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  • Springer  (64,051)
  • 1950-1954  (34,810)
  • 1935-1939  (29,241)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 311-338 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The partial differential equation of the random walk problem with persistence of direction and external bias is derived. By persistence of direction or internal bias we mean that the probability a particle will travel in a given direction need not be the same for all directions, but depends solely upon the particle's previous direction of motion. The external bias arises from an anisotropy of the medium or an external force on the particle. The problem is treated by considering that the net displacement of a particle arises from two factors, namely, that neither the probability of the particle traveling in any direction after turning nor the distance the particle travels in a given direction need be the same for all directions. A modified Fokker-Planck equation is first obtained using the assumptions that the particles have a distribution of travel times and speeds and that the average time of travel between turns need not be zero. The fional equation incopporating the assumption of a persistence of direction and an external bias is then derived. Applications to the study of diffusion and to long-chain polymers are then made.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 383-383 
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 385-385 
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 367-381 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The transmission of some information or behavior pattern is treated as a flow of “particles” which execute random motions over a population of individuals and which may multiply or disappear. Equations are derived for the number density of these “particles” and from this is calculated the number of individuals through which the “particles” have passed. The results are applied to a number of situations such as 1) uniform spatial distribution with multiplication factor decreasing with time because of loss of interest or confusion of the information, 2) multiplication factor constant but the rate of spreal decreasing with multiple hearings, 3) one-dimensional region with a small starting region with or without an absorbing barrier 4) two-dimensional region with absorbing barrier, 5) continous sources of information within a small region in one dimension, 6) uniform spatial distribution in which individuals do not respond to more than one hearing.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A situation is considered in which a fluid containing a substance flows through a vessel at a constant rate, the substance being permeable to the vessel wall. In the region outside the vessel there is supposed to be rapid mixing in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the vessel but no mixing longitudinally. The solution for the spatial distribution at any time is given for the case of an arbitrary initial distribution along the vessel length in the absence of an input. The solution is also given for the case of a single impulsive input, the concentration being initially zero everywhere.
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  • 6
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 431-476 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Organisms orient themselves to a stimulus by two general methods. One method is by directed orientation (taxis); the other is by undirected locomotory reaction (kinesis). An equation, and the methods for finding the necessary parameters of this equation, is derived for the distribution of organisms within a container, with the following limitations: (1) the organisms have no accommodation, (2) they are always active, and (3) the stimulus changes slowly with position. Necessary modifications of the equation are then derived, so that the last two limitations may be eliminated. The equation cannot be solved excatly because of its complexity; hence an approximation method must be used. This method is discussed, an approximate solution is found, and a time constant for equilibrium to be established is derived. Applications tovarious experiments in the literature are then made with fairly satisfactory results. A new interpretation of the theory of klino-kinesis with accommodation is found upon application of the equations developed to experimental work. Further limitations and uses of these equations are then discussed.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 501-507 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Certain parameters are defined which roughly characterize the internal structure of networks. A given network structure uniquely determines the values of the parameters, but the reverse is not true. The parameters therefore define certain classes of networks. One of the parameters, thedispersion D(S) gives an indication of the “compactness” of the internal structure. Addition theorems and inequalities are derived relating the dispersions of sub-systems to the dispersion of the complete structure.
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 489-500 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory is developed which permits the determination of certain parameters of an inhomogenous tissue, such as a nerve trunk without its epineurium. The parameters are the permeability coefficients for entrance into an exit of a substance from the nerve fibers, and the diffusion coefficient of the interstitial material. The experimental data required are the dimensions of the cross-section, the average diameter of the fibers, and the ratio of the cross-sectional are of the fibers to the total cross-section, as well as the time course of the decrease of the fraction of the substance left in the nerve trunk, when the trunk is immersed in a bathing solution containing none of it.
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  • 9
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A model based on enzyme localization is developed which gives rise to an apparent active transport of a metabolite into or out of cells. The model is applied to three simple situations, using Fick's equation and the Rashevsky approximation. It is shown that the apparent efficiency can be made as large as desired if, for constant reaction, the outer cell region is made sufficiently small, or, for autocatalytic reaction, if the metabolite concentration in the outer region is sufficiently small. The physical limitations imposed by this mechanism are developed for all three situations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 523-533 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A previously derived iteration formula for a random net was applied to some data on the spread of information through a population. It was found that if the axon density (the only free parameter in the formula) is determined by the first pair of experimental values, the predicted spread is much more rapid than the observed one. If the successive values of the “apparent axon density” are calculated from the successive experimental values, it is noticed that this quantity at first suffers a sharp drop from an initial high value to its lowest value and then gradually “recovers”. An attempt is made to account for this behavior of the apparent axon density in terms of the “assumption of transitivity”, based on a certain socio-structural bias, namely, that the likely contacts of two individuals who themselves have been in contact are expected to be strongly overlapping. The assumption of transitivity leads to a drop in the apparent axon density from an arbitrary initial value to the vicinity of unity (if the actual axon density is not too small). However, the “recovery” is not accounted for, and thus the predicted spread turns out to beslower than the observed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 535-546 
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    Notes: Abstract The assumption of transitivity treated in part I is modified in various ways to describe an information-diffusion process, in which a certain amount of randomness of contact does occur. In one model a parameter is introduced which is indicative of a tendency to go beyond one's immediate vicinity to spread the information as the vicinity becomes saturated with knowers. In another model the randomness appears in the assumption that new knowers are uniformly distributed among the knowers. Two of the equations thus derived, each with two free parameters are in good agreement with experimental results.
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  • 12
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The impressed field, “Window Field” (WF), due to a half-wave action potential on a muscle fiber, has been calculated on the basis of potential theory. It has been shown that in spite of the small intensity of the field, its integrated action can transfer the energy needed to induce, contraction from the membrane to the interior of the fiber. The energy of polarization has been found to be sufficient to exceed the energy of, thermal agitation on that length of fiber, which can be identified as the length of a sarcomere. The changes of ion concentration, caused by the WF, if calculated on the assumption of the semipermeability of theZ membranes, was found to be equal to the changes necessary to induce contraction of actomyosinin vitro.
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  • 13
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Some general properties of the solution of the diffusion equation are deduced for the steady-state, spherically symmetric system. On the basis of these developments some results of N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,11, 15, 1949) are discussed and the results of a previous investigation (Hearon,Bull. Math. Biophysics,12, 135, 1950b) are extended to more general conditions. In particular these extensions apply to the flow of a soluteagainst its concentration gradient, the nonzero gradient of an inert metabolite, and theaccumulation or exclusion of an inert metabolite in a metabolic system.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The approximation method of N. Rashevsky is discussed and reviewed. It is shown that in addition to theexplicit assumptions and approximations there is involved the assumption that the rate of metabolism is the same at every point in the cell and that theaverage rate of metabolism is different from zero. An expression is given for the error in the approximate method when the rate of metabolism is any function of the concentration. It is also shown that a solution in theform of that obtained by the approximate method is not possible if the generalized laws of diffusion are assumed to apply.
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  • 15
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 33-42 
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    Notes: Abstract Rate equations for the enzymatic oxidation of succinic acid are derived on the assumption that when a single molecule of substrate combines with an enzyme molecule, it can do so with either one or two sites on the enzyme, and that oxidation occurs only in the second case. In addition it is assumed that the product of the reaction, fumaric acid, combines reversibly with the enzyme. With certain enzyme preparations the data fitted such an equation satisfactorily. In others the rate was that of a first-order reaction, but addition of cytochrome changed it to the former type. It was concluded that the transfer of hydrogen to oxygen was a first-order reaction and dominated the whole rate when enzyme preparations were used which had been washed relatively free of cytochrome. When the limiting factor was succino-dehydrogenase the rates followed the new equation. Criteria for recognizing noncompetitive inhibition are given, and inhibition by di-tertiary butyl peroxide was shown to be of this type.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 43-47 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the following question: Which distributions of radiosensitivity in a population can lead to an exponential survival curve? The problem is solved exactly, with statistical fluctuations in dose fully accounted for. It is shown that only an exponential distribution of sensitivities can give rise to an exponential survival curve.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 49-61 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract An approximation method is introduced which enables a number of diffusion-type problems to be solved in an approximate but simple manner. Many cases require only the solution of a simple first-order differential equation. The method is applied to a number of cases in which the exact solutions are available. A comparison shows that the method is quite satisfactory in these cases. The method is applied to diffusion problems with rate of consumption proportional to concentration or to the square of the concentration. In the latter case, the result obtained is essentially the same as that found by H. G. Landau (1950) after elaborate calculations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 83-91 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a slight modification of a model of excitatory phenomena in irritable tissues, which has been treated before, exhibits spontaneous oscillations. The frequency of these oscillations and the time-course of the potential across the model membrane have been determined, together with the dependence of some of their characteristics on some important parameters, particularly (Ca++).
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 73-81 
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    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that, if the variations of viscosity throughout a cell are considered, swelling stresses may produce elongation and division. To do this it is necessary to generalize Betti's theorem to cover systems containing viscosity gradients and such a generalization is presented. On the basis of two special assumptions it is shown that most of the results of the diffusion drag theory of cell division may be duplicated by the present theory.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 63-71 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of imitative behavior, developed previously, is applied to the case of two social groups which are separated spatially. If the information of each group as to the behavior of the other is complete, the case reduces to that of a single group. When any information is lacking at all, the two groups are independent. If we have two mutually exclusive behaviorsA andB, all four combinationsAA, AB, BA, andBB are possible. If the mutual information gradually increases from zero, then for a certain value of it, the group which is more informed about the behavior of the other will change to that behavior if it did not already exhibit it. If for constant information the size of the group increases, then above a certain threshold value, the larger group imposes its behavior on the smaller.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 103-104 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 107-107 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 105-106 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 93-101 
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    Notes: Abstract Local regulation of blood flow as determined by capillary diameter and the number of open capillaries in a region is considered. The local changes in capillary diameter and in the number of open capillaries are assumed to be due to concentration changes of a diffusible, nonspecified metabolite. This metabolite is produced in the tissue and carried away by the blood stream. Using these assumptions and applying pertinent data on capillaries, deductions are made concerning: (a) the law of blood flow as a function of temperature and capillary radius for the hyperemia of high temperature, (b) high flow as it depends on metabolism during strenuous exercise of muscle, and (c) a first approximation to the time duration of occlusion hyperemia.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 109-109 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 143-148 
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    Notes: Abstract The necessary and sufficient condition is given forn integers to be the score structure of a society with a dominance relation. A proof is also given for a theorem showing that there are members who dominate every other member either directly or indirectly through a single intermediate member.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 111-119 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a previous general formulation (Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 21–29, 1953a) a discussion is given of the error in the approximation method of N. Rashevsky. This error, inherent in the method when the metabolic rate is different at each point in the cell, is discussed in detail and numerical values are presented for two particular cases: the rate proportional to the concentration and the rate a prescribed function of the spatial coordinates. It is shown that the formulation for the first case also applies to several other cases, that the error is negligible provided the rate is sufficiently small, and that the error is fairly sensitive to the cell size. If the rate depends upon the coordinatesalone a small rate is not sufficient to insure a negligible error. The relations between the exact method, the standard approximate method, an earlier approximate method (Physics,7 260, 1936), and a more recent refinement (Bull. Math. Biophysics,10, 201, 1948) of the standard method are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 121-141 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown on the basis of (1) conservation of mass, (2) positive concentrations, and (3) the principle of detail balancing that periodic reactions cannot occur in a closed system described bylinear differential equations. The matrix,A, of the rate equations must be such that |A|=0,a ij〉0 fori≠j,a ii〈0, andVAV −1=B, whereV is diagonal andB is symmetric. These properties ofA imply that the latent roots are real and non-positive and that neither catalysis nor inhibition can be described bylinear equations. It is further shown that periodic reactions cannot occur in anopen system for which the matrix associated with the chemical reactions has the above properties and in which thesimple law of diffusion is obeyed. The relation of these results to Onsager's reciprocal relations and to previous work on periodic and cyclic chemical reactions is discussed. The utility of certain of these results for the treatment of isotope kinetics is indicated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 149-152 
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    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that an explanation of the small radius effect or the so-called sigma phenomenon may be obtained by noting that one of the effects of the presence of suspended particles in a flowing fluid is to increase the velocity of flow near the wall over that existing in the absence of particles. This effect may be considered equivalent to relaxing the boundary conditions at the wall. An expression for the viscosity is compared with data and fit is found to be good.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Abstract The solution for the spatial distribution of ions in a Donnan equilibrium has been given by J. H. Bartlett and R. A. Kromhout (1952). The present note gives an explicit solution for the case in which the length of the region containing the membrane is large; in biological situations this requires only that the length considered should be greater than a few hundred Ångstrom units. The Donnan equilibrium may be considered to be a special case of a situation in which forces other than electrical act upon the ions; in particular, it represents the case in which only one ion is acted upon and the energy difference on the two sides of the membrane is infinite. An expression is given for the difference in energy of theith in terms of the electrical potential and of the ion concentrations. As an illustration, the results are applied to nerve membrane potentials.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 161-165 
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    Notes: Abstract A mechanism is described which accounts for the active transport of Na+ ions through a membrane. It is assumed that at one side of the membrane the ion combines with a carrier ion, the resulting carrier compound then diffuses through the membrane and decomposes at the other side of the membrane. The free diffusion of the ions is also taken into account. The time rate of accumulation of the ion in question at the latter side of the membrane is calculated in terms of the concentrations of the ion at both sides of the membrane.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 167-171 
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    Notes: Abstract The recent extension of the approximation method is applied to enable us to arrive at the time course of the concentrations at both sides of a membrane. From the differential equations which govern these, the steady-state solution is obtained in terms of the parameters, which are determined by the thickness of the diffusion layers, the chemical composition and reactions, and the diffusion constant of the membrane.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 173-183 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation is derived from the spread of a “state” by contact through a thoroughly mixed population, in which the probability of transmission depends both on the over-all duration of the process and on the time an individual has been in the “state.” Cases in which this probability is a function of only one or the other of the two “times” are worked out. It is shown that in the case of dependence on “private time” alone the asymptotic value of the fraction of the population effected is the same as that derived by the random net approach.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 235-235 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 185-195 
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    Notes: Abstract The reflection of pressure waves in a fluid enclosed within a tube with an elastic wall is studied for the case of a localized change in diameter of the tube. The concept of impedance is introduced. The relation of the reflection characteristics of the parts of the tube at either side of the change is derived on the basis of the continuity of pressure and mass flow at the site of the change. This relations is used to derive the expression for the ratio of the pressure oscillations measured in front of, and behind, the constriction in terms of the constants of the system. As a result, a method is indicated to locate the coarctation from measurements of the pressures in front of, and behind it.
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    Notes: Abstract The question is raised concerning the possible causes of abnormally small standard deviations found in counting samples in which particles are distributed at random (e.g., blood cells, fat globules in milk, etc.). The effect of discarding abnormal samples is discounted inasmuch as small standard deviations occur even when all samples are counted. An approximation method is used to calculate the effect of finite particle size, of known repulsive forces between particles and of convection currents. This calculation shows that neither finite size nor the known repulsive forces are sufficient to account for the observed abnormality of standard deviation, but that convection currents can possibly account for it. The possible presence of long-range repulsive forces cannot, however, be excluded.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 245-250 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of finite particle size on the standard deviation in sample counts is computed for the one-dimensional case. To a first order of approximation the correction is found to be identifical with that found by H. de Vries (1953) using a general approximation method.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 251-260 
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    Notes: Abstract A critical examination of the “classical” theories of photoreception in view of more recent experimental findings yields the result that these theories do not possess the property to describe all the more significant phenomena of photoreception correctly, and to some extent suffer the lack of more general applicability. The basis for a new and presumably more general theory of photoreception based on dynamical aspects is laid out. Emphasis is put on the time course of afferent and efferent excitation in the photoreception model, consisting of a receptor element, an afferent and an efferent neuron of the one-factor Rashevsky-type, and an effector organ.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 197-234 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for the development of human society, beginning with the earliest stages of urban cultures, is outlined. In the early stages of history, behavior was characterized largely by adherence to a number of beliefs and prejudices of diffeirent kinds, which were accepted on faith and not subject to critical rational analysis. Due to psychobiological variability a very small number of individuals spontaneously appear at all times who challenge the accepted beliefs and prejudices and do not follow the accepted patterns of social behavior. The effect of these individuals upon the rest of the society, especially upon the younger generation, depends on the facilities with which information spreads in society. In earliest societies, when modern methods of mass communication were unknown, the channels of communication were practically identical with the channels of economic transport. The latter in its turn depended on the nature of the roads, and especially on the presence of waterway, which facilitated transportation. The sizes of the earliest cities and the distances between them were largely determined by relative ease of transporation. Expressions are derived for the average size of the earliest cities and for the average distance between them. The calculated average populations of the earliest cities are of the order of 103; the distance of the order of 102 km. Both are in agreement with some archaeological findings. An expression for the time spaon required for the development from the earliest stages of urban cultures to the present time is derived and shown to depend on the specific shoreline of the country, that is, the length of the shorline divided by the area of the country. It is pointed out that western Europe's specific shoreline, including land bordering both seas and rivers, is ten times as large as the shoreline area of other parts of the world. It is shown that this greater specific shoreline may account quantitatively for the faster social and technological development of western Europe in the last few centuries. The calculated total span of time of development from earliest urban cultures to our days is found to be of the order of magnitude of ten thousand years. It is shown that the model accounts for the existence at the present time of primitive cultures. A number of suggestions is made in regard to other possible applications of mathematics to history.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 269-276 
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    Notes: Abstract The assumptions latent in the derivation of the integral equation of Branson are rendered explicit and discussed. It is shown that the equation is valid only for systems in which the substance disappears according to a linear rate law.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 261-268 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the validity of Branson's integral description of metabolizing systems is subject to severe limitations. The validity is insured only in cases where the reaction is of first order, or quasi of first order. In all other cases Branson's equation has to be modified to insure general applicability. The consequences of a different definition of the metabolizing functionF have also been investigated. With the new definitionF describes the pure effect of metabolization. It is found that in this case the integral equation is only capable of describing first-order reactions. With a slight modification of the integral equation it is possible to describe metabolites “with age”, which do not have reactions of definite order, but which satisfy the superposition principle.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 277-292 
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    Notes: Abstract A problem in probability is stated with included the problem of the distribution of bacterial mutants as a special case. This problem is solved exactly but since the resulting expressions are too complicated for practical use, various approximate expressions for the distribution are considered, especially for the bacterial mutation case.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 293-300 
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    Notes: Abstract Simple reaction and discrimination reaction, under the influence of imitation, are considered for the situation in which the stimulus or the stimuli vary slowly with time. The result is analogous to hysteresis under certain conditions. The calculations are facilitated by the solution of $$x = \int_{ - \infty }^{a + \beta x} {g\left( \xi \right)d} \xi ,$$ g(ξ) being the normal error function. Values ofx(α, β) are given in a table.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 301-309 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of simple physical considerations the blood flow in a branching circulatory system is studied. The case of two groups of parallel vessels is treated. The vessels of the same group are supposed to be identical. The resistance of each group is determined by the resistance of each vessel in the group and by the number of vessels in the group. From the dependence of the resistance of each vessel on its radius an expression is obtained for the blood flow through each group of vessels in terms of the numbers and sizes of the vessels in each group. The number of open vessels in an organ and the radius of each of those vessels are assumed to depend on the metabolic rate of that organ. The relations so obtained, together with the expression above, are applied to derive the blood flow through an organ as a function of the metabolic rate of that organ. It is indicated that the relations obtained might describe the shifting of blood from one organ to another if the activity of one of them changes. A way is pointed out to treat neural regulation of this phenomenon.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 361-365 
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    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model of population growth is treated using the Bellman-Harris theory of agedependent stochastic branching processes. The probability distribution for the population size at any time and the expectation are obtained when it is assumed that there is probability (1−σ), 0≤σ〈1, of the organism dividing into two at the end of its lifetime, and probability σ that division will not take place.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 339-359 
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    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper, in which a possible mathematical approach to history was outlined, it was shown that urbanization plays an important part in the propagation of new ideas. The rate of such propagation influences the rate of historical developments. The present paper deals in more detail with possible mechanisms of formation of earliest cities. Equations are derived which give the limiting size of such cities and their rate of growth. Of particular importance for the spread of new ideas is the spread of information. The latter largely depends on the fraction of individuals who travel between city and country. Expressions for this quantity are derived. An approach is outlined to the mathematical study of the earliest social classes, which may have been formed as a result of military, religious, or economic stratifications.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 395-409 
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    Notes: Abstract The velocity of propagation of a disturbance wave in a liquid flowing in a distensible tube is computed. The mathematical model is more general than those used in previous analyses: the tube wall properties are realistic; the convective part of the axial inertia forces is taken into account; radial inertia forces of both the fluid and tube wall are present; viscous stresses are present. Four parameters influencing the velocity of propagation are obtained and discussed. Curves are plotted illustrating the effects of the parameters. Contrary to the results of previous analyses, viscous effects are shown to be appreciable in blood flow. It is also shown that radial inertia effects can be important in laboratory set-ups.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 411-429 
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    Notes: Abstract A general theory of the drying of frozen tissue is developed and applied to the measurement of the drying rate of frozen guinea pig liver. It is shown that for a given temperature of the subliming ice crystals the mininum drying time of a piece of guinea pig liver is greater than the minimum sublimation time of a piece of ice of the same size and shape by a factor of the order of one thousand. This fact has many implications in the design of freeze-dry apparatus which will be developed in a following paper.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 477-488 
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    Notes: Abstract The equations governing the time course of the exchange of substances between the blood in the capillaries and the extracellular space are solved for the case of substances which do not penetrate the cells. The equations given relate the time course of the exchange process to the various tissue and circulation parameters such as the specific capillary wall area, the pore area, the inter-capillary distance, the size of the extra-vascular, extra-cellular space, the diffusion coefficient in this space, and the velocity of blood in the capillaries. Some experimental work on capillary exchange is discussed in relation to the theory and estimates are made of the relative importance of the various tissue and circulation parameters in the exchange of substances in different tissues.
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    Notes: Abstract Previous work (Macey, 1952) in the application of the one-factor theory to the heart is extended. The rate of production of the excitatory state is assumed to be linear. Two possible mechanisms are indicated whereby such a situation might arise. Assumptions are made regarding the mode of action of the chemical mediators on the heart, and an equation is derived relating the heart rate to the frequency of nerve impulses traveling along the cardiac nerves. This result compares favorably with the experimental findings of A. Rosenblueth and F. A. Simeone (1934). Other experimental results are interpreted in terms of the theory.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 561-563 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 112-121 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to explain the position of the great quasi-stationary troughs and ensuing a computation ofCharney andEliassen, the author takes into consideration, apart from the influence of the upheavals of the earth's surface, also the supply and loss of heat. The latter influence proves to be more powerful than the first one, and taking it into consideration the result is in satisfactory agreement with the observed values.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin d'expliquer la situation des grands creux quasistationnaires sont pris en considération, en suivant une méthode deCharney etEliassen, à part l'influence des élévations de la surface terrestre, celle due à l'apport et la perte de chaleur, qui se révèle encore plus efficace que la première. Seulement en en tenant compte le résultat correspond d'une façon satisfaisante aux conditions observées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Erklärung der Lage der großen quasistationären Tröge wird einem Rechnungsgang vonCharney undEliassen folgend, neben dem Einfluß der Erhebung der Erdoberfläche auch noch derjenige der Wärmeaufnahme und-abgabe herangezogen, der sich noch größer als der erstgenannte erweist. Erst nach seiner Berücksichtigung steht das Resultat in befriedigender Übereinstimmung mit den beobachteten Werten.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 122-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A verification of the prognostic formula for predicting the height profile of the 500 mb pressure surface at a fixed latitude derived byCharney andEliassen shows that a practical application is limited at least for the period under consideration (January 1949). Only in case of relatively small perturbations and rather uniform current along the latitude circle the formula seems to be successful in day-to-day forecast procedures.
    Abstract: Résumé Une vérification portant sur le mois de janvier 1949 de la formule pronostique établie parCharney etEliassen et applicable aux variations de la surface de 500 mb. le long d'un parallèle géographique déterminé montre que son emploi dans la pratique de la prévision du temps est encore douteux. Ce n'est que dans le cas d'une composante zonale du vent à peu près uniforme et lors de petites perturbations correspondantes qu'une prévision calculée de la tendance de pression de l'onde supérieure de pression en un lieu déterminé semble possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonCharney undEliassen abgeleiteten Prognosenformel für Änderungen der 500 mb-Fläche entlang einer bestimmten geographischen Breite ergibt, daß in den untersuchten Fällen (Januar 1949) eine Verwendung im praktischen Wetterdienst noch fraglich ist. Nur bei verhältnismäßig einheitlicher zonaler Windkomponente und bei entsprechend kleinen Störungen scheint eine Vorausberechnung der Drucktendenz der „oberen” Druckwelle für einen bestimmten Ort mit Hilfe der Formel möglich zu sein.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 296-308 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First a brief survey is given of the wind effect on the phenomena of rising and ebbing water masses on the oceanic coasts. Particularly, the results obtained byH. U. Sverdrup andR. H. Fleming from successive oceanographic measurements of a profile perpendicular to the Californian coast are discussed. From them a convenient scheme is concluded for the development of cold coastal water out of a preceding stage of warm water. The great number of observation data of the Marine Life Research Programe obtained ever since 1949 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California) at La Jolla from monthly oceanographic measurements of the area off the North American western coast allows a deeper insight into the important phenomenon of upwelling cold water in the area. A preliminary study of two opposite situations of rising and ebbing water masses showed the wind disturbance to consist of two parts: 1. of a disturbance of the ground distribution which generates the regular Californian current, the disturbance consisting in generally weakening or intensifying this current; 2. of a wave disturbance perpendicular to the coast proceeding from the rising, respectively ebbing coastal water masses. These relations could be established quantitatively by a simple theoretical model. A theoretical case with numerical values approximately corresponding to the conditions off the Californian coast showed good agreement with the observed facts.
    Abstract: Résumé On donne tout d'abord un court aperçu de l'effet du vent sur le flux et le reflux de masses d'eau sur les côtes océaniques. On expose en particulier les résultats obtenus parH. U. Sverdrup etR. H. Fleming à l'aide de profils successifs, normaux à la côte californienne. Ils fournissent un schéma convenable pour la formation d'une masse d'eau côtière froide dérivant d'un stade préalable d'eaux chaudes. Le grand matériel d'observations du Marine Life Research programme obtenu depuis 1949 par la Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, La Jolla) sous forme de relevés océanographiques mensuels du domaine marin de la côte occidentale de l'Amérique du Nord permettra d'approfondir nos connaissances sur le phénomène de l'advection ascensionnelle d'eau froide important en ces régions. Une étude préliminaire de deux situations opposées de flux et de reflux de masses d'eau a montré que l'effet du vent se décompose en: 1o une perturbation de la répartition de base donnant naissance au courant régulier de Californie et qui consiste à affaiblir ou à renforcer respectivement ce courant; 2o une perturbation de nature ondulatoire, perpendiculaire à la côte, provenant du flux ou du reflux des masses d'eau le long de la côte. Un modèle théorique simple a permis de soumettre ces relations au calcul, et la comparaison d'un cas théorique dont les dimensions correspondaient approximativement aux conditions régnant devant la côte californienne a fourni un bon accord avec les faits observés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einleitend wird eine kurze Übersicht der Wirkung der Winde beim Zustandekommen der Erscheinungen des Anstaues und Abtriebes von Wassermassen an ozeanischen Küsten gegeben. Insbesondere werden die Ergebnisse vonH. U. Sverdrup undR. H. Fleming besprochen, die sie aus aufeinanderfolgenden ozeanographischen Aufnahmen eines Profils senkrecht zur kalifornischen Küste gewonnen haben. Sie ergeben ein passendes Schema für die Entwicklung eines kalten Küstenwassers aus einem Vorstadium mit warmem Wasser. Das große Beobachtungsmaterial des Marine Life Research Programs, das seit 1949 von der Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California) in La Jolla in monatlichen ozeanographischen Aufnahmen des Meeresgebietes vor der nordamerikanischen Westküste gewonnen wird, wird die Kenntnisse des für diese Gebiete wichtigen Kaltwasserauftriebsphänomens wesentlich zu vertiefen gestatten. Eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zweier konträrer Situationen von Anstau und Abtrieb von Wassermassen zeigte, daß die Windstörung aus zwei Teilen besteht: 1. Aus einer Störung der Grundverteilung, der der reguläre kalifornische Strom entspringt und die in einer allgemeinen Schwächung bzw. Verstärkung desselben besteht, und 2. aus einer Wellenstörung senkrecht zur Küste, die von Anstau bzw. Abtrieb der Wassermassen an der Küste ihren Ausgang nimmt. Ein einfaches theoretisches Modell ließ diese Zusammenhänge zahlenmäßig erfassen, und ein Vergleich eines theoretischen Falles mit Zahlenwerten, die ungefähr den Verhältnissen vor der kalifornischen Küste entsprechen, mit den Beobachtungstatsachen ergab gute Übereinstimmung.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 338-342 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relatively big thermal mass of radio-sondes as compared with their thermometer, can falsify the measurement of the temperature above 7 to 8 km., what is called the thermal “training effect”, (lag effect); this effect has been described in the Annals of the Swiss Central Meteorological Institute [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The present paper shows the influence of the training effect on the former Swiss official sonde. The difference of temperature has been measured by means of a series of soundings where this type was coupled at the same balloon with a special sonde where this effect had been avoided.
    Abstract: Résumé Letrainage thermique, provenant de la grande masse calorifique des sondes peut fausser notablement la mesure de température dès 7 à 8 km d'altitude. La théorie de cet effet a été publié dans les Annales de la Centrale Suisse de Météorologie [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. L'article présent décrit l'influence du trainage thermique sur l'ancienne sonde du service suisse. II a été mesuré à l'aide d'une série de sondage, en comparant l'indication de température de cette sonde, avec celle d'une sonde spéciale dénuée de trainage thermique et suspendue au même ballon.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die gegenüber dem Radiosondenthermometer relativ große Masse der übrigen Sondenteile bildet die Ursache einer Temperaturfalschmessung ab zirka 7 bis 8 km Höhe, welcheTrainageeffekt genannt wird, und in verschiedenen Arbeiten in den Annalen der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Zentralanstalt [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] beschrieben wurde. In vorliegender Arbeit wird der Einfluß dieses Effektes auf die frühere schweizerische Dienstsonde gemessen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde dieser Sondentyp jeweils zusammen mit einer Spezialsonde am gleichen Ballon gestartet und die Temperaturdifferenz in Funktion der Höhe bestimmt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 343-350 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Auswirkung einer Zunahme der ultravioletten Sonnenstrahlung auf das atmosphärische Ozon zu untersuchen, wurden beim Auftreten desMögel-Dellinger-Effekts (Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances, S. I. D.) Ozonmessungen angestellt. Unter der Annahme, daß an den Tagen mit S. I. D. das Verhältnis der Intensität der extraterrestrischen Sonnenstrahlung bei 3110 Å zu der bei 3300 Å konstant bleibt, findet man, daß die gleichzeitigen Ozonänderungen entweder sehr klein sind oder ganz fehlen, was in Übereinstimmung mit dem theoretisch zu erwartenden Verhalten ist.
    Abstract: Résumé Pour examiner l'effet de croissance de la radiation solaire ultraviolette sur l'ozone total atmosphérique, des mesures de l'ozone ont été faites pendant certains jours avec des perturbations ionosphériques brusques (Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances, S. I. D.) qui apparaissent ordinairement simultanément avec une éruption solaire. Si l'on suppose que le quotient de l'intensité extra-terrestre du rayonnement solaire pour λ-3110 Å à celle pour λ=3300 Å est constant, on constate que les variations de l'ozone coïncidentes avec les S. I. D. sont petites ou manquent complètement ce qui est en bon accord qualitatif avec la théorie.
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the effect of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on total atmospheric ozone, ozone observations have been made during sudden ionospheric disturbances (S. I. D.). If one can assume that the ratio of the extraterrestrial intensity of sunlight at 3110 Å to that at 3300 Å (the wavelengths observed by the measuring instrument) remains unchanged during days with S. I. D., it is found that ozone changes associated with S. I. D. s are small or absent, in agreement with qualitative theoretical expectation.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 4 (1951), S. 391-402 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of numerous observations it is shown that theF 2 layer ionisation has a pronounced half-year periodicity. Amplitude and phase of these variations underly various influences and, above all, depend in a determined way on the observation stations. An attempt is made to explain this annual double-period by the rather obvious assumption that the UV-intensity of the solar radiation depends on latitude and is smaller on the solar equator than in medium heliographic latitudes. Thereby, not only the double-period of the critical frequencies, but also the hitherto uncleared double-period of the apparent layer heights can be accounted for.
    Abstract: Résumé Se fondant sur un important matériel d'observations, on prouve que l'ionisation de la coucheF 2 présente une période semi-annuelle accusée. L'amplitude et la phase de cette variation sont soumises à différentes influences et dépendent en particulier de la position des stations d'observation. On tente d'expliquer cette période semi-annuelle en faisant l'hypothèse, en soi très vraisemblable, que l'intensité du rayonnement solaire ultra-violet dépend de la latitude héliaque et qu'elle est plus faible à l'équateur solaire qu'aux latitudes moyennes. Cela permet d'expliquer non seulement la période double des fréquences critiques, mais encore la période double jusqu'ici inexpliquée des hauteurs apparentes des couches ionisées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand zahlreichen Beobachtungsmaterials wird der Nachweis erbracht, daß dieF 2-Schicht-Ionisation eine ausgeprägte halbjährige Periodizität besitzt. Amplitude und Phase dieser Schwankungen unterliegen verschiedenen Einflüssen, so sind sie vor allem in bestimmter Weise von den Beobachtungsstationen abhängig. Es wird versucht, eine Erklärung für diese jährliche Doppelperiode zu geben, und zwar in der Weise, daß die an sich ja sehr naheliegende Annahme gemacht wird, daß die UV-Intersität der Sonne breitenabhängig ist und am Sonnenäquator geringer ist als in mittleren heliographischen Breiten. Damit kann nicht nur die Doppelperiode der kritischen Frequenzen erklärt werden, sondern es wird auch die bisher ungeklärte Doppelperiode der scheinbaren Schichthöhen verständlich.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 84-97 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These past 25 years, sinceBenndorf [1] gave his theory of the electric field of the earth, the conception has been endorsed that the meteorological phenomena and especially the world-wide thunderstorm activity must be considered as the origin of the electric field of current. In this article the theory ofBenndorf, which is very general as regards the generator of atmospheric electricity, is applied to the thunderstorm activity being the current's source. It may be emphasized that many of the equations laid down here have already been developed byBenndorf for the case of the spherical condenser. Here the theoretical deductions are different: giving prominence to the field of flow, they proceed from the second equation of Maxwell and lead in a continuous development to the construction of an electro-technical equivalent circuit of the current in the spherical condenser. Proceeding from the technical notions the general physical deductions get much more distinctness. In addition, it can be shown that the space charges, which play the leading part in the electrostatic views on atmospheric electricity, have but little importance for the field of flow and have no influence on the current density or the field force. Thereby new prospects follow for the interpretation of the records of the electric field in a thunderstorm. The electro-technical equivalent circuit shows furthermore immediately that the world-time curve of the potential gradient on sea is not uninfluenced by the variable air-resistance on the mainland and that it reflects therefore only approximately the world-wide thunderstorm activity. Although this influence on the world-time daily variation is small — according to a rough valuation less than 17% — the desire arises for closer experimental and theoretical investigations about this problem.
    Abstract: Résumé Depuis queBenndorf [1] a donné, il y a 25 ans, sa théorie du champ électrique terrestre, l'opinion générale s'est de plus en plus affirmée que les phénomènes météorologiques et en particulier l'activité orageuse mondiale constituaient la source d'énergie du champ des courants électriques. Dans la présente étude, la théorie générale deBenndorf relative au générateur de l'électricité atmosphérique est appliquée plus particulièrement à l'activité orageuse considérée comme source de courant. Il faut remarquer que beaucoup d'équations établies ici avaient déjà été développées parBenndorf dans le cas d'un condensateur sphérique. La voie suivie est, il est vrai, différente, car en insistant sur la notion de champ de courant on part de la deuxième équation de Maxwell et on aboutit à une image électrotechnique du courant dans le condensateur sphérique. En utilisant les représentations de la technique, les principes physiques et les déductions gagnent beaucoup en clarté; il apparaît en outre que les charges électriques libres qui jouent un si grand rôle dans l'électrostatique atmosphérique sont très peu importants dans le champ de courant et n'exercent aucune influence sur la densité de courant ni sur l'intensité du champ. Cela ouvre quelques nouvelles perspectives sur l'interprétation d'un enregistrement du champ électrique lors d'un orage. De plus le schéma électrotechnique montre immédiatement que la courbe du gradient de potential sur mer en fonction du temps universel n'est pas indépendante de la résistance variable de l'air sur terre et ne reflète donc qu'approximativement l'activité orageuse mondiale. Bien que cet effet sur la variation diurne soit heureusement faible (probablement inférieur à 17%), il est à souhaiter que l'on poursuive sur ce point les recherches expérimentales et théoriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung SeitBenndorf [1] vor 25 Jahren seine Theorie des elektrischen Feldes der Erde schrieb, hat sich immer mehr die Auffassung durchgesetzt, daß das meteorologische Geschehen und speziell die Weltgewittertätigkeit als die Kraftquelle des elektrischen Strömungsfeldes anzusehen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun die bezüglich des luftelektrischen Generators recht allgemein gehalteneBenndorf-Theorie auf die Gewittertätigkeit als Stromquelle spezialisiert. Dabei soll gleich eingangs betont werden, daß viele der hier abgeleiteten Gleichungen bereits vonBenndorf für den Fall des Kugelkondensators entwickelt wurden. Der Weg der theoretischen Ableitung ist hier zwar ein anderer. Unter starker Betonung des Strömungsfeldes geht er aus von der zweiten Maxwellschen Gleichung und führt in stetiger Folge bis zur Konstruktion eines elektrotechnischen Ersatzschaltbildes der Strömung im Kugelkondensator. Durch das Anknüpfen an die technische Vorstellungswelt gewinnen einmal die allgemeinen physikalischen Ansätze und Ableitungen ungemein an Klarheit, zum andern kommt hier besonders deutlich zum Ausdruck, daß die Raumladungen, die im elektrostatisch luftelektrischen Denken die Hauptrolle spielen, im Strömungsfeld von ganz untergeordneter Bedeutung sind und gar keinen Einfluß auf die Stromdichte oder die Feldstärke haben. Es ergeben sich dabei einige neue Ausblicke auf die Ausdeutung einer luftelektrischen Feldregistrierung bei einem Gewitter. Ferner zeigt das technische Ersatzschaltbild unmittelbar, daß die Weltzeitkurve des Potentialgefälles auf See nicht unbeeinflußt von dem veränderlichen Luftwiderstand über dem Festland ist und somit nur in Annäherung die Weltgewittertätigkeit widerspiegelt. Wenn auch glücklicherweise dieser Einfluß auf den weltzeitlichen Tagesgang gering ist—nach roher Schätzung kleiner als 17%—, so entsteht doch der Wunsch, hier eingehendere experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen durchzuführen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1951), S. 173-228 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Meteorology, oceanography and astrophysics have to deal with wide, there and back flowing motions of “exchange” (less characterized in the word “turbulence”) which are caused in a rotating system by supply of heat (mostly insolation) and are associated with a surface rotating with it, e. g. the surface of the earth, or with another gliding surface. In treating these motions and mixings, moved by heat effects, like an “isotropic” turbulence (where the two co-ordinates are equivalent) they get deprived of their essential properties. For, the impetus of heat mostly involves a preferred axis of the exchange movements; the turbulence quanta chiefly are pushed in both directions of this predominating axis (Chap. I). Such (two-dimensional) turbulent exchanges cause a characteristic transport of impulses. These are carried in both directions of the axis of preference. This transport is computed, in chapter II, on the assumption that the individual quantum of exchange does not form by its motion an own field of pressure (“exchange of mass points”), in chapter III without this restriction (“exchange by gradient wind”). Therefore in meteorology the so-called “geostrophic” winds may be considered in this sense as turbulent exchange motions of the atmosphere. Finally, in chapter IV, the conditions are examined, from which depends the “vorticity” of the individual exchange quanta in the atmosphere (and in the sea), if friction and mixing are excluded. It is shown that in this case the big rotating exchange quanta keep almost unaltered their “vorticity” (the vertical component of the “curl” of the absolute velocity). The two-dimensional theory of exchange, which may be applied in many problems of geophysics and astrophysics, holds good with regard to the planetary circulation of the earth's atmosphere. In taking into consideration also the friction on the soil, it is possible to insert in a general aspect of all phenomena of circulation the precious results ofC. G. Rossby and his collaborators as to the general circulation of the upper layers (Chap. V).
    Abstract: Résumé En météorologie, en océanographie et en astrophysique on a affaire à de vastes «mouvements d'échange», courants çà et là, connus sous le terme moins adéquat de «turbulence», engendrés dans un système en rotation par des sources de chaleur (en général le rayonnement) et qui sont liés à une surface en rotation comme par exemple la surface terrestre ou quelque surface de glissement. Si l'on traite ces mouvements et mélanges d'origine calorique comme turbulence «isotrope» (pour laquelle les deux coordonnées sont équivalentes), on les dépouille de leurs caractères essentiels, car la source de chaleur impose en général aux mouvements d'échange turbulents un axe préférentiel selon lequel les quanta de turbulence sont principalement activés (Chap. I). De tels mouvements d'échange turbulents (à deux dimensions) créent un transport d'impulse caractéristique. Ce transport va dans les deux directions de l'axe préférentiel. Il est calculé dans ce qui suit, tout d'abord (Chap. II) en admettant que chaque quantum d'échange ne crée pas de champ propre de pression par son mouvement, puis sans cette restriction (Chap. III). Les vents appelés «géostrophiques» peuvent donc être considérés dans ce sens comme des mouvements d'échange turbulent de l'atmosphère. Enfin on étudie les conditions auxquelles est soumise la rotation propre («vorticity») des quanta d'échange individuels dans l'atmosphère (et dans la mer) lorsque l'on exclut le frottement et le mélange. On trouve que dans ce cas les grands quanta d'échange rotationnels conservent presque inchangée leur «vorticity» (Chap. IV). La théorie d'échange turbulent à deux dimensions qui trouve son application dans maints domaines de la géophysique et de l'astrophysique s'applique en premier lieu à la circulation «planétaire» de l'atmosphère terrestre. Si l'on tient compte du frottement au sol, on peut introduire les précieux résultats obtenus parC. G. Rossby et ses collaborateurs sur la circulation générale des hautes couches dans une vue d'ensemble de tous les phénomènes de circulation (Chap. V).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Meteorologie, Ozeanographie und Astrophysik haben es mit weiträumigen “Austauschbewegungen” (weniger treffend “Turbulenz” genannt) zu tun, welche in einem rotierenden System durch Wärmewirkungen (meist Bestrahlung) entstehen und an eine mitrotierende Fläche, z. B. an die Erdoberfläche oder an eine andere Gleitfläche gebunden sind. Wenn man diese, durch Wärmewirkungen angetriebenen Bewegungen und Vermischungen als “isotrope” Turbulenz (bei der beide Koordinaten gleichberechtigt sind) behandelt, so entkleidet man sie ihrer wesentlichen Eigenschaften. Denn meistens bedingt der Wärmeantrieb eine bevorzugte Achse der Austauschbewegungen; die Turbulenzquanten werden überwiegend in beiden Richtungen dieser “Vorzugsachse” angestoßen (Kap. I). Derartige (zweidimensionale) Austauschbewegungen bewirken nun einen charakteristischen Transport der Drehimpulse. Dieser Transport fließt in Richtung der Vorzugsachse. Er wird nachstehend berechnet, und zwar zunächst (in Kap. II) unter der Voraussetzung, daß das einzelne Austauschquantum durch seine Bewegung kein eigenes Druckfeld erzeugt (“Massenpunktaustausch”), weiterhin (in Kap. III) ohne diese Einschränkung (“Gradientwindaustausch”). Die in der Meteorologie “geostrophisch” genannten Winde können also in diesem Sinne als “Austauschbewegungen” der Atmosphäre gelten. Schließlich werden die Bedingungen untersucht, denen die Eigenrotation (“vorticity”) der einzelnen (großen) Austauschquanten in der Atmosphäre (und im Meer) unterliegt, wenn Reibung und Vermischung ausgeschlossen werden. Es zeigt sich, daß in diesem Fall die großen rotierenden Austauschquanten ihre “vorticity” (die Vertikalkomponente des absoluten Geschwindigkeitsrotors) fast unverändert behalten (Kap. IV). Die zweidimensionale Austauschtheorie, die an und für sich auf vielen Gebieten der Geophysik und Astrophysik Anwendung finden kann, bewährt sich zunächst in bezug auf die “planetarische Zirkulation” der Erdatmosphäre. Wenn man die Reibung am Erdboden mitberücksichtigt, gelingt es, die wertvollen BefundeC. G. Rossbys und seiner Mitarbeiter hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Zirkulation höherer Schichten in eine Gesamtschau aller Zirkulationserscheinungen einzufügen (Kap. V).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1951), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations concerning the obvious influence of varying water contents upon the specific resistance of the soil led to the construction of a new species of double-layer curves, assuming that the specific resistance of the uppermonst layer obeys an exponental law. These resistance curves are confornted with the known double and triple-layer curves and, by means of several examples, the erros of depth easurements caused by applying the latter curves are indicated. The position of their asymptotes results to be a determining factor for their classification. In different cases the divergences between geoelectric measurements and results of boring may be eliminated by making use of these new resistance curves.
    Abstract: Résumé Différentes observations d'une influence—prévisible a priori—de la teneur variable en eau sur la résistance spécifique dsu sol fournissent l'occasion d'établir de nouveaux types de courbes de résistance de couches doubles, dans l'hypothèse que la résistance des couches supérieures varie selon une loi exponentielle. On compare ces courbes de résistance aux courbes connues de couches doubles ou triples, et on donne des exemples d'errerus commises dans les indications de profondeur lorsqu'on les tire de ces courbes. Pour la classification des courbes la position des asymptotes est déterminante. On pourra peut-être sur la base de ces nouvelles courbes expliquer dans bien des cas les divergences existant entre les résultats de calculs de profondeur par des méthodes géoélectriques et ceux que donnent les forages directs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Beobachtungen einer an sich schon naheliegenden Beeinflussung des speizifischen Widerstandes des Bodens durch wechselnden Wassergehalt bilden den Anlaß zur Konstruktion einer neuen Art von Zweischichtkurven unter der Annahme, daß der spezifische Widerstand der obersten Schichte nach einem exponentiellen Gesetz variiert. Diese Wiederstandskurven werden mit den bekannten Zweischicht-und Dreischichtkurven verglichen und an einigen Beispielen die Fehler angegeben, die man für die Tiefenangaben begeht, wenn man jene mit Hilfe der letzteren auswertet. Für ihre Klassifikation erweist sich die Lage ihrer Asymptoten als maßgebend. Durch diese neuen Widerstandskurven dürften vielleicht in manchen Fällen die Widersprüche zwischen den Ergebnissen der geoelektrischen Tiefenmessungen und der Bohrungen beseitigt werden können.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1951), S. 303-329 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a comprehensive report on the dependance of weather elements (temperature, pressure, precipitation, thunderstorms) from the 11,2-respectively the 89-year-cycle of sun-spots, from the 5,6-year partial period and from the solar rotation period of 27 days, statistical connexions between thunderstorms, central meridian passages of sun-spots and isolated magnetic disturbances in Central Europe are examined for periods of little solar activity. The discussion leads to an effect of invasions of the undulatory radiation of the sun wich is indicated only imperfectly and with a delay of 2 to 3 days by magnetic character figures depending on corpuscular emissions. Then the pressure distribution in the environs of an isolated magnetic disturbance (352 cases) is investigated by means of punched cards. In the minimum and rise of sun-spot-cycle exists, 2 to 3 days before the magnetic disturbance, an area of rising pressure moving from northern Europe to SE and an area of falling pressure following from the British Isles to E. An assignment to seasons or to phases of the sun-spot-cycle leads to the same result, according to the quite similar results ofDuell (1948) andKoppe (1950). The limitation of precise correlations to the beginning of sun-spot-cycles is in accordance with former results of negative correlations between heliographic latitudes of active solar centres and atmospheric events.
    Abstract: Résumé On résume tout d'abord les faits connus concernant la relation entre les éléments météorologiques (température, pression, précipitations, orages) et les cycles de taches solaires de 11,2 respectivement de 89 ans, la période partielle de 5,6 ans ainsi que la période de rotation du soleil de 27 jours. On étudie ensuite par voie statistique les corrélations entre les orages, les passages des taches solaires au méridien central et les perturbations magnétiques isolées observées en Europe centrale aux époques de faible activité solaire. On conclut à un effect déclancheur des variations du rayonnement ondulatoire du soleil, lesquelles ne sont révélées qu'imparfaitement par les caractères magnétiques liés au rayonnement corpusculaire et n'apparaissant qu'avec un retard de deux à trois jours. On a en outre étudié la répartition de la pression au voisinage d'une perturbation magnétique isolée (352 cas au total) au moyen de cartes perforées. Lors d'un minimum de taches et à la montée du cycle des taches solaires il y a un noyau de hausse de pression naissant deux à trois jours avant la perturbation magnétique et qui se déplace du Nord de l'Europe vers le SE, tandis qu'un noyau de baisse le suit des Iles britanniques vers l'Est. Une analyse procédant par saisons ou par phases de taches solaires conduit au même résultat; le matériel deDüll (1948) et deKoppe (1950) fournit des résultats analogues. Le fait que des corrélations nettes ne s'observent qu'au début d'un cycle de taches solaires est en accord avec des études antérieures qui montraient une corrélation négative entre la latitude héliaque des foyers solaires et les phénomènes atmosphériques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach zusammenfassendem Referat über die Abhängigkeit der Wetterelemente (Temperatur, Luftdruck, Niederschlag, Gewitter) vom 11,2-bzw. 89jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklus, von der 5,6jährigen Unterperiode und von der 27tägigen Sonnenrotation werden die statistischen Zusammenhänge zwischen Gewittern, Meridianpassagen von Sonnenflecken und isoliert auftretenden magnetischen Störungen in Mitteleuropa in den Zeiten geringer Sonnenfleckentätigkeit untersucht. Die Diskussion führt auf eine auslösende Wirkung von Schwankungen (Invasionen) der solaren Wellenstrahlung, die von der auf Korpuskelemissionen ansprechenden magnetischen Charakterzahl nur unvollkommen und mit zwei bis drei tagen Verspätung wiedergegeben werden. Anschließend wird die Luftdruckverteilung in der Umgebung einer isolierten magnetischen Störung (insgesamt 352 Fälle) mittels Lochkarten untersucht. Während Minimum und Anstieg des Sonnen-fleckenzyklus ergab sich ein Drucksteiggebiet, das, jeweils zwei bis drei Tage vor der magnetischen Störung einsetzend, von Nordeuropa aus nach SE zog, während ein Druckfallgebiet von den Britischen Inseln nach E nachfolgte. Ein Aufgliederung nach Jahreszeiten oder nach Sonnenfleckenphasen lieferte das gleiche Resultat; sehr ähnliche Ergebnisse erbrachten an unabhängigem MaterialDüll (1948) undKoppe (1950). Die Beschränkung eindeutiger Zusammenhänge auf den Beginn eines Sonnenfleckenzyklus steht in Übereinstimmung mit den älteren Befunden über eine negative Korrelation zwischen der heliographischen Breite der solaren Herde und den atmosphärischen Vorgängen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1951), S. 382-401 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments have been carried out with the principal aim of investigating the electric charges of small ice-crystals being detached from hoar-frost layers. Breaking off of ice particles was studied microscopically under various experimental conditions. Down to 10−15 coul., charges of particles were measured quantitatively by valve electrometers, and smaller ones to 2.4·10−16 coul. in a more qualitative way by the deviation of falling particles in the transversal electric field. Big charges, with a maximum value of 2.5·10−14 coul., are rare. There is a strong increase of number of particles with decreasing charge of the single particle. Under 3.3·10−16 coul., however, frequency of particles remains constant. Contrary to an indication ofW. Findeisen, the number of positively charged particles is always seven times as great as that of the negative ones. The mean value of charge, positive or negative, carried by a single particle amounts to 7·10−16 coul. Starting from the polar structure of ice, an attempt has been made to explain the origin of these electric charges. It seems, however, that thunderstorm electricity cannot be accounted for by the process of breaking off of hoar-frost particles. To dateFindeisen's “granulation-effect” (Vergraupelungs-effekt) could not be verified up to now.
    Abstract: Résumé Le but principal de ce travail expérimental est l'étude des charges électriques apparaissant lorsque de petits cristaux de glace se détachent d'une couche de gelée blanche. On étudie en outre par voie microscopique la formation d'éclats de glace ainsi que l'influence de différentes conditions expérimentales sur le phénomène en question. On mesure exactement les charges d'éclats de glace jusqu'à 10−15 coul. à l'aide d'électromètre à amplificateurs électroniques et, avec moins de précision, des charges jusqu'à 2,4·10−16 coul. par la déviation de particules tombant dans un champ électrique transversal. De fortes charges atteignant 2,5·10−14 coul. sont rares. La fréquence d'apparition croît rapidement en raison inverse des charges de particules et reste constante à partir de 3,3·10−16 coul. Contrairement à une indication deW. Findeisen, le nombre des particules chargées positivement qui se détachent est toujours sept fois plus grand que celui des particules négatives. La charge moyenne de chaque signe portée par un éclat est d'environ 7·10−16 coul. On tente d'établir un schéma de la formation d'électricité provenant de la structure polarisée de la glace. Le processus par lequel la gelée blanche se réduit en éclats ne peut suffire à expliquer l'électricité des orages. L'effet dû à la formation du grésil (Vergraupelungseffekt) invoqué parFindeisen n'a pu jusqu'ici être confirmé.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hauptziel dieser Laboratoriumsarbeit ist die Untersuchung der elektrischen Ladungen, die bei der Ablösung kleiner Eiskriställchen aus Reifschichten auftreten. Daneben wird die Entstehung der Eissplitter mikroskopisch verfolgt sowie der Einfluß verschiedener Versuchsbedingungen auf den Vorgang studiert. Die Splitterladungen werden bis herab zu 10−15 Coul quantitativ durch Röhrenelektrometer, darunter bis zu 2,4·10−16 Coul mehr qualitativ durch Ablenkung fallender Teilchen im transversalen elektrischen Feld gemessen. Große Ladungen, maximal 2,5·10−14 Coul, sind selten. Die Häufigkeit wächst mit abnehmender Ladung des Einzelteilchens steil an und bleibt von 3,3·10−16 Coul an abwärts konstant. Durchweg und im Gegensatz zu einer Angabe vonW. Findeisen ist die Zahl der abbrechenden positiven Teilchen etwa siebenmal so groß als die der negativen. Für den Mittelwert der von einem Splitter getragenen Ladung jedes Vorzeichens finden sich etwa 7·10−16 Coul. — Es wird ein Deutungsversuch der Elektrizitätsentstehung angegeben, der von der polaren Struktur des Eises ausgeht. — Für die Erklärung der Gewitterelektrizität dűrfte der Reifabsplitterungsvorgang nicht ausreichen.Findeisens „Vergraupelungseffekt” konnte bisher nicht bestätigt werden.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1951), S. 423-452 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A new limnograph is described. Its advantages consist of an especially time saving portability. It is easy to set up, irrespective of the conditions of the shore. With this and two other instruments a survey of the standing waves (seiches) of the Achensee (Tyrol) was made. By applyingA. Defant's method for the computation of the periods, excellent agreement between theory and observations has been reached. As the water of the lake is supplying a power plant, its level is subjected to great yearly fluctuations. The computation of periods was made for two different levels. In one part of the lake with shallow water the distribution of amplitudes was found to differ from the theoretical values. From the amount of this deviation a constant of friction is derived. The southern end of the lake has the characteristics of a shelf which strongly influences the shape of the standing waves, as the theory shows. A very frequent seiche of the shelf with great amplitude is explained by means ofDu Bois' formula.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit un limnigraphe qui se distingue par la facilité de son transport et de son installation, quelle que soit la nature de la rive. On a étudié les seiches de l'Achensee (Tyrol) au moyen de cet appareil et de deux autres. L'application de la méthode deA. Defant au calcul des périodes d'oscillation fournit des résultats parfaitement d'accord avec les faits. Le lac sert de réservoir hydraulique à une usine électrique et son niveau varie donc beaucoup, de sorte que le calcul fut mené pour deux niveaux différents. Dans une partie très peu profonde du lac on a constaté un comportement anormal des amplitudes par rapport à la théorie; l'écart permet le calcul d'une constante de frottement. L'extrémité sud du lac a le caractère d'une terrasse sous-marine dont on a pu prouver l'influence sur la forme des oscillations au moyen de la théorie. La formule deDu Bois permet d'expliquer une oscillation apparaissant fréquemment et avec une grande amplitude.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein neuartiger Limnograph wird beschrieben. Seine Vorteile bestehen in einer besonders leichten und zeitsparenden Transportierbarkeit und Aufstellung, unabhängig von der Beschaffenheit des Ufers. Mit dem genannten und zwei weiteren Instrumenten wurden die Seiches des Achensees (Tirol) ermittelt. Die Anwendung der Methode vonA. Defant zur Berechnung der Schwingungsperioden liefert ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen. Da der See als Kraftspeicher für ein Elektrizitätswerk dient, ist sein Wasserstand starken Änderungen unterworfen. Die Rechnung wurde für zwei verschiedene Niveaus durchgeführt. In einem Teil des Sees mit sehr geringer Wassertiefe wurde eine von der theoretisch geforderten abweichende Verteilung der Schwingungsamplituden festgestellt. Aus dem Betrag der Abweichung wird eine Reibungskonstante abgeleitet. Das südliche See-Ende besitzt den Charakter eines Schelfs, dessen bedeutender Einfluß auf die Schwingungsformen an Hand der Theorie nachgewiesen wird. Eine häufig und mit großer Amplitude auftretende Schelfschwingung wird mittels derDu Boisschen Formel erklärt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der hydrodynamischen Instabilität für die Bildung antizyklonaler Wirbel direkt südlich des westlichen Freistrahlstromes in mittleren Breiten wird dargelegt. Ferner macht der Verfasser auf seine früheren Untersuchungen von 1941 über dynamische Instabilität aufmerksam.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur montre l'importance de l'instabilité hydrodynamique pour la formation de tourbillons anticycloniques immédiatement au Sud du courant d'Ouest (jet stream) aux latitudes moyennes. Il rappelle ensuite ses précédentes recherches de 1941 sur l'instabilité dynamique.
    Notes: Summary The importance of the hydrodynamic instability for the formation of anticyclonic eddies just south of westerly jet stream in the middle latitudes is pointed out. Finally, the author would like to call attention for his earlier works on dynamic instability in 1941.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die Grenzfläche jedes Luftteilchens, das sich in der Atmosphäre bewegt, strömt ständig Energie in die benachbarte Atmosphäre hinein und aus ihr hinaus. Die Energie, die das Luftteilchen aus der benachbarten Atmosphäre aufnimmt, wird aus der Gradientkraft und aus den Druckkräften durch Gl. (4′) bestimmt. Ein Teil dieser Energie bedingt eine Änderung der potentiellen Energie des barischen Feldes des Luftteilchens, der andere Teil dagegen eine Änderung seiner inneren Energie. Die potentielle Energie des Druckfeldes kann durch die Enthalpie definiert werden. Jedes Luftteilchen besitzt neben anderen Energiearten noch eine äußere Energie, die ihren Sitz nicht im Luftteilchen selbst, sondern außerhalb desselben in der umgebenden Atmosphäre hat; diese Energie ist gleich der Differenz zwischen der Enthalpie und der inneren Energie des Luftteilchens.
    Abstract: Summary Through the boundary surface of any air particle moving in the atmosphere a permanent flow of energy is outgoing and incoming to and from the atmosphere. The energy absorbed by the air particle from the neightbouring atmosphere is defined from the gradient force and the pressure force by the equation (4′). One part of this energy induces a modification of the potential energy of the field of pressure of the air particle, and the other part a variation of the internal energy. The potential energy of the field of pressure can be defined by the enthalpy. In addition to other kinds of energy each air particle holds and external energy, the place of which is not in the air particle itself but in the surrounding atmosphere. This energy is equal to the difference between the enthalpy and the internal energy of the air particle.
    Notes: Résumé De la surface limite de n'importe quelle particule d'air qui se meut dans l'atmosphère sort perpétuellement une énergie dans l'atmosphère ambiante et inversement. En raison de la présence de la force du gradient et de la force de pression, l'énergie que reçoit la particule de l'atmosphère ambiante est établie par l'équation (4′). Une partie de cette énergie détermine une modification de l'énergie potentielle du champ barique de la particule, et l'autre une modification de son énergie interne. L'énergie potentielle du champ barique peut être définie par l'enthalpie. Chaque particule d'air possède, outre les autres énergies, encore une énergie externe qui diffère de l'énergie interne en ce qu'elle ne réside pas dans la particule mais en dehors d'elle, dans l'atmosphère ambiante. Cette énergie est égale à la différence entre l'enthalpie et l'énergie interne de la particule.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 120-132 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 133-168 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 105-119 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 169-174 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 175-190 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 207-213 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 432-434 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 418-431 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 407-417 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 45 (1936), S. 31-52 
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