ALBERT

Description: Il existe, dans certaines r\xc3\xa9gions du Nord Cambodge un b\xc5\x93uf sauvage diff\xc3\xa9rent du Gaur (Bos (Bibos) gaurus. H. Smith) et du Banteng (Bos (Bibos) banteng, Raffles) dont la pr\xc3\xa9sence a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 signal\xc3\xa9e par quelques rares auteurs, en particulier par le Docteur DUFOSS\xc3\x89 \xc2\xb9) et plus r\xc3\xa9cemment par R. VITTOZ \xc2\xb2).\nCet animal tr\xc3\xa8s rare vit actuellement dans les for\xc3\xaats \xe2\x80\x94 clairi\xc3\xa8res o\xc3\xb9 un tr\xc3\xa8s petit nombre de chasseurs ont pu l\xe2\x80\x99approcher. Le Docteur-V\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9rinaire SAUVEL, qui est un des chasseurs les plus r\xc3\xa9put\xc3\xa9s du Nord-Cambodge, poss\xc3\xa8de des troph\xc3\xa9es remarquables de cet animal. C\xe2\x80\x99est gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 lui qu\xe2\x80\x99au cours d\xe2\x80\x99un r\xc3\xa9cent voyage en Indochine, nous avons pu voir de pr\xc3\xa8s ce Bovid\xc3\xa9. M. SAUVEL a r\xc3\xa9ussi, en effet, \xc3\xa0 capturer un jeune m\xc3\xa2le de cette esp\xc3\xa8ce qui est actuellement au Parc Zoologique du Bois de Vincennes et il a pu nous faire examiner un m\xc3\xa2le qu\xe2\x80\x99il venait de tuer pr\xc3\xa8s du village de Tchep, dans la r\xc3\xa9gion du Nord Cambodge.

Description: Wanneer een instelling honderd jaar bestaat, heeft zij, naar menschelijke opvatting, op den weg, waarlangs haar ontwikkeling loopt, een mijlpaal bereikt.\nBij zoo\xe2\x80\x99n mijlpaal wil men gaarne een oogenblik vertoeven, om terug te blikken langs den afgelegden weg.

Description: Bekanntlich wurde bis vor kurzem diese spezifisch holl\xc3\xa4ndische Krabbenart, die nach De Man 1892 ihre n\xc3\xa4chsten Verwandten in einem tropisch pazifischen Genus hat, nirgends anders in der Welt als in Holland gefunden. Erst im Jahre 1936 berichtete K. Schubert, dass Pilumnopeus unl\xc3\xa4ngst auch im Kaiser Wilhelm-Kanal im Flemhuder-See gefunden wurde. Pilumnopeus lebt in den Gew\xc3\xa4ssern von Nordholland, dem IJselmeer (der abgedammten Zuidersee) und der Provinz Seeland und wurde in der Waddensee (Rottum), (siehe Hoek 1885/87 S. 96), in der Provinz Friesland in der N\xc3\xa4he von Dokkum, (siehe Kamps und Otto 1934), und in der Provinz Groningen (Niezijl) (siehe Otto 1934) gefunden.\nDer Gedanke, dass diese merkw\xc3\xbcrdige Krabbenart durch die Vers\xc3\xbcssung des IJselmeeres daselbst und im Gebiete von Nordholland verschwinden w\xc3\xbcrde, hat sich nicht verwirklicht. Das Gegenteil ist vielleicht wahr, dass diese Art sich in diesem Gebiete vermehrt, und ihr Wohngebiet bedeutend ausgedehnt hat. So behaupten die Fischer dort, dass nord\xc3\xb6stlich von Enkhuizen vor dem Abschliessen der Zuidersee haupts\xc3\xa4chlich Carcinus moenas (L) in den Buttnetzen angetroffen wurde, w\xc3\xa4hrend sie jetzt dort haupts\xc3\xa4chlich Pilumnopeus finden und nur ausnahmsweise einen einzigen Carcinus oder Eriocheir sinensis M.E. Es ist aber schwer zu entscheiden, ob eine Art sich tats\xc3\xa4chlich vermehrt hat, wenn nicht speziell das Wohngebiet in fr\xc3\xbcheren Jahren beobachtet ist. Es ist m\xc3\xb6glich, dass es sich nur um eine Verschiebung des Wohngebietes handelt. Einige Angaben aus Proben, welche w\xc3\xa4hrend des Abschliessens der Zuidersee gemacht wurden, stehen zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung. Diese Proben sind sowohl einige Jahre vor wie auch nach dem Abschliessen genommen worden, um den Einfluss der Vers\xc3\xbcssung auf die Fauna zu kontrollieren. Diese Untersuchungen standen vorher unter Leitung von Dr. H. C. Redeke und wurden nachher von Prof. Dr. L. F. de Beaufort fortgesetzt.

Description: 1. The term cline is proposed as an auxiliary taxonomic term, to denote graded spatial variation within a population. 2. This is in no way intended to replace the current methods of taxonomic specification by named areal groups. It may, however, supplement them usefully (a) by stressing continuity as against discontinuity, (b) by effecting synthesis in relating the characters of separate groups to general trends, (c) by obviating the need for assigning names to groups which are only slightly distinct. 3. Clines may be of two rather distinct types: a) compound or inter-group clines, connecting the means of characters of distinct groups (subspecies of a polytypic species, species of an Artenkreis). (b) internal clines, within a whole interbreeding group or any section of it. 4. Clines may concern size, colour, pattern, physiological resistance, the ratio between two or more distinct varieties, etc. 5. Some clines are adaptively correlated, either directly or indirectly, with corresponding environmental gradients or with other environmental factors such as colour of background. Others appear to be correlated with migration from a centre of distribution, still others with the production and subsequent migration of a mutant with positive selective value. Another type not adaptively correlated with environment is that of intermediacy between two distinct subsubspecific types across an interbreeding zone. 6. This last type of cline may be called a genocline. Other main types are geoclines, over large geographical areas, and ecoclines through a range of ecological habitats. 7. Some clines are related to development, in that the greater development of a character is related to greater intensity of rate-genes which determine it. 8. Quantitative figures for a few size geoclines in birds give changes varying from 0.5\xc2\xb0 to 2\xc2\xb0 N. lat. per 1 % change in size of part affected. 9. The principle of harmoniously stabilized gene-complexes, deduced by R. A. FISHER and others and empirically established by TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, will account for the extension of the range of particular genecombinations beyond the areas for which they were initially selected, and the restriction of intermediates to narrow zones between the ranges of the favoured stabilized combinations. 10. Owing to this principle, the existence of sufficient environmental diversity between different regions of a population\xe2\x80\x99s range will establish partial biological discontinuities, the population being broken up into relatively uniform subspecies covering larger areas and separated by interbreeding zones which are kept narrow by selection. 11. Even in the event of subsequent range-change, the intergrading zones will remain narrow. 12. The production of partial discontinuities will be facilitated by the existence (a) of regions of relatively rapid environmental change, (b) of regions of relatively low population density (partial isolation). 13. The tendency to produce a regular internal cline will thus be overridden, and replaced by a stepped cline. It is theoretically probable that the subspecific groups in such cases will show internal clines of slight slope provided that environmental conditions differ sufficiently across the subspecific range. 14. Geographical and physiological (ecological) isolation will also tend to introduce discontinuities into regular clines. The resultant discontinuous intergroup cline will tend to be steeper than the original continuous internal cline, while the internal clines within the various isolated groups will tend to be less steep.

Description: At the time when the Royal Zoological Society Natura Artis Magistra known in Holland as \xe2\x80\x9cArtis\xe2\x80\x9d was founded in 1838 the ground for the study of malacology lay already well prepared.\nFor ever since the days when the early Dutch seafarers explored the commercial routes to East and to West, all kinds of curiosities and natural history objects found their way to the motherland, brought back by the homebound sailors.

Description: The Scottish National Zoological Park at Edinburgh has been notably successful in keeping and breeding penguins. It is happy in possessing as a friend and benefactor, Mr Theodore E. Salvesen, head of the firm of Christian Salvesen & Co., Leith, to whose interest and generosity it owes the great number of penguins it has possessed. Of the seventeen known species of penguins, seven are represented in the Park, the king (Aptenodytes patagonica Miller), gentu (Pygoscelis papua Forster), ringed (Pygoscelis antarctica Forster), macaroni (Catarrhactes chrysolophus Brandt), Magellan (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster), Peruvian (Spheniscus humboldti Meyen) and black-footed (Spheniscus demersus L.). The collection has risen as high in number as 180 individuals, but at present numbers only about 70. The first penguins received in the Park were three king penguins which arrived from South Georgia in January 1914. One of these three was fully adult and was therefore not less than two years old at the time of its arrival. I am happy to say that it is still alive. It is a female and was the mother of the first chick hatched in the Park. The other two which came at that time were in the brown nestling plumage and were probably, therefore, just about a year old when they arrived. One of these young ones, a male, was, after it had moulted, much courted by the adult, but in spite of the attention paid to it by the adult female in the years 1915, 1916 and 1917, it showed little inclination to respond and was, I concluded, not sexually mature at that time. In 1918 the female laid an egg which was not fertile. On the 1st of September 1919 another egg was laid. This egg was incubated by the parents, both birds taking turns with the egg though the greater part of the work of incubation seemed to fall upon the male. The king penguin makes no nest, but holds its single egg on the feet and covers it with the skin and feathers of the lower part of the abdomen. There is nothing in the way of a pouch for brooding the egg and the egg is held between the two feet placed close together and the lower part of the body. The penguin is able to move about in an awkward shuffling manner with the egg held on its feet, and so firmly can it be held that the bird can even climb a rock, or fall from a rock, without losing its grip of the egg. On the 26th of October the egg was found to be chipped, and on the second day after that the young penguin emerged. The king penguin chick, when newly hatched, shows traces, especially on the head, of a natal coat of white down-like feathers. This disappears within two or three days and the growth begins of a brown nestling coat. This seems to suggest that the king penguin chicks were at one time clothed in a white nestling coat like that of the emperor penguin, but that either a movement to more northerly breeding grounds, or a change to a less glacial climate of the established breeding ground, induced a corresponding change in the colour of the nestling coat. The chick is, like the young of all penguins, fed on pre-digested fish which it takes from the throat of the parent bird. It has been noted that for a day or two before the egg hatches the adult bird is disinclined to feed, perhaps so that there may be a supply of fully digested food available for the very small chick when it first appears. The parent birds soon, however, begin to feed more greedily again. The food regurgitated is at first quite liquid, but in a few days quite large pieces of fish are brought back. The chick has a warbling flute-like call which it utters when it wishes to feed. The growth of the chick is fairly rapid, though not so rapid as in the case of the smaller penguins. By the time the chick was eight weeks old it had attained so large a size and was making such demands upon the parents for food that they seemed to be growing weak, so the experiment was made of giving the chick its own allowance of fish, small herring and whiting being used for the purpose. The chick took very readily to the change and was soon taking its 14 to 20 herrings a day. This enabled the parent birds to recover condition, but one wonders how wild king penguins manage to endure the strain of finding sufficient food, not only for themselves but for the chick, as they must do, until it is about a year old. In due course this chick was reared and it went into its first moult in April 1920, about six months after it was hatched. In the following year, 1920, two pairs of king penguins laid eggs but neither egg hatched. The same thing happened the next year. More adults had been received from South Georgia and in 1922 three eggs were laid and two hatched, but each of the chicks died when it was just three days old. The year 1923 brought a similar experience. I was puzzled to understand why these chicks died so quickly and I reviewed the circumstances and compared them with those attending the hatching and rearing of the first chick. I could perceive no difference in conditions or treatment except one, that while the first successful egg had been laid and incubated in the late autumn, when the weather was bleak and wet, subsequent eggs had been laid in June and the chicks hatched in August when the weather was hot and dry. In order to compensate for this difference I arranged, in 1924, a fine spray in the penguins\xe2\x80\x99 enclosure which kept a portion of rock always wet. When the first egg was laid in June 1924, this spray was turned on and the incubating birds kept pretty much within its range. A second egg also was laid in 1924 and both these eggs hatched and the chicks were reared. I concluded, therefore, that the spray had solved the problem and since then I have a spray in each of the penguin enclosures and keep the spray going whenever the weather is hot. One of the 1924 chicks is still alive although the other, and that of 1919, are both dead. Meantime, in 1925, the male of the original pair had died and there was no fertile egg in 1926, but in the years 1927 to 1932 inclusive, a chick was hatched each year and several of them, but not all were reared. In 1932, a consignment of 16 adult penguins was received from South Georgia and these I have kept in a separate enclosure so that they form a second colony. They also have bred successfully and in all twenty two king penguin chicks have been hatched and reared in the Park. Four of them are being reared at the present time. As many as nine king penguins were incubating eggs at one time in the Park last August, but only four of the eggs hatched. So much for the king penguins.

Description: Die Exemplare sind grossenteils gesammelt von der d\xc3\xa4nischen Expedition zu den Kei Inseln 1921\xe2\x80\x9422 unter Leitung von Dr. TH. MORTENSEN.\nIn seiner Reisebeschreibung 1923 gedenkt Herr MORTENSEN ausser seinem Gef\xc3\xa4hrten, H. JENSEN, auch den niederl\xc3\xa4ndischen Biologen, die ihm und seiner Expedition mit Rat und Tat geholfen haben: M. WEBER, H. BOSCHMA, H. C. SIEBERS, DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN, K. W. DAMMERMAN, und A. L. J. SUNIER, dem heutigen Direktor des jetzt hundertj\xc3\xa4hrigen zoologischen Gartens zu Amsterdam.

Description: In spite of the many discussions on this subject, both in literature and meetings of entomological societies, a considerable controversy exists between those entomologists who, for determination, readily resort to a comparison of the hypopygia, this being too often the only part of the insect offering satisfactory species characters, and those who consider this practice beneath the dignity of scientific entomology.\nAs it happened that the writer in the course of several years had to do much work on Fungivoridae, he had ample opportunity to become familiar with this problem.

Description: Die K\xc3\xb6niglich Zoologische Gesellschaft \xe2\x80\x9eNatura Artis Magistra\xe2\x80\x9d, deren Hundertjahrfeier wir diesen Sommer feiern, hat sich von Anfang an die Aufgabe gestellt, mehr als die Eigent\xc3\xbcmerin eines Gartens zu sein, in welchem mehr oder weniger seltene und kuriose Tiere f\xc3\xbcr das Publikum zur Schau gestellt sind, und hat immer danach gestrebt, ein kulturelles und wissenschaftliches Zentrum in der Stadt ihrer Gr\xc3\xbcndung darzustellen. Das Gl\xc3\xbcck wahr ihr dabei hold: gelegen in der Mitte einer grossen, aber nicht zu grossen Stadt, gross genug, als Reichshaupt- und Universit\xc3\xa4tsstadt ein Kultur-Mittelpunkt des Landes zu sein, und andererseits doch wieder nicht so gross, dass dabei die einzelnen Institute im Ganzen verlorengehen, vermochte sie sich je l\xc3\xa4nger je mehr mit Erfolg zu einem solchen kulturellen und gesellschaftlichen Zentrum zu entwickeln. Besonders seitdem 1877 das st\xc3\xa4dtische Athenaeum zu einer Universit\xc3\xa4t ausgebaut wurde, ist die K\xc3\xb6niglich Zoologische Gesellschaft durch enge Bande mit der universit\xc3\xa4ren Zoologie verbunden: in der Mitte ihres Gartens liegt das Zoologische Institut der Universit\xc3\xa4t, w\xc3\xa4hrend daneben ein gemeinschaftlich der Universit\xc3\xa4t und der Gesellschaft geh\xc3\xb6rendes Zoologisches Museum wissenschaftlich wertvolle Sammlungen enth\xc3\xa4lt und eine an alten und seltenen B\xc3\xbcchern reiche Bibliothek den holl\xc3\xa4ndischen Zoologen grosse Vorteile darbietet. Und als eine Besonderheit kommt noch hinzu, dass die Gesellschaft seit einiger Zeit auch ein Zentrum f\xc3\xbcr einen speziellen Zweig der zoologischen Wissenschaft, n\xc3\xa4mlich die Tierpsychologie, bildet.\nEs wird einleuchten, class die Zoologischen G\xc3\xa4rten berufen sind, eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen f\xc3\xbcr die Entwicklung der Tierpsychologie. Die Tierpsychologie muss sich aus Beobachtungen des tierischen Verhaltens, sowohl in freien nat\xc3\xbcrlichen Situationen als im zu einer bestimmten Fragestellung konstruierten Experiment aufbauen \xc2\xb9). Tierpsychologische Beobachtungen in der freien Natur lassen sich jedoch haupts\xc3\xa4chlich nur an niederen Tieren ausf\xc3\xbchren: bekannt sind die klassischen Beobachtungen, die FABRE in den zehn Teilen seiner \xe2\x80\x9eSouvenirs entomologiques\xe2\x80\x9d festgelegt hat, und die ebenso wichtigen Beobachtungen an Ameisen und Bienen der beiden HUBERS, FORELS, WHEELERS, u. a. Von den h\xc3\xb6heren Tieren sind es aber nur die V\xc3\xb6gel, die in ihrem Freileben Anlass zu tierpsychologisch wichtigen Beobachtungen gegeben haben; von den amerikanischen Forschern, die Feldstudien an Affen gemacht haben, konnte eigentlich nur CARPENTER \xc2\xb2) durch gl\xc3\xbcckliche Umst\xc3\xa4nde Beobachtungen an Br\xc3\xbcllaffen machen, welche die daf\xc3\xbcr aufgewandten Anstrengungen lohnten. Zur Ausf\xc3\xbcllung dieser L\xc3\xbccke k\xc3\xb6nnen nun Tierg\xc3\xa4rten mehr oder weniger helfen.

Description: In the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam is a small collection of Tendipedidae from the Netherlands Indies. This paper deals with specimens collected in Java and Sumatra.