. Furthermore, the comparison of anomaly timing and shape in between stations implies southwards flow over the mid to lower continental slope, centred closer to the trench.
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