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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • 1960-1964  (223)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 3
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 5-5 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 4
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 6-7 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 5
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 8-9 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 6
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 10-11 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 7
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 12-13 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 8
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 14-17 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 9
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 10
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 22-22 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 11
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 36-49 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 69-70 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 82-84 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 87-125 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equipment and operational techniques are described which were found suitable to control pH in the range 6.8-7.8 pH, within ±0.03 pH units of the desired value, at cell concentrations up to a maximum of 2.5 × 106/ml. The results of batch growth of a suspension strain of the BHK cell (clone 13) under conditions of controlled pH are given and the significance of these results is discussed.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugar molasses of high specific activity is prepared by photosynthesizing C14O2 into sugar in a leaf of the Canna plant and then extracting the sugar. When T. utilis is grown in such a medium about 45% of the radioactivity is incorporated into the yeast cell; the remaining radioactivity is carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The cells are now randomly labeled in all carbon compounds. Distribution of C14 in the major cell components, such as protein, polysaccharide, and nucleic acids is shown.Nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and subject to chemical and enzyme action, for the preparation of randomly labeled ribonucleotides. Proteins are isolated and hydrolyzed to yield high specific activity amino acids, up to 150 mc. per millimole. Similarly polysaccharides are also isolated and from them high specific activity glucose and mannose are obtained by acid hydrolysis.By growing T. utilis in a medium containing C14-8-adenine and C14-2-uracil, these bases are about 90% incorporated into the nucleic acids of the cell. Using the same methods described for the uniformly labeled nucleic acid only base labeled nucleosides and nucleotides are prepared.Preparative procedures for the isolation of some of these compounds are discussed. The latest biochemical techniques for their purification are described. Methods for assaying for radiochemical purity and problems concerining stability of high specific activity compounds are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been devised for the estimation in fermentation media, of 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone in the presence of 17-α-methyltestosterone. This method involves the extraction of the steroids with chloroform, and spectrophotometric measurement of the chromogen formed by a specific color reaction with sulfuric acid and 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone. The fermentation liquor and 17-α-methyltestosterone do not interfere. With this rapid (30 min.) method, quantitative tests on the progress of the steroid transformation can be made at frequent intervals during one fermentation run, these tests yielding the necessary information for an adequate control of the optimum conditions of production.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilization of proteins from cereals, legumes, and oil seed cakes by alkali peptization and isoelectric precipitation is adversely affected if the source material is pretreated by ethanol or cooked under pressure. The degree of hydrolysis by trypsin of protein isolates obtained from unautoclaved materials is, however, considerably raised by heat treatment prior to enzymatic digestion.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 173-190 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 2000 l. 1 m. deep mass culture of algae was operated with continuous stirring, as an open system. The system behaved as an ecological unit selecting the most favored species. The ecological conditions could be modified by stirring speed and pattern in the tank. Methods for improving yields and utilization of CO2 are described. Assessment of algal species for suitability in mass cultures is discussed. Yields obtained were 13 g. dry matter/sq. m. illuminated area/day.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of performing electrophoretic separations in a thin horizontal layer of continuously flowing buffer has been developed. The theoretical considerations that make possible the use of a thin layer for stabilization against convection effects, without the assistance of a packing material, are discussed. The apparatus is described together with an example of its performance, and a comparison with that of other workers.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 191-221 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillers' yeasts, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although capable of sexual reproduction, in distillery practice reproduce asexually, by budding. A cell may bring forth another one in 50 min. With every ounce of whiskey produced, 30 billion new cells come to existence. Within a few days, in 4-8 propagation stages, a test tube full of culture will populate 100,000 gallons beer with 150 million cells per ml. Rate of reproduction, the number of new cells per each original cell varies from 5 to 50 in the various propagation stages. The number of new cells produced in a given nutrient is independent from the number of initial cells; and the utilization of the nutrient increases with the dilution of the substrate. Although distillers' yeasts may reproduce at such extremes as 1-46°C, 2½-10½ pH, presence of 0-15% alcohol by volume, and 0.1-25% sugar content, in distillery practice the factors are so selected to maintain conditions close to the optimum. When placed in the nutrient the initial cells will measure the chemical and physical characteristics of the new living space and the cell population, and will prepare a design of reproduction best suited to the conditions. The design includes a symmetry in the grouping of the cells and a rhythmic timing in starting new buds. Each healthy cells is biologically equal to the others and is capable of performing all functions characteristic of the strain. In spite of the sensitive coordination system between the individual cells that regulates their activity, marked differences exist among the cells to the degree of cell individuality. Distillers yeasts are superbly equipped to live and reproduce.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation and construction of a liquid-liquid chromatography apparatus containing differentially permeable partions is described. The method is of value for the separation of heat sensitive and nonvolatile solutes.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 241-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 247-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ambient pressure and ultrasonic power on the disintegration of yeast suspension have been investigated. The results obtained are, in the main, consistent with the theory that cell breakage is primarily a phenomenon dependent on producing gaseous cavitation in the medium. The importance of the experimental results and techniques applied to Commercial cell disintegrators is briefly discussed. A simple flow system is described which is easily attached to probe-type disintegrators. The use of a crystal pickup for tuning and control purposes is described.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 271-283 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aeration and agitation conditions in 250 l. baffled fermenters with different impeller diameters, speeds, and air flows were studied during fermentations for the production of rifamycin, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces mediterranei. Dissolved oxygen concentration was continuously measured and the courses of power input, oxygen diffusion rate QO2, dry weight, viscosity, pH, sugar utilization, and antibiotic titer determined. Higher antibiotic yields occurred when the oxygen demand of the culture was satisfied and an excess of dissolved oxygen was still present during a critical period of the fermentation between the 50th and the 80th hr. To meet this requirement a power input of about 3.0 w./l. and an air flow ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 l./l./min. were found to be necessary.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semicontinuous sulfide fermentation has been conducted with distillery spent liquor as the source of carbon employing a strain similar to Desulphovibrio rubentschikii. Mineral barites and gypsum have been used as the hydrogen acceptors during the studies. Results reveal that mineral barites can also react very favorably as hydrogen acceptors. Sulfates have been used both in powdered (200 mesh) and lumpy (1/4-1/2 in. size) forms. When applied in lumpy form in a packed tower, both the mineral sulfates produced higher yields of sulfide compared to their corresponding finely pulverized states. Thus, under similar conditions, fermentation conducted with pulverized gypsum showed a yield of 450-550 p.p.m. hydrogen sulfide, whereas the yield was as high as 750-1025 p.p.m. when gypsum lumps were used as a packing. Corresponding figures with barites are 300 and 540 p.p.m., respectively. Continuous sulfide fermentation has also been conducted in a packed tower containing lumpy gypsum as the packing under total recirculation. Daily buildup of sulfide was observed to be as high as 180 mg./l. of fermenting medium. Appreciable reduction in COD of the effluent was observed during the above studies. Thus, with barites, per cent COD reduction values were 30-35, 45-50, 60-65, and 75-80 with retention periods of 10, 15, 25, and 35 days, respectively. With gypsum, per cent COD reduction was 50-70 with 10 days's residence time. The effects of the retention period on sulfide yield and volatile acid content were also studied. The longer the retention period, the higher is the sulfide yield and the lower the volatile acid content of the discharge becomes. Studies were also conducted to find the correct composition of volatile acids in the discharge, as well as the levels of their concentration during continuous feeding and discharge over a number of days. It has been observed that during 18 hr. of fermentation in a batch, volatile acid concentration increased from 6.76 m. to 15.01 mmoles per liter of medium of which 10 mmoles are acetic, 0.833 mmoles butyric, and 4.16 mmoles propionic acid. Studies on soluble and insoluble sulfate balance have also been made in a synthetic medium containing calcium acetate as the substrate. Unaccounted for sulfates were negligible and a deviation between the actual and calculated sulfide yield did not exceed 2%. It is also observed that, when fermentations are conducted in sulfate packed columns, the color of the effluent becomes paleyellow containing very little suspended and volatile matter compared to the deep-black color of the emuent emerging from a ferrnenter fed with pulverized sulfates. This liquor contains 0.5271% soluble ash (computed as potash) and might be a good source of potash.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors describe continuous cultivations of Escherichia coli possessing high penicillin-acylase activity in corn-steep liquor, peptone, and ammonium phenylacetate containing nutrient medium. If the cultivation is performed in the absence of ammonium phenylacetate the enzymic activities of cells from the batch as well as the continuous cultures are very low. The enzymic activity of cells in the batch process was considerably increased by the addition of 0.015% ammonium phenylacetate to the nutrient medium. Further increase of ammonium phenylacetate concentration did not result in any further increase of acylase activity. Continuous cultivation of the bacteria at the above ammonium phenyl-acetate concentration was unsuccessful, as the enzymic activity of the bacteria constantly decreased during the process. On increasing the concentration of ammonium phenylacetate in the medium to 0.15% the authors succeeded in maintaining the enzymic activity of the bacteria at the same level as in the batch process performed at 0.015% concentration, throughout the whole continuous cultivation. At the dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1 the concentration of cells in the culture effluent from the fermentor at the steady state was equal to cell concentration at the end of batch cultivation. In relation to the cultivation time the output of cells in continuous cultivation is almost seven times higher as compared with the batch process.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various methods for the removal of extraneous matter from vaccinia virus suspensions are described and compared. Of ten procedures tested, differential centrifugation and Freon extraction were the most successful. Both the partially purified suspensions and the dried products prepared from them had high virus titers in embryonated eggs and high infectivity for mice. Although both processes resulted in products with the same titers, the differentially centrifuged product was approximately tenfold more purified as shown by the percentage solids of the suspensions before freeze drying.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 329-345 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During investigations of submerged fermentation of penicillin and chlortetracycline, we reached the conclusion that production in relation to oxygen transfer is relatively uninfluenced by the composition of the fermentation medium. The maximum penicillin production, using the strain Penicillium chrysogenum NG in flasks on a shaker was uniformly achieved in all investigated media with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.81; and in chlortetracycline, using strain Streptomyces aureofaciens BMK-11, with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.59 ml. O2/ml./hour. The primary factor which influences the antibiotics production is the transfer of oxygen into the liquid. The absolute volume of production is, however, partly influenced by mechanical conditions of fermentation and the composition of the medium.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate to suspended cells of Pseudomonas ovalis was measured in two ways using the same cell suspension. Initially the rate was found by measuring the rate of production of gluconic acid by cells suspended in a nitrogenfree, aerated medium. Then, an oxygen electrode was used to measure the rate of transfer of dissolved oxygen to cells suspended in a liquid that was being agitated but not sparged. These rates were markedly different. It was found that agitation affected the oxygen transfer rates in aerated solutions at dissolved oxygen concentrations well above the critical level, but had no affect on the oxygen uptake rates by cells suspended in an unsparged but agitated medium. The data suggested that an additional path existed for oxygen transfer. This alternate route, parallel to the conventional pathway of oxygen transfer, becomes operative when the liquid films surrounding the cells and bubbles merge. The resulting shorter path presents a mechanism for direct transfer of oxygen which increases in importance as the gas-liquid interfacial area increases.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Bacillus subtilis to accumulate guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) extracellularly was demonstrated by isolation of 85% pure 5′-GMP from the broth. In addition, a compound with the properties of guanosine 5′ diphosphate was obtained from the same broth.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 403-418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 381-401 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unit of four fermentors, which is specially designed for batch and continuous cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms in vaccine preparation, is described. Each unit consists of a panel with controls and recorders. The fermentor itself consists of a stainless steel lid, to which a spherical or cylindrical glass vessel is attached. Holding volumes are from 1 to 100 l. (3 and 7 l. being mostly used) and can be obtained by simply exchanging the vessels which have similar flanges.Interchangeability, not only of the glass vessels, but also of the stirrers, pipes, pH electrodes, etc., together with variable control of temperature, stirrer speed, air or gas flow, and pH value gives the unit a maximum of versatility.
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  • 53
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    Notes: A cultivation apparatus made up from six small (80-800 ml.) glass units with independent pH-, aeration-, and foam control is described. Exchangeable attachments made it possible to run the unit both batchwise and continuous and to connect up the units in various fashions.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was found that moderate pressures (16.0 to 43.1 atmospheres) perceptibly decreased the rate of α-amylase catalyzed starch hydrolysis. The decreased rate was apparently due to pressure induced deactivation of the enzyme.
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  • 55
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Steam-sterilizable membrane probes for monitoring the dissolved oxygen level in fermentors, or the oxygen content of gas streams, are described. The probes have a silver cathode, a lead anode, and an acetate buffer as an electrolyte. The membrane is Teflon. The current output of the probes in the absence of oxygen is negligible.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 473-490 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 57
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    Notes: Two sources of oxygen for man in closed-cycle space system environment have been considered in previous studies: (1) photosynthesis using algae, and (2) electrolysis of water. The latter system appears to be the most promising from the standpoints of energy and weight requirements and ability to operate in a zero gravity field. The surplus hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water may be utilized together with waste carbon dioxide, part of the oxygen, and waste urea by bacteria of the genus Hydrogenomonas to produce cellular protein which might be used as a source of food. A continuous culture system for the propagation of hydrogen-fixing bacteria consists of a baffled borosilicate glass culture vessel provided with an impeller, a reservoir vessel for the culture medium, and an overflow vessel for collecting the bacterial cells removed from the culture vessel. Complete feedback control of all parameters affecting growth can be provided by hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide sensors, and a pH electrode in the culture medium. In addition, total pressure is monitored. Cell density is controlled in the optimum range by means of a photoelectric cell which dictates the amount of fresh medium to be added and the amount of cells to be removed. Operating data indicate that some of the key parameters are the ratio of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in solution. The harvested bacterial substance is high in protein, which contains all the essential amino acids.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 491-496 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 1-7 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cost analysis of the continuous fermentation of penicillin G shows that materials cost and product yields are more significant than throughput rate. Number of fermentation stages, productivity, and the implications for research and development are discussed.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 17-20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of physicochemical adsorption laws to the sorption of methylene blue by dead Penicillium chrysogenum was studied. The specific area (area/mass) of the mold was measured.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 9-15 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method by which a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer is used to determine oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during aerobic fermentation of Torulopsis utilis is described. The volume of carbon dioxide produced is not necessarily related to the volume of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms. For this reason, all carbon dioxide is removed from the effluent gas before it enters the analyzer when determining oxygen consumption. A method for calibrating the analyzer to correct for this removal is outlined. When determining carbon dioxide, effluent gas bypasses the carbon dioxide absorption tower before entering the analyzer. The carbon dioxide which it contains dilutes the oxygen remaining in the gas. The magnitude of this dilution can be used to calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide produced in terms of the air flow to the fermentor. Equipment required to alternately measure and record oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production is described.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 21-25 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cobamide production by Butyribacterium rettgeri Barker and Haas (ATCC 10825) was studied on a laboratory scale. Yields of the order of 5 μg./ml. were obtained when this anaerobe was grown for 6 days at 37°C. in a medium containing glucose, cornsteep liquor, cobalt nitrate, calcium carbonate, and sufficient ammonium hydroxide to keep the pH between 6.0 and 7.2. All of the vitamin was found associated with the bacterial cells, and examination of extracts of these cells showed the presence of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide coenzyme in large quantities. Supplementation of the fermentation medium with a number of benzimidazoles resulted in formation of traces of “new” cobamides with these bases in the nucleotide protion of the cobamide. Supplementation with a number of purines did not result in incorporation of these moieties in the cobamide portion of the molecule.
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  • 64
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Removal of the pungent factor, allyl isothiocyanate, will partly determine whether mustard seed can become a commerical source for oil and meal in the United States. In processing studies at the Northern Laboratory, the mustard glucoside was converted enzymatically and the pungent oil was removed. This process has now been extended to pilot-plant scale by using filtration-extraction equipment at the Southern Laboratory. After desolventization and further steam stripping, the extracted meal had a residual content of 2.9% crude fat and 0.004% allyl isothiocyanate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 49-52 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation was made of the stability of product limited continuous cultures of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and Pseudomonas ovalis. No oscillations were found in pH or glucose concentration during the steady state, and no overshoot resulted from changing from one steady state to another.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 41-48 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-2612, isolated at this laboratory, was used to produce polyglutamic acid from devitalized wheat gluten. Conditions for production of the polypeptide were investigated. When NRRL B-2612 was grown on wheat gluten in shaken flasks with phsophate buffer and salts at pH 6.5, yields of polymer reflected a 25-40% incorporation of glutamic acid into polyglutamic acid. Repeated alcoholic precipitation yielded peptides containing between 45 and 90% D-glutamic acid. Physical and chemical properties of a typical purified polyglutamic acid indicated that the product was a gamma-linked polypeptide composed of 75% D-glutamic acid and 25% L-glutamic acid with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 53-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a cabinet for the aseptic manipulation of material is described. The interior surfaces of the cabinet are sterilized by swabbing with a germicide. Germ-free conditions are maintained during operation by means of a positive pressure of sterile air. A fan and filter unit attached to the cabinet is used to blow sterile air into the cabinet in sufficient quantity so as to flow out of the hand ports at a velocity of 50 ft./min. In the design, careful consideration was given to the ease of manipulations in the cabinet.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 59-74 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of dissolved oxygen in agitated, sparger-aerated aqueous solutions has been investigated by polarographic techniques. The results of the investigations are discussed in relation to earlier studies in bubble distribution in such systems. Liquid-phase mixing is good at agitation intensities well below that necessary to disperse bubbles throughout the liquid.Suspended solids interfere with the transfer of oxygen unless they are freely suspended. Discrete fibers (paper-pulp) are much easier to suspend than molds in either filamentous or pellet forms. Mass-transfer at the cell-liquid interface appears to be unaffected, in both bacterial and mold suspensions, by the intensity of agitation, provided that the organisms are freely suspended.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 83-85 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inclusion of ethionine in Streptomyces rimosus fermentation resulted in the production of N-methylethyloxytetracycline. The compound has been isolated, crystallized, and a number of its chemical properties determined.
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    Notes: A 50-gal. growth chamber is described together with its air filter and humidifier. The unit was designed especially for the production of Neurospora crassa, and was found to be effective in producing bulk amounts of mycelia with a high specific activity of tryptophan synthetase.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 87-89 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Addition of the S-2-hydroxyethyl-, S-2-chloroethyl-, S-n-propyl-, and S-iso-propyl-derivatives of homocysteine, and methoxinine to S. aureofaciens (ATCC 13900) fermentations resulted in production of 7-chloro-6-demethyltetracycline in addition to the normally synthesized 7-chlortetracycline.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 101-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An adsorption colorimetric method is proposed for the determination of the percentage of dead cells in suspensions of Penicillium chrysogenum, based on the observed fact that a linear relation exists between that percentage and the dye concentration at the equilibrium point.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 91-99 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Microbial polysaccharides which have many potential industrial applications are receiving more and more attention. One of the economic obstacles to the commercialization of these polysaccharides has been the cost of isolating them from fermented broth. To reduce this cost a recycling process was developed. The polyanionic polysaccharide synthesized from glucose by the activity of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 is precipitated from the fermented broth with a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC).QAC is removed from the precipitate with methanol leaving the water-soluble polysaccharide. Evaporation of the methanol wash removed the methanol and substantially all the QAC was recovered in the concentrate. This was recycled for subsequent precipitations. Chemical assay and the viscosity of water solutions of the isolated polysaccharide indicate no adverse effects on it from recycled QAC. The cost to make this polysaccharide by the described procedure is estimated to be $1.14/lb. This cost estimate includes land, buildings, raw materials, equipment, labor and supervision, utilities, factory supplies, working capital, and plant overhead.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 109-121 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbiological production of beta-carotene previously investigated in shakenflask culture has been scaled-up to 20-liter fermentors containing an operating volume of 10-liters. Yields obtained in shaken flasks, approximately 100 mg./100 ml. have been reproduced with a fermentation time of 72 hr. Factors affecting the fermentation: inoculum, mash ingredients, and environmental conditions, were investigated. Typical data are presented. A preliminary cost analysis indicates a “cost to make” of $31.35/kg. of carotene contained in the dried fermentation solids.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 123-129 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of inoculating nutrient surfaces uniformly with bacterial cells has been developed. The method is based on controlled exposure of samples in a humidified chamber to a spray produced from a bacterial suspension. Factors affecting uniformity of inoculation (ionic strength of suspension, force of spray, distance between spray nozzle and sample, and exposure time) were studied in detail. Under optimum condition using agar medium in Petri plates, differences between total counts for six plates inoculated simultaneously, or between counts for individual 2 cm.2 areas taken at any location on any of the plates, were not statistically significant at the 5% level. The coefficient of variability for counts on 2 cm.2 areas renged from 8 to 12% between tests of 216 counts each.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 147-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of factors was found to affect the cup plate assay for lysine with Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 6057. Hydroxylysine, aspartic acid, and Tween 80 were found to be among the essential components of the assay medium. Removal of any of these three components produced diffuse growth zones or otherwise unsatisfactory plates. The inclusion of asparagine and additional dipotassium phosphate to the medium was found to be advantageous but not an absolute requirement. It was important not to autoclave the hydroxylysine and the additional dipotassium phosphate together with the rest of the assay medium, but to add these components to the sterilized medium immediately before pouring the plates. With certain concentrations of hydroxylysine in the medium, the addition of L-glutamine was found to potentiate the effect of hydroxylysine and thereby improve the lysine plates. The effect of graded amounts of the above mentioned medium components and of the pH of the assay medium was also studied. Increasing the sterilization time of the medium from 5 to 10 min. at 120°C. improved the readability of the lysine plates and led to more easily reproducible results. Factors influencing the preparation of the inoculum for the lysine plates were also studied: the age of the stab culture, the amount of inoculum used per plate, and the influence of the nature of the suspension medium used for washing the inoculum.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 131-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sensitive cup plate assay method for lysine on large plates using S. faecalis ATCC 6057 as the test organism is described in detail. Well-defined zones of dense growth were obtained in a rectilinear dose - response range from 5 to 3000 μg. of L-lysine/ml. Comparative assays on twelve different samples were carried out using the turbidimetric tube assay method with Leuc. mesenteroides ATCC 8042 and the cup plate method with S. faecalis ATCC 6057. Good agreement between the two assay methods was obtained for five samples. For the remaining seven samples the tube assay values were appreciably higher than those obtained by the plate method. This discrepancy is discussed. Pure lysine added to various sample extracts could be quantitatively recovered. The specificity of the lysine requirement of S. faecalis ATCC 6057 in the plate assay was also investigated. Under certain experimental conditions, a weak and variable response was obtained with D-lysine and the polyamines cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine. There was generally no difficulty in distinguishing the D-lysine and polyamine growth zones from the L-lysine growth zones. This growth effect of D-lysine and polyamines could be diminished and even completely abolished by increasing the DL-hydroxylysine hydrochloride level in the plate medium. The lysine peptides glycyl-L-lysine and L-lysylglycine gave excellent growth zones of the same appearance as those produced by L-lysine. The activity of these two peptides in cup tests were on a molar basis about 70% of that of L-lysine.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By growing Aspergillus parasiticus (C.M.I. 15957) under controlled conditions on sterilized peanuts an average of 265 mg. of aflatoxin per kilogram of peanuts has been produced and subsequently isolated. Other strains from the A. flavus-oryzae group gave lower yields of aflatoxin and one such strain gave aflatoxin from which certain normal components were absent. The aflatoxin produced on sterilized peanuts by any particular strain of A. flavus-oryzae was shown by thin-layer chromatography to contain the same major components as were produced by that strain on unsterilized whole peanuts.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shock pressure waves with a frequency of 50/sec. and a maximal pressure of 60-70 kg./cm.2 greatly reduced the viability of E. coli. A similar effect was obtained also on staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella Zanzibar, and coliphages T2. On the contrary no effect on spores of B. subtilis was found. The effect was practically independent of the maximal pressure within the range from 30-80 kg./cm.2, the highest pressure tested. The effect decreased with increasing cell density of the bacterial suspension. Bacteria surviving shock treatment died considerably more rapidly when stored at 4°C. than bacteria treated in the same way except for exposure to pressure waves. Morphological examinations with the aid of ordinary light microscopy as well as electron microscopy suggest that the effect was due to mechanical action on the bacterial cell walls.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is a well-known fact that choosing a sequence of optimal control variables in each reactor tank of a multistage reactor system can result in a considerable increase of the desired product for a consecutive reaction system. The discrete maximum principle is applied to a generalized optimization problem of first order consecutive biochemical reaction system. A detailed numerical solution as an example is also presented for illustration.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses was fermented in fully baffled mechanically agitated, 2.5-liter, tank-type fermenters using pellets of Aspergillus niger grown in shake flasks as an inoculum. The object of the study was to adapt the fermentation method previously developed in an unstirred tower-type fermenter to a conventional tank-type fermenter. Under selected conditions of stirring (agitator speed 400-700 rpm) and sparging (medium porosity sintered disk), high yields of citric acid (8.6% citric acid, 70% conversion of available sugar) were obtained in 140 hr. of fermentation. There was little relation between citric acid yield and aeration conditions in the fermenter as judged by mash viscosity measurements and sulfite oxidation studies.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A disposable plastic tetrahedron bag is described which is suitable for holding a 50 ml. culture on a shaker table. Bags can be made out of polypropylene or Teflon and they are quite simple and inexpensive. The tetrahedrons make excellent use of the shaker table space and they give a threefold increase in aeration efficiency over Erlenmeyer flasks.
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process has been developed giving over-all yields of about 50%: which could be increased to about 80% with higher material costs and processing time. The preferred method of recovering nucleotides from the cytoplasm has been thermal extraction by means of a heat exchanger followed by filtration, protein precipitation, and carbon adsorption. The concentrated eluate from the carbon is absorbed onto Dowex 1 ion-exchange resin, and groups of nucleotides are removed by pH-defined eluents and recovered by a second carbon adsorption. Finally, standard ion-exchange resolutions have been used to recover individual nucleotides. Other biochemicals in the extract have been investigated, and preliminary work has been done on the combination of nucleotide extraction with the recovery of nucleic acids from the residual cells.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the present paper the authors described laboratory fermentors used in the Antibiotics Research Institute since 1958 for research concerning the technology of the biosynthesis of antibiotics and amino acids and other aerobic fermentations. The lids of the fermentors are made from stainless steel, the vessels are made from glass. The fermentors are placed, always four each, in eight water baths with automatic temperature regulation within a range of ±0.5°C. Details regarding construction, auxiliary equipment, and working procedures used for the sterilization of fermentors and media, inoculation, injection of additives, and defoaming are given. The set-up for one-stage and multi-stage, batch and continuous cultivation are discussed.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The metabolic pathway of degradation of naphthalene to salicylic acid has been studied by several investigators. The rates of conversion and of cell growth are the basis for the present study. In the early phase of the fermentation, the salicylic acid accumulation followed an exponential curve, as did the bacterial cell accumulation. In the second phase, most of the salicylic acid was produced according to a linear or zero reaction, at rates of 0.3 to 0.5 g./l./hr. A linear accumulation of microbial cell weight accompanied the linear salicylic acid formation. Despite the correlation of growth and salicylic acid production, the type or amount of nitrogen supplied for growth had only a small effect on yield over broad limits. The optimum pH for salicylic acid accumulation was approximately 6.5. Below this value a slower rate of production and lower final yield was seen. Above pH 6.5, a rapid degradation of salicylic acid was observed. A temperature range from 25 to 30°C. was optimum. At 35°C., no growth occurred, while at 20°C. very slow salicylic acid accumulation resulted.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Phenol-bearing waste waters continue to be an area of wide concern for various industries faced with the task of cleaning up effluents containing relatively small amounts of these materials. The microbiological aspects of the degradation of these materials in pure culture and waste treatment plants is reviewed. Actual operating experiences at three plants of The Dow Chemical Company, where phenols are present in combination with other widely varying waste constituents, are discussed.
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphaerotilus is usually present in biological waste treatment processes and is considered to be a nuisance organism because it may cause bulking of activated sludge. However, it may play an important role in the decomposition of putrescible organic matter in properly operated biological waste treatment processes. The research described herein is a study of the variety of types of organic compounds which may be decomposed by Sphaerotilus and the effect of some environmental factors upon the rate of decomposition. Although there are some types of compounds which cannot be decomposed by Sphaerotilus, it is shown that this organism is able to assimilate and oxidize a large variety of organic compounds and that it is tolerant of an extremely wide range of environmental conditions. The role of Sphaerotilus in biological waste treatment is discussed in the light of the data presented.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 255-273 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stabilization ponds have been widely accepted in recent years, following studies that established deeper understanding of the phenomena associated with the stabilization process. A compilation of information on the use of both sewage and industrial ponds is presented showing types and geographical location in the United States. A total of 1,304 stabilization ponds currently are used as the principal method of sewage treatment serving a population of 2,138,085. Ponds are used for tertiary treatment serving a population of 2,146,951, in 343 instances. Use of 827 industrial ponds by 31 industries in 44 States is also indicated. Indiana ranks first in usage with 159 ponds and Callfornia second with 140. Ponds were classed as effective by 66 percent of the 455 users who reported on this item. Of 149 reports on odors, 73% indicated nuisances. Insect problems were reported in only a small number of instances. Data are presented on design considerations and the mechanism of waste stabilization ponds. Aerobic ponds are given greatest emphasis. Photosynthesis and its dependence upon the algal mass, suitable temperature, incident light penetration, nutrient supply, and induced vertical mixing by wind are of prime importance in the stabilization mechanism. Odors are associated with prolonged anaerobic conditions, and these may persist up to 4 weeks following extended ice cover in cold climates, if BOD loadings are 25 lbs. per acre per day or greater. Nitrogen and carbon may be limiting factors in the development of an algal mass. Coliform, BOD, and nutrient removals are presented for various physical, chemical, and climatic conditions. Although fecal streptococci removal averaged 97% in a study pond, they were still discharged in the effluent at a rate of 700,000 per second in winter and 70,000 per second in summer. A striking similarity exists generally among the algal speciation in stabilization ponds, regardless of geographic location. The algal mass is, however, dependent upon unique pond conditions and location, and may vary upwards to nearly 5 million algal cells per milliliter, 34,000 p.p.m. by volume, or 30-35 tons per acre per year. The problem of blue-green algal mats and resultant pigpen odors in extremely localized areas is duscussed. Midges and midge larvae may have an impact on the nutrient cycle in a stabilization pond, and may pose a potential localized nuisance in some areas. Mosquito problems have usually been associated with growth of aquatic vegetation. Suggestions for minimizing the potential problem are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 309-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biological purification of water pollutants depends upon a complex balance of organisms and environment conducive to effective metabolism. The bench scale test is useful to determine effects of a given waste water on that balance and to suggest controls promoting optimum purification. Applicability of laboratory results depends, in part, upon an experimental design similating anticipated operating conditions. This paper discusses advantages and limitations of historical bench-tests as a guide for design of tests giving data that are more useful during full-scale operation.
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the emphasis being given to the development of biologically soft detergents, it is necessary to establish eriteria defining biodegradability of these materials. It is the authors' opinion that a biologically soft detergent should have the following characteristics: (1) Under normal operations the material should be 85% removable by activated sludge. (2) Normally high discharges of the detergent should not influence biological activity. (3) The detergent should ultimately degrade to carbon dioxide and water.
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  • 95
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 331-345 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: These experiments show that ABS can be adsorbed and desorbed from microbial cell surfaces. The adsorption equilibria between the free and adsorbed phases are primarily influenced by the pH of the system. The effects of ABS upon the biochemical activities of bacteria depended upon the amount of ABS adsorbed and the type of bacteria present. The behaviour of ABS is essentially the same whether in the presence of pure or mixed bacterial cultures. Two desorption experiments with soil from a reclaimed water spreading basin which has received sewage over a six month period showed that at least 82% of the ABS “loss” was recoverable from the soil. In all the experiments carried out in this study no evidence was obtained for the biochemical degradation of ABS.
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  • 96
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 355-365 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been found that a bacterium (isolant C12B) grew poorly on 6 and 8 carbon alcohols, well on 10 and 12 carbon alcohols, and slowly but well on the 14 to 18 carbon compounds. Unexpectedly, resting cells oxidized the 6 and 8 carbon compounds most readily and cell-free extracts oxidized 6, 8, and 10 carbon alcohols. Extracts from cells adapted to sodium lauryl sulfate oxidized the 12 carbon alcohol as well, if small concentrations of substrate were used. The bacterium grew on benzene sulfonate and adapted resting cells oxidized that compound. Pure culture degradation studies revealed that isolant C12B used only 11% of tetrapropylene ABS supplied as a sole carbon source, whereas 66% of sodium lauryl sulfate was degraded. Intermediate quantities of kerosene-based alkyl benzene sulfonate and a tallow-derived detergent were utilized. Extracts of another bacterium, TEG-5, grown on tetraethylene glycol, contained enzymes which oxidized polyethylene glycols up to an average molecular weight of 600, but not any larger polymers. This oxidation was visualized by coupling to reduction of ferricyanide.
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  • 97
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 367-384 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because branched-chain alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) is well known to create water pollution problems in surface water and ground water, a study was made on the biodegradation of this surfactant along with other anionic and nonionic surfactants in detergents by water bacteria. Biodegradation was evaluated by the conventional river die-away test employing the methylene-blue method or surface-tension techniques as analytical tools. Under anaerobic conditions, sugar detergents (sucrose esters) seem to be an ultimate solution to water problems created by branched-chain ABS; in aerated water, straight-chain ABS, sulfo tallow methyl esters, and nonionic surfactants are preferable to branched-chain ABS to improve water problems.
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  • 98
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 100
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-stage pilot fermentor was designed which consists of nine stainless steel cylindrical compartments 2 ft. in length and 8 in. in diameter, joined end to end, giving a tube with a total length of 18 ft. The whole apparatus was mounted with its axis in a horizontal plane. Each compartment was sealed off from its neighboring compartment by a separatory plate having a 1-in. overflow hole in the upper half. Shafts 9½ feet long extended from each end of the fermentor through the compartments to the center. Agitation was provided by a multitude of stainless steel blades mounted at right angles to the shafts and spaced at regular intervals along the shafts. Stationary, stainless steel comb-shaped baffle plates were installed vertically at the bottom of each compartment to increase mixing efficiency. Constant leaving and re-entering of the fermentation liquor by the blades upon rotation imparts a shattering of the liquid surface thus preventing the accumulation of mycelial aggregates on the walls above the fermentation liquor. The mechanical performance of the described fermentor has proved excellent and several trial fermentations (antibiotic formation and steroid bioconversion) are described.
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