ALBERT

Description: The annual glacier mass balance of Hallstätter Gletscher in Austria is measured since 2006-10-01 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1st October to 30th September of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m**2 (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1st May. The project is funded by the Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung and the Energie AG. The measurements are carried out by the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research (http://www.mountainresearch.at/index.php/en/) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the company Blue Sky in Gmunden, Austria. New data will be added every year.

Description: Surface velocities have been regularly monitored at the rock glacier in Outer Hochebenkar, Ötztal Alps, Austria since the early 1950s. This study provides an update to previously published surface velocity time series, showing mean profile velocities of four cross profiles since the beginning of the measurements (1951,1954, 1997; depending on the profile), as well as single block displacements from 1998 to 2015. Profiles P1, P2 and P3 have moved between 42 and 90 m, at mean velocities between 0.70 and 1.48 m/yr, since they were first established in the early 1950s (1951/54). Profile P0, established in 1997, has since moved 13 m or 0.75 m/yr. An acceleration can be observed at all profiles since the late 1990s, with a particularly sharp velocity increase since 2010. All profiles reached a new maximum velocity in 2015, with 1.98 m/yr at the slowest profile (P0) and 6.37 m/yr at the fastest profile (P1). Year-to-year variations in profile velocities cannot be clearly attributed to inter-annual variations of climatic parameters like mean annual air temperature, summer temperature, positive degree days, or precipitation. However, higher correlation is found between velocities and cumulative anomalies of air temperature (mean annual air temperature and positive degree days) and summer precipitation, suggesting that these parameters play a key role for the movement of the rock glacier. The lower profiles (P0, P1) show more pronounced year-to-year variations than the upper profiles (P2, P3). It is considered likely that processes other than climatic forcing (e.g. sliding, topography) contribute to the different velocity patterns at the four profiles. The data series continues annually, see: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.928244

Description: Eddy-covariance observations taken over rough ice and snow surfaces on the Greenland Ice Sheet and on the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland between 1996 and 2021. This data contains corrected 30-min averages, variances and covariances of wind components and temperature, as well as estimated near-surface turbulent heat fluxes, roughness lengths, and other meteorological parameters measured by an adjacent automatic weather station. See README.txt for more detailed information.

Description: Current velocities of the upper water column along the cruise track of R/V Maria S. Merian cruise MSM122 were collected by a vessel-mounted 38 kHz RDI Ocean Surveyor ADCP. The ADCP transducer was located at 6.0 m below the water line. The instrument was operated in narrowband mode (WM10) with a bin size of 32.00 m, a blanking distance of 16.00 m, and a total of 50 bins, covering the depth range between 54.0 m and 1622.0 m. Heading, pitch and roll data from the ship's motion reference unit and the navigation data from the Global Positioning systems were used by the data acquisition software VmDAS internally to convert ADCP velocities into earth coordinates. Single-ping data were screened for bottom signals and, where appropriate, a bottom mask was manually processed. The ship's velocity was calculated from position fixes obtained by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Accuracy of the ADCP velocities mainly depends on the quality of the position fixes and the ship's heading data. Further errors stem from a misalignment of the transducer with the ship's centerline. Data post-processing included water track calibration of the misalignment angle (0.4211° +/- 0.4756°) and scale factor (0.9993 +/- 0.0088) of the Ocean Surveyor signal. The velocity data were averaged in time using an average interval of 60 s. Velocity quality flagging is based on different threshold criteria: Depth cells with ensemble-averaged percent-good values below 25% are marked as 'bad data'. Depth cells with velocities above 2.0 m/s are flagged as 'bad data'. Depth cells with a root-mean-square deviation between the measured ensemble-average velocity and a cell-wise running-mean velocity above 0.3 m/s are flagged as 'probably bad data'.