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  • Organic Chemistry  (8,455)
  • Chemical Engineering  (4,390)
  • 1980-1984  (6,002)
  • 1970-1974  (5,209)
  • 1925-1929  (1,634)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity of polypropylene oxide solutions over the entire concentration range (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An empirical equation is presented which describes polymer solution viscosity, η, over the entire concentration range from a knowledge of intrinsic viscosity, [η], Huggins constant, k′, and bulk flow viscosity of polymer, η0. The equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\eta _{sp}}}{{C[\eta]}} = \exp \left\{{\frac{{{\rm k'[}\eta {\rm]C}}}{{1 - bC}}} \right\} $\end{document} where solution viscosity, η, is contained in ηsp. No arbitrary parameters are invoked since b can be evaluated at bulk polymer (C = polymer density) where everything else is known. The equation accurately portrays the viscosity of polypropylene oxide (PPG 2025) from infinite dilution to bulk polymer in a very good solvent (benzene) and in a somewhat poorer (∼ θ) solvent (methylcyclohexane). The hydrodynamic consequences of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent are reflected in the constants. This equation should be applicable to other polymer/solvent systems, and thus be immediately useful to those working with concentrated polymer solutions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entrance flows of polymeric materials: Pressure drop and flow patterns (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 24-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow at the entrance of a tube or channel is of interest in many polymer processes. Except for mathematical treatments at high Reynolds numbers and in creeping Newtonian flow, one must turn to empirical correlating equations and qualitative observations. These are discussed in two parts, one on pressure drop and the other on flow patterns. The discussion of pressure drop is largely a review, dealing with inertial, viscous, and elastic contributions to the pressure drop in tapered and sharp-edged entrances; also presented are new data for a viscoelastic polymer solution in tapered cone entrances. In the section on flow patterns, stress birefringent data for a very elastic solution flowing into a channel entrance show an unusual effect: stress discontinuities, not unlike “shock waves,” upstream and downstream of the entrances. This is in contrast to Newtonian and less elastic materials in which the stress patterns change gradually between the developed flow region and the entrance region.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compression, bending, and shear of bonded rubber blocks (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 48-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approximate theoretical treatment is given for small compressions of bonded rubber blocks. The component of the compressive force arising from the bonded condition at the loaded surfaces is obtained from a pressure distribution within the block, given by the solution of the corresponding torsion problem. The bending of blocks is treated in a similar way, the pressure distribution in this case being derived from the corresponding bending stress function. The apparent shear of relatively thick blocks is then treated as a combination of shear and bending displacements. The location of an internal rupture and the deformation at which it occurs are also derived from a critical (negative) value of the pressure developed within the block, at which a small cavity increases indefinitely in size. The corresponding critical deformations are calculated for extension and bending displacements. The shear stresses developed at the bonded surfaces under extension, compression or bending displacements are also evaluated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheology of polypropylene - the influence of molecular weight distribution on melt elasticity (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by means of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, can be characterized only by molecular weight distribution. The mechanism of stereospecific catalysis eliminates other variables, i.e., short and long branching. In this case it is possible to develop a rheological study dependent only by polydispersity. The spectrum of relaxation times of five samples of polypropylene have been calculated from swelling measurement in the molten state and from flow master curves. The molecular weight distribution of the samples has been calculated by means of the relaxation spectrum, as suggested by Ferry. This information has been compared with that obtained by a fractionation method. There is a good agreement between the calculated and measured polydispersity curves.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Description of tensile failure of viscoelastic materials under multiaxial loadingWork Performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description of tensile failure of polymeric materials under multiaxial loading has been formulated, based on a combination of ideas and implications derived from Smith's work on uniaxial tensile failure envelopes and the author's earlier theoretical work. Some simplification of the formal expressions was achieved by imposing restrictions that would assure that the uniaxial failure envelope is recovered under uniaxial tensile stress conditions and that the progression toward failure is monotonically increasing under monotonically increasing loads. The final result emerges as an extension of the uniaxial failure envelope applied to failure under multiaxial loads. Subsequently, the result is capable of describing rate effects to the same extent as can be described by the uniaxial failure envelope. This is an added capability over many of the existing multiaxial failure descriptions. Unfortunately, the result applied at best, only to those materials for which the uniaxial failure envelope applies; thus the generality is restricted. Some preliminary verification is presented for LX-04-1, a high-explosive material composed of 85% HMX and 15% Viton by weight, using Peterman's results from 68°F biaxial tests. Further experimental work is underway.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of ultraviolet degradation and stabilization in plasticsPaper presented at Plastics Institute of American Seventh Annual Conference, November 6, 1969, Hoboken, N. J. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 228-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When plastics are used for outdoor applications, they often deteriorate fairly rapidly. Theoretical explanation is based upon absorption of ultraviolet energy, raising some bonds to an energy level which exceeds their stability, and thus initiating their breakdown, usually involving atmospheric oxidation and sometimes hydrolysis as well. This theory is satisfactory for many polymers, but does not explain the instability of some polymers which are transparent to ultraviolet, nor the stability of some polymers which contain ultraviolet-absorbing and/or unstable groups. Plastics are often stabiliized by addition of ultraviolet reflectors, absorbers, or deactivators, increasing stability sufficiently for outdoor use; theoretical explanation of their protective action is satisfactory when they work, but does not explain their specificity or their failures.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100408
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing and residence time distribution in melt screw extruders (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The residence time distribution (RTD) functions were derived for screw extruders, based on the “parallel plate” and curved channel flow models. The results indicate a relatively narrow distribution, and they explain several characteristics of screw extruders. The strain distribution in the fluid across the channel was also derived. With the aid of these two functions an average strain of the fluid leaving the extruder was defined. The resulting weighted-average total strain (WATS) provides a quantitative criterion to the “goodness of mixing” in extruders.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100505
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel sensitivity of polybutadiene-based rubber subjected to thermal abuse (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal instability of polybutadiene-based rubber used to improve the impact strength of vinyl-type polymers often presents processing problems. Rubber manufacturers have attempted to alleviate this situation by incorporating various types of stabilizers. However, this is not always successful. One of the consequences of using a rubber that is not sufficiently stable in the production of modified vinyl-type polymers is the formation of insoluble gel particles during processing. In an attempt to prevent this from occurring, a test was developed that can differentiate between rubbers of acceptable and non-acceptable thermal stability. In principle, the test consists of exposing the rubber in question to a controlled thermal abuse of such intensity and duration as to approximate the thermal abuse to which the rubber will be subjected in a normal processing sequence. (The extent of abuse will vary for different processes and must be empirically established for each system.) Following this controlled exposure, the rubber is tested for gel-particle content by filtration of a specific solution, much the same way that the rubber manufacturer tests for initial gel-particle content. Sufficient data have been compiled to statistically describe the validity of the test.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The recent history of planar reinforced plastic resins, including glass flake, high modulus ceramic flake, and continuous vapor coated film composites, is reviewed. The theoretical mechanics of both continuous (film) and discontinuous (flake and ribbon) reinforcements are summarized in simple form. A novel set of design curves is presented from which the lower bound requirements for the flake composite constitutents may be read directly. At the same time, the dependence of the composite ultimate strength on the shear strength of the plastic resin matrix is demonstrated.The mechanical properties of experimental film and flake composites representative of recent work are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions. In conclusion, the potential of planar reinforced plastic resin composites is discussed and found to be significant for applications where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required, for example in aero-structural, airfoil, or blade components.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100310
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Torque rheometer evaluation of polypropylene process stability (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of treating torque rheometer test data has been developed. First, it involves converting the torque values measured over a range of temperatures to torques corresponding to a constant reference temperature. Then the log of the calculated torques is plotted against time. The method has been applied to several polypropylene grades, and the effects of numerous test variables have been explored. Correlations have been developed between torque rheometer data and fundamental polymer properties of viscosity and molecular weight. The method should also be applicable to polymers other than polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100405
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100501
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal kinetic studies using a thermomechanical analyzer II. Rates of penetration of a polymer by a spherical indenterPart I Begins on page 300 of this issue. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of penetration of a hemispherically-tipped probe into a material sample. Two amorphous copolymers were studied at various temperatures above their softening points. Kinetics of penetration are compared with tensile creep measurements for these viscoelastic materials. A simple semi-empirical relationship between creep and penetration at small strains is applied and found to yield approximate although not exact agreement with experiment. It is thus possible that for homogeneous materials of this type creep data might be easily predicted with a fair degree of accuracy from penetration data and vice versa. Experimental problems involved in the TMA penetration technique are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100509
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential thermal analysis using high frequency dielectric heating III. A mathematical model for predicting radial temperature gradients in the dielectric heating of polymersPart I of this series starts on page 57 and Part II, on page 64. (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 70-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed to predict radial temperature gradients in polymers during dielectric heating. The time-temperature model includes parameters for rate of dielectric heating, thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, surface coefficient of heat transfer, and sample radius. The application of this model was checked experimentally on a 2-in. cylinder of cured polyisoprene.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110112
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic melt properties of polymer blends (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of blends of polymer melts were measured using the orthogonal rheometer. Two-phase blends, polyethylene-polystyrene, polyethylene-poly-(methylmethacrylate), and polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate, were studied. The in-phase and out-of-phase moduli were measured over the range of composition and at frequencies between 10-4 and 10 revolutions/sec.The out-of-phase modulus increases in a monotonic manner with composition. The in-phase modulus, however, shows a maximum with composition in two cases. Examination of the relaxation spectra of these blends shows that when no maximum occurs it can be written as an additive function of the spectra of the components. In the case where a maximum is observed in the modulus the measured spectrum of the blend is shifted in frequency relative to the calculated one. This is tentatively attributed to slight interpretation and solubility of one phase in the other in these cases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100506
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of time and temperature on the mechanical behavior of epoxy composites (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A crosslinked epoxy resin consisting of a 60/40 weight ratio of Epon 815 and Versamid 140 and composites of this material with glass beads, unidirectional glass fibers and air (foams) were tested in tension, compression and flexure to determine the effect of time and temperature on the elastic properties, yield properties and modes of failure. Unidirectional continuous fiber-filled samples were tested at different fiber orientation angles with respect to the stress axis. Strain rates ranged from 10-4 to 10 in./in.-min and the temperature from -1 to 107°C.Isotherms of tangent modulus versus strain rate were shifted to form master modulus curves. The moduli of the filled composites and the foams were predictable over the entire strain rate range. It was concluded that the time-temperature shift factors for tangent moduli and the time-temperature shift factors for stress relaxation were identical and were independent of the type and concentration of filler as well as the mode of loading.The material was found to change from a brittle-to-ductile-to-rubbery failure mode with the transition temperatures being a function of strain rate, filler content, filler type and fiber orientation angle, indicating that the transition is perhaps dependent on the state of stress.In the ductile region, an approximately linear relationship between yield stress and log strain is evident in all cases. The isotherms of yield stress versus log strain rate were shifted to form a practically linear master plot that can be used to predict the yield stress of the composites at any temperature and strain rate in the ductile region. The time-temperature shift factors for yielding were found to be independent of the type, concentration and orientation of filler and the mode of loading. Thus, the composite shift factors seem to be a property of the matrix and not dependent on the state of stress. The compressive-to-tensile yield stress ratio was practically invariant with strain rate for the unfilled matrix, while fillers and voids raised this ratio and caused it to increase with a decrease in strain rate. The yield strain of the composites is less than the unfilled matrix and is a function of fiber orientation and strain rate.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110208
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inflation and compression of rubber tubes between parallel plates (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a thin-walled rubber tube containing an incompressible fluid is compressed between two parallel plates the internal pressure rise depends on the restraints in the contact regions. When there is no friction in the contact zone the pressure rise is lower than when slip is prevented, so that the tube, regarded as a spring, has a compression stiffness which depends on the frictional conditions. The same considerations apply to the inflation of a tube between fixed parallel plates. In this case unstable inflation sets in at a critical pressure when the interfaces are frictionless; the tube develops a pronounced bulge when this pressure is approached. Simple theoretical relations are derived for the internal pressure and compressive force for both these deformations, and for both boundary conditions, assuming that the rubber is Neo-Hookean in elastic behavior. Experimental measurements on tubes of different dimensions are shown to be in reasonably good quantitative agreement with these theoretical predictions in all cases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100609
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  • 17
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    Kinetics of thermally induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 364-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A diffusional model was established to study the kinetics of thermally-induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Diffusion through solid polymer is the rate controlling step when temperature is higher than 210°C and particle size is no smaller than 100 mesh. The activation energy is 30 Kcal/g mole. In polymerizing powders (20-200 mesh), the crystallinity of prepolymer and its changes during the polymerization affect the diffusivity and thus the polymerization rate. The diffusivity was found to be linearly proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous phase in PET polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100610
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  • 18
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    Radiotracer measurements of sulphur diffusion in rubbers (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The object of measurement was the diffusion of elemental sulphur labelled with the radioisotope S35 in typical representatives for various types of rubber. The highest values of diffusion coefficient have been found in cis 1,4 polybutadiene. The lowest measured value was found for butyl rubber. The activation energy, expressing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, ranges from 4 to 10 kcal mol-1. For some rubbers studied, the activation energy is to a certain degree dependent upon temperature. The values of the diffusion coefficients and the characteristic constants for their temperature dependence are related to the mobility of the macromolecular segments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100613
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  • 19
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    A theoretical melting model for plasticating extruders (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model for melting in plasticating extruders is described. Compared to previous models, this model introduces more accurate and less restrictive assumptions, adds a mass balance on the entire channel, and replaces certain approximate solutions by exact solutions. Flow of the solid bed is represented by a solid bed acceleration parameter, SBAP, which permits solid bed acceleration in a screw compression section. New experimental melting data for a variety of screw designs, polymers, and extruder sizes are presented and compared to the theoretical predictions. With the optimum SBAP, reasonably accurate model prediction of the melting profiles is observed for a wide variety of cases.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110313
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  • 20
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    Advances in instrumentation and technique of torsional pendulum and torsional braid analyses (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A torsional pendulum which operates throughout the temperature range  -  180° ⇄ +650°C, and permits the examination of specimens which conform to ASTM standard D2236 is reported. The same apparatus is used for torsional braid analyses for which a composite specimen is prepared by impregnating a multifilament glass braid with a solution of polymer and thermally removing the solvent. A linear-with-angle no-drag optical transducer which employs the linear transmission region of a pair of polarizers is described. The apparatus has been used for examining thermo-hysteresis effects in polymers. Hysteresis can arise in polymers from physical time-dependent phenomena such as crystallization ⇄ fusion, dry atmosphere ⇄ water vapor, annealing ⇄ cracking, and from chemical reactions. Thermally-induced chemical reactions can be regulated so as to freeze out preferentially longer range relaxations, thereby extending the glassy state behavior to higher temperatures. A comparison of the thermomechanical behavior of a commercially available polyimide film and of a polyimideforming varnish is reported using torsional pendulum and torsional braid analyses.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110406
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  • 21
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    Stress-time superposition of creep data for polypropylene and coupled glass-reinforced polypropylene (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass-reinforced thermoplastics are being considered in many structural applications and fabricators require design information on these materials. Basic creep data are, in many cases, the most useful for design purposes. The work reported here concerns the development of methods of increasing our efficiency in generating creep data. The methods developed are applicable to polypropylene and coupled, glass-reinforced polypropylene. A stress-time superposition procedure has been found valid for extending creep data generated on coupled glass-reinforced polypropylene at several glass levels and at temperatures of 23 and 80°C.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110308
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    An experimental study of plasticating in a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were performed with low density polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers and on polyvinyl chloride to elucidate the nature of the plasticating process in a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine. Melting data, obtained by use of the “cooling experiment,” and plastic temperature data reveal that the screw recharge process is a transient plasticating extrusion process which gradually approaches the equilibrium extrusion behavior as the screw rotates. If the screw rotation time is a high percentage of the total cycle time, the plasticating behavior is very similar to steady-state extrusion behavior, but if the screw rotation time is a small percentage of the total cycle time, the plasticating behavior is significantly different. Furthermore, better plasticating is obtained by use of a low RPM and high percentage rotation time than by a high RPM and low percentage rotation time.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    Certain effects of melt-shearing and cooling on the stress-strain behavior of thermoplastic elastomers (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The peculiar behavior of thermoplastic elastomers in molding suggested that the processing steps (mainly shearing) to which the material had been submitted had a great influence on the morphology. Experiments were carried out on two polysstyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene elastomers. The effects of melt-shearing and cooling were examined both by mechanical testing and low angle X-ray scattering. Melt-shearing creates a marked morphological anisotropy but a form of annealing can occur at sufficiently high temperatures.
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    Characterization of polymer composites by electron microprobe analysis (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the use of an electron microprobe for characterizing filler and polymer dispersios in polymer composites. Examples described are: filler distribution in sisal reinforced polyester; aggregation of titanium dioxide in glassreinforced polyester; mixing behavior in a blend of silicone rubber, natural rubber, and titanium dioxide; and distribution of silica in a low-gloss paint on an ABS plastic surface. The limitations of electron microprobe analyses for qualitative and quantitative studies, the use of back scattered electrons for surface topography, and techniques for preparing specimens are mentioned.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120106
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    Masthead (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760110501
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    A theoretical melting model for a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model for the transient melting behavior in a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine is proposed. The model is based on a steady state extrusion model, Neumann's melting problem, and a heuristic postulate for the transient behavior. The model predictions are compared to experimental melting data for low density polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers and polyvinyl chloride for a variety of operating conditions and two screw designs. A useful degree of correlation is demonstrated for all experimental cases.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    A study of polymer melt flow instabilities in extrusion (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 385-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study is carried out to elucidate the melt fracture mechanism. For the study, the electrical outputs of the melt pressure transducers, mounted on the wall of a circular tube, are recorded on a Sanborn recording system. It has been observed from this study that the wall pressures start to fluctuate prior to the inception of visible melt fracture. The frequency and amplitude of the excursion signals are increased as the shear rate is increased up to and beyond the critical value. This behavior has been observed for three polymer samples tested: polystyrene, high density polyethylene, and low density polyethylene. The fluctuations of wall pressures are interpreted as due to an irregular flow of polymer melts at the tube wall. It is further investigated to find the effects of the die entry angle of a capillary, and capillary length-to-diameter ratio on the critical shear rate. A correlation between exit pressure and shear stress has been found for polystyrene and low density polyethylene. It is found that at and above the critical stress, the exist pressure increases abruptly. This is interpreted to be a sudden change in the elastic properties of the materials above melt fracture since Han et al have shown that the exist pressure is a measure of the elastic properties.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Prospective photosensitization of photopolymerization systemsRead at Regional Technical Conference, “Photopolymers: Principles, Processes and Materials,” Mid-Hudson Section, Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc., Nevele Country Club, Ellenville, New York, October 15-16, 1970. Preprinted with a longer bibliography in Conference Papers. (1971)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (1971), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The current art for image-wise photopolymerization is reviewed and the prospective future developments are briefly assessed. Photomechanics, photoengraving, gravure, lithography, chromophores, dye sensitization, cyanine photopolymerization, bathochromy, and phototanning are covered. Primary photoprocesses, their sensitization by cyanines, Oster photopolymerization, photovinyls, diazo and diazido-sensitized systems, and secondary photoprocesses are discussed. A bibliography is provided.
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    Heat transfer to molten polymersThe author wishes to acknowledge the Society of Plastics Engineers for allowing the use of tabulated temperature and flow data that were published in Polym. Eng. Sci. The author further wishes to thank the Naval Research Laboratory for supporting the conduct and publication of this work. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 140-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The processing of polymers and other solids, such as waxes and acids, often requires the melting of a bulk or granular charge before its introduction into a process stream. Two approximate techniques for relating heat transfer and melting rates are presented here and the shielding effect of the melt formation is considered. The heat available for melting is sometimes remarkably decreased by the heat carried away by the flowing melt. Means are presented for quantitatively determining the shielding or sensible heat effect of the film. The thermal efficiency of the phase transformation process is discussed, and the effects of heat loss to both increased bulk temperature of the flowing melt and conduction in the solid are demonstrated. A comparison with experiment is made using temperature and melt flow data for polyethylene and polyoxymethylene. Heat transfer coefficients and melting correlations useful in practice are presented.
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    Polybutadiene/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) of polybutadiene (PB) and polystyrene (PS) were prepared using both random (containing 36% cis, 55% trans, and 9% 1,2 vinyl) PB and high-cis PB. For both series, a wide range of PB/PS compositions were synthesized. Using samples stained with osmium tetroxide, electron microscope studies revealed an irregular cellular structure of a few hundred Ångstrom diameter with the first component, PB, making up the cell walls. The size of the cells was found to depend on the PB crosslink density for the random materials. Modulus-temperature data revealed two distinct glass transitions, confirming the microscopy finding of two phases. However, the transition temperature and transition slope varied with composition, and with the microstructure of the polybutadiene, giving evidence of significant molecular mixing. Stress-strain data on the IPN's showed that materials rich in PB behave like self-reinforced elastomers. Charpy impact resistance experiments on materials rich in PS indicated values of 5 ft-lb/in. of notch, which compares well with graft-type polyblends of similar PB/PS composition. The results were interpreted in the light of the recent theoretical work of Bragaw, who considered the importance of the distances between domain boundaries with respect to crack acceleration mechanics. Although the IPN's considered herein exhibited somewhat less than the predicted optimum phase dimensions, the arrangement of the domains is different from ordinary impact resistant plastics.
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    Growth of fatigue cracks in polycarbonate (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rapid increase in the rate of application of thermoplastics in engineering design problems and the interest in the structural use of these materials have resulted in the requirement of comprehensive information about the behaviour of thermoplastics when subjected to cyclic loading conditions. In addition to the “total fatigue life” data already available for many materials, attempts have been made to analyse the crack initiation and steady crack growth processes and determine the effects of parameters such as mean load, frequency and crack geometry on the rate of crack propagation. The results of an investigation of these aspects of fatigue crack growth in a brittle thermoplastic, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), have already been reported. In this paper, the results of a test program devised to study the behaviour, at room temperature and in air, of a polycarbonate, (PC), under similar loading conditions, are presented. Fracture Mechanics concepts have been used to analyse the results. It was found that a relationship of the form ȧN = β λn already shown to predict the cyclic fatigue crack propagation rate in PMMA, is also applicable to polycarbonate. However, when the effects of frequency and loading rate were studied, it was found that after the magnitude of parameter K̇( = ΔK/half the periodic time) exceeded 4000 lbf in. -3/2 s-1, the influence of the mean level of stress intensity factor, Km, became negligible in comparison to the effect of ΔK.
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    Cold rolled ABS. Part 1: The effect of rubber particle size on the tensile properties of ABS before and after cold rollingPresented in part to the Polymer Division, The American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., September 1971. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of rubber particle size on the tensile properties of rolled and unrolled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene has been studied by considering model systems consisting of mixtures of a small particle (0.1 micron diam) rubber, S, and a large particle (0.56 micron diam) rubber, L, in an SAN matrix. Before rolling, tensile toughness is characterized by crazing. While both rubber induce matrix crazing, ABS systems containing only the S rubber exhibits early failure due to crack formation, before crazing is propagated very far along the tensile axis. The inefficiency of the small particle rubber is interpreted in terms of high composite yield stress and insufficient distance between particles to allow craze branching. The efficiency of the small particle rubber is improved via the addition of a small amount of large particle, L, rubber to the composite or by a slight degree of cold rolling, both of which enhance craze propagation in the tensile direction. With further rolling, the tensile deformation mode changes from one of localized crazing, which is propagated, to one of uniform deformation, which occurs without crazing.
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    Block and graft polymers their synthesis, especially by living polymer technique, and their properties (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The various structures encountered in block and graft polymers are reviewed and a nomenclature useful for the description of these macromolecules is proposed. The concept of living polymers is elucidated and its ramifications discussed. It is shown how greatly the control of polymerization and the uniformity of the products is improved when living polymers are used as the reagents. Their application in the synthesis of block and graft polymers is illustrated by numerous examples. Other synthetic techniques yielding block and graft polymers are briefly sketched, their advantages and shortcomings being considered. Properties of block and graft polymers are described, special attention being devoted to the problems of mesomorphic phases and to the morphology of block polymers. The incompatibility phenomena observed in block and graft polymer systems are compared with those encountered in studies of the polymeric blends.Finally, the present and future applications of block and graft polymers are considered and their potential evaluated.
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    The mechanical behavior of thermoplastic materials in the deep drawing process (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study presents a mechanical analysis of the deep drawing of thermoplastics in the glassy state. A theoretical stress analysis is conducted by applying principles of classical plasticity together with several assumptions. A simple model is presented relating drawing performance with the mechanical properties of the plastic measured under the conditions of the fabrication operation. An experimental procedure is described for evaluating the drawability of a plastic. Data on thirteen thermoplastics are used to demonstrate the applicability of the theory developed.
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    Uniaxial extension of polyvinyl chloride in the high-elastic state (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of true stress on the extension ratio of PVC threads has been determined for a wide range of extension rates. Since the polymer subjected to deformation was in the high-elastic state (at temperatures from 90 to 160°), the deformations were predominantly high-elastic. The dependence of true stress on the amount of high-elastic deformation is described by the Mooney-Rivlin equation.Relaxation moduli have been found on the basis of measurements of stress relaxation at constant deformation after various extension ratios were attained at different rates. Within the limits of deformation regimes at which the true stress is an increasing function of extension ratio the relaxation moduli do not depend on extension ratio and rate of extension. This enables one to arrive at a master curve of the relaxation modulus versus relaxation time with the reservation indicated above concerning the increasing character of the dependence of true stress on extension ratio. The relaxation spectrum represented by the high-elasticity plateau has been determined from the relaxation moduli according to the first approximation.The experimental data for a very wide range of deformation regimes and temperatures are presented in the form of an invariant dependence of the ratio of true stress to the rate of deformation on the product of deformation time by extension ratio.The ultimate strength of the specimens frozen rapidly after the attainment of definite extension ratios is determined by the accumulated high-elastic deformation.
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    The elastic, anelastic and plastic components of strain in the load-extension curve for bisphenol-A polycarbonateThis Material was presented at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., March 27-30, 1972. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 346-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A procedure has been developed for analyzing the elongation of a specimen in a tensile test for the elastic, anelastic, and plastic components of strain. The procedure was applied to bisphenol-A polycarbonate, which showed the division between the anelastic and plastic components to be justified and gave the following results. First, the elastic modulus was found to be essentially constant, independent of stress up to at least 7,000 psi. Second, the strain accumulated at the yield point was found to be mainly anelastic and recoverable with release of the stress. Third, plastic or non-recoverable strain was mainly accumulated only beyond the yield point. These latter two results suggest that anelasticity is important for ductility. The relatively large anelastic response at low stresses that contribute to the ductility of polycarbonate probably arises from both the large size of the moving segment and the large low temperature loss process.
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    Scanning electron fractography of lap-shear joints (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 40-45 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fracture surfaces of Epon 901/B-3 bonded aluminum alloy joints in the lap-shear configuration were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences in the appearance of the fracture surface from those reported (8) for tensile loaded joints at 23°C are produced either by cyclic loading at 23°C or a change in test temperature to -196°C. Fracture in tensile loaded joints at -196°C is a brittle single step process in the opening mode in which rapid crack extension occurs throughout the joint with very little adhesive flow. Tensile fatigue fracture at 23°C is in the opening mode but crack extension is complicated by extensive adhesive flow throughout the entire joint.
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    Evaluation of melt flow as a measure of low density polyethylene processability into blown films (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 459-463 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt capillary flow and extrudate swelling for low density polyethylenes (LDPE), differing in ease of heavy-duty, blownfilm extrusion, have been employed as processability criteria. LDPE of good processability is characterized by a unique combination of melt fluidity, temperature, shear rate dependence and melt elasticity. These characteristics of flow are correlated with LDPE film blowing process variables such as maximum take-up speed, film thickness scatter, and extruder temperatures profile. Intuitively, these melt flow criteria should be extended to Trouton's viscosity and the tensile strength of the melt. The limited development of the elongation viscometry techniques, however, has limited their application.
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    Effect of rubber particle size on deformation mechanisms in glassy epoxy (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When tested in tension, a cross-linked epoxy resin can be made to exhibit shear yielding. A modified von Mises criterion, τ = τ0 - μP describes the yielding behavior of the same resin under a biaxial stress system, indicating that the flow of the material is pressure sensitive.Butadien-acrylonitrile elastomer particles suspended in the cross-linked epoxy matrix induce large local deformations when the composite material is stressed. Particles a few hundred Angstroms in diameter cause the glassy matrix to exhibit shear banding, and the macroscopic failure envelope of such a system follows a modified von Mises criterion similar to that of the matrix resin. It was found that the coefficient of internal friction, τ, and the activation energy for yielding are approximately the same for the two cases. With larger particles (5-15,000 Å diam) the failure mode changes as shown by the macroscopic yield envelope and the associated activation energy. Electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces show microcavitation, similar to crazing around each particle; the deformed glassy polymer around each particle retracts upon heating the matrix above its Tg. The fracture surface work value of the unmodified matrix is 1.75 × 105 ergs/cm2. With 10 pph small particles, the value increases to 3.32 × 105 and with 10 pph of large particles, to 15.48 × 105 ergs/cm2.
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    Kinetics and thermal characterization of thermoset cure (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The differential scanning calorimeter (Perkin-Elmer DSC-1) is used to characterize the cure of a general-purpose polyester during isothermal and scanning experiments. The technique is based on a new proposed model for the kinetics of isothermal cure. The model yields results which are in good agreement with experimental isothermal rate of reaction and integral heat of reaction data. It also gives some information about the residual reactivity of the sample after an isothermal cure experiment. With the aid of the proposed kinetic model, it is possible to obtain integral heats of reaction and rates of heat generation at different temperatures during a scanning experiment. The difference between the rate of heat input to the sample and the heat of reaction at any instant during scanning may be used to calculate the specific heat of the sample at the same instant. Specific heat data show two maxima during each scanning experiment. These maxima may be associated with transitions occurring during cure in the melt and rubbery states.
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    Variables affecting parison diameter swell and their correlation with rheological parameters (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An important factor in the selection of blow molding resins for producing handled bottles is the effective diameter swell of the parison. Ideally, the diameter swell is directly related to the weight swell and would require no separate consideration. In actual practice, the existence of gravity, the finite parison drop time and the anisotropic aspects of the blow molding operation prevent reliable prediction of the parison diameter swell directly from the weight swell.The parison diameter swell is a complex function of the weight swell, the rate of swell and the melt strength. Elements of this function are presented which show the effect of extrusion rate, parison drop time and parison weight.A technique is presented which allows the estimation of local weight and diameter swell ratios. Their direct relationship is confirmed by data obtained on several blow molding resins. The relationship between weight swell and diameter swell is definitely anisotropic.A mathematical model for swell is proposed which incorporates experimentally determined rate constants and swell coefficients. Correlations are given which suggest fundamental relationships between these derived coefficients and basic variables such as resin properties or process conditions. The model's predictive capability is demonstrated by using it to back calculate parison dimensions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130212
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    The mechanical properties of high-density rigid polyurethane foams in compression: II. Yield behavior (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 72-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of rigid polyurethane foams of densities varying from 65 kg/m-3 to 400 kg/m-3 have been tested in compression as a function of rate and temperature. Two yield points are observed, the lower one being associated with the surface layers, the higher with the bulk of the material. The yield points may be predicted to a first approximation for the higher density foam using a model based on the buckling of a thinwalled cylinder.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140112
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    Chlorinated polyethylene modification of blends derived from waste plastics. Part II: Mechanism of modification (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 308-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous publications have shown that the stress-strain behavior, especially ductility, of some incompatible polymer blends are greatly improved by the addition of slurry produced chlorinated polyethylenes (CPE). This improvement is greatest for blends containing polyethylene and PVC. The most effective CPE's have some residual polyethylene crystallinity and may be described as block-like polymers with ethylene sequences and chlorine containing sequences. It is postulated that CPE addition improves the blend properties by increasing the adhesion between domains in the blend via interactions with the blend components. This hypothesis was explored by thermal analysis, dynamic mechanical testing, adhesion studies, and microscopy. It is concluded that the interaction of CPE with polyethylene derives from compatibility of rather long methylene sequences in CPE with the polyethylene which results in good adhesive bonding. The interaction of CPE with PVC may not be owing to segmental compatibility but simply good mutual adhesion between similar polar materials. There is no interaction or adhesion between CPE and polystyrene as would be expected. CPE addition to blends is accompanied by a decrease in component domain size. The relationship between CPE structure and its effectiveness as a blend modifier is discussed.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130411
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    Flow properties of poly (vinyl chloride) (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 322-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed review of the material published to date on the flow properties of poly(vinyl chloride) is given. The dependence of viscosity on concentration molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, shear and temperature for concentrated and molten poly (vinyl chloride) is considered. Polymer blends and plastisols are also included.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130503
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    Interpretation of the “melt strength” test (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 342-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The “melt strength” test for molten polymers is shown to be a function of several rheological parameters. Interpretation of results in terms of extensional viscosity differences is consequently not straightforward, if possible at all.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130505
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    Effect of an epoxidized novolac resin anhydride structure on the properties of resin (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of an epoxidized novolac resin cured with two homologous series of substituted succinic anhydrides (alkenyl and alkyl) have been determined and the effects of anhydride structure on properties have been evaluated. Substituted succinic anhydrides yield cured resins with lower strengths, lower heat distortion temperatures, and lower moduli. Use of substituted succinic anhydrides could broaden the range of application of alicyclic anhydrides to include those requiring a more flexible resin. Effects of specific elements of anhydride structure have been consistently interpreted from properties measurements and from aging and solvent resistance studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130507
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    The influence of crystallinity on the beta-transition in poly(vinyl chloride) (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 362-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of changes in crystallinity on the β-transition in poly(vinyl chloride) was studied by dynamic mechanical measurements of loss tangent (tan δ) and storage modulus (E′) over the temperature range -160° to 85°C. Four frequencies were covered, 3.5, 11, 35, and 110 Hz. The data presented demonstrate that crystallinity has a significant influence on the relaxation processes involved in the β-transition. The restrictions on segmental mobility imposed by crystallinity are most pronounced in the region between Tβ and Tg, with Tβ tending to shift to lower temperatures, Tg shifting to slightly higher temperatures, the magnitude of tan δ decreasing, and engineering tensile strength increasing. Our data also show that individual PVC resins have mechanical and physical properties which differ enough so that comparisons which are often made between them may be inconclusive. Moreover, the properties of one resin may be more sensitive to thermal treatment than those of another. We are continuing this study to establish correlations between the observed trends and other important mechanical properties such as impact strength, toughness, tensile, and compressive strength.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140510
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    Effect of fiber-matrix adhesion on the properties of short fiber reinforced ABS (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile strength, fracture energy, and impact strength of ABS reinforced with discontinuous crystalline fibers such as FybexDu Pont trademark. can be controlled by manipulating fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. In “good bonding” situations composite tensile strength, thermal expansion coefficient, and elastic moduli are significantly improved over the unfilled resin. The excellent impact strength of unreinforced ABS can be retained by lowering the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. This results in a corresponding reduction in the improvements in tensile and flexural strength. However, the elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficients are relatively insensitive to changes in adhesion. Consequently, a material with high modulus (〉500,000 psi), high Izod impact resistance (7.0 ft-lb/in.), and low expansion coefficient (3.0 × 10-5 in./in./°F) can be obtained. A material with this unique combination of properties should find use in large parts such as camper tops, truck grilles, and snowmobile bodies.Fiber-matrix adhesion was measured directly by an x-ray analysis technique which could be employed because of the fiber's crystallinity and unique growth habit. This independent measurement allowed a correlation between bonding and composite properties. The interfacial bond strength was manipulated by a variety of fiber coatings and resin additions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130603
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    Measurement of oxidation stability of polyolefins by thermal analysis (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is well known for measuring temperatures and heats of physical and chemical transitions in materials. Recent development work on improved stabilization systems for polyolefin wire insulations has required fast procedures for measuring the performance of stabilization systems. Isothermal DTA procedures have been developed into routine tools for measuring stability of polyolefins by determining the oxidative induction time at elevated temperatures.Oxidative induction time has been used to study the stability of polyethylene and polypropylene in raw material form and on wire. The dependence on temperature and antioxidant concentration have been measured. Effects of oxidation catalysts, catalyst deactivators and various environmental exposures are readily observed. Techniques and apparatus have been developed for simultaneous testing of a multiplicity of samples, providing for economical large scale use of the method.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130604
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    Stress-strain behavior of polychloroprene vulcanizates containing polymer-gel particles (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The equations of stress-strain of gel-filled polymer under large deformation were derived by using a simple model i.e. a sphere in a cubic matrix. The author finds for no adhesion between the phases: In case of perfect adhesion between the phases: where σ(α) is the stress of a blend at an elongation ratio of α, σR(α) the stress of a rubber matrix at α, σG(αG) the stress of a gel component at αG, σR (αR) the stress of a rubber matrix at αR, φ the volume fraction of gel. The validity of Eq 1 was shown for the polychloroprene vulcanizates containing polystyrene-gel which exhibits no adhesion with the polychloroprene matrix. This result shows the value of the model proposed here. The tensile strength of polychloroprene vulcanizates filled with polychloroprene-gel at break is discussed by the use of Eqs 2-4.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140212
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    Key indicators for plastics performance in consumer products (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two overriding characteristics for major applications of plastics in consumer products are: - the need for high volume production and - their exposure to hostile environments.Successful application and continued growth for plastics in these products requires knowledgeable prediction of performance in the process to produce the plastic part and in the environments to which it will be exposed during the product's lifetime. Progress on establishing relationships between material properties and structure are described with emphasis on response to melt process conditions and behavior when exposed to hostile environments.Commercial plastics and the processes by which they are converted into useful applications are complex systems. A multitude of interacting variables must be dealt with in order to achieve successful implementation in commercial products. Specific examples are discussed in the area of processing for non-Newtonian flow characteristics and overt effects in injection molding and extrusion, tailoring of polymers within established rheological limits and the influence of melt processing on physical and mechanical properties. The influence of application environments is discussed and specific examples are given for environmental stress cracking, stress-environment embrittlement and the effects of hot water solutions on polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140305
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    Flow visualization for injection molding of polyethylene and polystyrene melts (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 212-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow patterns have been observed during the injection molding of rheologically characterized low-density polyethylene and polystyrene melts under various molding conditions. Some studies of high-density polyethylene were also carried out. Various mold designs were included in the study and the flow patterns investigated under both isothermal and cold cavity wall conditions. In addition to investigating injection molding of single polymer melts, flow patterns in the sandwich molding of polyethylene and polystyrene were studied.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Time-temperature superpositioning of viscosity-time profiles of three high temperature epoxy resins (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemo-rheological behavior has been elucidated for three high temperature epoxy resins. Constant temperature and shear stress measurements were made on a modified Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. Curing behavior of various temperatures is unified by a time-temperature superposition method. The curing rate of one resin, Ferro E-293, is limited by the chemical reaction. The other resins, 3M PR-286 and PR-288, each have consecutively occurring reactions, both of which are diffusion limited. The chemo-rheological information obtained for these materials is used to model viscosity for compression molding of hand-laidup composites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140109
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    Masthead (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140201
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    The measurement of melt flow and melt stability (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 98-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow of a plastic as measured by the standard method (ASTM D-1238) is at a high enough stress so that the flow is non-Newtonian. If the die in the plastometer is replaced by a nonstandard, tapered die of large orifice, a lower stress can be used and the flows are shown to be comparable to Newtonian viscosities measured in a cone and plate rheometer. Under these conditions the plastometer can be used as a sensitive measure of the melt stability of a plastic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140204
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    The surface area of bulk poly(vinyl chloride) (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 120-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The porosity of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin particles produced in bulk polymerization is sensitive to polymerization conditions. Using scanning electron microscopy, 60μ spherical beads of PVC are shown to be composed of loosely packed 1μ spherical subparticles. This complex morphology is characterized by a variability in surface area. The surface area of bulk PVC materials can be measured by a chromatographic technique. The elution time of n-octane as a probe molecule on PVC packed columns is simply related to PVC surface area. At approximately constant particle size (measured by Coulter counter and optical microscopy), surface areas measured by argon adsorption are correlated to chromatographic elution times. The bulk density, plastisol viscosity and pore volume (from mercury penetration porosimetry) are determined and related to specific surface area.
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    Cold rolling of polymers 2. Toughness enhancement in amorphous polycarbonates (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cold rolling on the Izod impact strength of amorphous polycarbonates has been studied. The impact strength is a function of the roll reduction as well as the original sheet thickness. Sheets varying from 0.125 to 0.645 inches in thickness have been studied and roll reductions up to 50 percent have been utilized. It is shown that enhancement in impact strength occurs at very small percent roll reductions. The orientation release stress has been measured as a function of roll reduction and the internal stresses through the thickness of the sheets have been studied by birefringence methods. It is suggested that the residual stresses are responsible for impact enhancement rather than the molecular orientation.
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    Characterization of mechanical properties of thermoplastic films by creep measurements (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 702-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Plasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate/acrylate copolymer films were examined by isothermal creep at low loads measured at several temperatures from ∼Tg to Tg + 15°C. Viscosity calculated using η = σ/3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} was plotted vs temperature giving precise values for Tg based on a viscosity criterion of η = 1013 poises. Creep fracture data at various temperatures below Tg were interpreted using the maximum apparent viscosity measured at the minima of strain rate vs strain curves. Plots of ηmax VS stress at several temperatures gave values of ΔTg/Δσ of -1° to 2°C/106 N/m2 in agreement with treatment of ΔTg/Δσ based on free volume. Fracture occurred at low elongations when ηmax was ≥1013 poises, and at higher elongations when ηmax was 〈1013 poises supporting the concept that fracture is related to the lowering of Tg under stress. Plots of log σ VS log εb (the elongation at fracture) had the same form as that for crosslinked elastomers above Tg reported by T. L. Smith. Plots of log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document}b VS log εb also had the same form supporting proposals on the rate sensitivity of fracture.
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    Variable development response of resists using electron beam lithography: Methods and applications (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 538-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the manufacture of electronic devices for integrated circuits, reducing the number of resist steps is desirable for a variety of reasons. We describe some experiments on a process aimed at reducing the number of resist and registration steps in electron beam lithography. The process involves locally varying the electron dose in an electron sensitive resist (in this case poly[methyl methacrylate]) so that the different levels of exposure can be distinguished by subsequent developing. Reliable results have been achieved with three levels: (i)Strongly exposed (resist removed after short immersion in developer).(ii)Partially exposed or “metastable” (resist removed only after prolonged immersion in developer).(iii)Unexposed.In strongly exposed regions, operations such as etching may take place while using the metastable and unexposed regions to protect the workpiece. Subsequently, the metastable region may be developed for further processing.
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    Linear polycarboranesiloxanes (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 567-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Aspects of the present status of structure-property correlations for linear polycarboranesiloxanes which contain rigid carborane cages and flexible siloxane in-chain linkages are discussed. Low temperature secondary transitions, glass transitions, crystallization and melting transitions, and high temperature chemical transformations in inert and air atmospheres are emphasized. The linear polymers serve as the basis for new high-temperature elastomers.
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    Thermoforming conditions in transparent/opaque coextruded sheet (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 810-816 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processors have encountered processing problems in dealing with thermoforming co-extruded sheet where one layer is semitransparent to incident radiant energy of the heater banks and the other is opaque. An analysis of the radiant heating process shows that significant volumetric absorption of radiant energy takes place within the semitransparent sheet. From the model, it is shown that to minimize temperature excursions within laminated sheets (and thus reduce the tendency for delamination and blistering), heater banks should be programmed to cycle in an on-off mode with a rather short cycle period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141114
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    Effects of a fluid environment on the stiffness of polymers (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 831-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of an isopropanol environment on the deformation characteristics of copoly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been investigated. Creep tests were performed in tension and torsion both in air and in isopropanol. It was noted that accelerated rates of creep were encountered during the tensile tests in isopropanol as compared with air but no differences were noted during the torsion tests. An explanation is proposed that the greatly increased creep strains encountered in tension result from diffusion of the fluid into the polymer. The rate of diffusion is controlled by changes in the free volume which occur on application of uniaxial tensile stresses. The existence of the fluid molecules in the polymer matrix reduce its local creep resistance and produce swelling, both of which are manifested as increased creep strains. The fact that no effects were noted during torsion tests (where the free volume remains constant) or when an unstressed specimen was immersed in the fluid indicates that no significant absorption occurs at the equilibrium (unstressed) free volume.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Prediction of melt elasticity from viscosity data (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 859-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple method for predicting the primary normal stress function, θ, from viscosity data is proposed. A relation between θ and the viscosity function, θ, based on the Goddard-Miller rheological equation of state, is given. An easy-to-use generalized chart for estimating θ from θ is presented; in order to use this chart, viscosity data must be available from the zero-shear-rate value of the “power law region.” The method was applied to six polymer melts, three polymer solutions, and an aluminum soap solution for which θ had been measured experimentally. Even though θ varied by a factor of 103 over the examined range of shear rate, the theory and experiment seldom differed by more than a factor of 2. The generalized chart for θ was combined with Tanner's theory to prepare a graph which may be used to estimate jet swell from viscosity data. Comparison with experimental data of jet swell for 4 polymer melts shows good agreement.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141209
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    Thermodynamics of dissipative materials with entropic elasticity (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 730-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer solutions and melts can both dissipate mechanical energy in flow, as well as accumulate elastic energy. If the assumption is made that elastic energy can be accumulated only through a decrease of conformational entropy, the general thermodynamic theory for non-linear viscoelastic materials simplifies considerably. In particular, though no generality is lost as far as the constitutive equation for stress is concerned, the energy equation, which allows in principle a calculation of temperature distributions arising from frictional heating and heat removal, reduces to the usual form which is valid for viscous materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141012
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    Polymer surface reflectance-absorptance characteristics (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 717-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During an investigation of the time for ignition of polymeric materials under the influence of radiant heating, it was found that the polymer surface reflectance-absorptance characteristics were a major factor in the variance of the ignition times. A subsequent research study was made of the reflectance-absorptance characteristics of those polymers used in the ignition testing. Reflectance values were obtained over the wavelength of 0.3 to 2.5 microns using a double-beam Cary model 14 spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere reflectometer and over the wavelengths of 1.0 to 10.0 microns using a Gier-Dunkle Hohlraum with a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer. Absorptance values were obtained by means of Kirchoff's Law,Drawings and graphs are included which illustrate the test apparatus and type of data collected. A table of average absorptances of several polymers are given and listed according to the particular type of heat source used. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \alpha _\lambda + r_\lambda = 1 $$\end{document} Average absorptances of the polymers over the monochromatic wavelength span of the heat sources were calculated using the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \alpha _{{\rm av}} = \frac{{\int_{\lambda _1 }^{\lambda _2 } {\alpha _\lambda e_\lambda d\lambda } }}{{\int_{\lambda _1 }^{\lambda _2 } {e_\lambda {\rm d}\lambda}}} $$\end{document} Mathematical analyses were developed and are presented for both the integrating sphere reflectometer and Gier-Dunkle Hohlraum unit.Drawings and graphs are included which illustrate the test apparatus and type of data collected. A table of average absorptances of several polymers are given and listed according to the particular type of heat source used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141010
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    Heat distortion and mechanical properties of polymers by thermal-mechanical analysis (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 764-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer properties were measured as a function of temperature at 5 and 10°C per minute heating rates and as a function of time at constant temperature, using the Du Pont 940 thermal-mechanical analyzer. Data are reported on deflection temperature under load, vicat softening temperature, and creep properties. These results have been correlated with ASTM values. These tests require short times and are applicable to thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141105
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    The role of crystallite dimensions in mechanical and diffusion characteristics of uniaxially oriented polymers (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 778-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electron microscopy studies indicate that the microfibrils are a well defined element of many uniaxially oriented polymers. On the basis of these results it was inferred that the mechanical responses of uniaxially oriented polymers are similar to those of a parallel ensemble of the microfibrils. An important consequence of this microfibrillar model is that the type of load transfer is independent of crystallite aspect (length/diameter) ratio. The analysis of anisotropy in modulus of uniaxially oriented nylon 6, however, indicates that the load transfer characteristics of these polymers are dependent on crystallite dimension. A series response is observed only with fibers or films of low and intermediate draw ratio. Highly oriented structures, however, exhibit a nearly isotropic response in load transfer. These results show that uniaxial polymers must be analyzed in terms of a model where the crystallites are embedded in an “amorphous” matrix. The equations are derived for modulus, strength, and coefficient of diffusion in terms of crystallite dimensions, and the results compared with the experimental data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141108
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    Masthead (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141201
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    The 1974 SPE polyolefin division award address: Phase behavior of polybutene-1 plus polystyrene in carbon tetrachloride (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ternary phase diagram for several polybutene-1 and polystyrene resins in carbon tetrachloride have been determined. These show: Almost the entire phase diagram is a two-phase region.The composition of each phase is mainly of one polymer type.Increasing the molecular weight of either polymer diminishes compatibility.To our knowledge, this is the first example of phase separation in common solvent polymer solutions that involves a poly α-olefin. Viscosity and surface tension data on the equilibrium phases indicate the phases have the same surface tensions but far different viscosities. The upper phase is mainly polybutene-1 and is much more viscous than the lower phase which is mainly polystyrene. Slight agitation of the phases gives an “emulsion” that may be cast into a polymer film. The film has a continuous phase of Form III polybutene-1 and a dispersed phase of polystyrene. The polystyrene may be extracted from the film by immersion in methyl ethyl ketone to give a porous polybutene-1 film.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141204
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    Extruder scale-up by computer (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Computer simulation technology is used to define the problems in scale-up of extruders from 2.5 to 3.5, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.0 inches in diameter. It is shown that the conventional practice of scaling-up channel depths by the square root of the diameter ratio does not take full advantage of the potential output capacity of larger extruders and a faster rate of channel depth increase is proposed. It is also shown that inherent limitations resulting from decreasing barrel surface area and increasing flight clearance with increasing screw diameter will always result in a higher discharge temperature from the larger machine at any practical output rate. Frictional heat generation and heat removal requirements increase with increasing diameter, regardless of the scale-up system used, and these limit the output capability of the larger sizes at low discharge temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760141208
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    Viscosity and shear modulus of PVC-plastisols during gelation and fusion (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 868-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Contraves balance rheometer has been used in a study of the gelation and fusion process of three DOP-based PVC-plastisols and the results compared with those obtained with the Brabender plastograph. The tensile properties of samples fused at different temperatures have also been determined. The rheometer results relate to the temperature dependence of the viscosity, shear modulus, and loss angle of the plastisols used. The viscosity- and modulus-temperature curves are to some extent reminiscent of the torque-temperature curves obtained with the plastograph; the fusion temperatures are slightly different. The loss-angle-temperature curves measured with the rheometer exhibit sharp maxima in the vicinity of the Tg-point of the base polymer. The shear modulus decreases with time when the temperature is kept constant (above the fusion point). This effect is possibly associated with crystallite melting. The temperature necessary to reach the maximum strength plateau of films fused at various temperatures was found to agree (within 10°C) with the maximum in the modulus-temperature curves (minimum in loss-angle-temperature curves) when the rheometer shear rate was sufficiently low. On the whole, the rheometer allows for better temperature control. Also, the fact that the results are given in terms of viscosity and shear modulus may have some advantage in interpreting gelation and fusion data.
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    Effect of polymeric additives on the rheological properties of talc-filled polypropylene (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 198-201 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of small amounts of low molecular weight polypropylene oxide on the rheological properties of talc-filled polypropylene composites was studied experimentally using a capillary viscometer. The elastic behavior of the system was investigated by exit pressure and die swell methods. Initial studies showed that the talc filler does not influence the viscosity of the polypropylene but decreases the elasticity of the polymer system. Addition of oligomer concentration in a 40 wt percent talc-filled polypropylene not only decreases the viscosity but also further decreases considerably the elasticity of the filled polymer composite. In both cases about 3 wt percent oligomer cone entration appears to be optimal, and further addition of oligomer does not significantly influence the rheological characteristics of the talc-filled polypropylene composite.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200305
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    Synthesis of permselective membranes by radiation induced grafting of hydrophilic monomers into poly(tetrafluoroethylene) filmsPresented in part at the following conference: IVPAC Internation Symposium Macromol. Chem.; 1961, Montreal, 1961, Montreal, 1967, Bruxelles, 1976, Jerusalem; A.C.S. National Meeting, April 1968, San-Francisco (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 202-205 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A large variety of permselective membranes were prepared by radiation grafting techniques. Grafting of styrene into poly-(tetrafluoroethylene) films followed by sulfonation led to strong anionic membranes showing good performance in reverse osmosis. Carboxylic membranes were prepared by grafting acrylic and methacrylic acids. Cationic membranes were obtained via grafting 4-vinylpyridine. These membranes were tested in various fractionation processes including reverse osmosis. N-vinylpyrrolidone grafts exhibited high selectivity for separating water from organic solvents by pervaporation. Bifunctional membranes containing both carboxylic and pyridine groups were obtained by two successive grafting steps either in bulk giving rise to “homogeneous” membranes with unusual swelling properties, or into localized areas generating mosaic membranes which exhibit negative osmosis and increased rates of ion-pair diffusion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Topomorphic states and phase transitions connected with the crystallization of polymersPresented at the 5th Discussion Conference on Phases and Interphases in Polymers, Prague (1976) (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 206-211 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization of flexible-chain molecules of different degrees of coiling is considered. The nature of the phase transition during crystallization is discussed. The revision of established notions on phase transitions in polymers leads to the concept of crystalline topomorphism, i.e., the existence of two crystalline types with different modes of packing of macromolecules in the macroscopic crystal though they belong to the same lattice class: folded-chain crystal (FCC) and extended-chain crystal (ECC). Phase diagrams in coordinates of degree of coiling vs temperature are plotted. The values of molecular orientation and temperatures at which each of both mechanisms of crystallization takes place are evaluated. The mechanisms of ECC growth under equilibrium conditions and under conditions of molecular orientation are discussed. It is shown that the melting of ECC obtained by the process of orientational crystallization is a second order phase transition, being analogous to a crystal-nematic phase transition. At the same time the melting of FCC provides all the features of a first order transition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Plane stress and plane strain fractures in polypropylene (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The concepts of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) are applied to polypropylene, a homopolymer and two copolymers, with a view to characterizing their brittle behavior at slow rates (0.5 cm/min) in terms of a fracture toughness, KIc. The effect of thickness, notch sharpness, and the mode of loading on KIc have been investigated in order to determine the plane strain toughness values, KcI for the materials. The two types of material are compared in terms of their toughness values over a range of temperatures between +30 and -160°C. Evidently, the small amounts of ethylene added to the copolymers show plasticizing effects, suppressing the yield stress and the ductile-brittle transition temperature. In addition, the copolymers exhibit a ductile-brittle region between -100 and -45°C where notch strengthening is apparent in the tension mode and a slow crack growth region between -45 and -30°C where slow growth precedes unstable fracture. The homopolymer, however, shows no clear evidence of such intermediate regions, except for slight amounts of slow growth above 0°C, and becomes ductile around 30°C.
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    Introductory remarks (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 237-237 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200402
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    Residual stresses and aging in injection molded polypropylene (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 230-236 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The residual stresses in injection molded bars of polypropylene have been examined using a stress relaxation method and by the layer removal technique. A positive value for the internal stress parameter was obtained with newly molded specimens and was found to be retained by specimens stored at liquid nitrogen temperature. The stress relaxation parameter reduced to zero both for specimens aged at room temperature and also for those aged at -40°C. Nevertheless the relaxation behavior of specimens aged at all three temperatures was quite distinct. The layer removal technique showed that the stresses near to the surface were compressive and those in the interior tensile, in apparent contradiction to the interpretation of Kubat and Rigdahl for the meaning of a positive internal stress parameter. A marked reduction in stress levels on aging at room temperature was confirmed, however. The relevance of the relaxation spectrum of polypropylene to these observations is discussed.
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    Diffusion with discontinuous swelling. IV. Type II diffusion into spherical particles (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 238-243 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the last few years some new features of the so-called type II diffusion have been established which confirm the first theoretical description of such a material transport into a semi-infinite glassy medium which at a certain concentration of the sorbate is transformed into a gel. The boundary between the glass and the gel progresses at a constant velocity into the interior of the sample thus yielding a linear term in the weight gain. The gradual establishment of the concentration profile in front of this boundary yields at the beginning a square root term in the weight gain. A detailed analysis of the extensive measurements of Hopfenberg, et al. of the diffusion of n-hexane into extremely small polystyrene spheres demonstrates that the weight gain always starts with a square root of time term. In sufficiently large spheres this contribution is soon completely overridden by the term linear in time. The spherical geometry substantially modifies the concentration profile and the weight gain. In particular the weight gain divided by the square root of time vs the square root of time shows a maximum as soon as the geometrical factors prevail over the effect of the constant velocity progression of the boundary between the glass and the gel.
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    A study of crosslinking in polyimides by viscoelastic and diffusion techniques (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 244-251 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with detecting crosslinking and changes in crosslink densities in cured polyimides. The methods used include diffusional weight gain and dynamic mechanical measurements on thin films of the cured polymers. In this study changes in diffusivities (D) for dimethylformamide (DMF) sorption into polyimide films as well as dynamic mechanical moduli and loss tangents are shown to be related to differences in polyimide cure schedule and composition. In all cases studied there is a β loss dispersion in the range 120 to 150°C and a γ loss dispersion in the range -50 to -80°C. The position and intensity of the β and γ relaxation processes vary primarily with cure cycle. There is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient and β and γ transition temperatures (Tβ and Tγ). Tβ increases and Tγ decreases with higher values of D so that T*, the difference Tβ - Tγ, is directly proportional to the diffusivity. By relating these results to data in the literature and the known curing behavior of polyimides, this trend is shown to be consistent with the presence of crosslinking and to be related to the crosslink density of the polymers. The data of this study indicate that measurements of diffusion coefficients for solvent sorption can be used to study changes in crosslink densities in glassy thermosetting polymers. Since the method is best suited for studying one dimensional diffusion, it also is suggested as a possibility for determining relative crosslink densities in adhesives bonded between substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200404
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    Sorption and diffusion of ionic dyes in anionic cellophane membranesPresented in part at the “Textilwissenschaftliches Forum” Elmau (West Germany) (1975) (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental steady-state permeability studies have been made with non-ionic, anionic and cationic dyes using carboxy cellulose membranes as anionic substrates. The experimental results show that with increasing bulk ionic strength the diffusion velocities of anionic and cationic compounds increase and decrease, respectively. The diffusion behavior of non-ionic compounds is independent of the ionic strength. Empirical relationships have been deduced which fit the permeation data of the anionic compounds. A new concept is introduced which postulates that the diffusion behavior of colons within an anionic membrane is dependent on the basicity of the fixed ionic groups. In substrates with matrix-bound anionic groups of high basicity, such as carboxy cellulose, the permeability behavior is described in terms of a new diffusion mechanism referred to as the “fluctuating” charge mechanism. This concept can provide a semi-quantitative understanding of the different electrostatic obstruction effects which matrix-bound carboxylate and sulfonate groups have on the permeability of colons. The measured permeability of the counter ions is in qualitative agreement with the proposed diffusion model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200407
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    The glass point of elastin as a function of diluent concentration (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 290-293 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastin shares the properties of rubberlike elasticity and its capability to form a glass with crosslinked polymers in general. The glass transition temperature of dry elastin at 200°C is strongly depressed by water, as well as by ethylene glycol. On a volume fraction basis, both diluents depress the glass point equally. This result is strong evidence against any specific binding of diluent molecules and indicates relatively high mobility of diluent molecules in glassy elastin. This deduction is in agreement with the conclusions reached on the basis of heat capacity and dielectric measurements. Proposed small sections of β turns in the elastin chain are compatible with the concept of naturally occurring elastin chains in the amorphous state. Our results, however, do not confirm the existence of proposed β spirals with periodicities of 100 Å which were suggested to be the basis for the banded filaments observed in electron micrographs.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200412
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    Sorption and transport of water vapor in glassy poly(acrylonitrile) (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sorption data for H2O in glassy poly(acrylonitrile)(PAN) are presented for a range of relative vapor pressures at temperatures from 20 to 50°C. Simple dual mode sorption, involving “hole-filling” and molecular solution appears to dominate the low activity region of sorption. Based on the clustering analysis suggested by Zimm and Lundberg, pronounced clustering of penetrant appears to occur above a relative pressure of 0.6. The form of the effective concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for H2O in PAN, determined by analysis of steady state permeation data, suggests that water in the microvoids and clusters has a lower mobility than the molecularly dissolved water in the polymer matrix. Time lag measurements at high upstream relative water vapor pressures suggest that the transient state permeation has a non-Fickian character due to relaxations which occur slowly to accommodate the clustering process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200414
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    Masthead (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200501
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  • 84
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    Water vapor transport in an epoxy resin based on TGMDA and DICY (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water uptake has been measured in an epoxy resin based on tetraglycidylmethylenedianiline curved with dicyanidamide. The curing behavior of this system as elucidated by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared is complex. Based upon this information we selected curing temperatures and times in addition to the “standard” cure. The kinetics of the sorption of water by the materials which have undergone the standard cure indicate that the two modes of sorption are involved at high humidity and only a single mode at lower humidity (as seen by changes in the slope of the log Mt vs log t plots). The kinetics of the sorption in the resins which have undergone post cure at higher temperatures also indicate two or more modes of sorption at high humidities. However the slopes of the log Mt vs log t plots differ from those for the resin with standard cure. Subsequent sorption/desorption cycles on the standard cure resin showed marked increases in the initial sorption rate as well as changes in mode, suggesting that irreversible changes in the resin had occurred.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200416
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  • 85
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    Finite element solutions for flow in a single-screw extruder, including curvature effects (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 339-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Slow developed flow in an extruder channel has been set up as a two-dimensional, variational problem using a helical coordinate system, thus avoiding the usual geometrical simplification. Continuity is enforced by an integral form of constraint, and solutions for isothermal, Newtonian flow are obtained by a finite element method for both shallow and deep, highly curved channels. The performance of the solution procedure as a function of Lagrangian multiplier is discussed. Convergence to correct solutions is demonstrated for the shallow channel case. Deep channel results are compared with analytic predictions, curvature corrected according to Booy. Further testing of deep channel results will be made against experimental data.
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  • 86
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    Corona-discharge treatment of polymeric films, II: Chemical studies (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 330-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric films, chiefly polyethylenes, were subjected to corona-discharge treatment in a continuous treater at commercial rates in a program covering wide ranges of the main processing factors (2). Electron-spin-resonance measurements on freshly treated films found no free radicals. Reactions of the treated surfaces with a free-radical compound, diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) were studied, focusing mainly on the rate effects. The evidence indicates that corona treatment produces fairly stable peroxide structures of the forms RO2R and RO3R on polyethylene surfaces. RO3R reacts rapidly with DPPH alone, while RO2R undergoes a slower reaction after addition of the catalyst, triethylene diamine. DPPH is capable of detecting as few as 1013 peroxide groups per square centimeter. Activation energies were 12 kcal/mole for the uncatalyzed reaction and 16 kcal/mole for the amine-catalyzed reaction. As with the physical effects reported earlier (2), the production of peroxides is most strongly dependent on the energy delivered to the film during treatment. This energy is proportional to the quotient of corona current and web speed, I/S, Regression analysis showed that air-gap thickness, relative humidity, and number of electrodes used also were significant factors, while dielectric thickness and corona frequency were not. We found that-γSP, the polar component of surface energy of the treated film, which is nearly zero for untreated polyethylenes, is exponentially related to the concentrations of both RO2R and RO3R with a correlation coefficient for 92 specimens tested of 0.88. We believe this is the first strong evidence linking treatment factors, at commercial levels of treatment, to chemistry of the treated surface and linking both of those to changes in physical behavior of the surface.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Finite element solutions for flow in a single-screw extruder, including curvature effects (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 983-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201412
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  • 88
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    Fracture mechanics of adhesive joints (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 977-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The load carrying capacity of adhesive joints is analyzed by applying the principle of fracture mechanics in which failure is assumed to initiate from sites of initial imperfections such as bubbles, cracks or unbonded portions of the interface. The cohesive and adhesive modes of failure are investigated for a butt joint under angle loading. Based on the prediction of the strain energy density criterion, the lowest failure stress for the adhesive joint occurred when the load is applied at an angle with respect to the crack plane. This is in contrast to the homogeneous material solution where the lowest failure stress corresponds to normal loading. Numerical examples are provided for a joint made of DER 332-TEPA epoxy with aluminum as the adherends. Discussed in detail are the dependencies of the strength of the joint with reference to the material properties of the constituents, geometries of the components, and direction of loading.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201410
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    Introductory remarks (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 653-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201002
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  • 90
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    Instrumental methods for the study of the thermal degradation of polymers (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 668-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: After consideration of the objectives of a degradation study, product fractions, and experimental variables, an attempt is made to assess the applicability of various instrumental methods to particular objectives. The technique of thermal volatilization analysis (TVA) is discussed in greater detail. Several examples are discussed from degradation investigations to illustrate important aspects of experimental approach.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201005
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  • 91
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    Experimental deep-channel velocity profiles and operating characteristics for a single-screw extruder (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 982-982 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201411
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    Masthead (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201501
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  • 93
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    Residence time distribution of polymer melt in the T-die (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 212-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Theoretical or rheological calculations for crosshead die geometry were thought not worthwhile until recently, and restrictor, or choker, bars were often excessively relied upon for film uniformity. Thus, the residence time distribution of a polymer melt was infrequently calculated especially in the T-die, because it was assumed to be very wide in T-dies. This report provides a general equation expressing the residence time distribution of polymer melts in T-dies, and indicates how to take an optimum combination of the flow-path dimensions in order to obtain both a high flow uniformity and a comparatively narrow residence time distribution across the die width. Such a T-die designed by the above considerations will produce a shorter heat history and improved physical properties of the sheet or film produced.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200308
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    Co-extrusion of polymers with one single screw having a specially devised double channelPresented at the 2nd Joint Meeting of U.S. and Japan Societies of Rheology, Kona, Hawaii (April 6-8, 1979). (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1002-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Co-extrusion by means of only one single screw with a double channel was studied. The effects of the operating conditions, the material properties and the screw geometries on the inter-channel flow and the output rate were determined. The flow mechanism and the application to the composites with stratified structures were discussed. The inter-channel flow rate decreased with decrease in the back pressure, the stock temperature, the screw rotational speed and the viscosity difference between polymer melts in both channels. The decrease in the compression ratios of channels, the barrier flight in the compression zone and the sealing at the flight clearance with the polyamide-packing reduced the inter-channel flow significantly without a decrease in the output rate. With this method, co-extrudates with distinctly stratified cross-sections were prepared. The single screw with double-channel could be applied effectively to the co-extrusion of composites with stratified structures such as sheath-and-core structures, and it is particularly suitable to distribute the additives heterogeneously or to enclose the waste polymer.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Some considerations of heat-transfer problems in thermoforming (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1009-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Details are given below of how the heat-up process for radiation methods may be expressed mathematically. In order to fulfill practical requirements, a process must ensure calculation of necessary heating time using process-specific characteristic curves with a minimum of mathematical effort. To this end the amount of heat actually absorbed by the surface of the O product must be known when sheets are heated by radiation. This can easily be determined through measurement of sheet surface temperature. It will be shown that if certain preconditions are satisfied, then variations in the distance of the IR-heaters have no effect on the temperature profile of the sheet. With poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) the nature of coloration does not play a significant role. Investigations into the cooling process centered on a number of cooling methods and tool materials. The dynamic behavior of tempered and untempered thermoforming tools showed similarities to work already carried out in the injection molding sector. Consideration was given to possible ways of using the “Thermolog” analog computer, developed at IKV, to calculate the necessary cooling times in the production of thermoformed parts. Input values and basic data on temperature-time curves, necessary for the compilation of cooling curves using the analog simulator, were derived from appropriate tests on a thermoforming machine.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Polymer devolatilization: Theory of equipment (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1015-1022 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The role of surface renewal and feedback phenomena in devolatilization equipment is clearly illustrated via staged models. A continuous model for the vented, single-screw devolatilizer is developed, including barrel evaporation and bulk surface renewal as well as backmixing, which represents de-volatilization data more accurately than previous models. Numerous sample computations are included. The models are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of devolatilization equipment to certain design parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201506
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    The effects of light and heat on the rubber content and impact strength of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 995-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: DSC analysis of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) samples either weathered outdoors for up to 10 years or aged at 71°C has shown that these plastics deteriorate most readily through the polybutadiene (BD) component. Oxidation of the BD in ABS leads to an increasing and broadening Tgas well as a decrease in ΔCp at Tg. The latter quantity can be used to quantitatively assay the amount of unoxidized rubber in a photo- or thermal-oxidized sample. The loss of impact strength of these resins with chemical aging can be correlated with the oxidation of the polybutadiene phase. Studies of rubber content as a function of sample thickness have revealed that an embrittled layer containing oxidized BD develops at the surface of an aged, 100 mil. ABS plaque (natural) and grows to a thickness of about 10 mils after 3 years exposure to sunlight. ABS containing carbon black is effectively screened from this photo induced degradation and consequently has much better retention of its initial impact strength values. In addition, carbon black was observed to retard thermal oxidation in some ABS samples. Lastly, it appears possible to do accelerated aging studies at elevated temperatures to evaluate the relative stabilities of various ABS formulations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201503
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    Use of “penalty” finite elements in analysis of polymer melt processing (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1029-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The finite element method is an approximate numerical analysis approach of great applicability to a wide variety of field problems. This paper describes the formulation of a convenient method for treating fluid-flow problems relevant to analysis of polymer processing operations, and illustrates its use by means of some linear and nonlinear problems in melt extrusion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201508
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    Rheology of molten blends of polyoxymethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and the microstructure of extrudates as a function of their melt viscosities (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1023-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of polyoxymethylene (POM) with a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate (CEVAc) have been studied. The effect of viscosity ratio for melts of the components on the processes of fiber formation in extrudates and on the rheological properties of the molten blend has been tested. The viscosity ratio of the fiber-forming POM and the matrix varied in the range 0.35-27.7. POM ultrathin fibers of unlimited length can be formed in the CEVAc only at a viscosity ratio close to unity. For ratios much greater than unity, the extrudate is found to contain short fibers and a finely dispersed powder or no fibers at all. If the viscosity of the POM melt is lower than that of the matrix, films are formed in addition to fibers. The second factor that governs fiber formation is the extrusion shear stress. An optimum shear stress exists at which the amount of ultrathin fibers is a maximum.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201507
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    Rheology in polymerization processes (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1035-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Parameters are developed for predicting rheological changes during ionic, condensation, and free-radical polymerization. Polymerization is viewed as changes in molecular weight and concentration for polymer solutions. Polymerization data in the laboratory and in tubular reactors are shown to be consistent with the proposed rheokinetic theory. This approach is based on polymerization kinetics and the corresponding solution rheology and phase diagrams.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201509
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