ALBERT

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram. The pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities. Bouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Saône. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: A subdivision of pollen types based only on different dimensions is very dubious. An example is given, taken from the miocene browncoal in the Lower-Rhine area of Germany and the Netherlands.

Description: The Veluwe is a stretch of high ground in the central part of the Netherlands, north of the river Rhine and south of the IJssel Meer, i.e. the former Zuiderzee, and the polders reclaimed from the latter. Geologically the area consists of three formations: 1. ridges which owe their origin to the pressure of the land ise, and which consist of sands deposited as river sediments in preglacial times; 2. a fluvioglacial formation; on some of these plains small but steep hills are found; 3. aeolian sediments: löss and cover-sands (cf. VINK, 1949); they were deposited in the late-glacial period.

Description: Het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” tussen Wartena en Eernewoude blijft nog steeds voor nieuwe verrassingen zorgen. In 1958 konden wij het terrein slechts een drietal malen bezoeken; toch werd er weer een aantal nieuwe soorten aangetroffen. Alleen de nieuwe soorten worden hier vermeld; vondsten van 1955, 1956 en 1957 vonden reeds eerder een plaatsje in het Corr.blad (no. 1,4,8).

Description: Mijn eerste aantekeningen over Solanum triflorum, die hier plaatselijk veelvuldig groeide, dateren van september 1952. Na 1955 was ik hier echter niet meer geweest en toen ik op 26 juli 1959 met A. Dijkshoorn opnieuw genoemde duinen onderzocht, was ik zeer benieuwd naar het voorkomen van deze soort. Op de ons vroeger bekende groeiplaats bleek Solanum triflorum geheel verdwenen te zijn en plaats gemaakt te hebben voor een ruige vegetatie van Calamagrostis epigeios en Hippophae rhamnoides. Op kleine afstand hier vandaan nu is kort geleden een stuk duin gedeeltelijk afgegraven en grote aantallen grote sterns, visdiefjes en meeuwen gebruiken deze zandvlakte als rustplaats. Het droge zand met veel schelpen is gedeeltelijk overdekt met een dun kleilaagje, He klei werd vroeger gebruikt om de dijken bij de monding van het Noordzeekanaal te verstevigen en is waarschijnlijk door verstuiven op deze plaats terecht gekomen, Deze zandvlakte van ongeveer 20 x 50 m bleek vrijwel uitsluitend begroeid te zijn met Solanum triflorum. Stuivend zand hoopte zich op tussen de Solanumpolletjes, die rijkelijk van vogelfaeces voorzien waren.

Description: Er bestaat op het ogenblik de neiging de kleine waterweegbree Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. te noemen in plaats van Echinodorus ranunculoides (L.) Engelm. In de nieuwste druk van de flora van Heukels-van Ooststroom werd deze naam in de Nederlandse literatuur geïntroduceerd. In mijn Alismataoeae-bewerking voor de Flora Malesiana (1957) heb ik de naam reeds afgewezen, doch een nadere argumentatie zal de Nederlandse floristen stellig interesseren. In 1854 heeft Parlatore Schinodorus ranunculoides als het type van een nieuw monotypisch genus Baldellia aangevoerd, doch hij werd niet nagevolgd. Volgens Pichon (1946) is er evenwel alle reden voor om dit wel te doen, want hij meende niet minder dan 4 kenmerken gevonden te hebben, waarin E. ranunculoides van de andere Echinodorus-soorten zou afwijken.

Description: Backer, C.A.: Butch-English taxonomic-botanical vocabulary. ed. 2. Bound. Dfl. 12,50; US$ 3. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. Specific and infraspecific delimitation (repr. from Fl. Mal. vol. 5). Dfl. 7,50; US$ 2.

Description: Australia. Forestry and Timber Bureau. Illustrations of the bud and fruits of Eucalyptus species with an alphabetical index (covering 486 species, and varieties). 2nd ed. pp. (ix) 31 pls. fol. Canberra. 1954. Grasses and pastures of South Africa. Compiled by L.K.A. Chippindall, J.D. Scott, J.A. Pentz, A.W. Bayer, O. West, H. Weinmann, and others. 26 col. pls and 420 line drawings, 776 pp. 1955.

Description: In the Synopsis of Proposals for the Botanical Congress at Montreal Dr Lanjouw has in his capacity of Rapporteur général given his well-considered opinion on each proposal, except for that on nomina specifica conservanda where he found fit to postpone his comment. There are three proposals on which I cannot follow his advice. These three instances are the following.

Description: Flora of Java. The translation of Backer’s Flora of Java into English is steadily progressing. Dr Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has been responsible for finishing the Monocotyledonous families Palmae, Araceae, and Scitamineae and Mr Monod de Froideville has practically finished, the last family left, Gramineae. Dr Bakhuizen is further trying to scan the nomenclature. It is expected that the printed English version will not be available before 1962. Malaysian Vegetation. The MS of this work which will occupy volume 2 of the Flora Malesiana is steadily progressing and more than halfway completed. It has been found useful to insert in some chapters artificial keys to characteristic species for the types, for example in the Sea-grasses, Pescaprae, Barringtonia, Mangrove, and Aquatic formations. It is hoped that printing can be started in 1960.

Description: A fern plant consists of a stem, bearing leaves and roots. The leaves (or some of them) bear dehiscent sporangia, each sporangium containing unicellular spores, which are in most cases Wind-dispersed. A spore germinates to produce a small green plant called a prothallus. The Prothallus bears sexual organs ( archegonia and antheridia). After fertilization by an antherozoid, the female cell in an archegonium grows to form a new fern plant. The life cycle of a fern thus has two phases, asexual (the fern plant) and sexual (the prothallus). These phases are also called the sporophyte and the, gametophyle. The sporophyte is much longer-lived, larger and more diversified than the gametophyte, and its characters are mainly used in taxonomy. The following statement deals with the parts of the sporophyte in turn, with discussion of the kinds of modification of each which occur, and of special terminology. Finally, a note on the gametophyte will be given, including reference to the not infrequent condition in which the sexual process is omitted. Stem, (a) Shape, size, and habit of growth.—A fern stem may be long and creeping or limbing, in which case it is usually called a rhizome, or it may be short and compact, in which case it is often called a stock, rootstock or caudex. If it grows erect, as in tree-ferns, with a tuft of leaves at its apex, it is called a trunk.

Description: 1. Sporangia in two rows, embedded in an almost terete spike . . . . . . Ophioglossum 1. Sporangia on branches of the fertile segment of a frond.

Description: CARL FREDRICK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN (1872-1942) was the founder of modern fern taxonomy. To appreciate the scope of his work, it is necessary to understand the confusions of thought on the subject which persisted through the 19th century and were still evident in the summary prepared (by DIELS) for ENGLER & PRANTL’S Pflanzenfamilien in 1899. CHRISTENSEN’S first great work was his Index Filicum (1905-6) in which he listed all known fern binomials and also relegated many to synonymy. In the main he adopted the classification and nomenclature of DIELS. While preparing the Index he came to realize that many generic concepts accepted in the Index were unnatural or confused. This was especially evident in the great complex of species which he listed under the name Dryopteris. He next made a study of the tropical American species of that complex, and in so doing discovered how to separate them into natural groups (1913, 1920). At the time I first made contact with him (about 1925) he had begun to study ferns of the Old World tropics. I maintained a regular correspondence with him from 1925 to 1940, and sent him many specimens for identification. I also met him in Europe in 1930, 1934 and 1938 and had long discussions with him. I benefited from his wisdom also indirectly through the publications of R. C. CHING, who studied with CHRISTENSEN in 1929-1932 and applied CHRISTENSEN’S ideas to Chinese and Indian ferns in an important series of papers in the 1930s. CHRISTENSEN’S identifications of my collections and his comments upon them were the basis on which my own work was built; in the present Series of Flora Malesiana I have tried to extend his methods and his ideas to a much wider range of species than he could have encountered. To him I am profoundly grateful, and I am concerned also to acknowledge my debt, through him, to some perceptive earlier workers, notably G. H. METTENIUS and JOHN SMITH. The objectives of any scheme of biological classification are to show natural relationships and to provide a means for the identification of individual organisms. It has sometimes been suggested that only the latter objective is important, and that a ‘practical’ scheme is all that is needed. The history of fern classification has shown that artificial schemes, made without thought as to relationships, do not work; and distribution-maps based on such schemes are meaningless. Fern classification as understood today should be based not only on gross-morphological characters but also on microscopical characters pertaining to the fern's anatomy, indument, spores, gametophytes, etc., and on cytotaxonomy.

Description: A list of books and papers dealing with the taxonomy of Malaysian ferns, published subsequent to Christensen, Index Filicum, Suppl. 3 (1934)

Description: As has been done in Series I, Flowering Plants, it seems useful to complete the volume with worthwhile additions and corrections. Page numbers are provided with either a or b denoting the left and right columns respectively.

Description: Renewed study of the type material of species formerly described under Xylaria necessitates the recognition of a new family, for which the name Sarcostromellaceae Boedijn is proposed. This family comprises two new genera, Sarcostromella Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria Boedijn. Sarcostromella polysticha (Penz. & Sacc.) Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria nigripes (Kl.) Boedijn are new combinations, S. amorpha Boedijn is a new species. Xylaria xanthophaea Penz. & Sacc. appears identical with S. polysticha. Xylaria torrubioides Penz. & Sacc. is a synonym of Pseudoxylaria nigripes.

Description: The scope of the present paper is primarily to give a taxonomical revision of the genus Canarium. Furthermore, attention has been paid to some subjects of a more general nature, mainly regarding morphology and geography, without, however, claiming completeness. The last complete revision of the genus was published by Engler in 1883 (in DC. Mon. Phan. 4, 101—151). Of course this is now for the greater part out of date. The later revisions by the same author in E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 34, 1896, 238—242, and ed. 2, 19a, 1931, 443—450, are not really monographs; moreover, they lost in value by the introduction of a subdivision which was mainly based upon unessential characters.

Description: The well-known Ray Society undertook the publication of this new facsimile of Linnaeus’s most famous and still indispensable botanical work and had it reproduced photographically from an original copy in Linnaeus’s library, later owned by Sir James Edward Smith. It represents the third facsimile edition of the work and, in spite of the earlier Berlin (1907) and Tokyo (1934) editions, which are no longer obtainable, it will certainly fill a real need, were it only to save copies of the rare and expensive original from wear and tear. Although much has been written about Linnaeus and his numerous publications, the delightful frame provided by W. T. Stearn and J. L. Heller makes the new edition all the more valuable and useful, not only since the supplementary chapters enliven the book as a cultural product of its period but because the introduction and much of the appendix have been very ably written by a working taxonomist primarily concerned with Linnaeus’s works for their relevance to modern botanical nomenclature, who has thoroughly studied history, method and bibliography and also, to some extent, the life and psychology of the author and the scientific attitudes of the period. Stearn has also aimed at avoidance of the misunderstanding and confusion, which follow from treating 18th century publications as if they were 20th century productions. Emphasis is laid on what may well be the most important conclusion for Linnaean typification in the whole work (cf. p. 97), viz. that within every main entry in Species Plantarum there is, or was at some stage of its development, an illustration or a specimen seen by Linnaeus and not simply a description by a pre-Linnaean author, the exceptions being definitions or descriptions by Van Boyen, Gronovius, or Boissier de Sauvages, his disciples, so to speak, in the Linnaean method, whose work was therefore acceptable.

Description: In a previous paper, published in the same series, Vol. 2 (1940), the author dealt with a small collection of snakes obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936 on the islands off the Venezuelan coast and on the adjacent mainland. The present article reports on some specimens, chiefly from the Dutch islands of the Windward Group, presented by him to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden in later years. Some notes are included on three specimens of Alsophis from the same area that were already present in the collections of this museum (indicated by M.L.). — The photographs were made by Dr. HUMMELINCK.

Description: The genus Staurophlebia was established by BRAUER (1865, 1866) from his species magnifica from Brazil, a name which later proved to be a synonym of reticulata (Burmeister 1839), (see under this species). In his notes on St. magnifica, HAGEN (1867) said that SELYS (MS) has proposed the genus name Megalaeschna for Aeschna reticulata Burm., Ae. gigas Rbr. (= reticulata), and Ae. gigantula Selys, a closely related new species which was subsequently described by MARTIN. However, Megalaeschna is a synonym of the earlier name Staurophlebia, as already pointed out by COWLEY (1935). In his classification of the aeschnines, SELYS (1883) includes the two subgenera Neuraeschna and Staurophlebia in his genus Staurophlebia s.l., while KIRBY (1890), CALVERT (1905), and MARTIN (1909) give Staurophlebia s.str. generic rank, with St. reticulata Burm. as the genotype. The characters of this genus are as follows: Wing venation: subcosta prolonged beyond the nodus to the first or second postnodal cross vein. Median space free. Triangle long, with 6—8 cells. M2 curved upward proximal to stigma. Rs forked proximal to stigma, enclosing in its fork 3—4 rows of cells; Rspl curved, between Rs and Rspl 5—6 rows of cells at maximum. Anal loop with 12—18 cells. Anal triangle in male 3-celled. Pterostigma small, longer in fore wing than in hind wing. Large (75 mm) to very large (96 mm), stoutly built species, green, brown and blue-coloured. In general, head and thorax light-green, abdomen (except the first two segments) red-brown, bluish green, or dull blue. Frons prominent, marked with T-spot. Eyes connected for a long distance, occipital triangle small. Abdomen long-cylindrical, male with auriculae on segm. 2 and moderately narrowed at segm. 3. Male appendices superiores long, leaf-like, with a hooked middle process on upper side half-way down their length, and an erect denticulate crest at the distal end, along the inner margin. Inferior appendage long-triangular, reaching to 1/3, mostly to 2/3, the length of the superiores. There is a basal prominence of the inferior appendage just between the bases of the app. sup. in the male. App. sup. of the female lanceolate, entire. Abd. segm. 10 of female with a long, two-pronged, ventral process.

Description: The present report is based in the first place on material collected by the trawler “Coquette”, which, from April to August 1957, explored the offshore waters of Suriname and French Guiana from the mouth of the Nickerie River in the west to the Iles de Salut in the east. Most of the hauls were made at a distance of 20 to 30 miles from the coast. The paper also considers the Stomatopoda collected off the Suriname coast by the Suriname Fisheries Service. To date, only one species of stomatopod has been reported from Suriname, viz. “Gonodactylus chiragra Fabr.”, so named by NEUMANN (1878, p. 39), who reported on a specimen which is preserved in the collection of the Heidelberg Museum and was said to have originated from Suriname. As has been shown by HOLTHUIS (1959, p. 14) NEUMANN’S so-called Suriname material is very likely incorrectly labelled, and was more probably collected in the West Indian Islands. Accordingly, this record had better be ignored.

Description: In this article the results of a study on boulder-clay in the neighbourhood of Winschoten (N.E. Netherlands) are communicated (Chapter I). The underlying sediments of the boulder-clay in this area consist of fine preglacial sands and black clay. In the nuclei of the many drumlins a strongly ice-pushed boulder-clay may be encountered (Chapter II). Palynological analysis showed the pollen content of the boulder-clay to be very small. In a few samples more pollen was found (Plates I and II), but in these cases there appeared to be an admixture of black clay, obviously picked up by the land-ice. This black clay (the so-called potklei or pottery clay) is very humic and resembles the Lauenburg clay from Germany, but is younger. Using pollen analysis only one would date this clay as Miocene or even older (Plates II and III). This is impossible however, for in borings in this area Pleistocene sediments underneath the potklei are encountered. The solution of the problem is that we are dealing bere with secondary pollen material, originating from the Miocene in N.W. Germany; this pollen was transported by rivers before the land-ice came (Chapter III). Granulometric analysis proved the boulder-clay of Winschoten to be the normal Dutch type. As far as we know this boulder-clay was deposited during the Saale glacial (Chapter IV). The erratics in two samples were carefully examined. To this purpose the erratics from 6 mm — 5 cm were counted (according- to the Madsenmethod 1897); the results were arranged in such way that a comparison with the countings from De Waard (1947) in the N.O. Polder could be made. Therefore the percentages of the various groups of erratics taken from the total content of erratics were compared with each other (Chapter V). Fig. 4 shows the countings. It will be seen that the number of crystalline erratics in the boulder-clay from Bovenburen is considerably smaller, the sandstone and quartzite content far greater than that found in the boulder-clay from the N.O. Polder. In the field too, this was striking. We might speak of a local association of erratics in the grey boulder-clay at Bovenburen. The analysis of the light fraction (Chapter VI) gave the following data: the composition of the samples, the roundness and dullness of the quartz grains correspond with the data from the normal grey boulder-clay (Table VI). This agrees with the fact that the microfossils mentioned in this article were only found in grey boulder-clay. A small admixture of red boulder-clay is possible however, on account of an occasional find of some brown bryozoa and ostracoda characteristic for the red boulder-clay. Moreover the identification of the bryozoa indicated that fine components of the boulder-clay we examined originated from an area (Denmark and S. Sweden) with Danian and Upper Senonian outcrops (Table V).

Description: In 1958 werden de karteringen in de Centrale Pyreneeën en in het noorden van de provincie Leon (zuidrand Ast.-Cantabrisch Gebergte) voortgezet, het werk in Galicië niet. In de Centrale Pyreneeën werd een eerste verkenning in het Ribagorzana dal aangevangen, waarover hier nog niet gerapporteerd wordt. Het werk in het Segre dal werd voortgezet, terwijl de kartering van een klein ingewikkeld gebied in een oostelijk zijdal van de Pallaresa werd begonnen en beëindigd. De karteringen in het noorden van Andorra en over de grens in Frankrijk werden eveneens voortgezet.

Description: Antirhea surinamensis Brem. n. spec. ramulis novellis non resinosis, inflorescentiis multifloris, bis ramificatis, floribus 4-meris, ovariis paucilocularibus ad A. obtusifoliam Urb., A. coriaceam (Vahl) Urb., A. Shaferi Urb., A. occidentalem Urb., A. tenuifoliam Urb., A. panamensem Standl, accedens, sed a speciebus his omnibus ovario et capsula 3-loculari, pedunculis longioribus distinguenda, a speciebus his A. panamensi solum excepta insuper foliis acutissime exeuntibus, ab A. obtusifolia insuper foliis basi acutis, ab A. coriacea inflorescendae ramulis brevioribus, ab A. occidentali et A. panamensi corolla extus pilosula diversa. Habitus nondum accurate notus, sed certe arborescens. Rami novelli glabri vel interdum sparse sed longius pilosi, non resinosi, mox cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, plicatulo et sparse lenticellato vestiti, circ. 1.5 mm diam., ex internodiis paucis compositi, internodio infimo 4.5-8.0 cm longo, internodio secundo interdum usque ad 3 cm longo sed plerumque 1 cm haud superante, aliis 0.2-0.6 cm longis. Folia petiolata; petiolus canaliculatus appresse pilosus sed ad marginem hirtellus, 3-6 mm longus; lamina elliptica vel obovata, 4.5-10 cm longa et 2.0-4.7 cm lata, apice acuminata et acutissime exeuns, basi acuta, subcoriacea, utrimque opaca, siccitate non conspicue discolorata, supra glabra, subtus costa nervisque densius, inter nervos sparse pubescens, costa supra impressa, subtus prominente, nervis utroque latere costae plerumque 7 prominulis, reticulatione densa siccitate colore saturatiore distinguenda sed haud prominula. Stipulae ovato-triangulares, 5 mm longae, extus glabrae, margine tamen ciliolatae, mox deciduae. Inflorescentia pedunculo appresse piloso 4.5-7 cm longo instructa; bis pseudo-dichotome ramificata, ramulis primariis 4-5 mm longis, ramulis secundariis 10-15 mm longis, floribus usque ad 12 instructis. Bracteae ovato-acuminatae 0.5 mm longae. Flores sessiles, ebracteolati, 4-meri. Ovarium parce appresse pilosulum, 3- loculare. Calyx etiam parce appresse pilosulus tubo 0.2 mm, lobis ovato-triangularibus 0.3 mm longis. Corolla extus appresse pilosula, tubo 7-8 mm longo et 0.8 mm diam., intus glabro, lobis ellipticoorbicularibus 1.4 mm longis et 1.0 mm latis. Stamina filamento brevissimo instructa; antherae dorsifixae fere 0.5 mm infra orem tubi inclusae, lineares, 2.6 mm longae. Granula pollinis 3-pora, distincte reticulata, 25 µ diam. Discus cylindricus 0.4 mm altus. Stylus glaber, tubo aequilongus; stigma capitatum. Drupa glabra, 9 mm alta et 4.5 mm diam., pyrena 3-lobata et 3-loculari.

Description: Heterophylly is frequent in Dendrophthora and Phoradendron, and may take many forms. The concepts prophyll, cataphyll, and scale-leaf are briefly discussed and defined as to usage in the Phoradendreae. Various morphological details of patterns of heterophylly, flower orientation and seriation, fusion of prophylls, phyllotaxy, sex distribution and inflorescence position are traced as far as the available material permits. A typology of inflorescences in these two genera is proposed, based on flower seriation. Anatomical observations on a few species of both genera have revealed striking and unsuspected structural differences between the inflorescences of some seemingly related species, but also similarities which cross the intergeneric boundary. The discovery of “extra-stelar” vascular proliferations in some species of both genera is of particular interest.

Description: Dans la région des dunes et des bas-fonds située à une distance de 3.6 à 5.3 kilomètres de Carnon au Grau du Roi, entre l’Etang de Mauguio et la Mer méditerranéenne et dans le département de l’Hérault on peut constater deux suites progressives des associations phytosociologiques : A) LA VÉGÉ TATION DES DUNES Plage: I. Agropyretum mediterraneum. ↓ Dunes: II. Ammophiletum arundinaceae (Tableau A). III. Crucianelletum maritimae (Tableau B et C). Dunes, un peu IIIa. sous-association: Helichrysetosum. stabilisées: IIIb. sous-association: Teucrietosum. ↓ (Mosaïque de IIIa et de IIIb: Tableau B). Dunes plus IIIc. sous-association: Ephedretosum (Tableau C). stabilisées: (parfois une végétation anormale et remplaçante d Holoschoenus vulgaris LINK. ssp. romanus (L.) HAY). B) LA VÉGÉTATION DES BAS- FONDS VIa. Holoschoenetum romani (Tableau D ↑ Tableau E, relevés E 1, E 2, quelques décimètres E 3, E 4, E 5 et E 6 plus haut et moins salé. Tableau G, relevés G 1, G 2 ↑ ↓ et G 3) V. Schoeneto-Plantaginetosum crassifoliae VIb. Holoschoenetum romani (suite) très faibles influences de Molinio- Holoschoenion Va. sous-association: Plantaginetosum (Tableau G, relevés G 5 et G 6) Vb. sous-association: (Voir: Tableau E.) ↓ Spartinetosum (Tableau G, VIc. Holoschoenetum romani (suite) relevé G7) + Populus spec. et Salix spec. ↑ sur les bas-fonds et les dunes quelques décimètres basses. Influence anthropogène, plus haut et moins salé. (Voir: Tableau E.) ↑ IV. Artemisieto-Staticetum virgatae (Tableau G, relevés G 10, G 11, Populus spec. poussent dans le Crucianelletum maritimae G 12 et G 13.) sur les dunes par Sol salé. leurs racines adventives. Remarquez bien, que Erianthus ravennae (L.) P.B. semble dominer sur le sol plus haut et plus sec. Qu’il me soit permis au terme de cet article de remercier M. J. BRAUNBLANQTJET et M. R. SUTTER de l’instruction indispensable pour l’étude de la végétation, M. P. A. FLORSCHÜTZ de la détermination des mousses méditerranéennes, et la “Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen” de la subvention qui m’a permis de faire les recherches précédentes. Institut de Botanique systématique de l’Université, Utrecht

Description: After the publication of the Araceae in the Flora of Suriname 1.2 (1953), p. 1-80, a number of rare and new species have been collected. Some of these were collected by Dr. J. Lindeman between 1953 and 1955, the remaining by the present authors, who visited Suriname from November, 1955, to March, 1956. Field observations by the authors clearly indicated the fragmentary status of our knowledge of Suriname Aroids. The reasons for this are to be sought in the difficulties involved in collecting and preserving. Also, a number of species may not flower over a period of several years. The inflorescences of many lianas are often almost inaccessible. A source of confusion is the variability in the leaves of a species. The following is an enumeration of species collected for the first time in Suriname, in addition to records of re-collections of rare species.

Description: Talrijk zijn de gevallen, dat we met vrij grote zekerheid na kunnen gaan hoe een plant op een nieuwe groeiplaats gekomen is. Na extra hoog water van zee of rivieren verschijnt soms Ricinus communis en Impatiens noli-tangere, na het strooien van onkruidzaden uit graan als fasantenvoer verschijnen Muscari comosum, Ornithogalum pyramidale, Medicago falcata, Coronilla varia, e.d.

Description: De excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek van Nederland uit de K.N.B.V. werd dit jaar gehouden in de omgeving van Steenwijk van 13 tot 18 juli. Het aantal deelnemers bedroeg 16. De volgende tochten werden gemaakt, waarbij in de aangegeven uurhokken werd geïnventariseerd.

Description: Onder bovenstaande titel ontvingen wij op 3 februari 1959 een uitvoerig artikel van de heer L. Grégoire te Maastricht. Intussen is dit artikel al gepubliceerd in het Nat, Hist. Maandbl. Limburg, waardoor wij voor het Correspondentieblad menen te kunnen volstaan met het volgende korte uittreksel: Als aanvulling op het artikel van Chr.G. van Leeuwen in Corr.bl. no.9, p. 97, geeft Grégoire ook nog als oen der mogelijke oorzaken van het verdwijnen van C. calcitrapa de intensieve onkruidbestrijding van de laatste tientallen jaren. Grégoire vermeldt verder, dat hij in 1937 de soort in 20 à 30 exemplaren aantrof op de Maasmolendijk te Maastricht, langs de westelijke Maasoever. Op dezelfde plaats werd C. calcitrapa reeds omstreeks 1900 door De Wever gevonden, en door deze vermeld in het Jaarb. Hat. Hist. Gen. 1920-’23, p. 30, zodat ze dus de veranderingen in het terrein; verbonden aan de houw van de Wilhelminabrug in 1928-’32 on de inrichting van de Wilhelminakade had overleefd. In de Jaren volgende op 1937 breidde de plant zich weer uit; in 1957 waren er nog 40 à 50 planten aanwezig. In dat jaar werd ter plaatse steenpuin gestort en een verharde weg aangelegd, waardoor alle vegetatie gedood werd.

Description: Wij ontvingen ter bespreking een overdruk van het hoofdstuk „De Flora”, uit het hoek West-Vlaanderen, uitgegeven onder hoofdredactie van A. Viaene; uitg. Meddens te Brussel? 1959. hit hoofdstuk werd behandeld door apoth P. vande Vyvere te Brugge. Vanzelfsprekend kon Vande Vyvere in dit artikel van 12 pagina’s geen uitgebreid overzicht van de flora van West-Vlaanderen geven; hij is er echter goed in geslaagd het meest karakteristieke van deze flora naar voren te brengen.

Description: In het Jaarboek van de Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland van 1923-1928, p. 133-142, vermeldt Prof. Stomps een aantal soorten van wieren, die gedurende 40 tochten zijn verzameld. Op een excursie, die op 4 juni jl. door Mevr. A.J. Gorter – Ter Pelkwijk en mij werd gemaakt, werd geen van deze soorten aangetroffen, tenzij zij nog te vinden zijn onder de tot nu toe niet gedetermineerde Cladophora-, Oedogonium- en Spirogyra-soorten. Op deze excursie werden gevonden: CYMOPHYCEAE: Nostoc sphaericum Vauch. ex Born, & Flah. – Veertig Morgen, drijvend. Lyngbya kützingii Schmidle – Veertig Morgen, op tussen Ranunculus (Batrachium) drijvende Cladophora. CHLOROPHYCEAE: Chaetophora elegans (Roth) Ag. – Veertig Morgen, op Bladsteel van Nuphar luteum. Oedogonium grande Kütz, – Veertig Morgen, drijvend tussen Ranunculus (Batrachium), met epiphytische Lyngbya kützingii. Aegagropila frölichiana Kütz, (syn.: Aegagropila holsatica Kütz.) – Mennegat, hij de oever, drijvend en op de bodem liggend in een laag, ongeveer 1m diep, op een zeer winderige plaats, expositie zuid. CHARACEAE: Chara aspera Willd. – bij „De Elshof”, op de bodem een zeer dichte vegetatie vormend, 3/4 m en dieper onder water. Deze soort was reeds uit het Naardermeer bekend (zie H.D. Verdam, The Netherlands’ Charophyta, in Blumea 3, 1938, p. 28). P. Leentvaar (D.L.N. 61 , 1958, p. 151-154) nam in april 1958 een aantal monsters uit het Naardermeer. In de op 4 Juni door mij genomen planktonmonsters werden soorten gevonden, die alle ook door Leentvaar vermeld worden, en bovendien Anabaena flos-aquae. Uit het op 4 Juni verzamelde plankton werden gedetermineerd CYAIJOPHYCEAE: Anacystis cyanea (Kütz.) Drouet & Daily (=Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.); CHLOROPHYCEAE: Pediastrum duplex Meyen, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb., Mougeotia (steriel); DIATOMEAE; verder Rotatoria en Crustaceae – Wijde Blik. CHLOROPHYCEAE: Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg, Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. – zijtocht van Veertig Morgen. CYANOPHYCEAE: Anabaena flos-aquae Bréb. ex Born. & Flah.; CHLOROPHYCEAE: Eudorina elegans, Pediastrum boryanum, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Mougeotia (steriel), Spirogyra (steriel)? CHRYSOPHYCEAE: Tribonema; DIATOMEAE; verder Rotatoria en Crustaceae – parallel-sloot van Hoogtocht (niet schoon gemaakt). Het zoutgehalte van het water van het Naardermeer is sinds de afsluiting van de Zuiderzee in 1932 gedaald. Het water, dat, zoals Leentvaar vermeldt, in 1942 nog brak was, is nu volgens hem zeer waarschijnlijk zoet. Prof. Stomps was van mening, dat het zoutgehalte van het Waardermeer toentertijd het voorkomen van Cyanophyceae in de weg stond: “blauwwieren komen anderzijds in zout water niet voor”. Indien dit zo was, hoe zouden dan P. Frémy zijn 235 pagina’s dikke boek “Les Cyanophycées des côtes d’Europe” (over op door zeewater overspoelde plaatsen en op zeewieren groeiende blauwwieren) en A. Lindstedt zijn 122 pagina’s tellende werk “Die Flora der marinen Cyanophyceen der Schwedischen Westküste” hebben kunnen schrijven?

Description: Dat er zelfs in het dicht bevolkte westen van ons land nog terreinen zijn, die botanisch nog nooit of slechts zeer onvoldoende onderzocht zijn, bleek o.a. uit het artikel van de heren Kruseman en Westhoff in het Corr. blad no.13 betreffende een tot nu toe onbekende groeiplaats van Poa chaixii, Luzula luzuloides en Luzula maxima bij Wassenaar. Zelf ontdekte ik dit jaar enige dergelijke groeiplaatsen in de omgeving van Haarlem aan de binnenduinrand. De eerste groeiplaats is gelegen aan de Midden Duin- en Daalseweg te Bloemendaal en bestaat uit een voornamelijk met beuken gegroeide steile oostholling, die in de loop der tijd verkaveld is als bouwgrond voor villa’s. Het aspect van de kruidlaag wordt in de voorzomer bepaald door de bier massaal groeiende Hieracia, waarvan drie soorten voorkomen: Hieracium praecox Schultz -Sip,(ssp. cinerascens (Jord.) Sudre?) „ lachenalii C.C. Gmel. ssp. scanicum (Dahlst.) Zahn „ maculatum Sm. ssp, maculatum

Description: Since the last Bulletin was published our circle of collaborators has unfortunately lost Dr A.H.G. Alston, who had agreed to join Prof. Holttum in editorship of the Fern volumes of the Flora. It is an irreparable loss to pteridology as Dr Alston had an unparalleled, detailed knowledge and has unfortunately postponed the publication of a large amount of his findings and conclusions, which are now lost or doomed to remain unavailable in hardly legible written and uncorrected notes. I hope that it will be found possible to edit his interpretation of the Hortus Malabaricus of which he possessed a card index which obviously dated from his Ceylon time. Another sad loss is the recent passing away of the wellknown cyperologist of Kew, Mr E. Nelmes, who has done a great service to the Flora Malesiana by his work on the genus Carex.

Description: Besides through monographic work plant taxonomy has a second way of framing synthetic attempts and that is by compiling Florulas and Floras, containing a complete account of the flora of parts of the globe, of cities, islets, islands, states, countries, or continents. Irrespective of their style, concise or elaborate, their elaboration is closely connected with the history of the exploration of the areas they deal with. And the latter is again closely connected with the history of the opening and discovering of the world by science, that is human history. The course of the history of the botanical exploration and the compilation of Floras, small and large, was besides to a high degree dependent on the activity of botanical explorers and botanical centres in Europe. Among these Floras there are small or at least restricted ones which I will call ”local Floras”, dealing mostly with a more or less local politically or administratively defined country, and large ones which I will call ”regional Floras”.

Description: Agosti, G., De re botanica tractatus, etc. Cf. R.E.G. Pichi-Sermolli, mimeo in nom. gen. cons. committee 1954-1959, p. 39.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. 1902-1958 Unfortunately he died suddenly in Spain while on a trip for recovering his health; a serious loss to the British Museum and to the Flora Malesiana as co-editor of the Pteridophyte series.

Description: 1. Aquatic plants. 2. Plants floating; leaves small, simple or bilobed . . . . . . . . . . Salviniaceae 2. Plants rooted in earth or on rocks; leaves larger, more divided. 3. Leaves 4-partite; sporocarps attached to stipes . . . . . . . . Marsileaceae 3. Leaves not 4-partite; sporangia singly or in sori on lower surface of lamina. 4. Sporangia borne singly, protected by reflexed edges of narrow lamina . Adiantum Group 4. Sporangia grouped in sori, on lower surface of lamina, not protected by reflexed edges. 5. Fern of stream-beds in deep shade; fronds pinnatifid, sori without indusia Polypodiaceae 5. Fern of open swamps; fronds bipinnatifid, sori indusiate .... Thelypteris Group

Description: Rhizome usually short-creeping with closely-placed fronds, less often widecreeping or somewhat erect, the young parts covered with thick septate hairs (except Mohria, not Malaysian), structure dorsiventral or radial, vascular strand in Malaysian genera a protostele (medullated in Schizaea). Fronds of very varied structure, their branching showing varying gradations from dichotomous to pinnate; veins usually free; sporangia borne on specialized segments of the fronds (sorophores) except in the non-Malaysian Mohria. Sorophores at the ends of veins of fertile leaflets (Lygodium), or in small pinnate groups at the apex of a frond or of its branches (Schizaea), or confined to special branches of the frond (Anemia, not Malaysian). Sporangia arising marginally but becoming superficial due to subsequent extra-marginal growths, large, borne on short massive stalks or sessile, with an almost apical annulus of a single row of elongate thickened cells, dehiscing on a line from annulus to base. Spores trilete or monolete (Schizaea only), without perispore, the surface usually sculptured. Gametophytes filamentous in Schizaea, thalloid in other genera, symmetrical or not. Distribution. The Malaysian genera Schizaea and Lygodium are pantropic with a few outlying species of both in temperate regions (U.S.A., S. Africa, Chile, Japan, and New Zealand). Anemia has its main distribution in tropical America, with a few species in Africa and one in southern India. Mohria is confined to southern and eastern Africa and the Mascarene Islands.

Description: 1. Aquatic plants. 2. Plants floating. Leaves small, simple or bilobed . . . . . . . . . Salviniaceae 2. Plants rooted in earth or on rocks. Leaves larger, more divided. 3. Leaves 4-partite. Sporocarps attached to stipes. . . . . . . . . Marsileaceae 3. Leaves not 4-partite. Sporangia singly or in sori on lower surface of lamina. 4. Sporangia borne singly, protected by reflexed edges of narrow lamina . Adiantum Group 4. Sporangia grouped in sori, on lower surface of lamina, not protected by reflexed edges. 5. Fern of stream-beds in deep shade. Fronds pinnatifid, sori without indusia Polypodiaceae 5. Fern of open swamps. Fronds bipinnatifid, sori indusiate. . . . . Thelypteris Group

Description: Herbaceous, perennial, submerged aquatics or marsh plants, usually with annual grass-like leaves arising in a tuft from a lobed, flattened, corm-like stock. Stock divided into stem and rhizophore, 2—4-lobed, with black dichotomous roots arising from the furrows between two lobes. Roots monarch, with the stele attached to one side of a central cavity, vascular system protostelic, 2—4- lobed at base. Leaves distichous, crowded, with overlapping bases, terete or flattened above, with a broad spoon-like base. Blades with a simple trace and median, unbranched vein, accessory peripheral strands often present; mesophyll chambered with four longitudinal cavities divided by transverse diaphragms, Which give the leaf a muriform appearance when seen in transmitted light. Stomata present on one or both surfaces in some species and absent in others. Leaf-bases usually membranaceous and hyaline but in some species persistent as hard, brown, 2-lobed, horny structures. Ligule present near the base of the leaf above the sporangium, arising from a cavity called the ligular pit, cordate-triangular or subulate, 2—15 mm long, without chlorophyll or cuticle, secreting mucilage at least when young. All leaves potentially sporophyll with a sporangium seated in a pit (fovea) on the adaxial surface below the ligule. Megasporophylls normally arising below the microsporophylls; opening of fovea often wholly or partly covered by a membrane (velum) extending downwards from the apex. Sporangia large, 4—7 mm long, oblong, thin-walled (walls with 3—4 layers of cells), subdivided irregularly and incompletely by oblique sterile plates (trabeculae); of two kinds, megasporangia and microsporangia, sessile and broadly adnate. Sporangia with both megaspores and microspores have been reported and the megaspores often vary considerably in size. Megasporangium containing 50—300 trilete spores, 250—900 μ in diam., white, grey or black, smooth or with warts, spines, or ridges. Microspores monolete, elliptic, 20-45 μ long, smooth or papillose, 150.000— 1.000.000 in each sporangium. Annulus wanting, spores released by the decay of sporangial walls. Some species may be aposporous with young plants taking the place of the developing sporangia. Gametophytes dioecious. Female prothallus green, development starting within and the prothallus remaining attached to the wall of the megaspore. Archegonia one or more up to 30, deeply sunken. Rhizoids present, projecting beyond the spore wall. Male gametophyte arising within the microspore, consisting of only a single prothallial cell and an antheridium, with 4 peripheral cells and 4 central cells, each giving rise to a single antherozoid with 15 flagellae. Distribution. About 75 spp., in all parts of the world except the Pacific Islands (present in Tasmania and New Zealand), but mainly temperate, scarce in Asia, in Malaysia 3 spp., one in the hills and two

Description: The work of preparation of a new survey of all the Pteridophytes of Malaysia will occupy a considerable period. It is proposed to publish this work in parts, as studies of particular families or genera are completed, but it is impossible to plan in advance the precise sequence of these studies. It is anticipated that the new information to be recorded, and new ideas based upon it, will throw a good deal of new light on the delimitation of genera, and upon the inter-relationships of genera, especially among the ferns, which are by far the largest of the major groups concerned. Therefore one cannot now predict what final scheme of classification will emerge. But it is necessary to have some sort of conspectus at the start, as a preliminary survey of the ground to be covered, and as a guide for those who wish to consult the parts of the work as they appear. I have therefore drawn up a list of the major groups, with the genera in each, and also a series of keys to the genera of ferns. The nomenclature of the major groups, the generic concepts, and the keys, must all be regarded as tentative.

Description: 1. Trachypus. 1. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. is divided into 4 varieties: a. var. bicolor, b. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card., c. var. viridulus (Mitt.) Zant. comb. nov., d. var. scindifolius (Sak.) Nog. 2. T. humilis Lindb. is divided into 2 varieties: a. var. humilis, b. var. tenerrimus (Herz.) Zant. comb. nov. 3. T. baviensis Besch. has been transferred to the genus 4. Chrysocladium. T. pendulus Dix. has been transferred to the genus Papillaria as P. semitorta (C. Muell.) Jaeg. 5. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. bicolor; T. nietneri (C. Muell.) Par. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. sinensis (C. Muell.) Broth. T. appressus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. cuspidatus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. pilifer Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. tenellus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. simplicicaulis Dix. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. floribundarioides Nog. syn. nov. 6. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card.: T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. rigidus (Broth. et Par.) Card. T. paulensis (Broth.) Broth. syn. nov. T. molliculus Broth, et Par. syn. nov. T. rhacomitrioides Broth. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. brevifolius Broth. syn. nov. 7. The following species, varieties and forms have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. viridulus (Mitt.) Zant.: T. molleri (C. Muell.) Broth. syn. nov. T. laetus (Ren. et Card.) Broth. syn. nov. T. subbicolor Card. syn. nov. T. cuspidatus Fleisch. var. brevifolia Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card. f. flagelliformis Fleisch. syn. nov. T. subbicolor Card. f. robusta Broth, syn. nov. 8. The following species, varieties and forms have been transferred to T. humilis Lindb. var. humilis: T. massarti Ren. et Card. syn. nov. T. novae-caledoniae Thér. syn. nov. T. dimorphus Dix. et P. Vard. syn. nov. T. massarti Ren. et Card. var. brachyphyllus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. var. brevifolius Card. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. var. major Broth. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. f. secundus Nog. syn. nov. 9. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. humilis Lindb. var. tenerrimus (Herz. )Zant.: T. mauiensis Broth. syn. nov. T. tenerrimus Herz. var. flagelliferus Herz. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. var. gracilis Nog. syn. nov. 2. Trachypodopsis. 1. T. serrulata (P. Beauv. )Fleisch. is divided into 3 varieties: a. var. serrulata, b. var. crispatula (Hook.) Zant. comb. nov., c. var. guilbertii (P. Vard.) Zant. comb. nov. 2. The following species have been transferred to T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. serrulata: T. nodicaulis (C. Muell.) Fleisch. T. rutenbergii (C. Muell.) Fleisch. 3. The following species and subspecies have been transferred to T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. crispatula (Hook.) Zant.: T. himantophylla (Ren. et Card.) Fleisch. T. crispatula (Hook.) Fleisch. ssp. macrodon (Fleisch.) Reim. syn. nov. T. otiophylla (Card.) Card. syn. nov. T. densifolia Broth. syn. nov. T. plicata Dix. syn. nov. T. angustiretis Dix. syn. nov. T. subulata Chen syn. nov. T. crispatula (Hook.) Fleisch. ssp. longifolia Reim. syn. nov. 4. T. ornans (Reich.) Fleisch. has been transferred to T. auriculata (Mitt.) Fleisch. 5. T. declinata (Mitt.) Fleisch. has been transferred to the genus Duthiella as D. declinata (Mitt.) Zant. 6. T. tereticaulis Froehl. has been transferred to the genus Diaphanodon as D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. var. blandus. 3. Diaphanodon. 1. D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. is divided into 3 varieties a. var. blandus, b. var. recurvedentatus Zant. var. nov. c. var. ceylonensis Zant. var. nov. 2. The following species have been transferred to D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. var. blandus: D. thuidioides Ren. et Card. syn. nov. D. brotheri Ren. et Card. D. javanicus Ren. et Card. syn. nov. Trachypodopsis tereticaulis Froehl. syn. nov. 3. D. ? gracillimus Card. et Thér. has been transferred to the family of the Thuidiaceae. 4. D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. has become the type specimen of the genus instead of D. thuidioides Ren. et Card. 5. Duthiella. 1. D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. is divided into 3 varieties: a. var. flaccida, b. var. rigida (Broth.) Zant. comb. nov., c. var. media (Nog.) Zant. comb. nov. 2. Trachypodopsis declinata (Mitt.) Fleisch. has been incorporated within the genus Duthiella as D. declinata (Mitt.) Zant. comb. nov., to which species have been transferred the 2 following species: D. complanata Broth. syn. nov. D. mussooriensis Reim. syn. nov. 3. The following species and varieties have been transferred to D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. var. flaccida: D. japonica Card. D. japonica Card. var. pallida Sak. D. pellucens Thér. syn. nov. D. perpapillata Broth. syn. nov. D. lacustris Reim. et Sak. D. emodi Reim. syn. nov. D. brassii Bartr. syn. nov. D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. var. gigantea Nog. syn. nov. 4. D. rivicola Sak. has been transferred to var. rigida D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. (Broth.) Zant. 5. D. guilbertii Thér. et P. Vard. has been transferred to the genus Trachypodopsis as T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. guilbertii (Thér. et P. Vard.) Zant.

Description: Two small but interesting collections of octocorals from the northeastern coast of South America have recently come into my hands through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, one of them from a survey conducted by the Government of Surinam, the other from exploratory work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The first was obtained off the coast of Surinam by Mr. J. C. HIGMAN, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service observer aboard the motor vessel “Coquette” during the course of exploratory shrimp investigations. The second was obtained between Trinidad and the Amazon River, Brazil, through the efforts of Dr. GILES W. MEAD during the course of cruise 47 of the exploratory vessel “Oregon.” Because there is so little information available dealing with the fauna of the northeastern coast of South America, it seems desirable to make known the records of Octocorallia taken by the “Coquette” and the “Oregon” along this extensive and little known coast, together with a list of the species already reported in the literature. The four new species contained in the present material are described and figured in full, and figures of the spicules of the known species are given in support of the identifications set forth.

Description: In the second half of the nineteenth century an important contribution to our knowledge of the fauna of the Netherlands Antilles, and especially of St. Martin, was made by the medical officer of that island, H. E. VAN RIJGERSMA, whose name, however, has remained almost unknown to Dutch biologists. By assembling important zoological collections VAN RIJGERSMA enabled specialists to study the fauna of St. Martin and the neighbouring islands; as a result, this fauna was for a long time better known than that of many other West Indian islands. From information kindly placed at my disposal by the Rijksarchief (Netherlands State Archives) and the Record Office of the Ministerie van Zaken Overzee (Netherlands Ministry of Affairs Overseas) it appears that HENDRIK ELING (or ELINGSZ.) VAN RIJGERSMA was born in 1834 or at the beginning of 1835, and was very probably of Frisian origin. It is not known where he studied; but he practised on the island of Marken, in the Netherlands, as doctor, surgeon and obstetrician, until the year 1863. By Royal Decree No. 60, dated 26 June 1863, VAN RIJGERSMA was appointed Government Physician on the Dutch West Indian island of St. Martin, where he went in the autumn of 1863 with his wife and two children. He filled this post on St. Martin until his death on 4 March 1877, only once returning on furlough to the Netherlands, from Spring 1873 till March 1874. He was married to MARIA HENRIETTA GRÄFING, probably from Amsterdam. At his death he left seven children. His widow continued to live on St. Martin until 1893, when she went back to the Netherlands with five of her children.

Description: Capítulo 1. Introducción Se han ejecutado investigaciones geomorfológicas en la parte meridional de la Cordillera Cantábrica (dib. 1), en el terreno drenado por el tramo superior del Río Pisuerga, por el Río Camesa, afluente del mismo, y por el Río Rubagón, afluente del Río Camesa. Se encuentra la región investigada en la zona donde se halla el límite entre las rocas Paleozoicas y las Mesozoicas de la Cordillera (mapa 2). Más hacia el Sureste, desde Cervera de Pisuerga se extiende una zona de rocas Mesozoicas plegadas, llamada por Ciry (1939) : ”Le Pays Plissé” (mapa 1). Es una zona de relieve intermedio, ni tan alto como la Cordillera Cantábrica, ni tan llano como la Meseta, que se encuentra más hacia el Sur de dicha zona. Existe una gran diferencia geomorfológica entre las vertientes septentrional y meridional de la Cordillera Cantábrica, como resultado de la situación alta de la Meseta. Los ríos de la vertiente norte en una recorrida de cerca de 50 kilómetros llegan el Mar Cantábrico y así pasan un desnivel de más de 1300 metros; los ríos de la vertiente sur se dirigen a la Meseta que aquí, en su parte norte, tiene una altura de 1000 metros. Es decir, poco más o menos, en la misma recorrida, los ríos pasan un desnivel que es 1000 metros menor que el de los ríos de la vertiente norte. Como resultado, los valles de la parte norte están profundamente agrietados, con considerables pendientes, caracterizándose la parte sur por amplios valles, con suaves pendientes; es la misma altura topográfica, pero el fondo de los valles se encuentra a unos 1000 metros más alto que en la parte norte (dib. 2). Menos pronunciado, pero también claramente visible es el contraste en relieve con la región de la cuenca del Río Ebro, que limita la cuenca del Camesa en el norte y noreste. El clima de la región considerada forma la transición entre el clima de tipo atlántico de la costa cantábrica, y el clima semi-árido del interior de la Meseta. En dib. 3, el clima de Cervera de Pisuerga y de Reinosa está ilustrado gráficamente (según F. Hernández Pacheco, 1944). La cartografía de las unidades morfológicas ha sido realizada a base del Mapa de España, escala 1:50.000. Las hojas utilizadas se presentan en dib. 1. La naturaleza litológica de los cantos de terrazas fluviales fué determinada en los cantos mayores de 2 cms de diámetro; el índice de desgaste fué determinado en los cantos mayores de 4 cms de diámetro. Es para eliminar la influencia de las pudingas triásicas que no hemos considerado los menores de 4 cms (veáse Capítulo 3). Se calcula el desgaste mediante la fórmula de Cailleux: Ie = 2re . 1000/L La granulometría de arenas y arcillos fué realizada por el método de “criba-pipeta”; los resultados son representados por curvas logarítmicocumulativas. El desgaste de los granos de cuarzo se obtuvo de la misma manera que el desgaste de los cantos rodados; el examen de las muestras se ejecutó bajo el micróscopo binocular. La determinación de los minerales densos se hizo de la manera acostumbrada. Capítulo 2: Geología Las más importantes características geológicas de la región investigada se describen en este capítulo, según las investigaciones de los autores Karrenberg (1934), Ciry (1939), Quiring (1939), De Sitter (1955 y 1957) y Kanis (1956). Rocas cristalinas apenas si se encuentran. El Devónico se halla en la parte NO de la cuenca del Río Pisuerga y se compone de areniscas cuarcitosas y cuarcita, alternando con calizas. En el Carbonífero tres unidades litológicas pueden distinguirse : calizas masivas y cristalinas, conglomerados de gran espesor (el llamado conglomerado Curavacas) y una alternación de pizarras, areniscas y conglomerados, a veces también de calizas. Se compone el Permo-Triásico de conglomerados más finos y claramente distintos de los Carboníferos, y de areniscas gruesas, de color rojizo. El Keuper principalmente se compone de margas y arcillas; el Jurásico de calizas bien estratificadas y de margas. El Wealden tiene una litología muy característica, componiéndose de conglomerados finos de cuarzo y cuarcitas, calizas lacustrinas, y areniscas bastante gruesas. Está mal cementado, de modo que por la alteración se forman fácilmente arenas y cascajos. El Cretaceico superior sólo se encuentra en unos lugares, como al Sur de Cervera de Pisuerga. Se compone, generalmente, de calizas. Las estructuras de la fase Sudética (llamada la fase Curavacas por De Sitter) tienen una dirección E—O, las de la fase Asturiana (fase Peña Cilda) una dirección NNO—SSE. Las deformaciones Terciarias son visibles en la región del Valdecebollas, pero quedan sin datar. Capítulo 3: Alteración, denudación y formación de pendientes en diversos tipos de rocas La Caliza de Montaña forma el relieve en toda la Sierra del Brezo. En ningún lugar hemos hallado sedimentos con derrubios derivados de esta Caliza, salvo en una brecha situada al pie de su vertiente meridional. Las pendientes de denudación (“Richter-slopes”, cotéjese Bakker, 1952) de esta Caliza son muy características, con ángulos de inclinación de 25—30° (dib. 5). Otras calizas Paleozoicas, por encontrarse más aisladas, tienen menos importancia en relación con la formación o deformación de pendientes. En el conglomerado Curavacas, que se encuentra en una región extendida, las pendientes de denudación pueden tener los ángulos más variados, pero las transiciones son siempre suaves. Los conglomerados Triásicos son más finos y más compactos, de suerte que reaccionan de manera completamente diferente en la eflorescencia. En el conglomerado Curavacas la “matriz” de los cantos se pulveriza, de manera que los cantos individuales son librados, los conglomerados Triásicos, al contrario, reaccionan a lo largo de diaclasas, de tal manera que se forman cantos compuestos de conglomerado Triásico. Las pendientes de denudación en las rocas Triásicas son de perfil sencillo, rectilinear o suavemente curvado (dib. 5). Las esquistas Paleozoicas no tienen gran resistencia contra la alteración; rápidamente se descomponen en arcillas, pero por la fuerte erosión generalmente desaparece la arcilla formada, dejando la roca expuesta a nueva alteración. Por eso, la mayoría de las pendientes de esquistas es muy compleja, no existe un tipo general. Las areniscas forman en muchos sitios interrupciones de las pendientes, a causa de su mayor resistencia. La composición de los minerales densos de unos productos de alteración se presenta en dib. 7. Capítulo 4: Fenómenos glaciarios y periglaciarios Los fenómenos glaciarios de la región investigada han sido estudiados ampliamente por F. Hernández Pacheco (1944), junto con los del valle de Campo de Suso. Por eso, no nos hemos ocupado intensivamente de tales fenómenos. Fenómenos periglaciarios se observan en toda la región. Hay bloques de dimensiones impresionantes (dib. 10), que se han deslizado suavemente hacia abajo sobre un suelo permanentemente helado, bloques que se encuentran, sobre todo, en las regiones más elevadas. Luego hay “dellen”, valles secos de perfil transversal de forma concava (Schmitthenner, 1925), entre los cuales pueden distinguirse dos tipos: el tipo “hamaca” y el tipo de “suelo llano” (dibs 11 y 12, respectivamente). El suelo de estos últimos es más llano que el de los primeros, pero también concavo. Finalmente, la soliflucción ha sido muy activa en toda la comarca. Es difícil observar, dónde sólo ha sido activa bajo el clima periglaciario, y dónde todavía sigue activa como “soil creep”, el que hemos encontrado en muchos sitios. Capítulo 5: Descripción de las terrazas del Río Pisuerga El Río Pisuerga se caracteriza por la presencia de numerosos restos de terrazas fluviales. Pueden agruparse en los niveles siguientes: La terraza HP altura relativa 120—150 m „ „ LH „ „ 80-100 „ „ „ HM „ „ 50—55 „ „ „ MM „ „ cerca de 40 „ „ „ LM „ „ 20—30 „ „ „ HL „ „ 5—10 „ „ „ Baja „ „ hasta 5 „ Dibujo 13 representa un perfil longitudinal del Río Pisuerga, con la proyección de las terrazas. El número de cada una de las partes individuales corresponde con el número de la descripción en Capítulo 5. Terraza HP. Las partes de Herreruela (1) y San Felices (2) son casi libres de sedimentos. Al NO del Pantano de Vañes se encuentran las partes de Polentinos (3) que están cubiertas de un mezclado de cantos cuarcitosos, Triásicos y areniscos. Al NO de Cervera de Pisuerga se encuentra la parte de Cervera (5) (dibs. 14 y 15), formada de una llanura alta, de dimensiones impresionantes, cubierta de una capa de gravas fluviales, principalmente cuarcitosas, de un espesor de 12—14 metros. Al otro lado del valle del Pisuerga se halla la parte de Rabanal (6) que resulta la continuación de la parte de la Cervera. Al Sur del valle del Río Rivera se hallan las partes de Vado y de Dehesa (7) (dib. 16), que claramente son del mismo nivel. La altura relativa es la misma que la de la parte de Cervera, igualmente existe la cobertura sedimentaria de cantos cuarcitosos, encontrándose en ella cantos del conglomerado Triásico en una proporción de menos de 1 %. Es importante esta presencia, porque indica que anteriormente el llamado Pisuerga Alto (el río tal como existía en la época de sedimentación de la terraza HP) desde Cervera continuaba en dirección sur, pasando por el Puerto del Brezo, que es la depresión marcada entre las rocas Mesozoicas del Mariserrana, y las calizas Carboníferas de la Sierra del Brezo. Más hacia el Sur se ensancha la terraza y queda menos claramente visible. Esta parte ha sido estudiada por Mabesoone (1959). La terraza LH sólo se halla cerca de Cervera (4), a una altura relativa de 80—100 metros; se caracteriza por la ausencia de cantos, estando la superficie formada en un sedimento arenisco que también se encuentra bajo la terraza HP. Parece que este sedimento es de más edad que la terraza HP. Cerca de Ligüerzana, se halla una parte de la terraza LH a una altura de cerca de 80 metros sobre el nivel del río; aquí los cantos cuarcitosos tienen un espesor de cerca de 2 metros. Al Sureste de Salinas, se hallan restos de la terraza LH en las partes de Barrio (13) y de Humín (15). En las dos, los cantos son escasos; sin embargo, la cobertura sedimentaria alcanza un espesor de 3—4 metros. Las terrazas intermedias. El nivel HM se encuentra en las partes de San Mames (14) y de Frontada (16). Hay una cobertura de sedimentos fluviales, de un espesor de 2 a 3 metros. El nivel MM se halla en las partes de Barcenilla (11) y Salinas (12). Aquí también el sedimento tiene un espesor de 2—3 metros. El nivel MM se ha conservado en sitios aislados (8, 9, 17). La terraza Baja. El nivel HL sólo se encuentra al NE de Aguilar; la terraza propiamente dicha se presenta casi en todas las partes del tramo del Río Pisuerga, salvo en el tramo superior (cotéjese mapa 1). Capítulo 6: Petrografía sedimentaria de las terrazas del Rio Pisuerga El estudio de los sedimentos fluviales conduce a las conclusiones siguientes. Los cantos de todas las terrazas de cualquier altura relativa se componen en su mayoría de cuarcitas, procedentes del conglomerado Curavacas. Los cantos de la terraza HP se caracterizan por índices de desgaste bastante altos, que excluyen una influencia de clima periglaciario en la época del Pisuerga Alto. Los cantos de las terrazas intermedias y bajas están mucho menos rodados, lo que indica la influencia del clima periglaciario en aquellos tiempos. El análisis de los sedimentos nos demuestra que el sedimento ha sido depositado bajo condiciones de “braiding rivers”, es decir que hubo más derrubios de los que el río pudo transportar. Los depósitos de las terrazas intermedias también han sido sedimentados bajo importantes alternaciones en el régimen fluvial. Como son menos espesos y tampoco tienen la gran distribución horizontal de los sedimentos de HP, las épocas en las cuales fueron depositados habrán sido bastante más breves. Los granos de cuarzo de 500—1050 µ de diámetro son generalmente angulares, como se ve del dib. 27. Unos porcientos tienen altos índices de desgaste, lo que puede indicar que localmente ha habido influencia eólica. Los análisis de los minerales densos se presentan en el cuadro 10 y en el dib. 28, en los cuales se observa una predominancia de los minerales circón, turmalina y rútilo. La estaurolita procede del Triásico, pero esto no quiere decir que todo el Triásico se caracterice por la presencia de estaurolita. De las observaciones hechas se concluye que en la época del Pisuerga Alto, el río tenía dos importantes arterias superiores, una de ellas procedente de la zona del conglomerado Curavacas, bajando la otra del escarpamiento del Triásico. Desde Cervera continuaba al Sur, pasando por el Puerto del Brezo. De la continuación de la terraza HP con respecto a la raña de Guardo, se deduce que la terraza es más reciente, es decir que probablemente es de edad Villafranquiense superior. Después, el Pisuerga Alto fué capturado por un afluente del Camesa Alto, que en un tramo subsecuente en rocas de poca resistencia podía agrietarse rápidamente por erosión regresiva. Después de la captura, el Río Pisuerga se desvió desde Cervera hacia el Este; el nuevo suelo del valle, tras una fase de incisión, formó la terraza LH. Las terrazas intermedias (HM, MM y LM) fueron depositadas bajo un clima periglaciario; los niveles MM y LM se atribuyen a la glaciación Rissiense, no siendo segura aún la edad del nivel HM. La terraza baja, además del carácter periglaciario de sus sedimentos, se caracteriza por la desembocadura de diversos “dellen”, que también ofrece un argumento para atribuir su origen a la glaciación Würmiense. Capítulo 7: Descripción de las terrazas del Río Rubagón Existen diferencias considerables entre el Pisuerga y el Rubagón : la cuenca de éste es mucho menos extensa; las terrazas fluviales son, por consiguiente, menos grandes y se encuentran, además, en niveles más bajos, tanto en sentido relativo como absoluto. Pueden distinguirse cuatro niveles: La terraza HR Altura relativa 55—70 m „ „ MR „ „ 40—50 „ „ „ LMR „ „ 15—20 „ „ „ Baja „ „ 0—5 „ Están representadas en dib. 29, con el perfil longitudinal del Río Rubagón hasta su desembocadura en el Río Camesa. Los números de las terrazas en el texto corresponden con los en el perfil. La terraza HR se halla en las partes 4, 6 y 7. El espesor de la cobertura sedimentaria varía de unos 2 metros a seis o siete metros. Se compone el depósito fluvial de cantos de conglomerado y de arenisca gruesa Triásicos y cantos cuarcitosos; el diámetro de los mayores cantos excede los 70 cms. Aquí, lo mismo que en la cuenca del Pisuerga, se observan en muchos sitios pendientes de denudación con ángulos pequeños que se levantan suavemente sobre el nivel de la terraza alta. Más hacia el Sur en la comarca de Matalbaniega y Nestar, se presentan tres restos de una terraza alta, con alturas de 1000—980 metros. Como veremos más adelante, forman parte de la terraza alta del Camesa. La terraza MR se halla en las partes 3, 8, y probablemente, 1. Salvo éste último, estas partes están cubiertas de una capa sedimentaria de cantos, de un espesor de 2—3 metros. La terraza LMR se encuentra en las partes 2 y 9. También están cubiertas de una cobertura de cantos. La Terraza Baja se extiende desde Barruelo de Santullán río abajo, y localmente alcanza una anchura de más de 500 metros. La cobertura de cantos tiene un espesor de unos 2—4 metros. Capítulo 8: Petrografía sedimentaria de las terrazas del Río Rubagón La naturaleza litológica de los cantos está representada gráficamente en dib. 33, en el cual se ve que domina la cuarcita, mezclándose con los cantos del Triásico. Los índices de desgaste se dan en el dib. 34. Por la ausencia de conglomerados espesos que suministren cantos cuarcitosos ya rodados, son distintos los diagramas de dibs. 21 y 34. Sin embargo, puede concluirse que los cantos del sedimento HR demuestran un transporte fluvial de corta distancia, en el cual no hubo influenca glaciaria ni periglaciaria. La terraza LMR, al contrario, claramente indica una influencia periglaciaria. En la Terraza Baja también puede ser observada una influencia periglaciaria, pero ha sido menos importante que en el caso LMR. La granulometría de las muestras indica deposición bajo un régimen fluvial con grandes variaciones de caudalosidad. Véase dib. 35. El contenido algo mayor de la fracción “silt” (2—50 micrón) en las terrazas LMR y Baja puede atribuirse a la acción del viento. Los granos de cuarzo son generalmente angulares (dib. 36), con una excepción importante: la terraza MR, cuyo sedimento está bien rodado y como tal refleja el carácter periglaciario de su cobertura sedimentaria. Los minerales densos (dib. 37, cuadro 13) enseñan la predominancia de los minerales turmalina, circón y rútilo. El contenido de topacio de una parte de la terraza Baja fué causado por acarreo desde el Oeste, de la région Wealdense. Capítulo 9: Descripción de las terrazas del Río Camesa Sólo hay dos niveles de terrazas del Camesa: la terraza HC, de altura relativa, media de 60—75 metros, y la terraza baja. La terraza HC se halla, extendiéndose desde Mataporquera (dib. 38), en las partes 2, 4 y 5, con una afluente en el valle del Arroyo de la Canal (3), y en las partes de Matalbaniega. Está cubierta esta terraza de un sedimento de unos 10—12 metros de espesor; sólo en las partes superiores (Mataporquera y Arroyo de la Canal) no alcanza más de 6—8 metros. No hay terrazas intermedias. La Terraza Baja del Río Camesa es distinta de las de los Ríos Pisuerga y Rubagón, por no tener cantos en su superficie. Por el perfil longitudinal de la pendiente extremadamente baja, la potencia de erosión y transporte es casi nula. Los cantos, si los hay, se pierden en los depósitos turbosos del agua estancada. Capítulo 10: Petrografía sedimentaria de las terrazas del Río Camesa Por ausencia de afloramientos, no hemos podido tomar muestras de la Terraza Baja, y tampoco fué posible realizar análisis de los cantos. Así es que sólo se puede observar que los sedimentos de la Terraza Baja deben reflejar las características de la terraza HC, porque ésta se encuentra casi en todos los sitios sobre la terraza baja, en la ribera derecha. Los numerosos meandros indican que, si han estado presentes anteriormente, los restos de terrazas intermedias pueden haber desaparecido fácilmente por la erosión lateral de este valle bastante angosto. Así es que sólo hemos podido estudiar los depósitos de la terraza HC. En dib. 44 se presenta la naturaleza litológica de los cantos, de la cual se ve claramente la importancia de los cantos compuestos del Triásico. La influencia del Kío Rubagón en este sedimento se manifiesta en un aumento del porcentaje de cantos cuarcitosos. Los cantos cuareitosos que han sido encontrados en el valle del Arroyo de la Canal, en cambio, deben ser procedentes de bancos de conglomerado grueso cuarcitoso, que seguramente están presentes en el Triásico. En la dirección río abajo, observamos un aumento de desgaste de los cantos (dib. 45). Influencias periglaciarias resultan ausentes. De los análisis granulométricos (dib. 46A) se ve que la fracción de diámetro 〈 2000 micrones es bastante homógena. Los bancos arenosos bajo los cantos de la terraza también son de origen fluvial, y pueden ser más antiguos que la terraza HC. El desgaste de granos de cuarzo de 500—1050 micrones de diámetro está representado gráficamente en dib. 47. Son angulares, con muy pocas excepciones. Los minerales densos se han puesto en el cuadro 16. Son muy similares los caracteres fisiográficos de las terrazas HC del Camesa y de HP del Pisuerga. Por ejemplo, el espesor de las coberturas sedimentarias es casi igual en ambos casos; además, las dos terrazas se han desarrollado igualmente como “terrazas de plataforma”, y, salvo la naturaleza litológica de los cantos, son muy semejantes los caracteres petrografíco-sedimentarios. La terraza HR del Rubagón desemboca en la terraza HC, de tal manera que el “Rubagón Alto” debe haber sido un afluente del “Camesa Alto”. Llenaban los ríos juntos parte de la llanura, situada entre la Cordillera Cantábrica y el “Pays Plissé” (cotéjese Cap. 11). Capítulo 11: Superficies de planación Prerrodánico. Tras los movimientos tectónicos de la fase sávica en el centro de la Meseta y en las cordilleras marginales, se desarrolló la “Penillanura fundamental de la Meseta”, bien conocida de publicaciones de diversos autores, y discutida ampliamente por Solé Sabaris (1952). Ya antes del Pontiense existía esta penillanura, que se extendía ampliamente y que fué levantada y basculada por la fase rodánica. En Galicia, también han sido encontrados restos de la penillanura fundamental de la meseta, y según Stickel (1930) también estarían presentes en numerosos sitios en la Cordillera Cantábrica, por ejemplo en las comarcas del Puerto de Piedras Luengas. Nosotros, sin embargo, no hemos observado ninguna indicación de tal penillanura en este sitio. Puede ser que se encuentre más al Oeste, pero en la región investigada por nosotros, seguramente falta en la actualidad. Postrodánico. Después de los movimientos rodánicos, la erosión formó otra vez amplias superficies de planación, bajo un clima árido o semi-árido; son pedimentos, claramente visibles en muchas partes de España. Al Sur de la Cordillera Cantábrica, se desarrolló un pedimento del cual se reconocen ahora los restos al Sur de la villa de Guardo. Sobre los pedimentos se hallan coberturas de derrubios, generalmente cantos angulares o mal rodados, las rañas. Hasta ahora las rañas y los pedimentos fueron considerados como siendo de la misma edad, pero recientemente, Mensching (1958) pronunció la posibilidad de que los pedimentos fuesen de más edad, e.d. del Pliocénico, que las rañas, que tienen edad Villafranquiense. Al Sur de la Sierra del Brezo se presenta un fenómeno similar: existe una llanura, cubierta de una brecha calcárea. Es el único sitio donde se hallan sedimentos con derrubios de la Caliza de Montaña en la región que hemos investigado. Probablemente, esta llanura es de la misma edad y del mismo origen que las rañas, es decir de la época Villafranquiense. En nuestra región, existen numerosos restos de superficies de planación que, sin embargo, no tienen carácter de pedimento y sobre los cuales tampoco se hallan derrubios angulares. Hay más razones para no considerarlas como pedimentos. Están claramente relacionadas con las rocas de poca resistencia, y, por tanto, la planación debe haber originado de los valles de un sistema fluvial subsecuente. Pero como son más antiguas que las terrazas altas, también deben ser de edad Villafranquiense. Todos los restos de superficies de planación son evidentemente partes de una superficie, o puede decirse que todas las partes son de la misma edad. La superficie está situada más alto en la llamada superficie de Muda (véase mapa 1: A), bajando hacia el Sureste. Para facilitar la descripción, hemos indicado las partes individuales con nombres de pueblos situados en estas partes. Sólo el nivel de Redondo parece formarse activamente hasta ahora; puede ser que originalmente fuera de la misma edad que las otras, pero ahora existe una diferencia con éstas, que son fósiles. Capítulo 12: Morfogénesis Después de las fases orogénicas hercínicas, la Cordillera Cantábrica ha tenido una historia muy compleja. Los efectos de las orógenas terciarias se muestran en la plegadura de los sedimentos Mesozoicos marginales alrededor del bloque meseteño, y en los movimientos epirogénicos del mismo. Así se formaron las depresiones castellanas y la Cordillera Central (Solé Sabaris, 1952). El Terciario al Sur de la région investigada se presenta como dos series de conglomerados: una de cantos de calizas Cretaceicas, de edad probablemente Eocena u Oligocena, y otra de cantos cuarcitosos de edad Miocena. Según Mabesoone (1959), el conglomerado inferior, de cantos calicíferos, fué depositado después de la fase pirenaica, y plegado en la fase sávica. Después de esta fase, continuó inicialmente la entrega de cantos de caliza, que posteriormente fueron sustituídos por cantos cuarcitosos. Después, el tipo de sedimentos fué haciéndose más fino. Pero de esto no puede concluirse que existiera un relieve llano en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Tras la fase rodánica, que causó el levantamiento del bloque meseteño y su basculación, por la que se formaron las grandes arterias fluviales de la meseta que se dirigían hacia occidente, se inició en muchas partes de España la pedimentación, como ya hemos indicado en el capítulo precedente. En nuestra región, la planación tenía otro tipo, pero también es de edad Villafranquiense. En el Villafranquiense superior, el régimen fluvial cambió de tal manera que los ríos tuvieron el carácter de “braiding rivers”, que depositaban importantes masas de cantos en las llanuras intramontanas, que ya existían como resultado de la planación. Había, en aquella época, el sistema del Pisuerga Alto, y el del Camesa Alto, del cual el sistema del Rubagón Alto era un importante afluente. No existía una conexión entre los dos sistemas. Posteriormente, el Pisuerga Alto fué capturado por un afluente del sistema del Camesa Alto, que tenía gran potencia erosiva, por pasar, en un tramo subsecuente, por rocas de poca resistencia. Luego, en tiempos de clima glaciario o periglaciario, se depositaron las terrazas intermedias y bajas. La terraza baja es de edad Würmiense, los niveles LM/LMR y MM/MR son de edad Rissiense, no siendo segura aún la edad del nivel HM, e. d. o de Rissiense antiguo, o Mindeliense. Las formas de relieve glaciares, en esta región, no tienen gran importancia, las periglaciares son los bloques, los “dellen”, que se hallan en dos tipos, y la soliflucción. Hablando geológicamente, en el futuro próximo, una captura del sistema Rubagón/Camesa superior por el Arroyo Mardancho, afluente del Ebro, tendrá lugar en Quintanilla de las Torres. Se predice, asimismo, una captura del tramo superior del Ebro por el Río Besaya cerca de Reinosa. Así le quedará claro al lector, que las modificaciones de sistema fluvial que hemos establecido en el pasado, no serán las últimas; en el futuro geológico, si la naturaleza puede actuar libremente, se producirán modificaciones igualmente importantes.

Description: The main purpose of this study is to search for an explanation of the curious differentiation within the genus Chamaeleo. Since the species of this genus are rather doubtful units, I have studied the geograpical distribution of characters, not of the species, a method first used in botany (BAUR, ROTHMALER a.o.). I found that the number of characters is largest in east Afrika, gradually decreasing from this area to the periphery of the total range of the genus. East Africa proved to be still more important, as practically all the characters occur in it. This means that the chameleons in the other areas practically never possess characters that are not found in east Africa. This pattern of distribution fits in rather well with REINIG’S elimination theory (1938): „.. bei Einzelwanderungen wird nur ein Teil des gesamten Allelbestandes einer Art mitgeführt... eine durch Einzelwanderung entstandene Population weist eine geringere Zahl von Allelen auf als die Ausgangspopulation.” The existence of many parallel series of variation (meaning that several characters originated several times independently in different groups) led me to the conclusion that the mechanism described in REINIG’S theory as elimination, has consequences also for the genes predisposed to change into others. This reasoning gave a key to the reconstruction of the ancestral chameleon. By two different ways I arrived at the same conclusion, viz. the ancestral chameleon was probably an animal resembling mostly Chamaeleo chamaeleon s.l. (§ 21). As for this theoretical part of my study a survey of the species was needed, I first made an attempt at a natural system. I have divided the genus into groups of related species. For practical reasons the chameleons of Madagascar are treated separately. Their connections with the species of the African continent are examined in a special section (§ 11). As a result of my investigations I had to propose the following taxonomic changes: Ch. rhinoceratus var. lineatus + Ch. labordi + Ch. voeltzkowi + Ch. barbouri = Ch. rhinoceratus (§ 3), Ch. lambertoni = Ch. lateralis (§ 4), Ch. semicristatus = ♀ Ch. verrucosus (§ 5), Ch. guibei nov. spec. (§ 6), Ch. calcarifer = Ch. chamaeleon calcarifer, Ch. zeylanicus = Ch. chamaeleon zeylanicus, Ch. etiennei = Ch. gracilis etiennei (§ 12), Ch. anchietae vinkei + Ch. anchietae mertensi + Ch. marunguensis = Ch. anchietae (§ 13), Ch. unicornis = Ch. oweni unicornis (§ 14), Ch. pumilus = Ch. pumilus pumilus, Ch. melanocephalus = Ch. pumilus melanocephalus, Ch. gutturalis = Ch. pumilus gutturalis, Ch. ventralis = Ch. pumilus ventralis, Ch. ventralis occidentalis = Ch. pumilus occidentalis, Ch. ventralis karrooicus = Ch. pumilus karrooicus, Ch. damaranus = Ch. pumilus damaranus, Ch. caffer = Ch. pumilus caffer, Ch. taeniobronchus = Ch. pumilus taeniobronchus. (§ 16).

Description: In an adult female of the common eel Anguilla anguilla a large lipoma was found, situated on the left side, caudally of the left operculum. Microscopically, the tumour, which originated from the subcutaneous connective tissue, was composed of areas of adipose tissue and areas of fibrous connective tissue. The tumour belongs to the fibrolipomatous type and shows a striking resemblance with the lipoma, described by Stolk (in press) in the lizard Lacerta muralis.

Description: The following account of the non-marine Mollusca of the Island of Sumatra, the second largest of the Greater Sunda Islands (surface 440.000 km2) is based on the following collections: 1. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, including the material collected by Prof. Max Weber, Dr. L. P. de Bussy, Jhr. Dr. F. C. van Heurn, Prof. J. C. van der Meer Mohr, Dr. E. Jacobson, and many others. 2. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. 3. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor (Java). 4. Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle (Switzerland). 5. Zoologisches Museum, Zürich (Switzerland). 6. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Switzerland). 7. Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main (Germany). 8. Mr. J. P. van Niel, who lived in Sumatra from 1951 to 1956 and made great efforts to collect molluscs in his leisure time. This material has been presented to the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. 9. Various private cabinet owners in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland who received their material from relations overseas. In the list of localities these collections will be referred to by the following symbols: ZMA Zoological Museum, Amsterdam RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden MBo Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor MBa Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel MZh Zoologisches Museum, Zürich MGv Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt Nl Mr. J. P. van Niel Br Mr. A. C. van Bruggen, Leiden Bt Mr. L. J. M. Butot, Haarlem By Dr. P. Bohny, Basle Dr Mr. J. Drijver, Wageningen Ls Dr. F. E. Loosjes, Wageningen Nb Mr. W. H. Neuteboom, Heemskerk Sl Mr. L. van der Slik, Rotterdam Vm Mr. L. A. W. C. Venmans, Moergestel

Description: 1. Didymium ovoideum nov. spec. maxine ut D. iridis (Ditmar) Fries, sed a specie illa sporangiis plerumque prolatis, peridio fragili et translucente, primum crystallorum calcis glomerulis albis aspersis, sed crystallorum glomerulis detritis ob colorem sporarum olicaveis, columella plerumque etiam prolata, sporis minoribus distinguenda (cf. Fig. 1). Sporangia (Fig. 1, a) gregaria, stipitata, stipite incluso 1.0-1.5 mm alta, parte sporifera plerumque prolata, 0.4—0.5 mm diam, et 0.8-1.0 mm alta, rarius globosa casu quo diametrum eundem exhibente, basi umbilicata, crystallorum calcis glomerulis albis aspersa; stipes rubrobrunneus, translucens, ad basin granulis aliensis cum substantia propria commixtis nigrescens, e hypothallo orbiculari parvo, dilute brunneo et granulis alienis nigropunctato ascendens, in parte sporifera extensus; peridium ipsum sine colore, tenuis et translucens, sed primum glomerulis crystallorum albo-pulverulentum, glomerulis crystallorum tamen faciliter detritis, casu quo ob praesentiam sporarum colorem olivaceo-brunneum exhibens, fragile, irregulariter dehiscens; columella calcis crystallis obtecta, porphyrea, lutea vel interdum albida, in sporangiis prolatis prolata, in sporangiis globosis globosa; capillitium (Fig. 1, b) profusum, e filamentis tenuibus, ramificatis et interdum inter se connectis, vix coloratis vel dilute brunneis, sed hic inde, praesertim ad ramificationes saturatius coloratis consistens; sporae globosae, 6-7.5 μ diam., per saturam brunneae, ad lucem orientum versus visae dilute violaceo-brunneae, minute et irregulariter verruculosae, verruculis pleremque in series incurvatas dispositis. Plasmodium luteum.

Description: The new species described below belongs like St. leplocaulis Brem. (in Nova Guinea, new ser., 8: 129. 1957) to the subgenus Telrastichum, which is characterized by the presence in each of the ovary cells of circ. 60 ovules arranged in four rows and by the lower flowers of the inflorescence being subtended by ordinary leaves. The new species is easily distinguishable from St. leptocaulis by its larger and relatively wider leaves and by its obovate-orbicular bracts. Staurogyne latibracteata Brem. n. spec. ad subgenus Tetrastichum pertinens, caule ascendente et anthisre appendiculatis ad St. Neesii (Vidal) C. B. Clarke ex Merr., St. rivularem Merr. et St. leptocaulem Brem. accedens, caule pilis capitatis vestito praesertim St. Neesii et St. leptocauli similor sed bracteis multo latioribus ab eis et a speciebus omnibus huius generis hactenus notis faciliter distinguenda.

Description: When studying the Gesneriaceae of Guiana (1958) the present author saw a fairly considerable number of misidentified and unnamed specimens some of which proved to belong to undescribed species. Several of the latter are described below. Besides, several of the species he met with, had to be transferred to other genera. New combinations, however, were made only in those cases where the author could examine the type.

Description: Bij een bezoek aan Schiermonnikoog, in september 1958, zagen wij een interessant verschijnsel met betrekking tot het kiemen van zaden. Aan de noordzijde van het eiland, 200 m ten oosten van de Reddingsweg, bevindt zich een duinvlakte, begroeid met een Juncus gerardi-gezelschap met o.a. Potentilla anserina, Agrostis stolonifera, Glaux maritima en Samolus valerandi. Door deze vlakte is vorig jaar een greppel gegraven van ongeveer een halve meter diep. De strekking van de greppelwanden is n.w.-z.o., de helling 45°.

Description: Bij een inventarisatie van de binnenduinrandbossen der landgoederen van Wassenaar op 13 mei 1959 ontdekten wij tot onze grote verrassing, tezamen met Dr. J. Wilcke en Ir. W.F. Rappard, op bet landgoed Groot Haesebroek een rijke groeiplaats van Poa chaixii, Luzula luzuloides en Luzula maxima. Deze soorten komen overigens vrijwel uitsluitend voor in het oosten en zuiden des lands. Poa chaixii, ook in het O. en Z. zeldzaam (met Amersfoort als westelijkste, groeiplaats; door ons alleen gezien hij Oldenzaal, Berg en Dal, Oosterbeek en Gennep), is in het westen tot dusver slechts éénmaal waargenomen (Bolnes: wijlen Dr. P. Jansen). Luzula luzuloides, vrij algemeen in Zuid-Limburg en zeldzaam in het subcentreuroop district, is daarbuiten slechts waargenomen in het Haagse Bos, anderhalve eeuw geleden (Van Geuns: zie van Hall, Flora Belgii Septentrionalis); volgens de heer G. Londo te Haarlem (mond. med.) zou zij echter thans nog voorkomen onder beuken aan de binnenduinrand te Bloemendaal. Luzula maxima, eveneens vrij algemeen in Zuid-Limburg en zeldzaam in het subcentreuroop district, is daarbuiten bij ons weten nooit vermeld.

Description: Tijdens een bezoek van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Commissie van de voorlopige Natuurbeschermingsraad aan het eiland Rottum op 28 juli 1958 verzamelde Dr. W. Vervoort, Leiden, een 47-tal Phanerogamen. Dit was voor ons aanleiding om na te gaan, wat er tot nu toe over de flora van Rottum in de Nederlandse literatuur gepubliceerd was. Oude gegevens hierover vinden wij in een artikel van L.A. Cohen in het Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 7, 1840, p. 445, getiteld Berigten omtrent de natuurlijke geschiedenis van het eiland Rottum. Daarna volgt in 1870 het bekende werk van P. Holkema, De Plantengroei der Nederlandsche Noordzeeeilanden. De volgende publicatie over de flora van Rottum is van W.W. Schipper, on wel in N.K.A. III,1 , 1897, p. 209 en in idem, 1898, p. 358. Vervolgens vinden we nog van J.P. Thijsse enkele in hoofdzaak ornithologische artikelen in De Levende Natuur, waarin echter ook enige gegevens over de plantengroei te vinden zijn en wel in D.L.N. 15, 1911, pp. 385 en 405, D.L.N. 16, 1911, pp. 193, 217 en 241, D.L.N. 17, 1912, p. 193, D.L.N. 21, 1916, p. 215 en D.L.N. 22, 1917, p. 185.

Description: Op boomkwekerijen, waar men zaad van deze heester, zowel uit de duinen als uit het Alpengebied uitzaait, ziet men een duidelijk verschil tussen de duin- en do Alpenplanten. Hoewel beide variëren, zijn die uit de duinen voorzien van meer doornen, breder blad en grotere vruchten. Onze landgenoot, Prof. J.L. van Soest heeft ze beschreven als ssp. maritima en ssp. fluviatilis (Mitt. der Florist. -sociolog. Arbeitsgemeinschaft N.F. 1952, Heft 3).

Description: Op 16 mei vond ik in de gemeente Wilnis op de westhelling van de Westveense kade van de Kromme Mijdrecht een vrij dichte vegetatie van Carex reichenbachii. Volgens de auteurs van de Flora Neerlandica (I, 3, 1954) „is de plant zeker vaak over het hoofd gezien.” Dit is wel aannemelijk, omdat de habitus doet denken aan Carex ligerica of aan een nog niet volgroeide C. brizoides op overeenkomstige standplaatsen. Maar in het onderhavige geval, waarbij een soort van de sectie Arenariae (behalve dan C. disticha) op een kade in het Hafdistrict werd aangetroffen, voelde ik mij door deze merkwaardige groeiplaats wel gedwongen, de plant wat nauwkeuriger te onderzoeken. Onmiddellijk vielen daarbij de gekromde aartjes op, De determinatie gaf, hoewel de urntjes nog niet volledig ontwikkeld waren, geen moeilijkheden. De heer Th.J. Reichgelt bevestigde de juistheid ervan.

Description: Hen inwoner van Leiden met belangstelling voor floristiek loopt gevaar om te versomberen. Hij heeft in zijn omgeving de min of meer vaste vindplaatsen van een hoogst bescheiden aantal zeldzame planten, waarmee hij eventuele gasten van elders desgewenst, in het juiste seizoen, kan confronteren, maar overigens leeft hij vrijwel te midden van een tot wanhoop drijvende cultuursteppe, enkele moeilijk toegankelijke terreinen (Kaaggebied!) niet te na gesproken. Wanneer zulk een florist zijn gedrukte stemming eens extra wil accentueren bladert hij in Molkenboer en Kerbert’s Flora Leidensis. Hij verneemt daaruit hoe anders zijn ervaringen zouden zijn uitgevallen indien hij omstreeks 1840 geleefd had. (Zijn gemoedstoestand brengt mee, dat hij daarbij liefst over het hoofd ziet, dat de moderne handige determineerboekjes toen nog niet bestonden). M. & K. toveren hem een fraaie wereld voor. Op de koren- en vlasakkers van de Hoge Mors en langs de legendarische Duifhuislaan was het kennelijk om te watertanden en ook van andere plaatsen worden de in onze ogen vreemdste vondsten vermeld. Wellicht op grond van de schilderachtige naam treft hem daarbij de herhaalde vermelding van de Morsebel-polder onder Oegstgeest. „Carex caespitosa L.”, zo leest hij, maar hij troost zich, aan de hand van Flora Neerlandica deel I, afl. 3, blz. 89, met de gedachte, dat het wel Carex nigra (L.) Reichard zal zijn geweest, die er trouwens nu nog staat. Verder stuit hij op Medicago muricata D.C. (wat dat ook raag zijn!), Montia fontana L., Aster tripolium L., Myosurus minimus L. en Fritillaria meleagris L.; de laatste heide „in menigten”. Met welbehagen stelt hij daartegenover vast, dat Samolus valerandi L. ter plaatse aan de toenmalige floristen is ontsnapt of zich pas later heeft gevestigd.

Description: De hoklijsten van 1950 en daarvoor zijn thans ingeboekt in de albums Q 3, R 1/2, R 3, R 4, S 1/2, S 3 en de uurhok-gegevens daaruit zijn alle overgenomen op overzichtsbladon voor heel Nederland schaal 1 : 1.500.000. Nu zijn in bewerking de albums P 2, P 3, Q 2 en Q 4, waarmee dan de oude gegevens van bet Deltagebied en zijn randen ter raadpleging beschikbaar komen.

Description: Van 4-11 Juli 1959 werd door de B.S.B.I. een excursie gehouden naar N.W.- Frankrijk (Pas de Calais, Somme, Seine-Maritime) onder leiding van Dr. Francis Rosé (Londen). Behalve door circa 20 Engelsen werd aan de gehele excursie deelgenomen door Prof. Jovet (Parijs), terwijl enige andere Franse botanici, veelal amateurs, gehun durende enkele dagen door hun locale kennis diensten bewezen. Bovendien was België door één deelnemer en Nederland door beide ondergetekenden vertegenwoordigd.

Description: De serie door het I.V.O.N. gepubliceerde verspreidingskaartjes van Nederlandse plantensoorten is wederom verkrijgbaar. De prijzen zijn als volgt: afl. 1, 1935, 21 kaartjes van diverse soorten f. 1.35 afl. 2, 1936, 32 kaartjes van diverse soorten „ 2.00 afl. 3, 1936, 18 kaartjes van Potamogeton „ 1.15 afl. 4, 1937, 32 kaartjes van Primulaceae en Orchidaceae f. 2,00 afl. 5, 1938, 16 kaartjes van soorten uit het fluviatiele district „ 1.00 afl. 6, 1939, 32 kaartjes van soorten uit het fluviatiele district, halophyten en akkeronkruiden „ 2.00 afl. 7, 1940, 30 kaartjes van soorten uit het Callunetum, Ericetum en uit Nanocyperion-associaties „ 1.90 afl. 8, 1941, 32 kaartjes van diverse soorten „ 2.00 afl. 9, 1942, 32 kaartjes van Corispermum, Cuscuta en enkele duinen strandplanten „ 2.00 afl. 10, 1951, 16 kaartjes van water- en moerasplanten „ 3.20 afl. 11, 1951, 11 kaartjes van Gramineae „ 2.20 Bestellingen te richten aan het I.V.O.N., Rijksherbarium, afd. Nederland, Nonnensteeg 1, Leiden. Betaling door storting op postrekening 111768 van het Rijksherharium, onder vermelding, „Plantenkaartees I.V.O.N.”

Description: Van de plantenwerkgroep van de C.J.N. ontvingen wij in juli j.l. een rapport betreffende de begroeiing van de Utrechtse grachtmuren. Aan dit rapport ontlenen wij, met toestemming van genoemde werkgroepje volgende vondstens A. Oude Gracht Weerdzijde. Tussen Zandbrug en Jacobibrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. (door restauratie verdwenen). Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt 1) Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon Polypodium vulgare L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Sonchus oleraceus L. Poa annua L. Tussen Jacobibrug en Viebrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium angustifolium L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Taraxacum spec. Tussen Viebrug en Jansbrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Sonchus oleraceus L. Poa annua L. Tussen Jansbrug en Bakkerbrug: Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt 1) Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Apium graveolens L. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman Hedera helix L. (aangeplant). Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Poa annua L. Tussen Bakkerbrug en Bezembrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen Bezembrug en Stadhuisbrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Vismarkt: Niets, wegens restauratie. Lichte en Donkere Gaard: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. B. Oude Gracht Tolsteegzijde. Van Lichte Gaard tot Gaardbrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Poa annua L. Tussen Gaardbrug en Hamburgerbrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt ¹) Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen Hamburgerbr. en Weesbrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. Athyrium filix-femina (L. ) Roth Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon ²) Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Ohr. Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium angustifolium L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Taraxacum spec. Tussen Weesbrug en Smeebrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt ¹) Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Poa annua L. Tussen Smeebrug en Geertebrugs Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodium vulgare L. Brassica napus L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Poa annua L. Tussen Geertebrug en Vollersbrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Ribes rubrum L., rode en witte aalbes Epilobium roseum Schreb. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Tussen Vollersbr. en Tolsteegbr.: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. C. Nieuwe Gracht. Tussen Hortus Botanicus en Magdalenahrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Tussen Magdalenabrug en brug Zuilenstraat: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen brug Zuilenstraat en Brigittenhrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Urtica dioica L. Epilobium montanum L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Tussen Brigittenbrug en brug Hamburgerstraat Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Brassica napus L. Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser Circaea lutetiana L. Scutellaria galericulata L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Taraxacum spec. Tussen Hamburgerstraat en Pausdambrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Ranunculus acris L. Spilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L. ) Mill. Valeriana officinalis L. Poa annua L. D. Kromme Nieuwe Gracht. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh. ) Maxon ¹) Polypodiurn vulgare L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Epilobium montanum L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Sambucus nigra L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake E. Drift. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodiurn vulgare L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Valeriana officinalis L. Taraxacum spec. Voorts werd op talrijke plaatsen op de muren Sagina procumbens L. aangetroffen.

Description: Ferns are by far the largest division of vascular cryptogams, and, for purposes of publication of Flora Malesiana, they will have to be subdivided in a series of parts. This necessarily raises the problem of taxonomic subdivision of ferns into families or other major taxonomic units, a matter on which there is at present no general agreement among pteridologists, except that the more primitive families are generally recognized as distinct groups. As regards the majority of ferns therefore no formal arrangement into families will be attempted. There is however a fairly general agreement that certain groups of genera (e.g. the Davallia group) are natural groups. It is the intention to arrange the genera of ferns in such groups, and to publish the group-revisions in such sequence as may be most practicable. The author of the revision of any particular group must naturally decide the limits he will recognize for the group; and as the whole work will be by more than one author, some differences of opinion as to the delimitations of groups are probably unavoidable. It is believed that such differences of opinion will not be great, and if they occur their existence will be indicated by cross-references.

Description: Danish Siam Exploration. In 1958 Prof. Sørensen and Prof. Kai Larsen were working for a couple of months in Thailand; two of their students would stay there for about a year for work on the ecology of the monsoon flora.

Description: In Fl. Mal. Bull. no 13 (1957) 556, chapt. V, line 5, read: New South Wales instead of Queensland. In ibid. p. 564, line 30, read; I.H. Burkill instead of H.M. Burkill.

Description: Commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the birthday of Linnaeus. In many places academies and societies commemorated this event. In Sweden, Uppsala University, it took place just before the End of Term ceremonies of the University and a number of botanical and zoological taxonomists were invited to a Symposium ”Systematics of To-day”, to excursions in the vicinity of Uppsala, and to the imposing End of Term ceremonies, attended by His Majesty, The King. On that occasion several famous taxonomists received an honorary doctorate from the University. The festivities were concluded by a dinner and ball in the magnificent Rikssaal of the Uppsala Castle. For those who, like myself, had the privilege to attend and enjoy the abundant hospitality and friendliness in this beautiful country, these spring days will forever linger in the memory as delightful from all points of view. To observe flowers along the same trail the Prince of Botanists took with his students centuries ago, to visit Hammarby under delightful weather conditions, gave a peculiar charm to these days; we feel immensely indebted to our hosts, male and female, all gentle, eager, courteous, dignified, and above all, kind.

Description: Abbayes, Henri des: Quelques Cladonia (Lichens) des régions intertropicales, nouveaux ou peu connus, conservés dans l’Herbier de Kew (Kew Bull. 1956, 259-266). Contains some records from New Guinea, Siam, etc. Arisz, W.H.: Herinneringen uit drie perioden van plantenphysiologisch onderzoek. Groningen. 1958. 25 pp. Review of his work on plant physiology including his research done in Java by the retiring professor of Groningen University.

Description: Mr G.H. Addison, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Singapore was compulsorily retired under the Singapore Government’s policy of malayanisation and left Singapore on April 22, 1959, for the United Kingdom after 21 years service. His future plans are as yet uncertain. The Gardens will have no replacement for him for some considerable time. Mr José Agama retired from For. Dept. North Borneo on June 8, 1957, at the age of 68 years, after 42 years service with the Department (Mal. For. 20, 1957, 180).

Description: Small to medium-sized, rarely large, terrestrial or epiphytic ferns. Rhizome creeping, terrestrial and radially symmetric or nearly so, solenostelic or more often with a special type of protostele with internal phloem but without internal endodermis and medulla; or epiphytic and with a similar but strongly dorsiventral protostele with the internal phloem close to the dorsal side of the xylem, or in some small species the xylem strand open and U-shaped. Petioles with a single U- or V-shaped vascular bundle. Indument of the rhizome of scales, these nonpeltate, non-clathrate (in Mal. spp.), glabrous, entire, or with weakly developed teeth of two protruding cell-ends; terminal cell of scale glandular. Juvenile leaves with similar but narrower, caducous scales. In some species some or even all scales are entirely uniseriate but not true hairs. Laminal parts with scattered microscopical two-celled hairs, hardly ever with macroscopically visible hairs. Axes of leaves adaxially with a single groove bordered by ridges, both mostly continuous with those on axes of different order. Lamina once pinnate to decompound (rarely simple in a single Old World sp.), anadromous. Ultimate divisions various, often dimidiate. Veins free, or reticulate without free included veinlets, not reaching the margin. Sori terminal on one to many veins, often on a commissure ± parallel to the margin, submarginal, indusiate; indusium attached at its base, the sides free or adnate, the free edge next to the leaf-margin and often ± equaling it. Sporangia ± long-stalked, with a triseriate stalk; bow of annulus interrupted; stomium well differentiated or not. Spores trilete or less often monolete, without perisporium, smooth or with little sculpture. Paraphyses mostly, perhaps always, present, filiform, 2- to many-celled, often early disappearing. Gametophyte known in very few species, cordate. Distribution. Pantropic, extending considerably beyond the tropics in Japan, Australia, South Africa, and eastern South America; comparatively weakly represented in continental Africa. Six genera: Odontosoria (10 American spp., 2 African spp.), Ormoloma (2 spp., neotropical), Tapeinidium (17 spp., SE. Asia to Samoa), Sphenomeris (11 spp., pantropic-subtropic), Xyropteris (monotypic, Malesian), and Lindsaea (c. 150 spp., pantropic-subtropic).

Description: Rhizome relatively slender, creeping, protostelic (solenostelic only in Dicranopteris pectinata (WILLD.) UND. of tropical America), in Stromatopteris bearing erect irregularly dichotomous branches which bear the fronds, in all other cases bearing fronds directly; young parts covered with peltate fringed scales (scales otherwise in Stromatopteris) or branched hairs. Fronds unbranched in Stromatopteris, in all other cases branched in fully developed plants, the main rachis bearing a series of pairs of branches, its apex periodically dormant while each successive pair of branches develops; each primary branch often bearing a pair of secondary branches and a permanently dormant apex between them, the process sometimes repeated several times; ultimate branches either bipinnatifid or pinnatifid, the lamina (whether of an ultimate branch, or leaflet of an ultimate branch) cut almost to the costa; veins in lamina-segments pinnate, branches simple or forked, free (in some cases apparently joining a thickened non-vascular margin). Sori of 2—15 or more sporangia, attached to a small receptacle on the surface of a vein (except in Stromatopteris, where each sorus is spread along part of both branches of a forked vein), never at the end of a vein, all sporangia in one sorus developing simultaneously; branched hairs or scales often present with sporangia but no indusium. Sporangia with complete oblique annulus, dehiscing vertically, containing c. 200—800 or more spores. Spores monolete or trilete, smooth, translucent, colourless. Gametophyte (not known in Stromatopteris) at first cordate, then ribbon-like with heavy midrib, finally branching at apex; rhizoids stiff, abundant, usually reddish-brown; two-celled glandular hairs developed by many species in association with archegonia and also on margin; antheridia comparatively large and complex in structure (some more so than others); archegonia with long necks (longest in Gleichenia subg. Gleichenia) directed towards apex of prothallus; no cases of apogamy observed.

Description: Caudex massive, usually erect and unbranched, where prostrate not dorsiventral in structure; fronds arranged on caudex in spiral series; vascular system of caudex a hollow cylinder with gaps corresponding with leaf-bases, in some cases small medullary bundles also present; a cylinder of very hard sclerenchyma, with gaps at leaf-bases, present both inside and outside the vascular cylinder (but absent in Cibotium), the surfaces of the sclerenchyma covered with cubical cells containing silica; tangentially arranged sieve-tubes present in the phloem as well as longitudinal ones. Stipes of Cyathea containing numerous small vascular strands arranged in 3 series (fig. 6), these strands more or less united in smaller axes of Cyatheafronds and also in larger axes of other genera (fig. 31f, 33d); stipe-bases persistent, or sooner or later caducous leaving a pattern of scars on the caudex; pneumathodes present along each side of stipe, in a single discontinuous or almost continuous row, or in 2—3 rows close together, the row joining upwards to a similar row on the basiscopic side of the first pinna, a ± circular pneumathode at the base of the pinna beginning the row on the main rachis to the next pinna. Dermal appendages on fronds: multiseptate hairs only, or both hairs and scales (Cyathea); if both, the hairs often confined to the adaxial surface of the fronds. Fronds in most cases bipinnate-tripinnatifid, with varying gradations to tripinnate, in a few cases simply pinnate, in Culcita 3—4-pinnate; pinnules almost symmetrical at the base except in Culcita; veins normally free except in Cyathea capitata and in the genus Cnemidaria (trop. America). Sori either terminal on veins and protected by an inner indusium as well as by the more or less reflexed edges of a small lobe of the lamina (outer indusium), or apparently not terminal on veins and not near the edge of the lamina, with indusia of various form or without indusia; receptacle of various shape, in all cases containing vascular tissue which in the case of Cyathea represents the termination of a short vein; stalks of sporangia short or long, 4 or more cells in transverse section, annulus more or less oblique, with a more or less clearly defined lateral stomium; spores trilete, surfaces smooth or variously sculptured; multiseptate paraphyses, of a single row of cells (terminal cell glandular or not) or scale-like at the base, present with sporangia. Distribution. Throughout the wetter parts of the tropics, especially on mountains; a few species just north of the tropics, more south of the tropics especially in Australasia. As here construed, 9 genera, of which 5 are Malaysian: Cyathea (pantropic, at least 600 spp.); Cnemidaria (limited to species with pinnate fronds, anastomosing veins and distinctive spores, tropical America, 10 spp.); Lophosoria (tropical America, monotypic); Dicksonia (tropics and southern subtropics in Malaysia, Australasia, America, St Helena, c. 25 spp.); Cystodium (Malaysia, monotypic); Thyrsopteris (Juan Fernandez, monotypic); Culcita (subg. Culcita in Azores and tropical America; subg. Calochlaena in Malaysia and Australasia; in all c. 7 spp.); Cibotium (SE. Asia, Malaysia, Hawaii, Central America, c. 12 spp.); Metaxya (tropical S. America, monotypic).

Description: I spent the period from Oct. 8, 1957, to March 27, 1958, at Bogor, Indonesia. During that period I worked regularly in the Herbarium Bogoriense. The main part of my work consisted of a complete rearrangement of the fern herbarium, which consists of some 20,000- 30,000 specimens.

Description: The author regards the Cyphellaceae as an artificial family. He redefines it for practical purposes, suggesting the gradual removal of those elements that show relationship with other groups; several elements are referable to the Corticiaceae or the agarics. A list of the ‘cyphellaceous’ generic names tentatively included is given. The genera to be excluded from the family as defined are briefly discussed. The same applies to a long series of specific names that had or have been included. A historic chapter reviews some important developments in regard with some of the older genera, Solenia, Cyphella, Aleurodiscus, as well as the rise of the family. Some species are transferred to Aleurodiscus Rab. ex J. Schroet.; Cytidia Quél. is redefined and Auriculariopsis Maire excluded from it. Other genera reviewed and redefined are Stromatoscypha Donk [Porotheleum (Fr. per Fr.) Fr.], Chromocyphella De Toni & Levi Phaeocyphella Pat.], and Lachnella Fr. Two new monotypic genera are introduced, Cellypha Donk and Pellidiscus Donk. One or more species of the redefined and new genera are discussed. The name Mycena sect. Hirsutae (Kühner) ex Donk is validly published. Several specific names are reduced to the synonymy of other species for the first time. Several types of names published by Persoon and by von Albertini & von Schweinitz were studied. New combinations are made under Hymenochaete Lév. (1), Favolaschia (Pat.) Pat. (1), Aleurodiscus (2), Cellypha (1), Pellidiscus (1), Chromocyphella (1).

Description: Most of the material recorded in this paper was collected by the author during his stay in Suriname from 1949 to 1955. By courtesy of Mrs. J. BONNE-WEPSTER, the author was enabled to study the Wyeomyia specimens which were collected by BONNE and BONNE-WEPSTER in Suriname and are at present in the collection of the Department of Tropical Hygiene and Geographical Pathology of the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. This material includes five holotypes and a number of paratypes.

Description: The fossil remains of rodents described in the present paper are from various localities. The large extinct musk rat Megalomys occurs in reddish-brown phosphatic “oolite” fillings of irregular cavities in a marine limestone found by Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJÉ in the north-western part of the Duivelsklip, eastern Curaçao, about 50 m above sea-level. The “oolite” also contains scanty remains of lizards, snakes, and of a bat. Fragmentary molluscs present possibly include Cerion uva (L.), a recent, very common, terrestrial species, as well as other gastropods, many opercula of which were found. Samples of a phosphatic “oölite” deposit collected in 1937 by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK from an escarpment near Fontein, Bonaire, proved to contain jaws, with teeth, of a genus of hesperomyine rodents, Thomasomys a single snake vertebra; and mollusc remains including what seem to be their coprolites.

Description: Sediments in the foreland of a mountain chain are sometimes suited to reconstitute the conditions in these mountains at the time of deposition of the sediments. The present study gives the results of a sedimentological investigation of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in a part of the Duero basin, situated south of the Cordillera Cantabrica, which supplied the sediments. The aim was to determine both the conditions in the source area, and the environments in the area of deposition. The investigated area is situated in the province of Palencia, between the rivers Pisuerga and Carrión. The area being a part of the so-called Meseta, has a simple relief. Two levels at different heights can be distinguished. The higher level, páramo, is strikingly flat, the lower, campiña, is more undulating. The Tertiary basin sediments are of various types, and can have six different facies. Along the mountain foot the sediments are chiefly conglomerates with some sandstones, united into the Cuevas facies. The pebbles consist of limestones derived from the Cretaceous limestones, which in the E occupy extensive areas but in the W are only exposed in a narrow strip along the southern border of the mountain chain. At that time they must have formed the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. Pebble roundness and flatness indicate for the greater part a deposition as river fans in a warm and rather dry climate. These conglomerates have been brought into an overturned position in the W of the investigated area, and were strongly tilted in the E. This tectonic deformation is thought by several authors to have occurred during the Savian orogenic phase. The younger beds, having the Cuevas facies, are nearly horizontal, and were deposited during and after this folding as appears from the presence of sandstone pebbles derived from the sandstone layers within the folded conglomerates. South of the limestone conglomerate belt a wide zone with red beds occurs. These sediments, consisting of an alternation of quartzite conglomerates and sandy layers, represent the Vega de Riacos facies. The change of deposit from a limestone conglomerate into a quartzite conglomerate may be due to changes in the supply area, the Mesozoic limestones having been eroded and having become covered with soils, and the Palaeozoic quartzites and conglomerates becoming largely exposed. A typical feature is the absence in all basin sediments of pebbles derived from the Carboniferous limestone, the so-called Brezo-limestone, which at present froms a great part of the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. The sediments presenting the Vega de Riacos facies were deposited in a warm and humid monsoon climate, as appears from (1) the red colour, (2) the shape of the quartz sand grains, and (3) the clay mineral associations. The remainder of the investigated area is characterized in the N by yellow sandy and clayey deposits, covered by similar, but yellow and red, sandy and clayey deposits, and in the S by yellow clayey deposits overlain by white and grey gypseous marls, alternating with limestones. The underling yellow sandy and clayey sediments, typical for the Carrión de los Condes facies, are dated as Vindobonian on account of the fossils found near Palencia and Saldaña. The upper yellow and red, sandy and clayey layers found in the N, having the Relea facies, have a Pontian age, based on fossils found near Saldaña and Relea. In the E of the investigated area this Relea facies shows a local divergent aspect, called Zorita facies, characterized by an alternation of red, sandy deposits and white, marly deposits. The gypseous marls and the limestones in the S, which show the Páramos facies, overlying the yellow clayey sediments in Carrion de los Condes facies, have a cover of a very hard, bluish limestone, the Páramos-limestone, which provided some freshwater molluscs indicating also a Pontian age. The sediments in the four last-named facies represent chiefly deposits of rivers and shallow temporary lakes (lagunas). A rather regular sedimentation went on from Vindobonian into Pontian times, meanwhile influenced by changes of climate in the basin. After the warm and humid climate in which the red beds were deposited, the climate became more arid, with an increased evaporation. First the yellow sediments in Carrión de los Condes facies were deposited, in the N being still sandy, in the S becoming more clayey. They are clearly deposits of rivers which did not supply very coarse material, but some deposition in temporary lakes must also have occurred. At the end of the Vindobonian evaporation became stronger, as can be concluded from the lime crusts found in the upper layers in the area of the Carrión de los Condes facies, and more to the S, in the area of the Páramos facies, from the deposition of gypsum bearing marls, when the drainage was more or less restricted. This climate persisted during the first part of the Pontian as can be concluded from lime crusts occurring in the lower beds in Relea facies, the depositional environment, that is rivers and lagunas, remaining the same. Later in the Pontian the humidity of the climate increased, as appears from the increasing number of red layers in this Relea facies. In the S this increasing humidity caused the precipitation of gypsum to cease, and at this time the Páramos-limestones were formed. The Zorita facies, which laterally replaces the Relea facies, is chiefly determined by a supply from a different source area, namely the Mesozoic calcareous rocks exposed a few kilometres N of the deposits in Zorita facies. The heavy mineral associations (chapter VIII, part 1) are monotonous, practically consisting of resistant minerals. They seem to indicate a supply from NW to SE. Also the pebble supply followed this direction, as may be concluded from their size distribution within the red beds having the Vega de Riacos facies. This NW—SE direction was the main drainage direction in Pre-Rhodanian times. The clay minerals in the sediments presenting the various facies allow to draw some conclusions on the climates at the times of deposition. For instance, the rather righ percentage of kaolinite in the sediments in the Cuevas and Vega de Riacos facies, may indicate a warm and rather humid climate during and after deposition. But later alterations also influenced the clay mineral associations, causing a preponderance of illite (see chapter VIII, part 3). After the deposition of the Páramos-limestones the Duero basin became a non-depositional area. During the Rhodanian orogenic phase the bordering mountains were uplifted, and the basin was tilted towards the W. This caused a switch of the drainage pattern which before was directed towards the Mediterranean, and now became directed towards the Atlantic Ocean. During the whole of the Pliocene strong bevelling occurred, through which the páramolevel in the basin and pediments at the foot of the mountain chains were formed. Next, a warm and dry climate characterized by sheetfloods must have prevailed all over the Meseta, causing the deposition of the angular quartzitic raña pebbles, so well exposed in the investigated area on the raña of Guardo. These rañas are presumed to be of Villafranchian age. Soon the influence of Quaternary changes of climate became evident. Certainly the younger river terraces, found at five various levels, are due to these Pleistocene climatic changes. Pebble analyses could confirm the opinion of various authors who admit only two real glaciations in the Spanish mountains, namely the last and the penultimate. Indeed, the two lower terraces contain pebbles which may have been formed in a periglacial climate, whereas the deposits of the three upper terraces only contain evidences of a humid, temperate climate. The sedimentological data on which the conclusions on the depositional environments, as given above, are based can be found in the following chapters: (a) grain size distribution (chapter V), (b) pebble analyses (chapter VI), (c) morphometrical sand analysis (chapter VII), (d) mineralogy of the sands (chapter VIII, parts 1 and 2), (c) clay minerals (chapter VIII, part 3). The development of the drainage pattern (see chapter IX) was reconstituted with the help of a number of captures, which can be observed in the field. In this way a gradual adjustment of the drainage to the present direction can be demonstrated. In the investigated area this adjustment occurred rather late during the Quaternary. At that time also the campiña-level was formed. Finally, in the last chapter (X), an attempt is made to establish the palaeoclimates, and the relief in the source area, though there remain many uncertainties. The Cordillera Cantabrica, being a mountain area, must always have had a more humid climate than the basin. Even during the Upper-Vindobonian and Lower-Pontian, while the basin was arid, the climate in the mountains must have been more humid. This appears from the clastic sediments supplied into the basin (Relea facies). Though the drainage was restricted, it will not have been totally interrupted, because only calcite and gypsum were deposited in the basin centre, and no halite. There will have been a certain relief in the source area during the whole time. The sediments give no indications for a fully developed peneplain. During the whole of Vindobonian and Pontian times clastic sediments have been supplied by the Cantabrian Mountains.

Description: The present paper deals briefly with the main geological features of the Casavegas area (Northern Palencia, Spain). Though incomplete, the sequence of Carboniferous strata in this region is regarded as a reference-section for correlation purposes within the larger N. Palencia area. A local subdivision on fusulinids of a part of the Carboniferous is proposed. Three zones are distinguished: Protricites Zone F. ex gr. brañoserae Subzone Fusulinella Zone F. delepinei Subzone Profusulinella Zone Fusulinella bocki, var. delepinei is brought to species level as F. delepinei Van Ginkel, sp. nov.

Description: Desde el punto de vista geológico el norte de Surinam se divide en 4 zonas distintas, a saber: I°. la parte del sur que pertenece, como también el resto de Surinam, a la capa precambriana de Guyana, que, a su vez, consiste principalmente en granitos, granitodioritas y esquistos, y que, por la mayor parte, lleva selva pluvial en terrenos corroídos muy profundos. 2°. Al norte de esta capa se encuentran depositaciones mucho más jóvenes: la capa de la formación Zanderij, constituida por arenas blanqueadas con vegetaciones de sabana y, además, arenas no blanqueadas y arcillas con arena gruesa. 3°. Luego hay la formación Coropina de la vieja llanura costera o sea un viejo terreno de bajiales compuestos de limos polvorosos y arcillas con formaciones de pantano y de lodazal. En la franja del norte se encuentran cordones litorales de arena fina (llamados en Surinam „ritsen”). 4°. Finalmente, desde allí hasta la costa actual la joven llanura costera que consiste en arcilla pesada marina con formaciones de pantano y cordones costeros de arena o conchas, cubiertos de selva (véase el mapa). Tipos de vegetación en lugares húmedos: 1. Manglar, que se divide en selva de Avicennia nitida (la parwa) en la costa y en los diques naturales de los ríos grandes, zonas de Rhizophora mangro: 3 especies) en barro a lo largo de las orillas de los ríos, y el manglar mixto. 2. Pantanos herbáceos, que contienen muchas comunidades en agua salina y dulce, descritas en la parte primera de esta serie. 3. Bosque de pantano, que varía desde matorral abierto hasta bosque de un estrato de 10—15 m. de altura y que es muy pobre de especies. Matorral de Machaerium lunatum (brantimakka) y bosque de Erythrina glauca (koffiemama) en agua salobre, y en agua dulce bosque de Pterocarpus y Tabebuia. 4. Selva de pantano tiene un dosel de entre 18 y 30 m., es pobre de especies y, ordinariamente, tiene numerosas palmeras; dicha selva se distingue en 3 tipos: El tipo A tieno mucho Triplaris (mierenhout) y ningún Symphonia (matakki) yes muy corriente en la joven llanura costera (perfil 1). El tipo B no tiene Triplaris, pero mucho Symphonia y Virola surinamensis (baboen) y se encuentra en las partes de más edad de la joven llanura costera; la formación de turbera es muy intensa. (perfil 2). El tipo C es como B, pero es más rico en especies en las partes más bajas de la vieja llanura costera, o sea en albercas detrás de los diques naturales de los ríos. Selva de lodazal es bastante rica en especies, tiene 2 estratos y se da en terrenos periódicamente inundados, como p.e. los témpanos erosionados de la vieja llanura costera, las partes bajas de los „ritsen”, los diques naturales de los ríos y en las aroyaderos en los terrenos accidentados. Característicos son los „kauwfoetoes”, que son suelos desiguales y canalados; la capa herbácea está, casi siempre, bien desarrollada, las varias palmas se dan con un número muy cambiante. En la selva litoral éstas pueden hasta dominar en el dosel de copas. Selva de Mora (perfil 3) es una variante alta de la litoral (de 35—40 m. de altura), en la que predomina Mora excelsa en todos los estratos y que se halla solamente en la parte occidental de Surinam. La de Hura crepitans (perfil 4) predomina aquí y allí en las partes bajas de los „ritsen” y hacia el oeste de la llanura costera se aumenta el número de Carapa formando así la variante tercera: la de Carapa. Formas xeromórficas de vegetación; En Surinam se resumen las formas xeromórficas de vegetación bajo el concepto de „sabana”. Dichas formas se dan en los sitios donde el suelo tiene tan poca capacidad retentiva del agua que en los períodos secos, cuando la evaporación supera con mucho la caída pluvial, aparece falta de agua y la vegetación se hace susceptible para incendios. Según el tipo de suelo distinguimos 3 series en las que la duración del período de falta de agua determina el aspecto de la vegetación. 1. la serie seca en arena profunda de cuarzo blanco muy permeable que lleva varios tipos de selva, a saber: Selva de sabana, de 25—30 m. de altura, dosel cerrado y un estrato inferior de árboles delgados; es rica en especies por el hecho de que hay muchas de la selva pluvial, al lado de las típicas de la de sabana, especialmente en el estrato inferior; las palmas que se den son pocas y pequeñas (perfil 6 p.p.). Aquí y allí se encuentra selva de wallaba con Eperua falcata, y selva de dakama con Dimorphandra conjugata como especie predominante. También se da el caso de 2 especies prevalecientes. Bosque de sabana se compone solamente de especies xeromórficas de sabana y se convierte, en caso de persistente falta de agua, en matorral con más o menos las mismas especies, para pasar a ser luego sabana abierta con grupitos de arbustos y una vegetación ligera y pobre de hierbas y semiarbustos. 2. la serie húmeda en terrenos llanos con capas impermeables en el suelo, de mode que, por consiguiente, carencia de agua en el período seco alterna con inundaciones en el de lluvias. Las formas forestales de sabana húmeda tienen en común muchas especies con las de la serie seca, aunque no dejan de tener algunas propias. Además tienen una subvegetación de hierbas grandes (Scitamineae). La sabana abierta húmeda lleva una vegetación rica, pero bastante cerrada, de especies propias. 3. la serie de piedra en suelos tenues que se encuentran sobre roca sin corroer en terreno accidentado y montañoso. Así hay p.e.: Selva de sabana montañosa en capas de ferrita y ferrobauxita en los montes, que se parece a la de sabana corriente, pero se caracteriza por otras especies, sobre todo Myrtaceae y Sapotaceae, y muchas lianas, musgos, y epífitas pequeñas. Sabana de roca se halla en masas de roca desnuda en el interior del país, p.e. en la montaña de Voltz sobre la cual crecen algunas hierbas en cavidades y hendiduras, sucedidas por grupos de arbustos en los que predomina, muchas veces, una de las especies de Clusia. En el sistema de BEARD la 1a y la 3a constituyen 2 series paralelas de las formaciones siempreverdes secas, mientras que la 2a entra en las formaciones de lodazal. La selva de tierra firme o la selva pluvial comprende los tipos que cubren la parte mayor de la superficie; sin embargo, no se las puede subdividir a causa de su grande riqueza de especies y su complejidad. En su forma óptima en la parte oriental del terreno accidentado esta selva constituye una de 3 o 4 estratos: uno, superior, de „emergentes” esparcidos, de 40—45 m. de altura; otro con un dosel irregular, bastante cerrado de una altura entre los 25 y 30 m.; y debajo del segundo un tercer estrato de árboles delgados y una subvegetación vaga, pero con especies propias, al lado de ejemplares jóvenes de las de estratos superiores. Palmas, generalmente, son numerosas, y en particular en la subvegetación (perfiles 5 y 6). Hacia el oeste y la costa el estrato superior desaparece poco a poco, quedándose más abiertos los inferiores, como pasa también en la selva veranera siempreverde de BEARD, lo cual, esto no obstante, no hemos distinguido, por haber una conformidad grande de especies. También la selva de „rits” en la llanura costera pertenece, según nuestro modo de ver, a los tipos más pobres de la selva pluvial. Sólo en una franja estrecha de 1—2 km esta selva se hace tan pobre e irregular, aunque tiene algunas especies propias como un cacto gigantesco (Cereus sp.), la espinosa Ximenia americana, la palma Astrocaryum segregatum y Eugenia wullschlaegeliana, que es mejor hablar de bosque costero. Al este de la Coppename predomina, aquí y allí, la Mora gonggrijpii (moraboekea) en todos los estratos. Completamente aparte está, a causa de su aspecto, la selva de lianas en la que faltan estratos y, no pocas veces, el dosel de copas por el hecho de que los árboles se encuentran muy dispersos. Bien es verdad que hay árboles altos, cubiertos de lianas que llenan también los espacios intermedios. La selva susodicha se encuentra en suelos pedrosos que hace difícil la radicación. Por consiguiente son muy numerosos los árboles caídos a tierra. Dicha selva cuenta con muchas especies que se dan también en la selva pluvial. Para los tipos de selva se suministran ejemplos de la fracción frecuentativa de las especies, y para la selva de arroyo y selva pluvial se la da también de masa y número de troncos por hectárea y clase diamétrica. En 6 perfiles fueron bosquejados los tipos principales forestales: en una franja de 5 m. de ancho se trazaron todos los árboles de 5 m. y más; en una segunda de igualmente 5 m., todos los de más de 10 m.; y en la tercera de 10 m. de ancho sólo los de 20 m. y más. En la lista de especies se da de todas las especies el nombre surinameño y el científico, y el número de ejemplares por perfil.

Description: The peculiar distribution of the species of Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) is wellknown. Floras and manuals usually mention one western species — R. mangle L. — that occurs both in the coastal regions of tropical and subtropical America and in the corresponding habitats of west tropical Africa, and an eastern species — R. mucronata Lam. — occurring both in tropical Asia and in east tropical Africa. It is also well-known that a few other species occur in tropical Asia; a recent revision has been given by HOU (1958). G. F. W. MEYER (1818) described from British Guiana a second American species, R. racemosa, differing in the inflorescence which is forked and 2-flowered in R. mangle and much-branched in R. racemosa. ENGLER (1876) regarded this species as a variety of R. mangle; most botanists, however, considered it synonymous with the latter. LEECHMAN (1918) published an investigation of the Rhizophoras of Georgetown, British Guiana. He found not only the two species of Meyer but also a third species, R. harrisonii Leechm., provided with a much-branched inflorescence as in R. racemosa. The hypocotyls (also considered radicles) of both R. mangle and R. harrisonii reach a length of up to 30 cm, that of R. racemosa a length of up to 65 cm. The opinion of most botanists, however, remained unchanged: namely that the material of the genus Rhizophora from both America and West-Africa belongs to one species, R. mangle L. In treating the Rhizophoraceae for the Flora of Suriname I shared this opinion (JONKER, 1942). In 1953, however, KEAY published his revision of the West-African Rhizophoras based on field observations. He concluded that the three species recognized by Leechman also occurred in West-Africa. SAVORY (1953) studied the ecology of Rhizophora in Nigeria and found that the most common species is R. racemosa, a pioneer at the outer border of the Rhizophora zone. R. harrisonii is dominant in the middle region and R. mangle in the interior part of the zone. The latter has the highest salt tolerance and occurs in the habitats with the highest salt concentration in the dry season. The other species obtain, especially in the wet season, more fresh water.

Description: On account of the reticulate spores with their large area of dehiscence and because of the structure of the pseudo-capillitium the monotypic genus Liceopsis and Enteridium splendens (syn. E. rozeanum) are returned to Reticularia. It is argued that R.? rozeana can not with certainty be identified, but that it can not be regarded as conspecific either with R. lobata or with R. splendens. Of R. lycoperdon a var. americana is separated, differing from the type by its free spores. A new species, R. intermedia, is described. It resembles R. lycoperdon in the dendroid pseudo-capillitium, but differs from the latter in the fragile cortex and in the filamentous structure of the pseudo-capillitium. It is known so far only from the vicinity of Doorwerth, province of Gelderland, the Netherlands.

Description: Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Te Leeuwarden aan een weg langs de spoorlijn. dicht bij Koopmans Meelfabrieken, trof ik, tussen planten van het fluitekruid, een groot exemplaar van Myrrhis odorata aan. Tuinen zijn niet in de buurt; het zal dus een exemplaar zijn, dat uit aangeveerd zaad is opgeslagen.

Description: This is the name of a Standing Committee of the Pacific Science Congress, proposed to be established in 1939 by Prof. Dr H.J. Lam and realized with the 7th Pacific Science Congress, New Zealand (1949). The first chairman of it was Prof. Dr H.J. Lam. It is the intention to come gradually to effective publication of maps and these will be published under this title in the Philippine Journal of Science.

Description: The genus Actiniceps Berk. & Br. is shown to be a Basidiomycete. Wiesnerina Höhn. and Dimorphocystis Corner are regarded synonymous. The type species A. thwaitesii Berk. & Br. is redescribed with D. capitatus Corner as synonym. The following new combinations are proposed: A. horrida (Höhn.) Boedijn, A. secunda (Höhn.) Boedijn, A. laevis (Corner) Boedijn, and A. subcapitatus (Corner) Boedijn.

Description: Since the publication of the Revision of the Genus Dillenia (Blumea 7, 1952, pp. 1—145) a number of additional collections have come to my notice. As is to be expected, the most interesting ones are from Eastern Malaysia, where the genus has developed a high degree of diversity and where the number of collections is still relatively small.

Description: During his zoological collecting trips to the Antilles Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck also gathered several samples of fresh and brackish water algae, which have been presented to the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The present paper deals with the Chlorophyta of that collection, with the exception of Enteromorpha. Wagenaar Hummelinck’s localities 1936—1949 have been described in the “Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao”, Vols. 1 (1940), 2 (1940) and 4 (1953). Sta. 76 A has been illustrated in Vol. 1, Plate Vb; Sta. 97 in Vol. 2, Plate IV a; Sta. 500, 382, 63 and 678 in Vol. 4, Plates Ib, IIa, IIb and Va, respectively. The 1955 localities will be described in a “Third List of Localities”, to be published in a forthcoming volume of this series.

Description: During 1957 two important collections of fishes were obtained from off the coast of Suriname and adjacent regions. The first of these was made by the motor vessel “Coquette”, a commercial shrimp trawler which engaged in exploratory work for the Government of Suriname. Mr. JAMES B. HIGMAN of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service was invited to accompany the “Coquette” during part of this work, and the collection of fishes which resulted was due largely to his efforts. The second collection was obtained by the motor vessel “Oregon”, exploratory vessel of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. During November, 1957, the “Oregon” occupied over a hundred trawl stations along the northern coast of South America between Venezuela and the Equator. Most of these collections are now in the U. S. National Museum and the Chicago Natural History Museum. Both the “Oregon” and the “Coquette” collections contain representatives of a distinctive new species of Lonchopisthus. The definition of this species has required a review of the western Atlantic species of the genus. I take pleasure in naming this new species of Lonchopisthus from Suriname in honour of its collector:

Description: In the earliest papers on neotropical Blattidae a fair number of specimens from Surinam were recorded (LINNAEUS, DE GEER ¹), DE SAUSSURE, BRUNNER). But in the period from the beginning of this century up to now only a few scattered reports of Blattidae from that region have appeared in the literature of the subject. The present article will be the first to deal exclusively with Surinam species. The material dealt with in this paper was mainly secured by DR. D. C. GEIJSKES between 1938 and 1955. His extensive travels both in the coastal area and far into the interior of Surinam enabled him to collect all over the country.

Description: The present paper embodies the results of a study of 362 specimens of the genus Rivulus from Suriname and the other Guyanas. So far, 58 species names (morphological species or subspecies) have been proposed, by a great many authors; these names are listed on pages 52—53. Of the 58, topotypical specimens have been examined in 8 instances. In order to facilitate a future review of the genus, which is in great need of revision, short remarks are made on the morphology and ecology of a number of specimens, from various localities, belonging to distinct species.

Description: This contribution may be considered as an Appendix to my paper on “Tenebrionid Beetles of Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands”, which was published in the fifth volume of this series (1954). The addition has proved to be justified after study of: 1. a collection of Tenebrionids gathered by Dr. H. J. MAC GILLAVRY, Professor of Geology at Amsterdam University, as a student member of an excursion that took place in 1930 under the direction of the late Prof. L. M. R. RUTTEN; 2. some additional material collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK; 3. specimens from the collection of Ir. R. H. COBBEN, entomologist and agriculturist of Wageningen, in 1957; 4. material collected by B. DE JONG, biologist at Curaçao, and other sources.

Description: The present study is based on material obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK on his various trips to the Caribbean, the greater part of which was received from the Zoölogisch Museum at Amsterdam, where the types and most of the other specimens are deposited. Mr. R. H. COBBEN, entomologist of the Landbouwhogeschool at Wageningen, who collected on the Netherlands Antilles in 1956, was also kind enough to let me have his material for study. The following species are now known to occur in the area under consideration:

Description: J’ai récemment reçu du Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK de Utrecht environ 230 exemplaires (larves, nymphes et fourreaux vides) d’un Helicopsyche, recueillis par lui-même en 1936 en quelques localités de l’île de Margarita (Venezuela). Grâce au fait que les armatures génitales du ♂ et de la ♀ purent être trouvées chez une paire de nymphes, le problème de l’appartenance spécifique de cet insecte pût être élucidé; il s’agit d’une nouvelle espèce. Nous remercions vivement le Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK pour le matériel et pour les indications écologiques, ainsi que le Dr. D. E. KIMMINS du British Museum pour les précieuses indications qu'il nous a aimablement donné sur la forme que nous décrivons, après avoir consulté nos dessins.

Description: A small area limited in the north by the Boca del Cantó, in the west by the Pallaresa river and in the south by the crest of the Montaña de Bahent and reaching westwards as far as the village of Feixa was surveyed in detail. Previous work by Prof. de Sitter and some of his pupils had revealed that in the steep southern slope of the Boca del Cantó several recumbent folds occur with Ordovician shales in the anticlinal cores and Devonian in the synclines. The work was carried out on the topographical base of an 1:25.000 enlargement of the official 1:50.000 map, sheets 214, Sort and 215 Seo de Urgel, which proved to be far from satisfactory. Aerial photographs were not available. The Tornafort area is limited in the north by an important fault, which runs practically in the bed of the Boca del Cantó. Tins fault forms the southern limit of the axial zone of the Pyrenees, north of it we find the Lower Triassic conglomerates, sandstones and shales covering unconformably strongly microfolded non metamorphic Ordovician. Near the mouth of the Boca del Cantó this clastic Trias is covered by the evaporite facies of the Keuper, with ophites and muschelkalk floats. The latter formation forms also the western boundary of our region on the lower slopes of the Tornafort hill towards the Pallaresa river, again separated from the Paleozoic by a north-cast trending fault. Thus the Tornafort area forms the northern border zone of the Nogueras zone as it has been defined by Peter Misch (1934). This Nogueras zone is known to have been strongly deformed by alpine orogeny because a little further south and west we see that the paleozoic has been folded together with the Triassic. A section by de Sitter (1957) crossing the Pallaresa river just west of our region shows a Devonian anticlinal core with Trias in the flanks. Our Tornafort region, however, is separated from the structure given by this section by a thrust along which the Devonian with Silurian at its base has been thrusted on the Triassie. This thrust forms the southwest boundary of our map, and the Tornafort structure does not seem to be connected with the just mentioned anticline, as has been done by de Sitter in his section, where the Tornafort structure is drawn as the core of a second anticline further south.

Description: The results of an investigation of the structure and sedimentology of Upper Westphalian and Lower Stephanian strata in the eastern end of the Cantabrian palaeozoic core (NW Spain), are presented. The sediments, shales, sandstones, limestones and coal seams occur in three main associations: the orthoquartzite-carbonate, the turbidite and paralic associations. Two facies are dstinguished: a western, without turbidites, with relatively many coal seams and an eastern, with turbidites and a few coal seams. Some evidence for a zone of less subsidence is present. This zone separates the two facies. The western and eastern facies are represented by the rocks in the Sierra Corisa and Redondo synclines respectively. Between the two synclines occurs a zone of long stretched narrow folds, often upthrusted to the west. Fold axes generally plunge SSE. Some of the structural features are explained by disharmonic folding and extrusion tectonics. In the eastern facies a formation occurs, which consists of graded sandstones alternating with mudstones. Thickness measurements of the individual sandstone and mudstone beds are analysed with non-parametric statistical methods. Several regularities in the succession of lithological types or thicknesses are revealed. Correlations between thickness or position of variates (i. e. sandstone, mudstone, sideritic concretion) are tentatively explained in the light of the turbidity current hypothesis. Especially the successive sandstone thicknesses show an interdependence expressed in “fluctuations”. Sandstone-mudstone thickness-correlation leads to the assumption of a very high mud content of the turbidity current in these cases, and considerable erosion by successive currents. Sedimentary structures, especially those of the turbidite association, are described in detail. A short annotated bibliography on sole markings is given. The palaeocurrent directions measured from sole markings and cross-bedding are discussed. The sequence of sole-marking-directions on successive turbidite layers indicates interdependence of these dirctions, which could also mean the interdependence of the depositing currents. A litho-stratigraphic map, three structural sections and twelve stratigraphic sections are given.