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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,038)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • 1955-1959  (673)
  • 1930-1934  (365)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 45-137 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A general survey of the reaction of neutral red upon a selected series of living animal organisms is made, and the rationale indicates that neutral red is an indicator of proteolytic enzyme action, whether this be intra- or extracellular. Cellular hydrolytic and cellular synthetic systems are thus manifested. The neutral-red reaction also reveals the course of assimilation and secretion in organisms, the nature of fertilization, and the beginning of embryological differentiation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 333-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The current view in mammals is that ova are formed in the embryo in large numbers and stored in the ovary as a reserve to be drawn on through adult life; they may persist for long periods ina latent condition, a few resuming active development at each recurring oestrous period; new ova are not and cannot be added.An alternative hypothesis has been presented by several authors: New ova are formed throughout life, from the embryonic period through the time of sexual maturity; each ovum so produced must at once begin its growth and development of die; long latency of oocytes and primary follicles is not possible and does not occur. There is a constant degeneration of most follicles, and only a few come to ovulation. A study of the albino rat presents evidence which is consistent with the second view and supports it more strongly that it does the older hypothesis. Similar evidence is found in other mammals. It seems probable that the newer hypothesis is the correct one, at least in some mammals; further investigation may show it to be of general application.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 153-221 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the morphological types of the second, third, and fourth interdigital patterns of the human palm and their differential occurrence as a basis for determining the morphological significance of the digital triradii and main lines, which are the final remnants of the pattern boundaries. Certain types of patterns show a large preponderance, with a correspondingly large percentage of a certain morphological value for each digital triradius, although other morphological possibilities than the usual one are discovered in each case. Correlated combinations of rare patterns are presented and their hereditary nature discussed.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 251-275 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intravitam stains were used to determine the functions of several organs in two species of nemas (Rhabditis strongyloides and Rhabditis elongata). The organs were also studied in section. From the results obtained it is concluded that the amphids are not excretory in function, but more probably sensory, for definite connections were observed to extend to the nerve ring. No migratory cells, such as those described by Stefanski, were seen.The phasmids stained with all intravitam stains used. but were never observed to secrete. It seems doubtful that they serve as excretory organs.The excretory system was seen to consist of a typical X system. Actual excretion was observed. Deirids were seen for the first time in both species. Oesophageal glands were also described. A study was made of the structure of the intestinal cells, rectal glands, and anal muscles. Attention was called to the fact that there are two kinds of ejaculatory glands, one of which probably serves as a ‘cement gland,’ while the function of the other is still in doubt.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 147-193 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations.A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 243-289 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread-like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana-shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta-eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra-enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra-enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta-eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 597-612 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The acrosome in Desmognathus, Spelerpes, Plethodon, salamander, Amphiuma, etc., is attached to the nucleus in connection with an acrosome seat, which forms a shallow cup, traced back to a number of granules in the early spermatid. A postnuclear plate is present in the above-mentioned urodeles, and is derived from a small number of minute granules which assemble in the spermatid and become fixed onto the nuclear membrane. The centrosomes of the spermatid are visible intravitam. The ‘vacuome’ is formed of minute neutral-red-staining globules embedded in the idiozome. No connection appears to exist between mitochondria and Golgi bodies, as is postulated by the vacuome-chondriome hypothesis (Parat).
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After amputation, the wound is closed by the protrusion and lateral expansion of the alimentary canal over the cut muscles and its final fusion with the epidermis laterally after about twenty-four hours. Associated with the expansion is a divergence of the two adjacent halves of the ventral nerve cord in the last remaining segment. As a result, the whole of the new regenerated lobe behind the ring of the cut epidermis is interneural; i.e., it is an enlargement of the normally small area separating the two nerve cords. Undifferentiated cells, or neuroblasts, are normally located interneurally, and during regeneration these neoblasts proliferate throughout the enlarged interneural zone of the papilla and migrate throughout the lobe. At first the neoblastic mesenchyme filling the lobe is loose and homogeneous, but as the cells settle down against the outer wall they replace the old intestinal cells and assume the characters of new epidermis. Internally, the mass acquires paired cavities, while the cells surrounding the cavities differentiate into muscle, peritoneum, etc. Thus one type of cell gives rise to the whole of the regenerated papilla. These cells are also the mother cells of the gametocytes.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 97-131 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes of the germinal epithelium are vesicular, whereas the Golgi material takes three forms. The aggregation of chondriosomes about the Golgi cap, located on the nucleus, suggests a chemical interchange between these in the growth period. They become cylindrical as the Golgi cap moves from the nucleus and becomes spherical. It is at this time joined by other Golgi material. The entire aggregation is dispersed previous to the maturation divisions, where the inclusions studied are only approximately equally divided, in contrast to conditions in the true scorpion, Centrurus exilicauda. Golgi granules on chondriosomal surfaces in the spermatid again suggest chemical interchange. The later changes of chondriosome vesicles to discs, and back to spheres, may be means of regulating chemical reaction. A close relation between chondriosomes and Golgi material is indicated by various bodies, of Golgi origin, within the former in the spermatid. A thick thread finally originates from among the chondriosomes of the elongated sperm. Spiral threads surrounding the elongating nucleus arise from reunited Golgi material, a derivative of this substance not previously recorded. The acrosome, also of Golgi origin, undergoes several changes in shape and shows several parts. The elongated nucleus, spiral thread of Golgi origin, acrosome, chondriosomal thread, and unusually long axial filament become coiled and encysted in an oval mature sperm capsule. In the female duct the sperm uncoils.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ciliary wave length is a constant in the temperature range of 10° to 30°C. and in Modiolus demissus has the average value of 13.1 μ. Comparison of these data for ciliary coordination with those of nerve conduction probably indicates that the two physiological processes possess certain properties in common. The cells which bear the cilia are 12.75 μ long and the variation in ciliary wave length and cell length is about the same, which may indicate a possible cytophysiological relationship between the two.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 345-365 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During oogenesis granular mitochondria become concentrated in the proximal portion of the oocyte and remain concentrated in the line of cells that gives rise to the germ cells. Two cells of characteristic structure, appearing at gastrulation one on either side in the mesoderm, contain this mitochondrial cloud. All functional germ cells seem to be lineal descendants of these two primordial germ cells. The cloud disappears during gonad formation, but reappears in oocytes of the next generation. Except during meiosis and fertilization the germ-cell cycle is traceable from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. Details of meiosis and chromosome number were not ascertained.Capacity for producing germ cells in Sphaerium is traceable from a definite region in the egg to primordial germ cells through a localized cloud of mitochondria in the mature ovum and certain cells of cleavage stages. Mitochondria, therefore, serve as a Keimbahn determinant in the sense that they mark a region of oocyte cytoplasm destined for cytoplasm of primordial germ cells. They are not considered causal factors in production of germ cells, but are probably storage products persisting unused in the egg and in cleavage cells having lower metabolic rates. Disappearance of these mitochondria during gonad formation is explained by their dispersal among a number of cells and by their utilization in furnishing energy and material for production of new cells.
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  • 16
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 17
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 443-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cyst of tetraploid first spermatocyte metaphases is described in the coreid hemipter Archimerus alternatus (Say), all other divisions in the testis being of normal diploid constitution. The striking fact is that in spite of the doubling of their number the chromosomes closely follow the group pattern characteristic of the corresponding normal divisions. In the latter the first metaphase always shows a ring of six autosome bivalents with a single m-chromosome bivalent at its center and a single univalent X-chromosome lying outside the ring (as in coreids generally). In corresponding tetraploids the numbers are respectively 12, 2, and 2. Three additional interesting features of the tetraploids are: 1) the fact that the two m-bivalents are always lined up end to end to form an axial quadrivalent chain; 2) that although two X-chromosomes are present (as in the normal female), they are never united to form a bivalent as in that sex; and, 3) that in the prophases (of which a few are present in the cyst), at least one pycnotic X, or chromosome nucleolus, is present.A critical discussion is offered of the general problem of the mechanism of chromosome movements and groupings, together with a review of recent literature. The conclusion is urged that the chromosomes themselves play an active and important part in these processes, and the possible genetic relations between chromosomes and spindle substance are discussed.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The branchial nerve of Mytilus edulis, traced by means of serial sections, has been found to be limited entirely to the epithelial and connective tissues bordering the axis of the gills. Most of the numerous branches which originate from the branchial nerve extend posteriorly and lie close to the interfibrillar matrix of the connective tissue which supports the epithelium of this region. Fibers of these nerves have been traced to this epithelium.The chitinous supporting structures of the gills lie in close proximity to these nerves, yet neither nerves nor nerve fibers have been observed to penetrate them. Moreover, a careful study of the gill tissues fails to reveal the presence of structures which might be interpreted as nerves or nerve fibers.Since no innervation of the gills has been demonstrated, it seems probable that the ciliary activity of the gill epithelium is not regulated by means of fibers connected with the central nervous system.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 291-307 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spironympha is discussed as valid genus. It was described by Koidzumi ('16); later it was redescribed by the same author as Microspironympha ('21). Therefore, according to the rules of nomenclature, it is Spironympha.The genus is compared with the related genera: Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigotes, and Microjoenia.Spironympha is characterized by four flagellar bands which are spirally wound around the anterior part of the body; these bands occur only in the anterior end, whereas in Spirotrichonympha they extend almost to the posterior end. The parabasals are few in number, and they are attached to the basal granules of the flagellar bands; the anterior end is clear and almost free from cytoplasmic granules; and there are twenty to thirty anterior flagella which are attached to the base of the centroblepharoplast or to the basal granules of the flagellar bands. An axostyle is present.No centrosome occurs within the nucleus, but the centroblepharoplast has this kinetic function.Spironympha ovalis is described as a new species. It is ovoid; the average size is 38 μ to 44 μ. An axostyle is present. The host is Reticulitermes hesperus Banks.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 435-465 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In some insects the selection of individuals which recover in equal periods of time from immersion in water may be used to obtain material of approximately uniform physiological state; Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen, was found to have a mean of recovery for the males 0.97 ± 0.542 minute later than the females, which would indicate a lower metabolic rate for the males. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., was found to have a mean of recovery from immersion in water of both sexes the same in August, while in September the males were retarded by 8.1 as compared with females. This would indicate that the males have and equal me abolic rate in August with the females and a lower rate in September. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen produce in the flies a condition of asphyxiation similar to immersion in water. [Vestigial] flies recover from immersion in water in a fashion similar to ‘wild’ flies.The recovery periods from immersion in water in the flies can be used to group individuals into those possessing approximately equal egg-laying capacities and to isolate spent individuals from others still capable of laying eggs. Yeast appears to be more of a stimulant to egg laying than it is to larval growth. Groups of flies which were fed yeast were found to average 71 per cent increase in egg laying over groups of flies that were not fed yeast. The O2 consumption of the groups of flies actively laying eggs, as contrasted with the groups which were not so active, was found in the former to be 32.9 per cent greater.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 91-113 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper discusses very briefly the ultraviolet microscope and the developments which have led to a successful technique for optically sectioning living cells; also the ultraviolet photomicrographs of living sperm cells of certain grasshoppers, which show clearly the spinning out of the chromonema from solid blocks of the diatene stage, the pairing of same in the leptotene stage, the development of the tetrads, the final distribution of the chromosomes in the resulting spermatids and their return to a spiral chromonema, each inclosed in its own vesicle. The details of the cytoplasm are equally well brought out.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 165-194 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neutral-red staining in Daphnia, legume seeds, starfish eggs, and Palaemonetes shows reactions to temperature changes which may be correlated with the thermal reactions of enzymes.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 485-511 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This work was designed to determine the ontogenetic variability of the morphology of mitochondria of the hepatic cell.The mitochondria of the cells of the hepatic diverticulum are minute spheres. These spheres enlarge, become associated, forming beaded filaments, which in turn become smooth filaments, the process culminating in the twenty-day fetus. There is no individual or lobular variabillty in fetuses of a given length. One-half day before birth the above process is reversed, so that separate spheres are found in the eight- to twelve-hour young. This enlargement and enspherulation are accompanied by an accumulation of large quantities of glycogen. After this age, the spheres become associated into beaded filaments again and the glycogen disappears, the cycle ending at thirty-three hours. From two to eight days of age there is great individual variability.Mitochondrial morphology characterstic of the adult is first found in the fourteen-day young, when cells contain long, smooth or beaded filaments, rods, and spheres. There is no lobular variation as to types of mitochondria, but only in numbers, the cells around the central vein containing fewer mitochondria than other cells of the lobule. Variation between individuals after birth is due to something other than age, type of food, period of digestion, and length of starvation. Fat is formed within spherical chondriosomes.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are twenty-seven spermatogonial chromosomes in Tenoder'a sinensis, three of which are larger than the others and lag behind in anaphase. These three chromosomes have been traced through the prophases of the first spermatocyte to the metaphase, where they appear as a hexad. In the first spermatocyte division two of the constituent diads of the hexad pass to one pole, the remaining one to the other, thus giving rise to two types of second spermatocytes, one with thirteen and the other with fourteen chromosomes. There are twenty-eight chromosomes in somatic metaphases of the female; four of these chromosomes are larger than the others. The sex chromosomes of the male are represented by the formula Xa + Y + Xb, that of the female by 2Xa + 2Xb.Similar conditions are reported for Mantis religiosa and Stagmomantis carolina.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 565-592 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial sections of seven embryos were examined, in four of which the chondrocrania were reconstructed. Parachordals appear as independent precartilages on each side of the notochord in the otic region. Later chondrification occurs, and they fuse with the notochord. Orbitals and trabeculae appear as independent precartilages; later, as cartilages they fuse with the basal plate and with each other, forming the cranial wall between the orbital cavity and brain. An apparent shifting posteriorly of the bases of the fifth, seventh, and eighth cranial nerves, in respect to the anterior end of the notochord and to the otic vesicles, occurs between the 10-mm. and the 60-mm. stages. The otic vesicles, proportionately small in the 10-mm. stage, reach their relatively largest size in the 19-mm. embryo. The floors of the otic capsules begin as lateral extensions of the basal plate at the 25-mm. stage, and from these anlagen chondrifications extend, forming the anterior and posuerior cupolas. Most of the tegmen cranii forms by chondrifications that approach the median plane from each side. It is practically complete in the 60-mm. embryo. The cervical neural arches also contribute in forming the tegmen cranii and the occipital region. The ventrally recurved end of the notochord of the 10-mm. stage persists through the 60-mm. embryo.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 133-187 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with the development of the duck embryo from the unincubated blastoderm to the 1-to-3-somite stage. In the unincubated stage the thickened posterior germ wall is the most active region mitotically, contributing cells to complete the entodermal layer. The slightly thickened ectoderm of the posterior half of the pellucid area is the precursor of the embryonic shield. During incubation this ectoderm increases in height, forming the embryonic shield. The primitive streak arises in the posterior part of the shield, where tall ectodermal cells in the midline become several-layered and proliferate cells from their ventral surface which migrate laterally, becoming mesoderm. At first short and broad, the streak becomes longer and narrower until it attains its definitive stage.The greatest proliferation of ectodermal cells occurs always at the anterior end of the streak of all stages, forming at the definitive stage a definite thickening-Hensen's node. Proliferation diminishes posteriorly along the streak.The number and orientation of mitotic figures indicate cell movements as follows: Prestreak stages-ectodermal cells migrate from posterior part of shield toward midline, thence forward in midline; early streak stages-anterior movement in streak and to sides of streak, and lateromedial movement from sides toward middle of streak; definitive streak stages-postero-anterior and lateromedial migration of cells.The embryonic axis, of prestreak and streak stages, lies approximately at right angles to the egg axis in slightly over 50 per cent of the cases.
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  • 28
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal cells of the salivary glands of the grasshopper are large and roughly spherical or sometimes pyramidal in form, scattered for the most part singly among the zymogenic cells of the lobules. They possess a magnificent system of intracellular canaliculi into which their secretions are directly emptied and conveyed to the exterior of the cell. These intracellular canaliculi are strikingly impregnated with osmic-acid methods (Nassonov, Mann-Kopsch) in a manner comparable to the contractile vacuole of Paramecium as described by Nassonov. However, in addition to the impregnated system of intracellular canaliculi, Golgi bodies are found evenly distributed throughout the cell in the form of crescents, semicircles, or ring-like structures typical of insect tissue.Inasmuch as a direct homology between the intracellular canaliculi and the contractile vacuole of Paramecium, both from the point of view of morphology and physiology, seems justified, we question the inference drawn by Nassonov that the impregnated walls of the contractile vacuole in Paramecium actually represent Golgi material. Deduction is made from these and previous studies that the magnificent network of ‘vacuome-Golgi apparatus’ described by Parat and Painlevé ('24) in the salivary glands of Chironomus larvae is nothing more or less than intracellular secretory canaliculi.Mitochondria in the parietal cells are abundant in the characteristic form of short rods and filaments. No evidence of a direct transformation of mitochondria into Golgi bodies. as held by Parat, was observed. Golgi bodies and mitochondria show no marked topographical relationship to the intracellular secretory canaliculi.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 327-343 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based on a wax model reconstructed from serial sections stained with basic fuchsin and picro-indigo-carmine. It shows: 1) that the columna ethmoidalis and planum basale are chondrified at this stage; 2) that a cartilaginous antorbital process is present; 3) that the stapedial plate is cut out from the wall of the otic capsule; 4) that the so-called crista trabecularis is an independent element homologous with the sphenolateralis of the Anura; 5) that the fourth visceral arch is not present and that the fifth is still in the precartilaginous stage; and, 7) that there is no evidence that a pro-occipital vertebra is formed.
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  • 30
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Opalinids from the rectum of Rana pipiens were isolated in large numbers and fixed in a mixture of nine parts of absolute alcohol and one part of neutral formalin. These were embedded in paraffin and incinerated according to the technique of Policard. Examination of the preparations by dark-field illumination showed that the micro-incinerated protozoa retained their distinctive morphological and cytological characters, for the mineral ash had the same topographical distribution as the cell inclusions in the control stained preparations.The coarse vegetative granules of the cytoplasm were preserved as distinct masses of ash which corresponded exactly to these bodies in the control preparations. The structure of the myonemata and the cilia was perfectly preserved. The chromatin material of the nucleus, more or less abundant, left little or no ash, which is quite in contrast to the findings of Scott with regard to amphibian and mammalian nuclei.
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  • 31
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the blood of Batrachoseps one part of the erythrocytes is formed inside the nucleus of plasmocytes as a result of the metamorphosis of chromatin substance. When erythrocytes are completely formed, they separate themselves from the plasmocytes.Disappearance of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes with pigment metamorphosis is visible in the drawings.When the disappearance of hemoglobin with pigment metamorphosis takes place, the color of the hemoglobin cytoplasm frequently becomes very pale. The hemoglobin cytoplasm may vanish also without pigment metamorphosis in such a way that the whole cell (nucleus and cytoplasm) swells, and the cytoplasm becomes paler, and finally only a pale shadow remains which is rather difficult to distinguish. The author has noticed in the blood of Batrachoseps, besides extrusion of small nuclei from the erythrocytes, also a particular way in which chromatin substance is eliminated from the cell. While the cell and the nucleus become pear-shaped, the nucleus moves toward the periphery, touching the surface of the cell with its funnel-shaped narrow side. From this narrow side the chromatin substance flows out in the form of a band stained red, according to Romanowsky.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1934) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1934), S. 421-433 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum was studied by micro-incineration, by stained control sections, by vital staining, and by osmic impregnation. It was found that a slow initial heating and a slow cooling after incineration greatly reduce the amount of distortion and shrinkage in the incinerated specimens. Most of the cytoplasmic components and organelles, including vacuome, chondriome, cilia, and basal granules, trichocysts, food vacuoles, and the nuclei, could be identified by their ash. No ash is found in the pellicle and only a small amount in the hyaloplasm. None of the osmiophilic components such as granules or the walls of the contractile vacuole could be identified in the incinerated specimens with certainty. The larger amount of ash in the endoplasm as compared with the ectoplasm is due to the large number of granules in the former region. The nucleus and some of the granules near the nucleus show traces of iron.
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  • 34
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When sexually mature Procotyla fluviatilis Leidy (commonly but erroneously known as Dendrocoelum lacteum) are cut transversely into head, pharyngeal, and tail pieces of about equal length, the head and pharyngeal pieces fail to regenerate in a large percentage of cases and tail pieces never regenerate. When regeneration occurs in head and pharyngeal pieces it is somewhat slower than in similar pieces of Planaria maculata Leidy and Planaria agilis Stringer with which comparisons were made. Cutting mature Procotyla into larger numbers of pieces usually results in death of all, although smaller pieces from prepharyngeal regions sometimes regenerate. Juvenile P. fluviatilis have greater powers of regeneration, as shown by cutting head and pharyngeal regions into greater numbers of pieces, but tail pieces do not regenerate. These observations confirm and extend those of earlier investigators. Such a restricted power of regeneration contrasts with well-known powers in P. maculata and P. agilis. Counts of formative cells, from which new parts arise in all three species and which are regarded by the authors as a persistent embryonic stock, indicate about 8.5 such cells in P. maculata to 1 in P. fluviatilis per unit area. It is concluded that regeneration in planarians is correlated with numbers of such formative cells and that histological factors are no less important than physiological ones. The paper is preliminary to a study of effects of x-rays upon regeneration.
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  • 35
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Each indifferent genital rudiment in the grasshopper embryo is composed of the following: (1) a terminal filament membrane; (2) an epithelial plate of indifferent cells, the dorsal cell mass; (3) the central cell mass containing germ and indifferent cells; (4) the ventral cell strand, and, (5) a delicate, investing membrane, the outer limiting membrane. It is roughly spindle-shaped in transverse section and extends from the first to the eighth abdominal segments.In the sexual differentiation of the genital rudiment the dorsal cell mass is retained as a definite embryonic rudiment in the female, but becomes an indistinguishable part of the central cell mass in the male.Ovarian development is initiated in the dorsal cell mass area, where cell aggregations are formed. Each aggregation is ultimately surrounded by the ingrowing outer limiting membrane to form distinct cellular columns. A latero-ventrad extension of this ingrowing process into the central cell mass continues the column formation process into the latter and results in the formation of a distally tapering structure composed of indifferent cells distad and germ cells and indifferent cells proximad. This structure constitutes the rudimentary ovariole which finally differentiates to form the terminal filament, germarium, and vitellarium.The ovarian portion of the oviduct and the tubular connection between the ovariole and oviduct are differentiated from the ventral cell strand.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1934), S. 611-631 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the cellular relations between the prechordal mesoderm and the hypophyseal analage in duck embryos from the first to the eighth day of incubation.At nineteen somites the ectoderm destined to form hypophysis is seen as a plate of cells lying under the mesodermal mass anterior to the notochord. It extends anteriorly in intimate contact with the base of the forebrain, and posteriorly for about the same distance to the oral membrane. Following the lateral growth of the prechordal mesoderm and the rapid overgrowth of the forebrain, Rathke's pouch is definitely outlined. The upward expansion of the pouch, concomitant with the lagging of some of the prechordal mesoderm in the midline, effects a very close relation between these cells and those at the tip of the pouch. With the lateral expansion of the premandibular head cavities, some of the mesoderm adheres to walls of Rathke's pouch in the form of rods or knobs. As development proceeds the inherent growth tendencies of ectoderm and mesoderm express themselves differently and the rods or knobs become constricted off from the pouch, forming in its vicinity vesicles which exhibit a definite lumen.The question of an entodermal contribution to the hypophysis in this form is briefly considered.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By treating the clean skeletal tissue of an insect with concentrated KOH at 160° C., the contained chitin is converted to chitosan, and all pigmentation and admixtures are removed. The per cent distribution of chitin, expressed as chitosan, in the exoskeleton of the cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, ranges from 37.65 in the dorsal abdomen to 18.22 in the hindwings. Other regions contain the following per cents: ventral abdomen, 37.11; metathoracic legs, 35.55; mesothoracic legs, 33.28; prothoracic legs, 32.24; pronotum, 31.55; head, 31.07; genitalia, 29.28; dorsal thorax, 29.07; ventral thorax, 28.33; antennae, 27.77; cerci, 25.65; and forewings, 19.99. Regional variations are constant in different individuals of the same species. The crop and gizzard contain 18.69 per cent; the hindgut, 18.15 per cent. The remainder of the alimentary tract contains no chitin. Traces of chitin are found in the trachea. No chitin is found in the egg-cases of this species. No correlation between chitin content and pigmentation or hardness is shown. Based on results from three trials, using thirty insects, the per cent of chitosan in the clean, dry chitinous material from the entire animal is 29.60; the per cent of chitosan based on the weight of the live animal averages 2.01.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 125-155 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chromosomes of D. melanogaster have been followed through the entire cycle of mitosis in ganglion cells. Primary constrictions exist at about the middle of the second and third chromosomes, at a sub-median position in the Y, at a sub-terminal in the X, and probably also at a sub-terminal position in the fourth chromosome. Secondary constrictions, in addition to those reported by Bridges, are sub-terminal in the arms of the second and third chromosomes. A pronounced sub-median secondary constriction in the left limb of the second chromosome offers a criterion for distinguishing between the second and third chromosomes, and between right and left arms of the second chromosome. The proximal secondary constriction in the X-chromosome and that in the short arm of the Y are associated with the normal development of the nucleolus. Anaphase chromosomes are longitudinally double, the split following the turns of the chromonemata. Metaphase and anaphase chromosomes are essentially isodiametric from end to end, except at the constrictions or indentures. Somatic pairing of chromosomes reaches its maximum expression during late prophases, both in male and female ganglion cells. The four chromatids of the tightly appressed homologues open out in two planes giving distinct chiasma-like configurations. Separation of the paired chromosomes is completed in late prophase, so that at metaphase the homologous chromosomes are not in contact.
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  • 39
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytology of corpora lutea of non-pregnant ewes is described with reference to the origin, structure, fate, and function of these organs. The lutein cells, characteristic of corpora lutea, are derived from the cells of the stratum granulosum of the Graafian follicle; connective-tissue cells, embryonic cells, and non-striated muscle cells, from the theca interna; and erythrocytes, leucocytes, and histiocytes, from the blood stream. The lutein cells undergo changes in size, nuclear structure, and cytoplasmic inclusions correlated with the period in the estrous cycle and disappear during retrogression. Although secretory products have not been identified, a secretory function is postulated on the basis of the structure of the cell.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 231-241 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three species of Trichonympha found in Zootermopsis angusticollis were studied by micro-incineration, by control sections, and by Macallum's methods for iron and calcium. The mineral ash is concentrated in the neuromotor system, chromatin, nuclear membrane, the posterior end where ingestion takes place, and in cytoplasmic granules. Micro-incineration and Macallum's Prussian blue method reveal iron in the chromatin alone; Macallum's haematoxylin gives a positive test for iron in the chromatin, rostrum, neuromotor fibrils, etc. It probably is not as specific as the other methods. The two staining methods give negative tests for iron except after acid hydrolysis. Calcium is present in the chromatin, neuromotor system, posterior region of the body, and in many endoplasmic granules. The localization of calcium is correlated with the localization of normally gelated regions.
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  • 41
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    Notes: In sections from livers injected through the vascular system with Carter's carminegelatin or Berlin-blue gelatin masses at known, constant pressures, many cells were observed to contain ovoid or spherical bodies of the colored injection masses, similar to those described by Schäfer and his students, Herring and Simpson, as intracellular blood canaliculi.' In these livers practically all the cells were vacuolated. However, with livers injected with Berlin-blue gelatin mass dissolved in Locke's solution instead of distilled water, there were no intracellular masses and the cells appeared normal, though the sinusoids were completely filled with injection mass. The so-called ‘intracellular blood canaliculi’ described by Schäfer are interpreted as artefacts produced by a combination of factors, the most important of which is the difference in osmotic pressure. This is produced by the hypotonicity of the injection masses that are usually used, augmented perhaps by the effect of mechanical pressure used in administering the injection mass.Following impregnation of liver tissue by Golgi's rapid method, the usual network of intercellular bile canaliculi was revealed, but the presence of a permanent system of intracellular canaliculi was not observed. A few short, knobbed intracellular projections from the intercellular bile canaliculi were noticed; these probably represent the passage of secretion material into the intercellular bile canaliculi at the moment of excretion.
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  • 42
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The early developmental history of Sciuridae (squirrel family), from the ovarian egg to the establishment of the germ layers, was studied in fixed material comprising ova and embryos from six species of five genera. No significant differences were noted in the major processes of development in the six species. Continuous diminution in the size of the ova occurs from the beginning of follicular vesiculation up to the early blastocyst stages. Corpora haemorrhagica are present in most of the recently ruptured follicles of all the species.Cleavage is regular, though adequal, up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres clustering into a compact mass. There is desquamation of cellular material from the periphery of the ovum between morula and blastocyst stages. At the same time cells within the blastocyst degenerate to add to the cavity originally formed by confluence of intercellular spaces. The cavity forms among the inner cells, an inner cell mass being left at one pole and an anti-embryonic mass at the other. The anti-embryonic cells produce much of the yolk-sac entoderm and contribute to the implantation mass. The latter mass forms a temporary attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine mucosa in these species. The definitive entoderm arises by migration and delamination of certain of the inner cell mass cells. A transitory notochordal canal, passing in a vertical plane through Hensen's node, is strongly suggested.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 533-575 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) reveals the following interesting features: (1) A prominent diverticulum given off from the inner antero-dorsal edge of the left auricle. (2) Ridge-like continuation of the median hanging valve of the sinus venosus lining the ventral edge of the opening of the right precaval vein. (3) Guarding of the opening of the pulmonary vein by a portion of the inter-auricular septum abutting against it. (4) Presence of two longitudinal trunks on either side of the hepatic portal vein formed by the hepatic branches of the hepato-oesophageal arteries, which, uniting with one another, form a peculiar arrangement looking almost like a looped chain. (5) A complete arterial circuit in the female formed by the combination of the genital, supra-renal, and the anterior-most renal arteries of either side. (6) Chain-like arrangement formed by the alternate bifurcation and union of the posterior-most part of the longitudinal fat-body artery and also by its lateral branches, which unite with it here and there after giving off twigs to the fat bodies. (7) A pair of small arteries (or in some cases only one) called ‘arteria complexa’ which take their origin from the dorsal aorta opposite the openings of the iliac veins into the afferent renals.
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 361-369 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of chromosomes of a species of Indian earwigs, Labidura riparia, is fourteen; six pairs of autosomes with X and Y idiochromosomes for the male; six pairs of autosomes with X and X for the female.The chromosome distribution is normal, and constant for all the individuals studied.X and Y are derived from a single chromatin nucleolus of the early growth period which assumes a clavate form later, and remains in the same form till the metaphase of the primary spermatocyte is reached.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934) 
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  • 46
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    Notes: During spermatogonial stages in Xiphophorus and Platypoecilus maculatus and Platypoecilus couchiana and in the hybrid, two distinct types of cells are observed, a large lightly staining primary spermatogonium and a smaller deeply staining secondary spermatogonium. Chromosomes of primary spermatogonia of Platypoecilus maculatus and Platypoecilus couchiana differ somewhat from those of Xiphophorus helleri and Xiphophorus jalapa, but are very similar to those of the hybrid at this stage.Chromosomes of Xiphophorus at this stage are long and thin, while those of Platypoecilus and of the hybrid are somewhat short and thick. Visible chromosome differences appear only during the primary spermatogonial stages.The haploid group of chromosomes, numbering twenty-four in the hybrid, so resembles that of Xiphophorus and of these two species of Platypoecilus in both number and morphological characteristics during the primary spermatocyte division as to be practically indistinguishable from either. Persistent lagging of one large chromosome as it comes upon the equatorial plate during the primary spermatocyte division is very noticeable. Precocious division of this chromosome and the advancing of its two daughter components to the poles of the spindle in advance of other chromosomes indicates that this chromosome may be a sex chromosome. The fact that two daughter components are identical morphologically and that each secondary spermatocyte receives one of them suggests that the male in Xiphophorus and in Platypoecilus is homogametic.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 96 (1955) 
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    Journal of Morphology 96 (1955) 
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    Journal of Morphology 96 (1955), S. 333-357 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 99 (1956), S. 329-357 
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    Journal of Morphology 99 (1956), S. 433-463 
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    Journal of Morphology 99 (1956), S. 549-574 
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    Journal of Morphology 97 (1955), S. 511-541 
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    Journal of Morphology 97 (1955) 
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    Journal of Morphology 98 (1956) 
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    Journal of Morphology 98 (1956) 
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    Journal of Morphology 98 (1956), S. 125-160 
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    Journal of Morphology 99 (1956) 
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    Journal of Morphology 100 (1957), S. 207-268 
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    Journal of Morphology 100 (1957) 
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 55-89 
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 61-87 
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959) 
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 441-478 
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 527-560 
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 293-315 
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959) 
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    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930) 
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 115-153 
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    Notes: This study is based upon a series of ontogenetic stages from just before coelom formation to maturity.Primordial germ ceils are first seen at the outer edge of the lateral mesoderm and are traced from there to a position in the genital analagen. Counts indicate that most of them succeed in reaching the genital anlagen, where they from definitive reproductive cells in both sexes.The evidence seems to show that there is some transformation of somatic cells into germ cells in the immature female, but that this transformation is not extensive. In the male the primordial germ cells are the sole source of the definitive elements.
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  • 88
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    Notes: The detailed spawning habits and hatching period are described. The larval period is divided into the inactive, when the yolk is the source of food, and the active period, when food is captured. The rate of growth and transformation of the larvae into fry is described.The cell formation passes into a syncytial period, when there are produced many nuclei without cytoplasm.c division. Around these nuclei, the cytoplasm collects to give rise to more cells. The method by which mucous cells are produced is described and also the presence of secretion masses in both the mucous cells and the syncytium of the mucosa.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 513-523 
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    Notes: The teleost fish Brachydanio rerio is strikingly marked with longitudinal black stripes, which extend into the caudal fin and across the anal fin. Removal of the anal fin is followed by complete regeneration of the fin and of its normal color pattern. Microphotographic studies show that melanophores are at first uniformly distributed in the regenerating tissue and that later the melanophores disintegrate in the zone of the future light stripe and increase in the region of the future dark stripe. Observations on the normal development of the fin where the history of the individual melanophores has been followed show the same mode of formation of the stripes.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 393-411 
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    Notes: In the family Cottidae there is a greater variation in the shape of the sperm than has been found, with one exception, among all the remainder of the teleosts. There is an oval and a slender type of sperm with intergrading forms. The oval and the slender types vary, so that there is a more or less complete gradation from a nearly round, disc-shaped sperm to a slender, flattened sperm.Spermatid masses have been found only in some of the oval sperm forms. They have been found in seven species and subspecies of the genus Cottus and in three other genera of the family, but have not been found outside of the Cottidae. They occur in widely separated places, such as Norway and China, and in both fresh- and salt-water forms. In Cottus bairdii they are not found in all localities, their presence apparently being due to some external factor, perhaps temperature. It is highly probable that further investigation will show that in other species of the family, also, spermatid masses are present in some localities and not in others.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 453-473 
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    Notes: Ovaries of adult albino rats were studied, the following phases being considered: Eleven to twenty and one-half days pregnant, shortly after fertilization, oestrus, not pregnant, young sterile, old, and senile. Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. Also one can trace the origin of ova in the surface and follow their transformation and movement into the ovary proper. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place, in others a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may form different types of cells by ingrowth: ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells, but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova and follicles.Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium of ovaries during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place; in others, a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may produce different types of cells by ingrowths - ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells - but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova.
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    Notes: A study of the cytological changes occurring in the larval oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn., correlating those changes with the molting cycles. Preceding each larval molt, vacuoles, apparently of nuclear origin, are found in the cytoplasm from which they are eliminated at the time of the molt. The accumulation of vacuoles is not so striking at the times of pupation and the emergence of the imago, but occurs nevertheless. Beginning with pupation or just previous to it, the larval oenocytes seemingly undergo a process of deterioration, decreasing in size and presenting a ragged appearance.The fat-cells are closely associated morphologically with the larval oenocytes, and it seems that there is a probable physiological relationship also, since the fat-cells undergo a series of changes at the same time the oenocytes are exhibiting their cyclic behavior. Furthermore, it has been observed that in many instances there is a greater accumulation of vacuoles in that part of the cytoplasm of the oenocytes which is adjacent to the fat-cells than elsewhere.
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 473-497 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By statistical analysis and microscopical examination of a series of monthly quantitative collections, an attempt has been made to interpret the life history and reproductive habits of Sphaerium solidulum, one of the numerous species of the genus Sphaerium.Individuals of the species under observation have a distinctly limited life span of approximately one year. The period of maximum reproduction of this species does not occur in the summer months, as previously believed, but in the winter months. Seasonal growth rings are not present on this shell, although concentric lines are characteristic. No individuals of maximum size were present during the months from August to February. Maximum-size adults are apparently sterile. The analysis of distribution curves of each quantitative sample indicates two size groups in each collection as shown by the bimodal character of each graph. Distribution curves of embryos feature the bimodal character of the young and adult. The conclusions are founded on data secured from twelve monthly collections made from the same habitat totaling 7022 individuals.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 69-151 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although the egg of Amphioxus is much more fluid and less stereotyped than that of Ascidians, the poles, axes, and localizations of formative materials are much the same in the two. The spermatozoon enters near the vegetative pole and a peripheral layer of granular cytoplasm flows to this pole and later forms a crescent around the posterior side parallel to the first cleavage amphiaster; this is the mesodermal crescent. On the anterior side a similar area later gives rise to the chorda-neural crescent. Above these crescents is the ectodermal area, below them the endodermal area. The early cleavages divide these crescents and areas just as in Ascidians. The coeloblastula is at first spherical, but later flattens in the region of the mesodermal crescent; this flattening extends forward on the vegetative side to the chorda-neural crescent, where the invagination is sharpest. The blastopore is at first triangular in outline, the dorsal lip being formed by the chorda-neural crescent and the lateral lips by the mesodermal crescent. Later the chorda and the mesodermal crescents are infolded, the lateral lips fuse to form the ventral lip which grows dorsalward, the blastopore becomes wider from right to left than dorsoventrally, the gastrula elongates and in the angles between dorsal and ventral lips the mesodermal crescent forms the mesodermal grooves in the lateral walls of the gastrocoel.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 221-231 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: What appears to be a variety of Macrostomum tuba has been described in this paper. There is but a single retinula in each eye. This visual cell displays three regions: rhabdome, ellipsoid, and myoid, as does a vertebrate's retinula. Moreover, the accessory pigment associated with the retinula of M. tuba is applied to the rhabdome and not to the ellipsoid and myoid; this likewise is similar to the distribution of the pigment about the vertebrate's retinula. An analogy, therefore, may be drawn between the visual cell of the rhabdocoele and that of the vertebrate. This is so strong as to suggest homology. Several features peculiar to this variety are: first, the chitinous, distal ring of the penis; second, the fact that shell and yolk droplets seem to be elaborated by each cell destined to become an oocyte.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 593-607 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is concerned with the interrelationship existing among the polymorphie soldier castes of six representative subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. By measurements of anatomical parts and camera-lucida drawings, an attempt has been made to compare these particular subgenera on a basis of gradual divergence of certain structures. For this purpose a series of tables was compiled in which apparently unstable structures were compared to a relatively stable figure in all available species of the selected subgenera.According to my findings, it was concluded that there is no strict correspondence between the major, intermediate, and minor castes of different subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. Particular reference is made to the work of N. Holmgren ('12) and to that of J. S. Huxley on heterogonic growth.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931) 
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  • 98
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    Notes: The oldest parts of the fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony head skeleton of vertebrates descend from the amphioxid ancestors of the myxinoid fishes. The skeleton of the velum and jaw bars of the amphioxids transform into the jaw apparatus and hyoid-velar head skeleton of the myxinoids, and some parts are passed on by inheritance to the teleostome fishes (sturgeons). These anatomical characters prove descent with modification. The theory of the origin of jaws and hyoid from branchial cartilages is not supported by the facts, as both jaws and hyoid structures were developed long before branchial cartilages furnished material for head building. The Velata, the oldest of living vertebrates, include the amphioxids and marsipobranchs, and are marked off from the higher forms by the important organ, the velum, which separates the prebranchial from the branchial head. A remnant of the velum inherited by all of the higher vertebrates is the hyoid mechanism - an important anatomical landmark.
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    Notes: More than 3700 individuals of Viviparus contectoides from the Illinois River, near Peoria, Illinois, and from the Erie Canal in central New York, have been the subject of statistical and biological analysis as periodic quantitative samples to secure information on the life cycle. Sexes are easily distinguished through tentacular differences. Shells show marked sex dimorphism of size. Males reach a maximum height of 25 mm.; females may exceed 40 mm. Distribution curves, checked by experimental data on another species of the same genus, give evidence that males live normally about one year, while females may live three years. Differences in sex ratio are attributable to differences in life span and to changes in environmental factors producing aggregations of members of one sex.In central New York, the parturition period seems to begin to March and terminates in June. In central Illinois it extends from February into May. The uterus of a gravid female contains eggs, embryos, and shelled young in a graded series. At birth, the young shell contains one and one-half whorls and has a height of approximately 3.8 mm. Color bands are present on the shell three months before birth. Initial growth rate is extremely rapid. In less than three months the largest of the new generation are as large as the smallest of the parent generation. Graphs given show seasonal changes in the population.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 1-67 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the development of the prechordal plate and mesoderm of Amblystoma punctatum from the late yolk-plug stage to the stage of about nineteen somites.In the earliest stage described the prechordal plate is embedded in the roof of the archenteron and flanked on both sides by prechordal mesoderm with which it is fused. The characteristics and limits of the prechordal plate and mesoderm are discussed and the fate of both traced. It is demonstrated that the mesodermal cores of the mandibular arches are probably largely derived from the prechordal mesoderm which flanks the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is later separated out of the roof of the foregut in a caudocephalic direction, giving rise to a median mass of mesoderm which expands laterally independently of the mandibular portions of the prechordal mesoderm to give rise to head mesenchyme lying largely anterior to the level of the hyoid arch. The expansion of this mesoderm is followed in some detail.The boundary between prechordal and notochordal regions is placed at approximately the boundary between the mandibular and hyoid arches.The question of the interpretation of the prechordal region is briefly discussed.
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