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  • General Chemistry  (10,900)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (1,374)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (7,074)
  • 1910-1914  (2,932)
  • 1905-1909
Collection
Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Lunar microcosmos (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A human habitat on the lunar surface requires energy recycling metabolites based on the utilization of vegetative plants that are good photosynthesizers. Selection criteria involve reactions to fertilization by human excrements, suitability as food for man (with or without fractionation), physiological effects of prolonged ingestion of these plants, and technical methods for returning inedible portions back into the cycle.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 53-61
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  • 2
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    Data on the acoustic comfort of passengers in railroad cars and soundproofing recommendations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Acoustic passenger comfort in railroad cars is represented by the following values: Total noise level in db, octave sound spectrum in db, and indices of intelligibility. The noise level perceived inside the car results from two components: one due to the penetration of air noise, and another due to the transmission of vibrations through solids. Measurement results show the necessity of improving bogie and bogie-body connections, intensification of soundproofing of the floor, adaption of windows with double panes, etc.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 218-223
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  • 3
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    Some aspects of sound discomfort caused by streetcar traffic (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Streetcar noise was investigated on different lines and inside different types by sonometer measurements. The results showed variations of the total noise intensity between 88-97 db. In some squares with heavy traffic the total noise intensity reached 106 db. Noise intensity measurements inside different types of streetcars brought to light high values between 101-106 db, while in the case of the new silent type of streetcar the values were 86-87 db. The importance of the sound discomfort produced by streetcar traffic is emphasized, inasmuch as the noise intensity exceeds by far the values recommended by communal hygiene.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 212-217
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  • 4
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    Level, peculiarities and effects of coal mine noise on pit workers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: There exists a correlation between noise intensity and spectrum and degree of hearing impairment in the different professional categories in the pit. Most affected are dross miners and drillers. In these, the first degree of hypoacusia sets in within the first five years of exposure. Deafness begins at a frequency of 4,000 Hz, but often enough (20%) at 2,000 Hz as well, progressively evolving through the classical stages if exposure to noise continues. In the coal bearing basins investigated, the noise level is, on the whole, 31.2%, but the conventional zone is not involved by more than 6.3%. Technological and medical measures are proposed for the purpose of avoiding these troubles in the future.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 170-176
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  • 5
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    Oxygen utilization of the human left ventricle - An indirect method for its evaluation and clinical considerations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analytical method is presented for determining the oxygen consumption rate of the intact heart working (as opposed to empty but beating) human left ventricle. Use is made of experimental recordings obtained for the chamber pressure and the associated dimensions of the LV. LV dimensions are determined by cineangiocardiography, and the chamber pressure is obtained by means of fluid-filled catheters during retrograde or transeptal catheterization. An analytical method incorporating these data is then employed for the evaluation of the LV coronary oxygen consumption in five subjects. Oxygen consumption for these subjects was also obtained by the conventional clinical method in order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed method.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 6
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    Angiocardiographic methods for determination of left ventricular geometry and volume (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods are described for calculating left ventricular (LV) dimensions and chamber volumes from radiographic films. The use of biplane films for the calculation of LV volume and volume change is based on the assumption of an ellipsoidal geometry. Calculation of LV volumes from biplane films usually overestimated known volumes in postmortem hearts regardless of the methods used for volume calculation. The reasons for this are probably best explained by the fact that a smooth-surface ellipse is used to represent the irregular cavity of the LV chamber. LV volume calculated from data in a single plane compared favorably and closely with volumes calculated from biplane films. A table of normal values of ventricular volume established by angiographic studies is presented.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 7
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    Cardiac mechanics: Physiological, clinical, and mathematical considerations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: Recent studies concerning the basic physiological and biochemical principles underlying cardiac muscle contraction, methods for the assessment of cardiac function in the clinical situation, and mathematical approaches to cardiac mechanics are presented. Some of the topics covered include: cardiac ultrastructure and function in the normal and failing heart, myocardial energetics, clinical applications of angiocardiography, use of echocardiography for evaluating cardiac performance, systolic time intervals in the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular performance in man, evaluation of passive elastic stiffness for the left ventricle and isolated heart muscle, a conceptual model of myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock, application of Huxley's sliding-filament theory to the mechanics of normal and hypertrophied cardiac muscle, and a rheological modeling of the intact left ventricle. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 8
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    A model of heat transfer in immersed man (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An equation representing man's thermal balance under water is considered. The equation states that the body thermal loading from metabolic heat production and artificial heat input must be offset by respiratory and environmental heat exchange to maintain a constant body temperature. Critical body regions are affected by cold-water thermal stress. A model of the thermoregulatory system may be divided into the physical-controlled system and the dynamic controlling system. The thermal model is simulated by computer programs.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Annals of Biomedical Engineering; 2; 1974
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  • 9
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    Analytic model for assessing the thermal performance of scuba divers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A biothermal model with a physically-controlled subsystem and a dynamically-controlled subsystem is developed to simulate the thermoregulatory system of man under immersed conditions. The model is consistent with experimental data for seminude subjects immersed to neck in cool to temperate water and for 'wet-suited' subjects immersed to neck in cold water. Equations are derived for predicting body temperatures under various dive conditions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Hydronautics; 8; July 197
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  • 10
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    Untoward effects of a sympathomimetic amine (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Presentation and discussion of a clinical report describing asymptomatic multifocal ventricular premature contractions in a professional pilot. He had been taking heavy doses of a systemic decongestant agent, pseudoephedrine, prescribed by a physician. He was taken off the medication, and over the next few days the PVCs became less frequent, then disappeared. It is pointed out that physician's instructions to pilots must be given with the realization that some airmen may follow the instructions too zealously in an attempt to remain on flying status.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; May 1974
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  • 11
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    Orthostatic tolerance in dehydrated, heat-acclimated men following exercise in the heat (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; May 1974
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  • 12
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    Plasma volume and blood constituent shifts during +Gz acceleration after bedrest with exercise conditioning (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 13
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    Effect of bed rest and exercise on body balance (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A battery of 11 body balance tests was administered to 7 men before and after 14 days of bedrest. Seven men who had not undergone bed rest served as controls. During bed rest, each subject underwent daily either isotonic, isometric, or no leg exercise. The results showed that, for the bed-rested no exercise, isotonic exercise, and isometric exercise groups, 2 weeks of bed rest produces significant body balance decrements on 3, 4, and 5 of the 11 tests, respectively. Daily leg exercise did not prevent the debilitating effects of bed rest on body balance. After bed rest, balance skill was relearned rapidly so that in most tests, performance had reached prebed-rest levels by the third recovery day. These data suggest that balance impairment is not due to loss of muscular strength in the legs but, perhaps, to a bed-rest-related change in the neurally coded information to postural control centers.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; Mar. 197
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  • 14
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    Dynamic optometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A dynamic optometer that electronically records the position of the anterior surface of the human lens is described. The geometrical optics of the eye and optometer, and the scattering of light from the lens, are closely examined to determine the optimum conditions for adjustment of the instrument. The light detector and associated electronics are also considered, and the operating conditions for obtaining the best signal-to-noise ratio are determined.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 64
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  • 15
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    Internal tibial torsion correction study (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A quantitative study of internal torsion in the entire tibial bone was performed by using strain gauges to measure the amount of deformation occuring at different locations. Comparison of strain measurements with physical dimensions of the bone produced the modulus of rigidity and its behavior under increased torque. Computerized analysis of the stress distribution shows that more strain occurs near the torqued ends of the bones where also most of the twisting and fracturing takes place.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 23 p
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  • 16
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    Design of an automatic weight scale for an isolette (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design of an infant weight scale is reported that fits into an isolette without disturbing its controlled atmosphere. The scale platform uses strain gages to measure electronically deflections of cantilever beams positioned at its four corners. The weight of the infant is proportional to the sum of the output voltages produced by the gauges on each beam of the scale.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 15 p
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  • 17
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    The design of an experiment for employing the hearer-feeler differentiation device, part B (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An experimental test design is outlined to separate feelers from hearers in the evaluation of persons with varying degrees of hearing impairments. Speech envelope cues are derived from a white noise device containing filters for different frequencies that produce speech awareness thresholds.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 6 p
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  • 18
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    The design of a device for hearer and feeler differentiation, part A (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A speech modulated white noise device is reported that gives the rhythmic characteristics of a speech signal for intelligible reception by deaf persons. The signal is composed of random amplitudes and frequencies as modulated by the speech envelope characteristics of rhythm and stress. Time intensity parameters of speech are conveyed through the vibro-tactile sensation stimuli.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 12 p
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  • 19
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    Surface potential profiles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The gathering of surface potential profiles by computerized processing of electrocardiogram data is projected. These profiles are concerned with the detail of localized potentials on the human body and are obtained by voltages plotted against electrode positions with time as the variable held constant. Sample and hold circuits are considered for processing the multiplexed signal and to digitize and code it for the tape recorder.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 15 p
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  • 20
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    Surgical suite environmental control system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Theoretical and experimental work for a systems analysis approach to the problem of surgical suit exhaust systems centered on evaluation of halothane absorbing filters. An activated charcoal-alumina-charcoal combination proved to be the best filter for eliminating halothane through multilayer absorption of gas molecules.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Inst. in Biomed. Eng., 1973; 24 p
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  • 21
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    Simple device for automatically transferring broth cultures (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 27; Mar. 197
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  • 22
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    A wireless respiration failure detection system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Medical and Biological Engineering; 12; May 1974
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  • 23
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    Light flashes observed by astronauts on Apollo 11 through Apollo 17 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The crew members on the last seven Apollo flights observed light flashes that are tentatively attributed to cosmic ray nuclei (atomic number equal to or greater than 6) penetrating the head and eyes of the observers. Analyses of the event rates for all missions has revealed an anomalously low rate for transearth coast observations with respect to translunar coast observations.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Science; 183; Mar. 8
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  • 24
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    Power spectral density analysis of the electromyogram from a work task performed in a full pressure suit (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Surface electromyograms (EMG) taken from three upper torso muscles during a push-pull task were analyzed by a power spectral density technique to determine the utility of the spectral analysis for identifying changes in the EMG caused by muscular fatigue. The results confirmed the value of the frequency analysis for identifying fatigue producing muscular performance. Data revealed reliable differences between muscles in fatigue induced responses to various locations in the reach envelope at which the subjects were required to perform the push-pull exercise, and the differential sensitivity of individual muscles to the various reach positions; i.e., certain reach positions imposed more fatigue related shifts in EMG power than did others. It was found that a pressurized space suit changed the pattern of normal shirtsleeve muscle fatigue responses in all three of the muscles.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58136 , JSC-09004
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  • 25
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    Robot arm dynamics and control (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Variations in total inertia and gravity loads at the joint outputs are treated along with the relative importance of gravity and acceleration-generated reaction torques or forces versus inertia torques or forces. The relation between the dynamical state equations in explicit terms and servoing the manipulator is briefly discussed in the framework of state variable feedback control which also forms the basis of adaptive manipulator control. Exact state equations were determined for total inertia and gravity loads at the joint outputs as a function of joint variables, using the constant inertial and geometric parameters of the individual links defined in the respective link coordinate frames. The range of maximum variations in total inertia and gravity loads at the joint outputs was calculated for both no load and load in the hand. The main result is the construction of a set of greatly simplified state equations which describe the total inertia and gravity load variations at the output of the six joints with an average error of less than 5%.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-136935 , JPL-TM-33-669
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  • 26
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    Design development and test: Two-gas atmosphere control subsystem (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An atmosphere control subsystem (ACS) was developed for NASA-IBJSC which is designed to measure the major atmospheric constituents in the manned cabin of the space shuttle orbiter and control the addition of oxygen and nitrogen to maintain the partial pressures of these gases within very close limits. The ACS includes a mass spectrometer sensor (MSS) which analyzes the atmosphere of a shuttle vehicle pressurized cabin, and an electronic control assembly (ECA). The MSS was built and tested to meet the requirements for flight equipment for the M-171 Metabolic Analyzer experiment for the Skylab flight program. The instrument analyzes an atmospheric gas sample and produces continuous 0-5 vdc analog signals proportional to the partial pressures of H2, O2, N2, H2O, CO2 and total hydrocarbons having a m/e ratio between 50 and 120. It accepts signals from the MSS proportional to the partial pressures of N2 and O2 and controls the supply of these gases to the closed cabin.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134190 , MDC-G4971
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  • 27
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    Development and fabrication of heat-sterilizable inhalation therapy equipment (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a completely heat sterilizable intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) ventilator in an effort to reduce the number of hospital acquired infections is reported. After appropriate changes in materials and design were made, six prototype units were fabricated and were successfully field tested in local hospitals. Most components of the modified ventilators are compatible with existing machines. In all but a few instances, such as installation of bacteria-retentive filters and a modified venturi, the change over from non-heat-sterilizable to sterilizable units was accomplished by replacement of heat labile materials with heat stable materials.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-136832 , JPL-TM-33-670
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  • 28
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    Telemetry of left ventricular diameter and pressure measurements from unrestrained animals (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 37; Aug. 197
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  • 29
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    Tracking with head position using an electrooptical monitor (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electrooptical head-position monitoring system was designed and built and is used in single-axis and three-axis 'hands-off' control tasks. The monitor consists of a transparent plexiglass body-fixed helmet provided with a set of eight silicon photodetectors sensing pitch, roll, and yaw motions of the head. Two light-emitting diodes, attached to the pilot's helmet liner, provide the ac modulated near infrared radiation. Head control is compared with conventional manual control for single-axis and three-axis tracking tasks. Both performance curves and describing functions are presented.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 30
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    Development of a Korotkov sound processor for automatic identification of auscultatory events. I - Specification of preprocessing bandpass filters (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Frequency bands that best discriminate the Korotkov sounds at systole and at diastole from the sounds immediately preceding these events are defined. Korotkov sound data were recorded from five normotensive subjects during orthostatic stress (lower body negative pressure) and bicycle ergometry. A spectral analysis of the seven Korotkov sounds centered about the systolic and diastolic auscultatory events revealed that a maximum increase in amplitude at the systolic transition occurred in the 18-26-Hz band, while a maximum decrease in amplitude at the diastolic transition occurred in the 40-60-Hz band. These findings were remarkably consistent across subjects and test conditions. These passbands are included in the design specifications for an automatic blood pressure measuring system used in conjuction with medical experiments during NASA's Skylab program.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; BME-21; Mar. 197
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  • 31
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    Development of a Korotkov sound processor for automatic identification of auscultatory events. II - Decision logic specifications and operational verification (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; BME-21; Mar. 197
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  • 32
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    Membrane water deaerator investigation (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The purpose of the membrane water deaerator program was to develop data on a breadboard hollow fiber membrane unit that removes both dissolved and evolved gas from a water transfer system in order to: (1) assure a hard fill of the EVLSS expendable water tank; (2) prevent flow blockage by gas bubbles in circulating systems; and (3) prevent pump cavitation.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140259 , AIRESEARCH-74-10072
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  • 33
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    Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, appendix E: Alternate flight systems analysis (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The functional requirements of stowage, preparation, serving, consumption, and cleanup were applied to each of the five food mixes selected for study in terms of the overall design of the space shuttle food system. The analysis led to a definition of performance requirements for each food mix, along with a definition of equipment to meet those requirements. Weight and volume data for all five systems, in terms of food and packaging, support equipment, and galley installation penalties, are presented.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134377
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  • 34
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    Preliminary flight prototype waste collection subsystem (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The zero gravity test program demonstrated the feasibility and practicability of collecting urine from both male and female crew members in a zero gravity environment in an earthlike manner not requiring any manual handling of urine containers. In addition, the testing demonstrated that a seat which is comfortable in both regimes of operation could be designed for use on the ground and in zero-gravity. Further, the tests showed that the vortex liquid/air separator is an effective liquid/air separation method in zero gravity. Visual observations indicate essentially zero liquid carry over. The system also demonstrated its ability to handle post elimination wipes without difficulty. The designs utilized in the WCS were verified as acceptable for usage in the space shuttle or other space vehicles.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-104240 , SVHSER-6509
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  • 35
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    Space shuttle food system study. Volume 1: System design report (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data were assembled which define the optimum food system to support the space shuttle program, and which provide sufficient engineering data to support necessary requests for proposals towards final development and installment of the system. The study approach used is outlined, along with technical data and sketches for each functional area. Logistic support analysis, system assurance, and recommendations and conclusions based on the study results are also presented.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134374
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  • 36
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    Corrosion control and disinfection studies in spacecraft water systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Disinfection and corrosion control in the water systems of the Saturn 5 Orbital Workshop Program are considered. Within this framework, the problem areas of concern are classified into four general areas: disinfection; corrosion; membrane-associated problems of disinfectant uptake and diffusion; and taste and odor problems arising from membrane-disinfectant interaction.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140197
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    Role of man in flight experiment payloads, phase 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The identification of required data for studies of Spacelab experiment functional allocation, the development of an approach to collecting these data from the payload community, and the specification of analytical methods necessary to quantitatively determine the role of man in specific Spacelab experiments are presented. A generalized Spacelab experiment operation sequence was developed, and the parameters necessary to describe each signle function in the sequence were identified. A set of functional descriptor worksheets were also drawn up. The methodological approach to defining the role of man was defined as a series of trade studies using a digial simulation technique. The tradeoff variables identified include scientific crew size, skill mix, and location. An existing digital simulation program suitable for the required analyses was identified and obtained.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-120398
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  • 38
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    Earth orbital teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The teleoperator system man-machine interface evaluation develops and implements a program to determine human performance requirements in teleoperator systems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-139598 , H-4-1
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  • 39
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    Firefighter's compressed air breathing system pressure vessel development program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The research to design, fabricate, test, and deliver a pressure vessel for the main component in an improved high-performance firefighter's breathing system is reported. The principal physical and performance characteristics of the vessel which were required are: (1) maximum weight of 9.0 lb; (2) maximum operating pressure of 4500 psig (charge pressure of 4000 psig); (3) minimum contained volume of 280 in. 3; (4) proof pressure of 6750 psig; (5) minimum burst pressure of 9000 psig following operational and service life; and (6) a minimum service life of 15 years. The vessel developed to fulfill the requirements described was completely sucessful, i.e., every category of performence was satisfied. The average weight of the vessel was found to be about 8.3 lb, well below the 9.0 lb specification requirement.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134384 , MCR-73-214
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  • 40
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    Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, Appendix G: Ground support system analysis. Appendix H: Galley functional details analysis (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The capabilities for preflight feeding of flight personnel and the supply and control of the space shuttle flight food system were investigated to determine ground support requirements; and the functional details of an onboard food system galley are shown in photographic mockups. The elements which were identified as necessary to the efficient accomplishment of ground support functions include the following: (1) administration; (2) dietetics; (3) analytical laboratories; (4) flight food warehouse; (5) stowage module assembly area; (6) launch site module storage area; (7) alert crew restaurant and disperse crew galleys; (8) ground food warehouse; (9) manufacturing facilities; (10) transport; and (11) computer support. Each element is discussed according to the design criteria of minimum cost, maximum flexibility, reliability, and efficiency consistent with space shuttle requirements. The galley mockup overview illustrates the initial operation configuration, food stowage locations, meal assembly and serving trays, meal preparation configuration, serving, trash management, and the logistics of handling and cleanup equipment.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134379
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  • 41
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    Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, Appendix F: Flight food and primary packaging (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The analysis and selection of food items and primary packaging, the development of menus, the nutritional analysis of diet, and the analyses of alternate food mixes and contingency foods is reported in terms of the overall food system design for space shuttle flight. Stowage weights and cubic volumes associated with each alternate mix were also evaluated.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134378
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  • 42
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    Six-man, self-contained carbon dioxide concentrator subsystem for Space Station Prototype (SSP) application (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A six man, self contained, electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrating subsystem for space station prototype use was successfully designed, fabricated, and tested. A test program was successfully completed which covered shakedown testing, design verification testing, and acceptance testing.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-114742 , LSI-ER-170-34
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  • 43
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    Space shuttle/food system. Volume 2, Appendix C: Food cooling techniques analysis. Appendix D: Package and stowage: Alternate concepts analysis (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relative penalties associated with various techniques for providing an onboard cold environment for storage of perishable food items, and for the development of packaging and vehicle stowage parameters were investigated in terms of the overall food system design analysis of space shuttle. The degrees of capability for maintaining both a 40 F to 45 F refrigerated temperature and a 0 F and 20 F frozen environment were assessed for the following cooling techniques: (1) phase change (heat sink) concept; (2) thermoelectric concept; (3) vapor cycle concept; and (4) expendable ammonia concept. The parameters considered in the analysis were weight, volume, and spacecraft power restrictions. Data were also produced for packaging and vehicle stowage parameters which are compatible with vehicle weight and volume specifications. Certain assumptions were made for food packaging sizes based on previously generated space shuttle menus. The results of the study are shown, along with the range of meal choices considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134376
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  • 44
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    Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, Appendix A: Active heating system-screening analysis. Appendix B: Reconstituted food heating techniques analysis (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Technical data are presented which were used to evaluate active heating methods to be incorporated into the space shuttle food system design, and also to evaluate the relative merits and penalties associated with various approaches to the heating of rehydrated food during space flight. Equipment heating candidates were subject to a preliminary screening performed by a selection rationale process which considered the following parameters; (1) gravitational effect; (2) safety; (3) operability; (4) system compatibility; (5) serviceability; (6) crew acceptability; (7) crew time; (8) development risk; and (9) operating cost. A hot air oven, electrically heated food tray, and microwave oven were selected for further consideration and analysis. Passive, semi-active, and active food preparation approaches were also studied in an effort to determine the optimum method for heating rehydrated food. Potential complexity, cost, vehicle impact penalties, and palatability were considered in the analysis. A summary of the study results is provided along with cost estimates for each of the potential sytems
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134375
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  • 45
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    Research on the properties of circadian systems amenable to study in space (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three areas of inquiry are reported for the Skylab Experiment S-071 whose objective was to study the circadian system of a mammal during space flight. The thermoregulatory behavior of the Perognathus longimembris, or little pocket mouse, was studied under conditions of constant dark and constant temperature in the prolonged weightless environment of Skylab. The following specific questions were studied: (1) the effects of weightlessness on circadian periodicity in the little pocket mouse; (2) stability of the free-running circadian period of body temperature of the little pocket mouse exposed to simulated launch stress; and (3) characteristics of the circadian rhythm of body temperature in the little pocket mouse. Diagrams of the electronic circuitry and hardware used in the experiment are shown and results are given in both graphical and tabular form. The methods used in the experiment are fully documented, along with conclusions and recommendations for future research.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-137523
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  • 46
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    A description of model 3B of the multipurpose ventricular actuating system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The multipurpose ventricular actuating system is a pneumatic signal generating device that provides controlled driving pressures for actuating pulsatile blood pumps. Overall system capabilities, the timing circuitry, and calibration instruction are included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71570 , E-8009
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  • 47
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    Fabrication of neurophysiological monitoring systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system designed to collect electroencephalographic, electro-oculographic, electromyographic, and head motion data is described. The portable instrumentation provides a rapid and simple means by which neurophysiological data can be obtained by the patient in his home and the taped data returned to the laboratory for analysis. The system was designed primarily for the study of sleep.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2416
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  • 48
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    Manipulator system man-machine interface evaluation program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Application and requirements for remote manipulator systems for future space missions were investigated. A manipulator evaluation program was established to study the effects of various systems parameters on operator performance of tasks necessary for remotely manned missions. The program and laboratory facilities are described. Evaluation criteria and philosophy are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-120218 , H-4-3
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  • 49
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    Ride quality evaluation 1: Questionnaire studies of airline passenger comfort (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As part of a larger effort to assess passenger comfort in aircraft, two questionnaires were administered: one to ground-based respondents; the other to passengers in flight. Respondents indicated the importance of various factors influencing their satisfaction with a trip, the perceived importance of various physical factors in determining their level of comfort, and the ease of time spent performing activities in flight. The in-flight sample also provided a rating of their level of comfort and of their willingness to fly again. Comfort ratings were examined in relation to (1) type of respondent, (2) type of aircraft, (3) characteristics of the passengers, (4) ease of performing activities, and (5) willingness to fly again.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-139368 , MEMO-403214
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  • 50
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    Laboratory demonstration model: Active cleaning technique device (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The technique which utilizes exposure to a plasma to remove contaminants from a surface was incorporated into a laboratory model which demonstrates active cleaning by both plasma cleaning and ion sputtering modes of operation. The development phase is reported and includes discussion of the plasma tube configuration, device design, and performance tests. A general description of the active cleaning device is provided which includes information on the main power/plasma discharge sensors, and the power, gas supply, and ion accelerator systems. Development of the active cleaning species at high vacuum conditions is described and results indicate that plasma cleaning occurs in the region of a visible plume which extends from the end of the plasma tube. Recommendations are made for research to determine the plasma cleaning mechanism and the plasma species responsible for the cleaning, as well limitations on the type of contaminants that can be removed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-120292 , D180-18031-1
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  • 51
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    Clinical applications of angiocardiography (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several tables are presented giving left ventricular (LV) data for normal patients and patients with heart disease of varied etiologies, pointing out the salient features. Graphs showing LV pressure-volume relationships (compliance) are presented and discussed. The method developed by Rackley et al. (1964) for determining left ventricular mass in man is described, and limitations to the method are discussed. Some clinical methods for determining LV oxygen consumption are briefly described, and the relation of various abnormalities of ventricular performance to coronary artery disease and ischemic heart disease is characterized.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 52
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    Energy exchanges of swimming man (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three male swimmers underwent 10-min resting and 20-min swimming (breaststroke) exposures in a swimming flume. Water temperatures in separate exposures were 18, 26, and 33 C. At each water temperature the subjects rested and swam at water velocities of 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95 m/sec, which were designed to produce around 40, 70, and 100% of maximal aerobic power. Measurements were made of esophageal temperature, four skin temperatures, water temperature, heat flow from five local skin surfaces (Hatfield-Turner disks), and oxygen uptake. Calculations were made of mean area-weighted skin temperature and heat flow, metabolic rate, and heat storage. Internal body temperature changes after 20 min of swimming were related to water temperature, swimming intensity, and body composition.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 53
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    Effects of hypercapnia and bedrest on psychomotor performance (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two weeks of continuous exposure to simulated weightlessness (bedrest) and/or an elevated (30 torr) CO2 environment had no detrimental effect on complex tracking performance, eye-hand coordination, or problem-solving ability. These results were consistent with previously reported behavioral findings which investigated these two factors only as independent stressors.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AD-778501 , SAM-TR-73-338 , Aerospace Medicine; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 54
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    The effects of bedrest on crew performance during simulated shuttle reentry. Volume 2: Control task performance (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simplified space shuttle reentry simulation performed on the NASA Ames Research Center Centrifuge is described. Anticipating potentially deleterious effects of physiological deconditioning from orbital living (simulated here by 10 days of enforced bedrest) upon a shuttle pilot's ability to manually control his aircraft (should that be necessary in an emergency) a comprehensive battery of measurements was made roughly every 1/2 minute on eight military pilot subjects, over two 20-minute reentry Gz vs. time profiles, one peaking at 2 Gz and the other at 3 Gz. Alternate runs were made without and with g-suits to test the help or interference offered by such protective devices to manual control performance. A very demanding two-axis control task was employed, with a subcritical instability in the pitch axis to force a high attentional demand and a severe loss-of-control penalty. The results show that pilots experienced in high Gz flying can easily handle the shuttle manual control task during 2 Gz or 3 Gz reentry profiles, provided the degree of physiological deconditioning is no more than induced by these 10 days of enforced bedrest.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2367
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  • 55
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    Water vapor diffusion membranes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The program is reported, which was designed to define the membrane technology of the vapor diffusion water recovery process and to test this technology using commercially available or experimental membranes. One membrane was selected, on the basis of the defined technology, and was subjected to a 30-day demonstration trial.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-137545
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  • 56
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    The effect of simulator dynamics on pilot response (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of visual display dynamics on the altitude tracking performance of a subject in a fixed base flight simulator are considered. The subject, flying the linearized longitudinal equations of motion, attempts to maintain the same altitude as two airplanes positioned three hundred feet ahead, as in level formation flying. The horizon together with the two leading aircraft are represented symbolically on a CRT display. The subject's aircraft is disturbed by atmospheric turbulence. The data indicate a relationship between the bandwidth of the display dynamics and the short period characteristics of the simulated airplane. For an airplane with a relatively fast pitch response the presence of altitude display dynamics, with a bandwidth as high as five times the short period natural frequency, causes significant degradation of altitude tracking performance.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132459
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  • 57
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    The effects of bed rest on crew performance during simulated shuttle reentry. Volume 1: Study overview and physiological results (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A centrifuge study was carried out to measure physiological stress and control task performance during simulated space shuttle orbiter reentry. Jet pilots were tested with, and without, anti-g-suit protection. The pilots were exposed to simulated space shuttle reentry acceleration profiles before, and after, ten days of complete bed rest, which produced physiological deconditioning similar to that resulting from prolonged exposure to orbital zero g. Pilot performance in selected control tasks was determined during simulated reentry, and before and after each simulation. Physiological stress during reentry was determined by monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate. Study results indicate: (1) heart rate increased during the simulated reentry when no g protection was given, and remained at or below pre-bed rest values when g-suits were used; (2) pilots preferred the use of g-suits to muscular contraction for control of vision tunneling and grayout during reentry; (3) prolonged bed rest did not alter blood pressure or respiration rate during reentry, but the peak reentry acceleration level did; and (4) pilot performance was not affected by prolonged bed rest or simulated reentry.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7503 , A-5241-VOL-1
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  • 58
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    Evaluation of a Liquid Amine System for Spacecraft Carbon Dioxide Control (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The analytical and experimental studies are described which were directed toward the acquisition of basic information on utilizing a liquid amine sorbent for in use in a CO2 removal system for manned spacecraft. Liquid amine systems are successfully used on submarines for control of CO2 generated by the crew, but liquid amines were not previously considered for spacecraft applications due to lack of development of satisfactory rotary phase separators. Developments in this area now make consideration of liquid amines practical for spacecraft system CO2 removal. The following major tasks were performed to evaluate liquid amine systems for spacecraft: (1) characterization, through testing, of the basic physical and thermodynamic properties of the amine solution; (2) determination of the dynamic characteristics of a cocurrent flow absorber; and (3) evaluation, synthesis, and selection of a liquid amine system concept oriented toward low power requirements. A low weight, low power system concept was developed. Numerical and graphical data are accompanied by pertinent observations.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-137560 , AIRESEARCH-74-10178
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  • 59
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    The NASA firefighter's breathing system program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The research is reported in the development of a firefighter's breathing system (FBS) to satisfy the operational requirements of fire departments while remaining within their cost constraints. System definition for the FBS is discussed, and the program status is reported. It is concluded that the most difficult problem in the FBS Program is the achievement of widespread fire department acceptance of the system.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70343
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  • 60
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    Report on objective ride quality evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The correlation of absorbed power as an objective ride measure to the subjective evaluation for the bus data was investigated. For some individual bus rides the correlations were poor, but when a sufficient number of rides was used to give reasonable sample base, an excellent correlation was obtained. The following logarithmical function was derived: S = 1.7245 1n (39.6849 AP), where S = one subjective rating of the ride; and AP = the absorbed power in watts. A six-degree-of-freedom method developed for aircraft data was completed. Preliminary correlation of absorbed power with ISO standards further enhances the bus ride and absorbed power correlation numbers since the AP's obtained are of the same order of magnitude for both correlations. While it would then appear that one could just use ISO standards, there is no way to add the effect of three degrees of freedom. The absorbed power provides a method of adding the effects due to the three major directions plus the pitch and roll.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132738 , PTI-7412
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  • 61
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    Membrane humidity control investigation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic performance data on a hollow fiber membrane unit that removes water from a breathing gas loop by diffusion is presented. Using available permeability data for cellulose acetate, a preliminary design was made of a dehumidifier unit that would meet the problem statement.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140260 , AIRESEARCH-74-10255
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  • 62
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    Evaluation of the effects of one year's operation of the dynamic preferential runway system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The FAA introduced an experimental aircraft operations program at JFK Airport called the Dynamic Preferential Runway System (DPRS) in the summer of 1971. The program is designed to distribute air traffic as equally as possible over the surrounding communities, to limit periods of continuous overflight and to vary the same hours of overflight from day to day. After a full year's operation, an evaluation was made of the system's effectiveness. All of the operation's goals were moderately achieved with the greatest relief in reduced overflight afforded the most heavily impacted areas. Few residents, however, were aware of DPRS or felt that it had greatly reduced annoyance or represented a major effort by the aircraft authorities. Statistical analyses of reported annoyance obtained from two independent surveys in 1969 and 1972 reveal limited reductions in annoyance in 1972, with shifts from reported high annoyance to moderate annoyance.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140488
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    Membrane evaporator/sublimator investigation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data are presented on a new evaporator/sublimator concept using a hollow fiber membrane unit with a high permeability to liquid water. The aim of the program was to obtain a more reliable, lightweight and simpler Extra Vehicular Life Support System (EVLSS) cooling concept than is currently being used.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140261 , AIRESEARCH-74-10256
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  • 64
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    Modular liquid-cooled helmet liner for thermal comfort (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A modular liquid-cooled helmet liner made of eight form-fitting neoprene patches was constructed. The liner was integrated into the sweatband of an Army SPH-4 helicopter aircrew helmet. This assembly was tested on four subjects seated in a hot (47 C), humid (40%) environment. Results indicate a marked reduction in the rate of increase of physiological body functions. Rectal temperature, weight loss, heart rate, and strain indices are all reduced to approximately 50% of uncooled levels. The cooling liner removed from 10% to 30% of total metabolic heat produced. This study also demonstrated the technical feasilibity of using a cooling liner in conjunction with a standard hard helmet. Potential applications of the cooling liner in thermally stressful environments are numerous, notably for helicopter and other aircrews.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Sept
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  • 65
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    Value of exercise at one-half earth gravity in preventing the deconditioning effects of simulated weightlessness (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 66
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    Effects of an anti-G suit on the hemodynamic and renal responses to positive /+Gz/ acceleration (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of the currently used U.S. Air Force (CSU-12/P) anti-G suit on renal function during positive radial acceleration (+Gz) were assessed in seven normal male subjects in balance on a 200 meq sodium diet. Following suit inflation in the seated position, +2.0 Gz for 30 min resulted in a decrease in the rate of sodium excretion from 125 plus or minus 19 to 60 plus or minus 14 microeq/min, which persisted during a 25-min recovery period. Fractional excretion of sodium also decreased significantly during +Gz. The magnitude of the antinatriuresis was indistinguishable from that observed during +Gz without suit inflation. In contrast to the antinatriuresis observed during centrifugation without suit, however, the antinatriuresis with suit was mediated primarily by an enhanced tubular reabsorption of sodium.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; Mar. 197
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    Development and application of ride-quality criteria (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ride quality vibration criteria applicable to the design and evaluation of air and surface transportation systems are described. Consideration is given to the magnitude of vehicle vibration experienced by the passenger, the frequency of vibration, the direction of vibration measurements are presented for a variety of air and surface transportation systems. In addition, simulator data on seat dynamics and passenger response are presented. Results suggest the relative merits of various physical descriptors and measurement locations for characterizing the vibration in terms suitable for the design and/or evaluation of transportation systems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72008
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    Degradation of learned skills. Static practice effectiveness for visual approach and landing skill retention (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effectivess of an improved static retraining method was evaluated for a simulated space vehicle approach and landing under instrument and visual flight conditions. Experienced pilots were trained and then tested after 4 months without flying to compare their performance using the improved method with three methods previously evaluated. Use of the improved static retraining method resulted in no practical or significant skill degradation and was found to be even more effective than methods using a dynamic presentation of visual cues. The results suggested that properly structured open loop methods of flight control task retraining are feasible.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-140225 , D180-17876-1
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  • 69
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    Six-man, self-contained carbon dioxide concentrator system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A six man, self contained electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrating subsystem was successfully designed and fabricated. It was a preprototype engineering model designed to nominally remove 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) CO2/day with an inlet air CO2 partial pressure of 400 N/sq m (3 mm Hg) and an overcapacity removal capability of 12.0 kg (26.4 lb) CO2/day. The design specifications were later expanded to allow operation at space station prototype CO2 collection subsystem operating conditions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-114743 , LSI-ER-134-32
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  • 70
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    The development of a non-cryogenic nitrogen/oxygen supply system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A hydrazine/water electrolysis process system module design was fabricated and tested to demonstrate component and module performance. This module is capable of providing both the metabolic oxygen for crew needs and the oxygen and nitrogen for spacecraft leak makeup. The component designs evolved through previous R and D efforts, and were fabricated and tested individually and then were assembled into a complete module which was successfully tested for 1000 hours to demonstrate integration of the individual components. A survey was made of hydrazine sensor technology and a cell math model was derived.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134390 , LMSC-D401948
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  • 71
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    Effects of noise upon human information processing (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Studies of noise effects upon human information processing are described which investigated whether or not effects of noise upon performance are dependent upon specific characteristics of noise stimulation and their interaction with task conditions. The difficulty of predicting noise effects was emphasized. Arousal theory was considered to have explanatory value in interpreting the findings of all the studies. Performance under noise was found to involve a psychophysiological cost, measured by vasoconstriction response, with the degree of response cost being related to scores on a noise annoyance sensitivity scale. Noise sensitive subjects showed a greater autonomic response under noise stimulation.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132469
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  • 72
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    Vacuum distillation/vapor filtration water recovery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development and evaluation of a vacuum distillation/vapor filtration (VD/VF) water recovery system are considered. As a functional model, the system converts urine and condensates waste water from six men to potable water on a steady-state basis. The system is designed for 180-day operating durations and for function on the ground, on zero-g aircraft, and in orbit. Preparatory tasks are summarized for conducting low gravity tests of a vacuum distillation/vapor filtration system for recovering water from urine.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-120303
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  • 73
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    Environmental criteria for human comfort. A study of the related literature (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The data presented has for the most part been extracted from existing in-house and memoranda reports. The variables considered are motion, noise, temperature and pressure. The report is broken down into chapters for each of the environmental variables and criteria proposed based on the existing literature.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132424 , BE-4088-101-74
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  • 74
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    Summer Institute in Biomedical Engineering, 1973 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Bioengineering of medical equipment is detailed. Equipment described includes: an environmental control system for a surgical suite; surface potential mapping for an electrode system; the use of speech-modulated-white-noise to differentiate hearers and feelers among the profoundly deaf; the design of an automatic weight scale for an isolette; and an internal tibial torsion correction study. Graphs and charts are included with design specifications of this equipment.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-138462 , X-207-74-103
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  • 75
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    Ride quality - An exploratory study and criteria development (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Langley six degree of freedom visual motion simulator has been used to measure subjective response ratings of the ride quality of eight segments of flight, representative of a wide variation in comfort estimates. The results indicate that the use of simulators for this purpose appears promising. A preliminary approach for the development of criteria for ride quality ratings based on psychophysical precepts is included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71922 , L-9296
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  • 76
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    Skylab medical technology utilization (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: To perform the extensive medical experimentation on man in a long-term, zero-g environment, new medical measuring and monitoring equipment had to be developed, new techniques in training and operations were required, and new methods of collecting and analyzing the great amounts of medical data were developed. Examples of technology transfers to the public sector resulted from the development of new equipment, methods, techniques, and data. This paper describes several of the examples that stemmed directly from Skylab technology.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-175 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 77
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    Skylab biomedical hardware development (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of hardware to support biomedical experimentation and operations in the Skylab vehicle presented unique technical problems. Designs were required to enable the accurate measurement of many varied physiological parameters and to compensate for zero g such that uninhibited equipment operation would be possible. Because of problems that occurred during the orbital workshop launch, special tests were run and new equipment was designed and built for use by the first Skylab crew. Design concepts used in the development of hardware to support cardiovascular, pulmonary, vestibular, body, and specimen mass measuring experiments are discussed. Additionally, major problem areas and the corresponding design solutions, as well as knowledge gained that will be pertinent for future life sciences hardware development, are presented.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-174 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 78
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    Skylab food system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Skylab food program was a major effort involving a complex spectrum of activities necessary for the preparation of a crew feeding system. Approximately 17,000 individual food packages and support items, weighing more than 1225 kg, were launched into space as a single unit on board the orbital workshop. This unit provided the three (three-man) Skylab crews with nourishing foods and beverages for a total of 156 days, as well as with eating utensils and accessory items. Additionally, provisions for 5 days (15 man-days) were provided in each of the three command and service modules in a manner similar to that of the Apollo flights. The Skylab food system not only provided the crew with a palatable balanced diet in a familiar and acceptable manner but also supported the formidable mineral balance medical experiment series (M070).
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-173 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 79
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    Skylab Experiment T020 preliminary results concerning a foot-controlled maneuvering unit (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Skylab Experiment T020 was developed to study the performance capabilities of astronauts using a relatively simple device maneuvering in an actual zero gravity environment. The experimental test bed, used as the maneuvering unit, employed foot-operated controls for translation along only the vertical or head-to-foot axis and for rotation about all three axes. The control thrusters were operated by direct mechanical linkage to the foot controls, and no stabilization system was employed. The results showed that subjects could successfully perform a number of relatively simple maneuvers but had some difficulties with unplanned or unrehearsed maneuvers of a more complex nature. Precise maneuvering within the confines of the orbital workshop was limited primarily by an inadequate body-restraint harness system and by lack of translation capability along the other two axes.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-138 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 80
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    Design, fabrication and acceptance testing of a zero gravity whole body shower (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent research and development programs have established the ability of the zero gravity whole body shower to maintain a comfortable environment in which the crewman can safely cleanse and dry the body. The purpose of this program was to further advance the technology of whole body bathing and to demonstrate technological readiness including in-flight maintenance by component replacement for flight applications. Three task efforts of this program are discussed. Conceptual designs and system tradeoffs were accomplished in task 1. Task 2 involved the formulation of preliminary and final designs for the shower, while task 3 included the fabrication and test of the shower assembly. Particular attention is paid to the evaluation and correction of test anomalies during the final phase of the program.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-51 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 81
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    Silver ion bactericide system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Description of a preliminary flight prototype system which uses silver ions as the bactericide to preserve sterility of the water used for human consumption and hygiene in the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The performance of silver halide columns for passively dosing fuel cell water with silver ions is evaluated. Tests under simulated Orbiter mission conditions show that silver ion doses of 0.05 ppm are bactericidal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Type IIIa, the two bacteria found in Apollo potable water systems. The design of the Advance Prototype Silver Ion Water Bactericide System now under development is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-49 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 82
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    An evaluation of Orbital Workshop passive thermal control surfaces (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The optical properties of selected Orbital Workshop thermal control surfaces are discussed from the time of their installation through the end of the Skylab missions. The surfaces considered are the goldized Kapton tape on the habitation area sidewall, the S-13G white paint on the Workshop aft skirt, and the multilayer insulation system on the forward dome of the habitation area. A quantitative assessment of the effects of exposure to the ascent and orbital environments is made including the effects of rocket exhaust plume contamination. Although optical property degradation of the external surfaces was noted, satisfactory thermal performance was maintained throughout the Skylab missions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-39 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 83
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    Life support subsystem monitoring instrumentation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The recognition of the need for instrumentation in manned spacecraft life-support subsystems has increased significantly over the past several years. Of the required control and monitoring instrumentation, this paper will focus on the monitoring instrumentation as applied to life-support subsystems. The initial approach used independent sensors, independent sensor signal conditioning circuitry, and independent logic circuitry to provide shutdown protection only. This monitoring system was replaced with a coordinated series of printed circuit cards, each of which contains all the electronics to service one sensor and provide performance trend information, fault detection and isolation information, and shutdown protection. Finally, a review of sensor and instrumentation problems is presented, and the requirement for sensors with built-in signal conditioning and provisions for in situ calibration is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-25 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 84
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    Development of a filter regeneration system for advanced spacecraft fluid systems (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of a filter regeneration system for efficiently cleaning fluid particulate filters is presented. Based on a backflush/jet impingement technique, the regeneration system demonstrated a cleaning efficiency of 98.7 to 100%. The operating principles and design features are discussed with emphasis on the primary system components that include a regenerable filter, vortex particle separator, and zero-g particle trap. Techniques and equipment used for ground and zero-g performance tests are described. Test results and conclusions, as well as possible areas for commercial application, are included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-18 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 85
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    Algebraic reconstruction of spatial distributions of acoustic absorption within tissue from their two-dimensional acoustic projections (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: International Symposium on Acoustical Holography and Imaging; Jul 18, 1973 - Jul 20, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 86
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    Carbon wastewater treatment process (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new powdered-carbon treatment process is being developed for the elimination of the present problems, associated with the disposal of biologically active sewage waste solids, and with water reuse. This counter-current flow process produces an activated carbon, which is obtained from the pyrolysis of the sewage solids, and utilizes this material to remove the adulterating materials from the water. Additional advantages of the process are the elimination of odors, the removal of heavy metals, and the potential for energy conservation.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-46 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 87
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    The potable water system in Skylab (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Description of the medical requirements, development, system operation, and in-flight performance of the Skylab potable water system. Emphasized is the description of the unique features involving new space-flight concepts, procedures, and design incorporated in Skylab. The water supplied to the three Skylab missions was preloaded in stainless-steel tanks. These tanks were fitted with positive expulsion stainless-steel bellows. In-flight iodination of the water, for bacterial control, was accomplished as required. An in-flight bactericide monitor was used periodically to determine the level of bactericide in the water. Prior to the delivery of the water to the crewmen for consumption, the water was passed through a cation exchange resin for metallic ion removal and then heated for food reconstitution or chilled for drinking.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-17 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
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  • 88
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    Skylab medical operational support (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: To support the medical research and the maintenance of crew health during the three Skylab missions, a medical operational support team was organized. The functions of this team ranged from medical data management to medical systems engineering monitoring during the flights. The capability to expand preflight and postflight medical research and analysis was supplied through the use of the Skylab mobile laboratories. These mobile laboratories were not only capable of being transported to the recovery ship for postflight use, but also served as a preflight test area for gathering crewman baseline data. The laboratories contained experiment hardware identical to that of the flight orbital workshop and a laboratory diagnostic facility that duplicated many of the capabilities of ground-based clinical laboratories.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-177 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 89
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    Skylab experiment M509: Astronaut maneuvering equipment - Orbital test results and future applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-137 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 90
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    Skylab extravehicular activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of extravehicular activity (EVA) techniques during the Skylab program for accomplishing major mission objectives and major and minor repair work outside the Skylab workshop is discussed. There were ten EVA periods during Skylab that lasted 82.5 man-hr. Accomplishments included those planned before the mission; but, more important, the Skylab mission was saved by EVA. The life-giving solar wing was erected during the first manned Skylab mission, and the permanent solar shield was erected during the second manned Skylab mission. In addition, 18 extra mission objectives and 13 in-flight repair tasks were accomplished through EVA during the Skylab missions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-120 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 91
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    Investigation of crew motion disturbances on Skylab-Experiment T-013 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Astronaut crew motions can produce some of the largest disturbances acting on a manned spacecraft which can affect vehicle attitude and pointing. Skylab Experiment T-013 was developed to investigate the magnitude and effects of some of these disturbances on the Skylab spacecraft. The methods and techniques used to carry out this experiment are discussed, and preliminary results of data analysis presented. Initial findings indicate that forces on the order of 300 N were exerted during vigorous soaring activities, and that certain experiment activities produced spacecraft angular rate excursions 0.03 to 0.07 deg/sec. Results of Experiment T-013 will be incorporated into mathematical models of crew-motion disturbances, and are expected to be of significant aid in the sizing, design, and analysis of stabilization and control systems for future manned spacecraft.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-139 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 92
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    Design, development, and operation of a zero gravity shower (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The high mission penalty associated with water and electrical power usage constrained the shower configuration concept for the Skylab project to a procedure in which water is sprayed on the body to wet down and soaping is accomplished without water flow. The soap is then finally rinsed off. Initial concept confirmation tests are discussed along with details of the flight shower configuration, the shower water bottle, the shower stall assembly, the liquid-gas separator, the collection box and bag assembly, the hydrophobic filter assembly, and the soap dispenser. Aspects of microbial evaluation of flight qualification hardware are also considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-136 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 93
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    Skylab EVA system development (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Skylab EVA hardware design from initial conceptual development to final flight configuration is reviewed, the major concepts which were considered during design evolution are identified, and the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of these concepts are discussed. Man/system simulations played a vital part in the decision-making process. The types of developmental simulation used are discussed, as well as their role in providing design information. The developmental protocol of interleaving analyses and simulations on an iterative basis provided Skylab with a conservative, flexible, and simple EVA system which was effective not only for the nominal mission but for many contingency activities as well.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-121 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 94
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    The Manned Spacecraft Center and medical technology (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A number of medically oriented research and hardware development programs in support of manned space flights have been sponsored by NASA. Blood pressure measuring systems for use in spacecraft are considered. In some cases, complete new bioinstrumentation systems were necessary to accomplish a specific physiological study. Plans for medical research during the Skylab program are discussed along with general questions regarding space-borne health service systems and details concerning the Health Services Support Control Center.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: User-Developer Conference on Health Care Systems; Nov 21, 1972 - Nov 22, 1972; Dallas, TX
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  • 95
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    Helicopter flight investigation to determine the effects of a closed-circuit TV on performance of a precision sling-load handling task (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Helicopter sling-load operations have been limited during hover and low-speed flight by the degree of precision achieved by the pilot/helicopter/sling-load combination. Previous attempts to improve precision have included stabilization of the load and helicopter and the addition of a pilot station directly facing the load. In these tests, use of a closed-circuit TV as a display that would permit sling-load delivery and placement by the forward-facing pilot was evaluated using a CH-54B helicopter. In all, three test cases were documented, which included the following: (1) forward-facing pilot using the TV display, (2) forward-facing pilot using verbal commands from a load-facing observer, and (3) aft-facing pilot using direct visual cues. The results indicate that a comparable level of performance was achieved for each test case; however, an increase in pilot workload was noted when the TV system was used.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AHS PREPRINT 862 , Annual National V/STOL Forum; May 07, 1974 - May 09, 1974; Washington, DC
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  • 96
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    An evaluation of Skylab habitability hardware (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: For effective mission performance, participants in space missions lasting 30-60 days or longer must be provided with hardware to accommodate their personal needs. Such habitability hardware was provided on Skylab. Equipment defined as habitability hardware was that equipment composing the food system, water system, sleep system, waste management system, personal hygiene system, trash management system, and entertainment equipment. Equipment not specifically defined as habitability hardware but which served that function were the Wardroom window, the exercise equipment, and the intercom system, which was occasionally used for private communications. All Skylab habitability hardware generally functioned as intended for the three missions, and most items could be considered as adequate concepts for future flights of similar duration. Specific components were criticized for their shortcomings.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-135 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 97
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    Skylab Experiment M487 - Habitability/Crew Quarters (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It was the purpose of Experiment M487, Habitability/Crew Quarters, to evaluate the effectiveness of the habitability provisions of Skylab for the benefit of designers of future spacecraft. Some of the more interesting findings in the areas of internal environment, architectural arrangements, mobility and restraint aids, food, clothing, personal hygiene, housekeeping, communication between crewmen, and off-duty activities equipment are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-133 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 98
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    Skylab Experiment M516 - Crew Activities/Maintenance Study (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Skylab required daily movement about the interior of a 340 cu m vehicle and the handling and transfer of numerous loose items. Planned and unplanned maintenance tasks were also included in the daily routine of activity. Experiment M516, Crew Activities/Maintenance Study, involved an investigation of crew activity during routine daily operations. The overall objective was to secure in-flight data relevant to the performance of tasks in the weightless environment. This paper will present an evaluation of man's ability to handle and transport items of various sizes and masses (logistics management) and to make equipment repairs (maintenance). Results and conclusions are based on subjective crew comments, motion-picture film, and television transmissions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-134 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 99
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    Skylab contamination control (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The optical contamination control systems of Skylab are reviewed, covering contamination sources, critical elements, flight hardware configuration, contamination monitoring sensors, mathematical contamination prediction models, contamination cloud and deposition models, and hardware implementation. Also considered are supportive contamination tests, contamination mission support activities, Skylab contamination evaluation, contamination measurement experiments, and the effectiveness of contamination control measures. Sources of contamination are identified, Skylab system susceptibility to contamination is determined, and predictions are made for surface contamination deposition and background brightness levels. Mission evaluation results indicate that, barring anomalous conditions, Skylab mission equipment and activities are adequate to reduce the general contamination level to the sensitivity threshold levels for experiments and affected subsystems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-110 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 100
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    An automated water iodinating subsystem for manned space flight (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Controlling microbial growth by injecting iodine (l2) into water supplies is a widely acceptable technique, but requires a specialized injection method for space flight. An electrochemical l2 injection method and l2 level monitor are discussed in this paper, which also describe iodination practices previously used in the manned space program and major l2 biocidal characteristics. The development and design of the injector and monitor are described, and results of subsequent experiments are presented. Also presented are expected vehicle penalties for utilizing the l2 injector in certain space missions, especially the Space Shuttle, and possible injector failure modes and their criticality.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-ENAS-54 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 29, 1974 - Aug 01, 1974; Seattle, WA; US
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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