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  • Springer  (90,642)
  • PANGAEA
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1960-1964  (90,729)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 223-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1 A 20° C après l'hibernation la séquence des œufs d'une reineMyrmica rubra L. montre les particularités suivantes: a) le taux de production s'élève pendant les trois premières semaines jusqu'à un maximum. Ceci se maintient pour 3–4 semaines, puis décline peu à peu jusqu'à zéro après 16 semaines; b) la dimension des œufs décline pendant la période quand le taux s'augmente, puis reste à une minimum valeur constante; c) les œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières sont parmi ceux pondus quand le taux s'approche du maximum et la dimension s'approche du minimum. D'autres œufs, les plus gros pondus en premier et les normaux qui viennent plus tard, entrent en diapause dans les mêmes conditions de culture. 2 Les reines peuvent donner ou beaucoup ou très peu d'œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières. Les deux types de reine peuvent se trouver dans la même colonie, ou les colonies peuvent en avoir seulement un type, et les intermédiaires peuvent être peu nombreux. La différence paraît être dû à l'âge, car les jeunes reines pondent une très grande proportion d'œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières. De plus, ces jeunes reines ont socialement une influence négligeable sur l'élevage du couvain en comparaison des vieilles.
    Abstract: Sommario 1 Il seguito delle uova a 20° C dopo l'ibernazione di una reginaMyrmica rubra L. mostra le particolarità seguenti: a) l'andamento di produzione s'aumenta durante le tre prime settimane fino ad un massimo. Questo si tiene per 3–4 settimane, poi declina poco a poco fino a zero dopo 16 settimane; b) la grandezza delle uova declina durante il periodo quando l'andamento s'aumenta, poi rimane ad un valore costante minimo; c) le uova inclinate a divenire operaie sono fra loro fatte quando l'andamento s'avvicina al massimo e la grandezza s'avvicina al massimo e la grandezza s'avvicina al minimo. Altre uova, le prime grandi e le normali di puì tardi, entrano nella diapausa sotto le stesse condizioni di coltura. 2 Le regine possono dare o molte o poche uova inclinate a divenire operaie. I due tipi di regina possono trovarsi nella stessa colonia, o le colonie possono contenere soltanto uno tipo; le intermedie possono essere scarse. La differenza sembra doversi all' età, piochè le regine giovani fanno una grande proporzione di uova inclinate a divenire operaie. Di puì, queste regine hanno uno influenza sociale negligibile sull' allevamento della covata a petto delle regine vecchie.
    Notes: Summary 1 The egg sequence at 20° C after hibernation of a queenMyrmica rubra L. has the following peculiarities: a) rate of production rises during the first 3 weeks to a maximum that is held for 3–4 weeks and then declines gradually to zero after 16 weeks; b) egg size declines during the period of increasing rate but then stays at a steady minimum value; c) worker-biased eggs are amongst those laid when rate is approaching its maximum and size its minimum. Other eggs, both the large first ones and the normal later ones enter diapause under the same culture conditions. 2 Queens may either yield a lot of worker-biased eggs or very few. Both types of queen may occur in the same colony or colonies may have a single type, and intermediates may be rare. The difference appears to be due to age for young queens lay a very high proportion of worker-biased eggs. Moreover such queens have a negligible social influence on brood-rearing compared with old queens.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At first, the nests, belonging to differentBellicositermes, show a quite total identity. The large morphological likeness of the dwelling places limited by an idiotheca and surrounded by a «paraecie» is particularly significant. This likeness vanishes as the nests are growing bigger and bigger. To the development of the top height ofBellicositermes natalensis nests, is opposed the lateral developpement of theBellicositermes bellicosus nests. This lateral development is marked by the progressive desappearance of the «paraecie» as well as the idiotheca and the basement chamber. The dwelling place loses its individuality and divides into units more or less distinguisable.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The following is a study of resistance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) to high temperatures and of the effect of nutrition upon it. Survival of honey bees of spring generation was studied at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes exposures. The survival rate was established at the end of their exposure, and 24 hours later. Lethal effects of heat were evident immediately after a 30 minute exposure to 50° C. These effects could be noticed in the survivers 24 hours following exposure. Effect of nutrition on heat resistance at 32° C and at 50° C was studied on one group of bees supplied with a 30 % honey solution; on another- with water only, and on a third group which served as a control (no food). Their survival at 32° C after 12 hours exposure was 100%, 81% and 48%, respectively. However, an exposure duration of 45 minutes at 50°C resulted in a survival of 22% of control bees as compared to a total survival of those fed on honey solution.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has been noted by several observers that no Love-wave spectrum is complete in the sense that it contains all the periods. The reason for this has been sought for in the presence of a low-velocity layer.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary —An imbedded mechanical receiver of a seismograph may be represented by a spherical shell containing a linear oszillator. The surrounding medium is assumed to be homogeneous isotropic elastic throughout the whole space outside of the receiver. The soil may either adhere to or slide on the shell. The behaviour of the receiver under the influence of a longitudinal general shaped plane wave travelling in the oszillator direction is discussed. Furthermore the waveform corresponding to a known moving of the apparatus or a given seismogram is computed. There are noticeable mathematical and physical simplifications in the case of a negligible oszillator mass and a receiver mass equal to the displaced soil mass. Finally the connection of this problem with that of moving the receiver by forces not belonging to the wave is considered. The force function equivalent to a presumed waveform, yielding the same receiver moving, has been determined and the waveform equivalent to a given force, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung —Als Modell eines mechanischen Empfängers, der im Boden eingebettet ist, dient eine Kugelschale mit lineartranslatorisch beweglichem Gehänge. Das umgebende Medium erfüllt homogen den Vollraum und ist isotrop elastisch. Der Kontakt mit dem eingebetteten System wird entweder als haftend oder gleitend vorausgesetzt. Es ist diskutiert worden, wie sich der Empfänger in einer longitudinalen Planwelle von beliebiger Wellenform bewegt, die sich parallel zur Gehängetranslation ausbreitet. Ferner wurde die (unbekannte) Wellenform aus der Seismogrammform oder der Gestellbewegung explizit berechnet. Es ergeben sich beachtliche mathematische und physikalische Vereinfachungen, wenn das Gehänge vernachlässigbar leicht und die Gestellmasse gleich der «verdrängten Mediummasse» ist. Schliesslich wird der Zusammenhang dieses Vorgangs mit der Empfängerbewegung infolge Kräften besprochen, die nicht von der Welle herrühren und am Gestell und Gehänge gleichzeitig angreifen können. Es wurde der Kraftverlauf gesucht, der einer vorgegebenen Wellenform hinsichtlich der erzwungenen Gestellbewegung (und des Seismogramms) gleichwertig ist, und umgekehrt die zu einer bestimmten Kraftfunktion äquivalente Wellenform angegeben.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The focal mechanisms of two Peruvian earthquakes, January 15, 1958, and January 13, 1960, are determined using data from both the first motion ofP and the polarization ofS. The fault motions correspond to strike slip motion on neighboring faults corresponding in strike to geophysical evidences of regional faulting. The motion is left lateral in one of the shocks, right lateral in the other.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary During uniaxial compression of clay cylinders it was observed that the longitudinal velocity decreased as each load increment was applied and then increased under constant stress. It is suggested that the load increment induces an increase in pore water pressure thereby reducing the effective stress. The velocity is dependent upon the effective stress and it decreases accordingly. The velocity then increases due to the dissipation of the pore pressure.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is suggested on the basis of the study of observational data gathered byJ. P. Peixoto that the eddy processes in the tropical regions of the middle troposphere operate in an inverse manner as compared with a normal heat engine. Thus, in common with the situation in the lower stratosphere, the region is characterized by a countergradient horizontal eddy heat transport and a rising of colder air and sinking of warmer air on the scale of the large eddy processes.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 187-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present research considers the vertical profiles of the radiation balance and its components for summer and autumn seasons measured by standard actinometric instruments fixed on free balloons and gives the values of radiational temperature changes in the layers of 1000 to 500 and 1000 to 20 mb.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 157-186 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary One of the main results of the rotating cylinder experiments ofFultz andHide is that the general flow regime in them is essentially determined by the ratio of the angular velocity of the fluid motions (relative to the cylinder) to that of the cylinder itself. Extending these results to the atmosphere of the sun, leads to the hypothesis that the layer in which spots are imbedded should exhibit a non-axially symmetric pattern, of theRossby type. The fluid motions, characteristic of such a general circulation pattern, are mainly along spherical surfaces, and have a wavelike (eddy) appearance similar to the planetary waves in the upper troposphere of the terrestrial atmosphere. These eddies transport momentum along these spherical surfaces from regions of relatively lower angular velocity to regions of higher velocity. Tracers (e.g., sunspots) imbedded is such a flow would show a correlation between their proper motions in latitude and longitude, such that spots moving equatorward will tend to have larger longitudinal motions (toward the west limb), and vice versa. Analysis of ten years (1935 to 1944) of Greenwich spot data shows a consistent, and (statistically) very significant correlation of spot group proper motions, in the proper sense. These results provide strong support for the existence of large-scale waves which are some modest fraction of the solar circumference, but larger than the sunspot groups. Moreover, these waves transport angular momentum (up the gradient of angular velocity) toward the equatorial regions from higher latitudes across at least the entire sunspot zone. It is not known, however, whether these eddies are the primary (or only) source of momentum to maintain the ‘equatorial acceleration’ of the sun. However, if this source were shut off, and all other processes continued unabated, this layer of the sun between latitudes ±20° would reach solid rotation in about 51/2 rotations. Because this eddy transport of momentum is counter to the gradient of angular velocity, there is an implied transformation of the kinetic energy of the eddies into the kinetic energy of the mean east-west flow. Of possibly even more interest, however, might be the possibility of transfers of kinetic energy between eddies of all different scale sizes extending down the entire spectrum to include sunspot groups and the spots themselves. Moreover, some eddy size(s) in this layer is likely to be primarily responsible for a conversion of potential to kinetic energy. A result of subsidiary interest is the systematically higher value of solar rotation (at all latitudes) derivable from this data, which includes all spots which survive for at least two days. In contrast to the work of previous authors who used only long-lived spots, the result obtained when many small spots are used, indicates perhaps a variation of the rotation rate with height in the solar atmosphere. The results provide no evidence to indicate the existence of significant meridional circulations (latitudinal driffs).
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The city of Athens, especially in summer, comes under the influence of sea breeze and the Etesian winds, some characteristic elements of which are given for the period 1921–1930. The diurnal march of July dew point at Athens is clearly double with main extremes at the afternoon and the secondaries in the forenoon time. However, on days with uninterrupted sea breeze three pairs of extremes characterize the variation, there being two secondary maxima and two secondary minima in the forenoon. On days, on the other hand, with uninterrupted Etesian winds the appearing double diurnal march is characterized by the forenoon main maximum and the afternoon main minimum.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 10-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary TheSH-type of motion in an isotropic elastic halfspace with infinite electrical conductivity subjected to an uniform magnetic field and disturbed by a buried source is investigated. Expressions for the surface displacements for various type of sources are obtained by an application of Cagniard technique. Numerical calculation has been performed for the case of a diapole source moving parallel to the surface of the halfspace with an uniform velocity.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The disturbances in a viscoelastic medium by a twist of finite duration applied on the inner surface of a spherical cavity inside the medium have been considered.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A previously noted analogy between certain transport equations and the heat conductivity equation is further analyzed. It is shown thatPrigogine's nonequilibrium formalism can be directly applied to statistical processes where there is a non-negative constant of the motion. If the total mass (of contaminant, tracer etc.) contained in a fluctuating system is taken as such a constant of the motion, a statistical theory of the corresponding transport process is obtained.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation of Love type waves on a spherical model' in the mantle of which the rigidity and density vary exponentially with the radial distance while in the core they remain constant — has been investigated. The frequency equation that has been worked out has been examined in detail for the existence of root in the particular cases when they involve Bessel Functions of smallest and largest orders.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The power spectrum analysis is applied to geomagnetic secular variation data of three southern magnetic observatories: Pilar, Amberley, Mauritius. The figures 2–10 indicate in general three types of peaks: a) of periods less than 10 years; b) of approximately solar activity cycle; c) of 40–60 years fluctuation. Also the coefficients of spherical harmonic expansion of SV show the last type fluctuation.
    Notes: Resumen Se aplica el análisis de energía de espectro a los datos de la variación secular geomagnética para tres observatorios del Hemisferio Sur: Pilar, Amberley, Mauritius. Las figuras 2–10 indican generalmente tres tipos de picos: a) de periodos de menos de 10 años; b) del periodo aproximado de la actividad solar de 10–11 años; c) de una fluctuación de 40–60 años. Los coeficientes de la expansión esférico-armónica de la variación secular muestran también una fluctuación del último tipo.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Directions of natural remanent magnetization aftermagnetic cleaning of specimens from monzonite porphyry at Milton are given. Thermal and alternating magnetic field stability tests indicate that the resultant direction is that of the earth's magnetic field at the time of cooling. Comprison of the pole position calculated from this result with other pole positions from rocks of known age confirms the probable Permian age of the intrusion and the wide divergence of Australian from European and North American pole positions of this age.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 100-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A charged particle moves with velocityv in a constant non-uniform magnetic fieldH, spiralling with Larmor radiusR. IfR is small compared with the scale lengthL of the field, the magnetic moment associated with the Larmor motion of the particle is nearly constant. Consequently θ, the (‘pitch’) angle betweenv andH, varies as arcsinH 1/2. Hence θ in such adiabatic motion is approximately the same at points on the path whereH has the same value. But the magnetic moment and the pitch angle may differ materially at two such points, each in the region whereR/L is small, if between them the particle traverses a region whereR/L is not small. This region of non-adiabatic motion ‘scatters’ the pitch angles. Such scattering is investigated for regions of weak field (R large), with and without the presence of a neutral line along whichH=0. Either type of region, it is found, can scatter the pitch angles. This gives support to the theory proposed byAkasofu andChapman to explain why auroral arcs and bands are very thin. The scattering here examined is of interest also in connection with magnetic mirror devices for nuclear energy transformation. It may also have applications to phenomena of solar and stellar atmospheres.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author investigates the orographic influence of the chain of the Alps on a westerly upper air stream. The theory shows that air particles are deflected to the right, if they come with a westerly stream of air. A comparison between the 500 mb winds of Payerne (Switzerland) and Zagreb (Yugoslavia) could confirm this theory.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der orographische Einfluss der Alpen auf eine westliche Höhenströmung untersucht. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei westlicher Anströmung des Alpenmassivs die Luftpartikelchen nach rechts abgelenkt werden. Durch einen Radiosondenvergleich zwischen Payerne und Zagreb in 500 mb konnte diese von der Theorie her aufgestellte Forderung bekräftigt werden.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The short description of the field distance installation for measuring spectral albedo as relation of semi-spherical fluxes of reflected and incoming radiation is made. Data on the measurements of spectral albedo in the wavelength range from 450 to 950 mμ for different natural surfaces are given.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the results of aircraft ascents for the measurement of the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace gases in the free atmosphere. The aircraft ascents permitted for the first time to measure the SO2- and NO2-concentration up to 6000 m. On the basis of the average distribution assumptions on the tropospheric budget of SO2 and NO2 as well as on the average tropospheric residence time of these gases were made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Ergebnisse von Messflügen zur Bestimmung der Konzentrationsverteilung von Spurengasen in der freien Atmosphäre. Auf Grund dieser Aufstiege war es erstmals möglich, den Gehalt der Atmosphäre an Schwefeldioxyd und Stickstoffdioxyd bis in Höhen von 6000 m zu erfassen. Die gewonnene mittelere Konzentrations-verteilung bietet die Basis zu Abschätzungen über den Haushalt und die mittlere Verweilzeit von SO2 und NO2 in der Troposphäre.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison des mesures de radioactivité et de concentration de l'ozone en un même lieu, montre que l'approvisionnement, dans les deux cas, se fait par arrivées discontinues; ainsi se trouve confirmée l'hypothèse deG. Lambert d'injections à partir de la basse stratosphère à l'occasion de ruptures momentanées de la barrière de la tropopause, conformément aux calculs deStaley. D'autres exemples montrent comment les données fournies par l'ozone et la radioactivité se complètent pour préciser les grands mouvements de l'atmosphère.
    Notes: Summary We have compared the measurements made at the same location on artificial radioactivity of the air and ozone concentration; the results show that in both cases, these products reach ground level by discrete periods of time and not continously. This is in agreement withG. Lambert's assumption of injections from the lower stratosphere throught the tropopause barrier when this barrier is temporarily opened according toStaley's computations. Other examples show how ozone and radioactivity data give complementary information in the field of movements of the atmosphere.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 243-255 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary General formulas derived for the recombination and combination coefficients of charged and uncharged aerosol particles can be adapted for calculation of the recombination coefficient of small air ions by using an appropriate correction term in the exponential function and by introducingThomson's factor of enhancement of the capturing cross-section due to the central electrical forces acting between the oppositely charged ions. By using this corrected formula for the recombination coefficient, some characteristics of the ions to be recombined can be calculated when values of the recombination coefficients measured in dependence on the pressure are applied.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 271-271 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the total solar radiation at normal incidence and its spectral distribution have been undertaken for clear sky conditions, at Giza, from March 1961 to February 1962. A Linke-Feussner actinometer no 113 supplied with two standard Schott filters OG1 and RG2 has been used. The results obtained for a whole year have been presented graphically and studied as function of the air mass and as diurnal variation.
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  • 26
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 129-143 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 152-161 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 181-268 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 342-357 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aggregation centers ofDictyostelium minutum have three functions: 1. they cause a chemotactic reaction, 2. they induce a change of the cells' functional state which enables the cells to establish intercellular contacts, 3. in some strains, they induce the foundation of further centers. Cells of this species, before being included in a center, are unable to join each other. From this results en exceptionally simple and clearly arranged aggregation pattern, because the assembling of aggregating cells into streams is omitted.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aggregationszentren vonDictyostelium minutum haben drei Funktionen: 1. Sie lösen eine chemotaktische Reaktion aus, 2. sie induzieren einen Zellfunktionswechsel, der die Bildung interzellulärer Kontakte ermöglicht, und 3. sie induzieren bei einigen Stämmen die Gründung weiterer Zentren. Die Zellen dieser Art sind vor dem Einbau in ein Zentrum unfähig, sich miteinander zu verbinden. Deshalb unterbleibt während der Aggregation die Strangbildung, wodurch der Aggregationsablauf gegenüber anderen Arten vereinfacht wird.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 358-390 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Explantate aus Bogenwulst von Bombina wurden im frühesten Neuralplatten-Stadium entnommen, verschieden lange einem Extrakt aus embryonalem Vorderdarm ausgsetzt und anschließend im präanalen Lymphraum wesentlich älterer Bombina-Larven gezüchtet. 2. Bei einer Einwirkungsdauer von 6 Std und weniger traten nur Mesenchym, zentralnervöse Gebilde und Pigment auf. 3. Bei zunehmender Einwirkungsdauer des Extraktes traten Differenzierungen ektomesodermalen Knorpels auf. Der Extrakt hat auch einen gestaltenden Einfluß auf die zentralnervösen Bildungen. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wird dem Vorderdarm-Extrakt eine knorpelinduzierende Wirkung zugeschrieben. 4. Die explantierte Gehörblase vermag am fremden Ort implantiert in dem sie umgebenden Implantat-Mesenchym keinen Knorpel zu induzieren. 5. Ein Extrakt aus embryonalem Rautenhirn kann die explantierte Gehörblase auch am fremden Ort zur Bildung einer Knorpelkapsel anregen. 6. Die Dauer der Einwirkung des Rautenhirn-Extraktes hat einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Häufigkeit der auftretenden Knorpelbildungen um die heterotop verpflanzte Ohrblase. 7. Das Labyrinthorgan zeigt nach längerer Extrakt-Einwirkung bessere Differenzierungen des Sinnesepithels. 8. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche sprechen dafür, daß im Viscerocranium der Vorderdarm einen knorpeldifferenzierenden Einfluß auf ektodermales Mesenchym ausübt, und daß im Neurocranium zur Induktion einer korpeligen Gehörkapsel das Rautenhirn erforderlich ist.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 144-151 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of barbituric acid (BA), which is a structural analogue of uracil, has been studied on the development ofPlanorbis exustus. 2. Cleavage is not affected by BA at any concentration that has been tried. At 0.06 M, BA is found to stop development of the embryos at the early gastrula stage. Some of the arrested embryos subsequently exogastrulated. The block of development cannot be removed by transferiing them to normal medium. The chemical at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.04 M cause a general retardation in development. It conspicuously prolongs the duration of development between the trochophore and the veliger stages. Reduction or absence of shell occurs when animals metamorphose in the presence of BA. 3. The results seem to indicate that in the molluscan species studied there is no RNA synthesis during the cleavage phase, that morphogenesis stops when the synthesis of RNA is blocked by the use of BA, that catabolism is predominant in the pre-trochophore phase. The irreversible block imposed by BA (0.06 M) at gastrulation is interpreted to suggest that the inhibitor acts on some nuclear RNA.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 424-428 
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    Notes: Summary Trypan blue was injected (0.001–0.002 mg/egg) into zygotes ofRana. The trypan blue-injected series showed much greater mortality than the controls. A probable suppression of gastrulation was seen. 29.7% of the dye-injected and 50.3% of the control embryos developed beyond stage 14. Abnormalities seemed to appear only after neurulation began. Microcephaly, trunk and tail abnormalities occurred though in a small number. Sections of a few embryos revealed disorganized brain and degeneration of the neural tissue. There were no cases of mesodermalization of the notochord. The results are discussed from the view point that trypan blue alters the physical state of proteins in the cytoplasm of the egg.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 451-510 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 549-593 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 535-548 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ausdehnung früherer Untersuchungen über die Funktion der Epiphyse (Pflugfelder 1953, 1954) auf andere Fischarten ergab, daß sichCarassiws gibelio auratus in mancher Hinsicht anders verhält alsLebistes reticulatus. Übereinstimmung besteht darin, daß nach Epiphysenzerst örung die Thyreoidea sehr lebhaft wuchert und daß auch die Hypophyse starke Abänderung zeigt. Dagegen unterbleibt die beiLebistes und bei Glas-Salmlern (unveröffentlicht) beobachtete Kypholordose. Bei überwiegend lichtpercipierender Funktion der Epiphyse der Fische spielt dieses Organ offensichtlich indirekt eine erhebliche inkretorisch bedeutsame Rolle.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 302-313 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Sandwich-Experiment wurde kompetentes Ektoderm der frühen Gastrula (Harrison-Stadium 11a) mit dem mittleren Chordabereich der frühen Neurula (Harrison-Stadium 14–15) vonTriturus vulgaris in Kontakt gebracht und die Differenzierungsleistungen des Ektoderms nach Dauerkontakt mit dem Induktor und nach stufenweiser Abkürzung der Induktionszeit geprüft. ImTriturus-Ektoderm differenzieren sich nachDauerkontakt mit dem Induktor archencephal-deuterencephale und selten spinocaudale Organkomplexe. Bei einerVerkürzung der Induktionszeit ist ein mindestens vierstündiger Kontakt mit dem Induktor erforderlich, um neurale Differenzierungstendenzen imTriturus-Ektoderm auszulösen. Nach einem Kontakt von 4 Std weisen die Induktionsgebilude archencephalen Charakter auf, erst nach länger dauernden Induktionszeiten (8, 12 und 16 Std) treten daneben deuterencephale Differenzierungen und nach 16 Std Kontakt in sehr geringer Zahl auch spinocaudale Organe auf. DerVergleich der mitTriturus und Ambystoma ausgeführten Experimente zeigt, daß das Ektoderm der beiden Urodelenarten Unterschiede in der Stärke des Reaktionsvermögens aufweist. Nach abgekürzter Induktionszeit treten im Ektoderm vonTriturus neurale Differenzierungstendenzen erst nach 4 Std Kontaktdauer auf, imAmbystoma-Ekkoderm dagegen schon nach 1/2− bis einstündigem Kontakt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 314-341 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Sandwich-Experiment wurden die Differenzierungsleistungen des Gastrulaektoderms vonAmbystoma mexicanum undTriturus vulgaris nachheteroplastischer Kombination mit demmittleren Chordaabschnitt der frühen Neurula der beiden Urodelenarten nach abgekürzter Induktionszeit und nach Dauerkontakt ermittelt. In ergänzenden Serien wurde der hintere Chordabereich als Induktor verwandt. 1. Nachabgekürzter Induktionszeit reagiert sowohl das Bktoderm vonAmbystoma als auch das vonTriturus im wesentlichen in der gleichen Weise wie in der Kombination mit dem arteigenen Induktionsmaterial. Es machen sich diegleichen, von der Dauer des Kontaktes mit dem Induktor abhängigen Veränderungen in der Regionalität der Induktionskomplexe bemerkbar, wie in der homoplastischen Kombination. DieStärke des Reaktionsvermögens des Ektoderms der beiden Urodelenarten ist somitartspezifisch verschieden. 2. NachDauerkontakt wird auch dieWirkung des artfremden Chordamesoderms deutlich sichtbar. Unter dem Einfluß des mittleren Chordaabschnittes vonTriturus wird die Differenzierungsleistung desAmbystoma-Ektoderms im Vergleich zur homoplastischen Kombination zugunsten der archencephalen Organe verschoben, die desTriturus-Ektoderms in Kombination mit dem entsprechenden Chordabereich vonAmbystoma in deuterencephal-spinocaudaler Richtung. In der Normogenese ist dieartspezifisch verschiedene Wirkung des Induktors korreliert mit artspezifischen Unterschieden in der Stärke des Reaktionsvermögens des Ektoderms. 3. Diezeitliche Reihenfolge im Auftreten der archencephalen und deuterencephal-spinocaudalen Induktionskomplexe bestätigt die Annahme, daß zwei Faktoren oder Faktorenkomplexe im Reaktionssystem wirksam werden, die in Wechselwirkung miteinander stehen. 4. Voraussetzung fürdie Auslösung und den Ablauf der primären Schritte beim neuralen Induktionsvorgang ist einmal die Reaktionsbereitschaft des Ektoderms, die artspezifisch verschieden ist, und zum anderen die spezifische Leistung des Induktors sowie die Intensität und Dauer, mit der er auf das reagierende Ektoderm einwirkt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 391-423 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch Aufnahme zahlreicher Regenerationswachstumskurven unter „Norm-Bedingungen“ werden als Mittelwerte „Norm-Wachstumskurven“ für verschiedene Temperaturbereiche erstellt. Diese „Norm-Wachstumskurven“ geben das Regenerationsverhalten der ArtEuplanaria gonocephala (Fanggebiet: Hellbrunnerbach und Fischach), sowieDendrocoelum lacteum wieder. 2. Durch Vergleich mit Untersuchungsergebnissen anderer Arbeiten (Haslauer, J., 1962 und in Erscheinung begriffen) wird gezeigt, daß die Empfindlichkeit dieser Methode ausreicht, auch minimale Reize und Unterschiede im Faktorengefüge signifikant abzubilden und nachzuweisen. 3. Die „Relative Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit“ — gemessen als Verhältnis: Fläche des jeweiligen Regenerats zu „Mittlerem Einzugsgebiet“ — wird in Abhängigkeit von Körpergröße sowie Höhe des Amputationsniveaus bestimmt. Kleinere Tiere weisen relativ zu ihrer Körpergröße eine höhere Produktivität auf als große Tiere. Eine Amputation in einem tieferen Niveau (entlang eines cephalo-caudalen Gradienten) führt beiE. gonocephala zu einer Steigerung der Regenerationsleistung, beiD. lacteum zu einer Abnahme der Regenerationsintensität. 4. Es wird geprüft, ob bei einer Zweit-Regeneration eine geringere Regenerationsleistung (Relative Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit) vorliegt als bei der Erst-Regeneration. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Produktivität der Zweit-Regeneration gleich groß ist, wie die der Erst-Regeneration. Die Erst-Regeneration führt demnach zu einer vollständigen Wiederherstellung des ursprünglichen Körpergefüges. 5. Für den „plastischen“ Zustand der Regeneration (Zerstückelung in kleine Segmente) konnte eine außerordentliche Steigerung der Intensität der Restitutionsvorgänge beobachtet werden. 6. Schwankungen im Verlauf des Regenerationswachstums werden als Regelschwankungen und Überforderung der Feinregelung zur Wiederherstellung der „harmonischen“ Körpergestalt gedeutet. Die „harmonische“ Körpergestalt wird als „Sollwert“ eines Regelkreises (Resonanz zwischen genetischer Information und Eiweiß-Bestand des Cytoplasmas) dargestellt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 429-436 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of chloramphenicol (CP) on the development ofPlanorbis exustus has been studied. The antibiotic is found to inhibit cleavage at high concentrations. At low concentrations development is blocked at early gastrulation. There are indications that the effect cannot be reversed by mere transfer of the embryos into normal medium, if they have been treated for 48 hours. If transfer into normal medium is made 24 hours after commencement of treatment, development is resumed. Gastrulae developed normally even in the presence of CP. In low concentrations of CP a characteristic delay in development is observed between the trochophore and hippo stages. The significance of this developmental inhibition has been discussed in relation to synthetic processes occurring in the various phases of development. The antilytic property of CP is evident in these experiments.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 525-534 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 611-631 
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    Notes: Summary 48 h old testis were implanted into different adult hosts. In virgin females the germ cell multiplication is lower than in both mated females or in males. However in all host types the differentiation into spermatids beginns at the same time as in situ. The role of the different adult host glands in male germ cell development was investigated. Through inactivation of such glands in mated females or implantation of extra glands in virgin hosts was demonstrated, that not the adult Corpus allatum but the Median Neurosecretory Brain Cells (MNBC) are responsable for this germ cell multiplication. Adult host provided with larval Ring gland or pupal host accelerate the germ cell differentiation but not the germ cell multiplication of implanted testis. This acceleration would be much higher if the normal development of the germ cells in adult hosts were due to rests of pupal hormons in this milieu. The nutritive conditions of the host play a very important role in germ cell multiplication. The testis implanted in castrated females or females injected with casein hydrolisate show a higher number of developing germ cells. The MNBC controll the protein metabolism (assimilation) but are only indirectly responsable for the germ cell multiplication; the multiplication is a consequence of the autonomous protein synthesis of the germ cells themself. The growth of other imaginal discs in adult hosts are discussed in the light of these results.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 162-180 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The unilateral or bilateral extirpation of the ectoderm of the P.H.M. region in stages 5 to 8 in the chicken embryo exerts no influence in heart determination and differentiation, since in all the cases a morphological and structurally typical heart is formed. 2. Neither does the extirpation of the ectoderm interfere in the migratory process of the cells of the P.H.M., since, with the exception of one case of cardia bifida, a unique heart is formed in a unique pericardial cavity. 3. The extirpation of the ectoderm exerts a clear influence over the situation of the heart and over its curvatures since when the ablation of the ectoderm is unilateral, the heart is displaced toward the side opposite that of the extirpation. It is, therefore, normal in the extirpations of the left ectoderm and inverted in those of the right. 4. The primary fore-gut pocket does not form on the side where the ectoderm has been extirpated. This, therefore, exerts a clear influence on the formation of the fore-gut pockets and in the form the fore-gut takes. 5. The extirpation of the ectoderm in stages 6 and 7 constantly inhibits the process of the closing of the neural canal in the encephalic region (mesencephalon and anterior part of the rhombencephalon), the neural differentiation normally continuing its process. This suggests that the force of the neural folds during the formation of the neural tube is transmitted to them through the ectoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 269-301 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Two imaginai discs of different mutants, sexes and species respectively of different segments (wing and genital disc) fromDrosophila larvae ready to pupate were mixed in order to get a homogeneous aggregate. Before mixing the two discs were partially dissociated either enzymatically or only mechanically. 2. The aggregates were implanted into larval hosts. Their differentiated structures were studied after metamorphosis. 3. Dissociated cells and groups of cells find together and form organized genital or wing structures. 4. Homoplastic-homonome-homosexual aggregates of male genital discs form mosaics in all plates both donors taking part in building up one plate. The same cooperation is observed in the heteroplastic-homonome-homosexual combination. 5. The homoplastic-homonome-heterosexual combination yields mosaics only in the anal plates and in the region of peripheral bristles. 6. In a heteronome combination the wing and genital cells separate completely so that no mosaic can be formed. 7. Mosaic plates are not randomly composed of different bristle types, but carry only those bristles which occur alsoin situ on one common plate. To form a mosaic, obviously, cells of the same field quality unite (isotypic association), whereby field specificity overrides species, sex and pattern specific differences. 8. In rare cases the rule of isotypic association is broken and “faulty” mosaics are formed. 9. The integration effect and the pattern formation are discussed and interpreted as a result of affinities and movements of determined cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Je zwei Imaginalscheiben aus verpuppungsreifen Larven verschiedener Mutanten, Arten, Geschlechter und Körpersegmente vonDrosophila wurden zu Kombinaten vermengt, wobei vorher der Zellverband entweder fermentativ oder auch nur mechanisch desintegriert wurde. 2. Die Kombinate implantierten wir in larvale Wirte und untersuchten ihre Entwicklungsleistungen nach der Metamorphose. 3. Dissoziierte Zellen und Zellgruppen finden sich wieder zusammen und bilden organisierte Genitalstrukturen oder Flügelteile. 4. Homoplastisch-homonom-homosexuelle Kombinate (S. 273) aus männlichen Genitalscheiben bilden in allen Platten (Abb. 2) Mosaike, an deren Aufbau sich beide Spendertypen beteiligen (Abb. 3). Gleiches gilt für die heteroplastisch-homonom-homosexuelle Kombination (Abb. 4 und 5). 5. Die homoplastisch-homonom-heterosexuelle Kombination dagegen liefert Mosaike nur in den Analplatten und im Peripherborstenbereich (Abb. 8). 6. In der heteronomen Kombination (S. 284) trennen sich die Genital und Flügelzellen vollständig, so daß keine Mosaike entstehen können (Abb. 9 a). 7. Mosaikplatten sind nicht zufällig aus den verschiedensten Borstentypen zusammengesetzt, sondern tragen nur solche Borsten, die auchin situ auf einer gemeinsamen Platte stehen. Zur Bildung eines Mosaiks vereinigen sich offenbar Zellen mit gleicher Feldqualität (isotypische Assoziation), wobei die Feldspezifität über artspezifische, geschlechtsspezifische und musterbedingte Unterschiede dominiert. 8. In seltenen Fällen wird die Regel der isotypischen Assoziation durchbrochen, und es kommt zu „Fehlermosaiken“ (Abb. 6). 9. In der Diskussion werden die Integrationsleistungen und Musterbüdungen als Ergebnis von Affinitäten und Zellwanderungen determinierter Zellen gedeutet.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 21-40 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 41-57 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 59-70 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 1-20 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ants (Formica polyctena) can learn a simple maze whose all blinds are on the same side. They cannot master the alternation problem (single or double alternation). In their orientation, kinaesthetic stimuli seem most important and next, tactile and olfactive ones. Extra-maze stimuli dont seem very useful. Photohorotactic reactions disturb the learning and cause entries perseveration in the blinds. Return run has to be learnt after the forward run but nevertheless the second one helps the orientation in the first in some way. Ants seem to gain some general «understanding» of the maze, as one can conclude for instance from their use of shortcuts in the maze. Learning cpacities are not the same on the different ways where different foragers teams are going on. Learning memory differ according to the different teams but can persist for at least four days. Social interaction are numerous in the course of learning but till now, it is difficult to say if they help or disturb the learning of the individual ant.
    Notes: Résumé Les fourmis peuvent apprendre un labyrinthe simple dont tous les culs-de-sac sont disposés du même côté. Elles ne peuvent apprendre le problème de l'alternation. Pour leur orientation, les stimuli kinesthésiques paraissent les plus importants; les stimuli tactiles ou olfactifs viennent ensuite; les repères extérieurs paraissent peu utilisés. Les réactions photohorotactiques perturbent gravement l'apprentisage et déterminent la persistance des entrées dans les culs-de-sac. L'apprentissage du retour doit se faire après celui de l'aller, mais il ne part pas de zéro, et l'aller contribue quelque peu à l'apprentissage du retour. Les fourmis paraissent acquérir une certaine «compréhension» générale du labyrinthe, matérialisée notamment par l'usage qu'elles font des raccourcis. Les capacités d'apprentissage ne sont pas les mêmes sur les différentes pistes où circulent des équipes différentes de fourrageuses. La mémoire de l'apprentissage est variable également suivant les équipes et peut se maintenir au moins quatre jours. Les interactions sociales sont nombreuses au cours de l'apprentissage; mais il est difficile de préciser si elles le favorisent ou le gênent.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 91-95 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The order in which the various activities of the foundress ofHalictus calceatus take place is experimentally studied. In this respect, the foundresses ofHalictus calceatus andHalictus marginatus are compared. The nest ofHalictus calceatus is briefly described.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie expérimentalement dans quel ordre se déroulent les diverses activités deHalictus calceatus: creusement des cellules, approvisionnement, ponte et fermeture des cellules. On compare, à cet égard, la fondatrice deHalictus calceatus à celle deHalictus marginatus. On décrit succinctement le nid deHalictus calceatus.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Moniæcera asperata (Fox) est une espèce existant dans le Sud-Ouest des Etats-Unis et qui approvisionne ses nids creusés dans le sol de petits Diptères et Hémiptères. On a découvert chez cette espèce une tendance sociale qui se manifeste par le fait que plusieurs femelles (deux ou trois) partagent le même terrier. Ce comportement a déjà été observé chez quatre autres Sphecidæ, appartenant tous, comme celui-ci, à la tribu des Crabronini. Ainsi, les deux types d'évolution sociale qu'on croit s'être réalisés chez les abeilles, soit par nidification en commun, soit par association des filles avec leur mère, se retrouvent dans leurs phases initiales chez les Hyménoptères fouisseurs.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Moniæcera asperata (Fox), eine Art von den südwestlichen Vereinigten Staaten, versorgt ihre Erdnesten mit kleinen Diptera und Hemiptera, und hat gemeinschaftliche Nester mit 2–3 Weibchen die denselben Bau teilen. Ähnliches Verhalten ist von vier andere
    Notes: Summary Moniæcera asperata (Fox), a species occuring in southwestern United States and provisioning its nests in the soil with small Diptera and Hemiptera, has been found to exhibit communal nesting, two or three females sharing the same burrow. Similar behavior has been reported for four other Sphecidæ, all five belonging to the tribe Crabronini. Thus both types of social evolution believed to occur in bees, by way of communal nesting and by way matrifilial associations, are exemplified, in their initial stages, in the solitary digger wasps.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 141-157 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These first observations only deal with the early growing of new colonies in an israelian laboratory: the building of the first comb, the queen's hatching and behavior, the first workers' behavior have been observed. 1o The breeding of the queens and the workers is easy: they build fine combs, where the queens lay their eggs; 2o Queens and workers cannibalism has been pointed out; 3o The first cells are very odd; they become hexagonal when they are surrounded with other ones; 4o The materials used into the combs are various, paper, earth …; 5o Many little holes has been observed inside the walls of the cells; they are never closed; 6o The experimental gaps in the cells are only repaired when the wasps lengthen the neighbour cells; 7o The building and breeding bekavior of the queens and the workers are similar; 8o The queens, the larvae, the workers exchange food, liquids…; 9o There is no division of the work between the first workers, but between the queens and the first workers; 10o In our experiments, the brood's evolutive cycle is different from one colony to the other one.
    Notes: Sommaire Ce travail ne présente que quelques observations sur les premiers stades de dévelopment des colones deVespa orientalis. Les résultats ne sont que fragmentaires, mais permettent tout de même quelques comparaisons intéressantes avec d'autres espèces de Vespides. Nous avons observé que: 1o les reines de la Guêpe orientale sont très facilement élevées au laboratoire et y construisent et y pondent aisément. 2o les reines et les ouvrières dévorent leurs larves pour se nourrir ou pour alimenter les plus grosses larves; 3oles premières cellules d'un rayon sont assez irrégulières, elles ne prennent leur forme hexagonale que lorsqu'elles sont entourées de cellules voisines; 4o le matériau utilisé pour édifier les cellules est assez divers; 5o les reines ne réparent pas les trous effectués dans les parois des cellules; 6o les reines ne s'intéressent au petites brèches du bord des cellules que lorsqu'elles sont en train d'allonger les parois des cellules voisines; 7o les ouvrières ont un comportement comparable à celui des reines lorsqu'elles se nourrissent ou nourrissent les larves ou lorsqu'elles construisent; 8o les reines, les larves et les ouvrières échangent de la nourriture, du liquide…; 9o la seule division du travail dans la colonie est celle qui existe entre la reine qui ne fait plus que pondre et les ouvrières qui s'affairent à toutes les occupations; 10o le cycle évolutif du développement du couvain que nous décrivons peut être variable, suivant les colonies, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales.
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1o The characteristics of the phototropism of many insects and in particular of theLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. and F.) vary according to age, sex, proximity of moulting period and genital state. It seems therefore that the retrocerebral endocrine glands conditionning these various states influence the insect's behaviour. We have tried to demonstrate this by implantingCorpora allata into the abdomen of adult mature males ofLocusta migratoria species and by studying the repercussion of this intervention upon the insect's phototropism. 2o These implantations produce an increase in the general excitability (period of latency and polarisation angle decreasing) and in the tonic state (increased speed of progression). They have no effect on the insect's abilities for phototropic orientation, the ratio of rectitude of the tracks remaining unchanged. 3o These modifications are rapidly vanishing, since the implanted matters which become rapidly inactive, cause the Corpora allata of the operated insects to be brought to rest. There results a decreased reactivity noticeable from the 5 th day onwards. Towards the 14 th day, this reactivity is equal to that of the non- operated subjects, but goes on decreasing until the 23 th day (period of latency increasing), so that by that time the operated subjects are less photosensitive than the normal insects. 4o We think that the active principle secreted by the Corpora allata (juvenile hormone, gonadotropic hormone) directly reacts on the superior nervous centres in the way certains hormones of Vertebrates will react.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1o Die Eigenschaften des Phototropismus zahlreicher Insekten und besonders vonLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. und F.) wechseln jeweils mit dem Alter, dem Geschlecht, entsprechend dem Stadium zwischen den Häutungen und dem Gehirn liegenden Inkretdrüsen, die verschiedenen Zustände bestimmen, auf das Verhalten einwirken. Das wollten wir beweisen, als wir erwachsenen reifen Männchen vonLocusta migratoria Corpora allata in das Abdomen einpflanzten um die Auswirkungen dieses Eingriffs auf ihren Phototropismus zu studieren. 2o Diese Einpflanzungen rufen eine Stiegerung der allgemeinen Reizbarkeit (abnehmender latenzzeit und abnehmender Polarisations winkel) und des tonic Zustands (vermehrte Beweglichkeit) hervor. Sie haen keinerlei wirkund auf die phototropischen Orientierungsfähikeiten der Heupferdchen, da. 3o Diese Modifikationen sind nur von kurzer Dauer, denn weim auch die eingepflanzten Drüsen schnell inaktiv sind, bewirken sie die Stillegung der Corpora allata der operierten Insekten. Daraus folgt eine schon am 5 tag bemerkbare Verminderung der Reaktionen. Nach 14 Tagen sind sie dieselben wie bei den Vergliechs tieren aber nehmen bis zum 23 tag ab (verlängerte Latenzzeit), so dafz nach dieser Zeit die versuchstiere weniger photosensibel sind abs die normalen Tiere. 4o Wir glauden, dap der von den Corpora allata abgesonderte wirkstoff (Juvenilhormon und gonadotropes Hormon) wie gewisse Hormone der Wirbeltire direkt auf die höheren Nervenzenbren einwirkt.
    Notes: Résumé 1o Les caractéristiques du phototropisme de nombreux insectes, et deLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. et F.) en particulier, varient en fonction de l'àge, du sexe, de la proximité des mues et de l'état génital. Il semble donc que les glandes endocrines rétrocérébrales qui conditionnent ces divers états agissent sur le comportement. C'est ce que nous avons voulu démontrer en implantant des corps allates dans l'abdomen d'adultes mâles, mûrs, deLocusta migratoria, et en étudiant les répercussions de cette intervention sur leur phototropisme. 2o Ces implantations provoquent une augmentation de l'excitabilité générale (période de latence et angle de polarisation décroissants) et de l'état tonique (vitesse de progression accrue). Elles sont sans effet sur les facultés d'orientation phototropique des Criquets, le rapport de rectitude des pistes étant inchangé. 3o Ces modifications sont fugaces car les implants rapidement inactifs provoquent la mise au repos des corps allates des opérés. Il en résulte une diminution de la réactivité sensible dès le cinquième jour. Elle se retrouve identique à celle des témoins vers le quatorzième jour, mais continue à décroître jusqu'au vingt-troisième jour (période de latence croissante), de sorte qu'à cette date les opérés sont moins photosensibles que les individus normaux. 4o Nous pensons que le principe actif sécrété par les corps allates (hormone juvénile? hormone gonadotrope?) agit directement sur les centres nerveux supérieurs à la façon de certaines hormones des Vertébrés.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 207-222 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 193-206 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Oriental Hornet is common in the whole Mediterranean Basin. In Israel, colonies of the hornet are numerous in nearly all parts of the country. The colonies are annual and their main activity occurs during the hot season. At the approach of winter, only houng fertilized queens remain; they winter in hidden secret places, emerging in the spring to establish a new colony. In order to watch what is passing in the hornets' nest, we built artificial breeding houses having one glasse wall. In the spring, we transferred small colonies of hornets into these houses, where they continued todevelop until the end of the season. Stress was put in our observations, on the social structure of the hornet colony. The mother-Queen, having laid the foundations for the colony in the spring, keeps leaving the nest to bring food and building materials from the fields until early June. From then onwards she remains in the nest, engaging chiefly in egg laying, while her daughters, the workers, collect food from the fields and perform all other duties in the nest. The queen is easily recognized by the workers, even in the darkness of the nest. They tend to approach her when she is resting on the combs and to crowd around her. Some of the workers come to her often in order to lick her body, others hit the walls with their bellies. Side by side with colonies possessing a queen, we also reared queen — less ones, which enabled us to compare the behaviour of both. A sufficiently lucid explanation of the activity of the workers in relation to the queen has not been arrived at so far, further observations being required.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons décrit des nids d'élevage artificiels et les conditions d'élevage appropriées par lesquelles nous avons élevé des colonies deVespa orientalis. La méthode que nous avons utilisée rend possible des observations méthodiques de ce qui se passe dans la colonie, et en élevant un certain nombre de colonies, nous avons pu comparer des phénomènes différents, qui se retrouvent dans toute colonie. Au cours de nos observations, nous avons mis l'accent sur la structure sociale de la colonie pendant la saison d'activité. Nous avons décrit le comportement de la reine dans le nid, son activité, et les rapports existant entre la reine et les ouvrières. Nous avons réalisé des expériences diverses sur le transfert des reines de nid à nid, et élevé ainsi des colonies orphelines, afin de comparer le comportement de celles-ci avec les colonies en ayant une.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 383-388 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A control of females' numer in the colony is observed among the antSphærocrema striatula. This control tends instituting monogyny or haplometrosis (Wheeler). The experiment related in this publication shows how the workers eliminate the supernumerary females. It has not been possible clearing up the reasons of the workers' choice in the elimination or keeping of females.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben gezeigt, dass die Männchen der aktiven Stöcke sich selbst gut ernähren, während in den älteren Stöcken nur die Jungen dazu fähig sind. Die Erwachsenen dieser letzteren ernähren sich kaum oder gar nicht. Sie werden von den Arbeiterinnen nur ungern gefüttert. Dagegen scheinen sie, sehr fähig zu sein, von den Larven das wiedergekäute Futter zu verlangen. So lange der Stock aktiv bleibt und reichlich mit Futter versorgt wird, sind die Männchen anscheinend in der Lage, wie die andern Bewohner, sich ihr Futter an verschiedenen Stellen zu verschaffen. Wenn aber der Stock sich auflöst oder wenn die Gründerinnen erscheinen, lassen die Versorgerinnen sie in Stich zu güngten der anderen Arbeiterinnen, der Gründerinnen und deren Larven sich die Männchen vor allem vom wiedergekäuten Futter der Larven. Die Arbeiterinnen beteiligen sich wohl ein wenig an der Fütterung der Männchen, diese aber selbst soll vom Futteranteil der Brut genommen werden. Es scheint dann, dass die Männchen den Mechanismus der Trophallaxis, jene stereotypischen Handlungen, die bei den Arbeiterinnen zu Reflexen werden, nie vollkommen erwerben. Das sind Individuen, die dem Gesellschaftsleben des Stockes nicht angepasst sind, die nur wenige Beziehungen zu dem Arbeiterinnen haben und als Schmarotzer vom wiedergekäuten Futter der Larven leben. Wir haben übringens gezeigt, dass sie nicht in der Lage sind, die brut zu füttern, sogar wenn sie reichlich mit Futter versorgt werden oder wenn sie sich selbst ernähren (Tafel XI).
    Notes: Summary We have showed that the males of active nests fed properly by themselves, whereas in nests toward their completion only the young were capable of doing so. The adults of these last always have a poor or no nutrition. The worker-wasps feed them but with reticence. In compensation, they seem very apt to solicit the regurgitations of the larvæ. So long as the nest remains active and has the benefit of abundant food, the males are likely to draw their own food from various sources, as well as the other inhabitants. But, when the nest is in danger or the young queens appear, the purveyors desert them for the benefit of the other workers, of the queens and their larvæ, as we have in different circumstances showed (Montagner 1963). The principal source of feeding of the males is then essentially in the pursuit of the larval regurgitations. The workers do participate a little pursuit of the larval regurgitations. The workers do participate a little in their feeding, but this very food must be taken out of the portion of the brood. It seems then that the males never acquire to perfection the mechanism of trophallaxy, those stereotyped acts which become reflexes between the workers. These are individuals insufficiently adapted to the social life of the nest, having but few dealings with their workers and living as parasites on the regurgitations of the larvæ. Moreover, we have showed that they are not able to feed the larvæ, even when they are given abundant food and that they feed by themselves (Table XI).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 31-46 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Local differences of geomagnetic variations [1, 2] were investigated by three ambulant geomagnetic variographs afterFanselau [3]. The influence of the variometer needles on each other, the dependence of the scale-values on the position of the lightpoint and the changing of the scale-value with temperature and with the value of the vertical intensity are shown. The reduced scale-values have an uncertainty of not more than 0.6%. A higher accuracy is not to be expected for field measurements. The menagement and the adjustment of the stations in field are described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die lokalen Unterschiede der geomagnetischen zeitlichen Variationen [1, 2] wurden mit Hilfe von 3 Reiseregistrierstationen nachFanselau [3] untersucht. Hier werden die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Variometernadeln, Veränderung der Skalenwerte über die Breite des Registrierpapiers und die Abhängigkeit der Grösse des Skalenwertes von der Temperatur sowie von der Grösse der Vertikalintensität untersucht. Die reduzierten Skalenwerte besitzen im Mittel eine Unsicherheit von nicht mehr als 0,6%. Eine grössere Genauigkeit kann bei Feldmessungen nicht erwartet werden. Aufstellung und Justierung der Stationen im Felde werden beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 83-86 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The problem of roots' multiplicity in the method of expansion of the kernel function in theStefanescu integral into vulgar fractions is studied. This problem is discussed for the arbitrary substratum resistivity case. It is proved that the denominator of the kernel function in theStefanescu integral has no multiple roots.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 143-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinematics of magnetic field lines in a plasma can be studies by means of the mathematical methods used in the kinematics of vorticity. Starting withFaraday's law of induction for moving circuits the following results can be derived: a necessary and sufficient condition that the magnetic field lines remain material lines; a formula describing the convection and diffusion of the magnetic field lines in a plasma, which is analogous to the «basic vorticity formula» ofC. Truesdell; general theorems containing an arbitrary tensor field of any order, which are analogous to general vorticity theorems ofH. Ertel, especially a «commutation formula» corresponding to the «Euler-Ertel commutation formula» for circulation preserving motions. Given an isentropic ideal plasma it follows that $${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}}({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \eta }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \eta }\vec B \cdot grad s) = 0$$ (η denoting the density, $$\vec B$$ the magnetic induction,s the specific entropy, andd/dt the material time derivative).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kinematik der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma kann mit denselben mathematischen Hilfsmitteln studiert werden, welche sich in der Kinematik der Wirbel bewährt haben. Ausgehend vom Faradayschen Induktionsgesetz für bewegte Medien können gefolgert werden: eine notwenige und hinreichende bedingung dafür, dass die magnetischen Feldlinien mit materiellen Kurven zusammenfallen; ein Analogon zuC. Truesdells «basic vorticity formula», welches die Mitführung und Diffusion der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma beschreibt; Sätze zur Kinematik der Feldlinien, welche eine frei wählbare tensorielle Feldfunktion beliebiger Stufe enthalten und den vonH. Ertel formulierten «allgemeinen Wirbelsätzen» entsprechen, insbesondere Analoga zuErtels «Vertauschungsrelationen». In einem isentropen idealen Plasma ist das mit dem spezifischen Volumen multiplizierte Skalar-produkt aus der magnetischen Induktion und dem Gradienten der Entropiedichte zeitlich individuell konstant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 189-192 
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    Notes: Summary The definition of a ‘generator’ in atmospheric electricity is considered, and various phenomena are discussed as to whether they can be described as ‘generators’.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 213-220 
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    Notes: Summary We wish to learn whether annual precipitation over the Colorado watershed is determined by occurrence or non-occurrence of a few large storms; or by other controls such as variations in frequency of minor disturbances. It is found that there is a semi-constant ‘noise’ level of about six inches precipitation per year, composed of small rains. Occasional very large storms do contribute to rank order of annual precipitation over the available data sample which covers the period 1930–1960. However, most contribution to the rank order is derived from medium-sized storms yielding 0.3–1.2 inches of precipitation over the basin. Since storm yield depends mainly on duration rather than on precipitation intensity per day, a good correlation exists between annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation above a certain threshold.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 206-212 
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    Notes: Summary If needle-shaped ice crystals are grown in an atmosphere containing traces of nitrous gases, the amount of electrical charge generated when sharp crystal points break away, is between 10 and 50 times as high as in the case of crystals grown in absence of nitrous gases A definite relation has been found to exist between the NO 3 ′ ion concentration of the ice crytals and the amount of charge (average value 2.7×10−8, maximum value 13×10−8 coulombs per gram of ice splinters) generated upon fragmentation. The relation found is possibly of importance with respect to thunderstorm electricity generation.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Isotope exchanges (198Au) between the daugther-colonies ofFormica polyctena are strongly anisotropes, even when foragers activity between the different nests is almost the same. Some nests exchange easily the isotope (and glucides) with the colonies in close neighbourhood, some other do not; only a small fraction of the isotope is transferred, even in most favourable cases.
    Notes: Résumé Le transfert d'isotopes (198Au) entre les colonies filles deFormica polyctena, à partir d'une des colonies marquées, suit des voies préférentielles, malgré l'activité des butineuses plus ou moins également réparties entre les fourmilières. Certaines colonies procèdent à des échanges actifs de glucides et d'isotopes, d'autres ne reçoivent rien ou presque rien. Le transfert est limité d'ailleurs à une petite fraction de la quantité totale qui a été distribuée.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 105-129 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 159-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action spécifique de sexués de remplacement mâles et femelles sur la transformation de larves et de nymphes du premier stade a été étudiée chez le termiteKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.). En l'absence d'un sexué femelle, un seul sexué mâle n'a que peu ou pas de pouvoir inhibiteur sur la transformation des larves et nymphes mâles en sexués de remplacement. Cependant, ce pouvoir inhibiteur devient apparent si un deuxième sexué mâle est présent. En revanche, en l'absence d'un sexué mâle, un seul sexué femelle inhibe presque complètement la transformation des larves et nymphes femelles. Les sexués femelles produisent donc toujours une phéromone inhibitrice qui agit spécifiquement sur les larves du même sexe, tandis que les sexués mâles ne produisent une phéromone analogue qu'en présence d'une femelle fonctionnelle. Jusqu'à un certain degré, la femelle peut être remplacée dans cette action inductrice sur le mâle par un autre mâle fonctionnel. Un seul sexué mâle exerce en l'absence du sexué femelle un pouvoir stimulateur à l'égard de la transformation des larves et nymphes femelles en sexués de remplacement. Cette action est due à une phéromone qui a pu être mise en évidence dans des extraits de tête de sexués de remplacement. La production de cette phéromone stimulatrice semble être supprimée dès que le mâle produit la phéromone qui inhibe spécifiquement le développement des larves et des nymphes mâles. Bien que ces expériences aient été exécutées avec des sexués de remplacement, les résultats obtenus sont, selon toute probabilité, valables aussi pour les sexués primaires.
    Abstract: Summary The specific effect of male and female functional replacement reproductives upon the transformation of larvae and 1st stage nymphs into replacement reproductives has been studied inKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.). In the absence of functional females, a single male reproductive has no inhibitory effect, or only a very slight one, upon the transformation of male larvae and nymphs into replacement reproductives. Such an inhibitory action becomes evident, however, if a second male reproductive is present. A single reproductive female exerts, in the absence of a male reproductive, an almost complete inhibition on the transformation of female larvae and nymphs. Female reproductives thus always produce a sex-specific inhibitory pheromone, whilst male reproductives only produce a comparable pheromone when they are in the presence of a female reproductive. The female here can be replaced by another male reproductive, but the effect is not so pronounced. Single male reproductives have a stimulatory effect upon the transformation of female larvae and nymphs into replacement reproductives. This action is due to a pheromone which can be demonstrated in extracts of heads of replacement reproductives. The production of this stimulatory pheromone seems to be suppressed as soon as the male gives off the sex-specific inhibitory pheromone. Although all experiments have been performed with replacement reproductives, it is probable that the findings are also valid for primary reproductives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die spezifische Wirkung von männlichen und weiblichen funktionellen Ersatzgeschlechtstieren auf die Produktion von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren wurde bei der TermiteKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.) untersucht. In Kolonien von Larven und Nymphen des I. Stadiums hat ein männliches Geschlechtstier bei Abwesenheit des funktionellen Weibchens keine oder nur eine äusserst schwache Hemmwirkung auf die Entstehung männlicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere. Eine solche Hemmwirkung wird jedoch deutlich, wenn ein zweites männliches Geschlechtstier vorhanden ist. Einzelne weibliche Geschlechtstiere hemmen auch bei Abweseneit funktioneller Männchen die Entstehung weiblicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere sehr stark. Weibliche Geschlechtstiere geben also immer ein geschlechtsspezifisch wirkendes, hemmendes Pheromon ab, während die männlichen Geschlechtstiere ein entsprechendes Pheromon nur bei Anwesenheit des Geschlechtspartners abgeben, wobei dieser bis zu einem gewissen Grade durch ein gleichgeschlechtiges Geschlechtstier ersetzt werden kann. Ein einzelnes Männchen hat eine stimulierende Wirkung auf die Entstehung weiblicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere. Diese Wirkung ist auf ein Pheromon zurückzuführen, das in Kopfextrakten von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren nachweisbar ist. Die Produktion dieses stimulierenden Pheromons scheint eingestellt zu werden, sobald das Männchen das geschlechtsspezifische hemmende Pheromon abgibt. Obschon alle Versuche mit Ersatzgeschlechtstieren durchgeführt wurden, haben die Befunde wahrscheinlich auch für primäre Geschlechtstiere Gültigkeit.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 267-282 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 187-192 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des parasites mutillides ont été souvent trouvés dans une agglomération de nids deLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith) et ont été observés en train de combattre les abeilles, ce qui permet de souligner leur importance (et celle des parasites et des prédateurs en général) dans l'évolution de la garde du nid et qui confirme l'hypothèse deMichener, selon laquelle un des facteurs importants dans l'évolution du comportement social est la possibilité de défense par des gardes dans les nids contenant un nombre d'abeilles supérieur à un. Les agglomérations de nids peuvent avoir évolué de différentes manières, l'une étant le choix de sites dans les aires, qui se sont déjà révélées propices. Une telle sélection peut être attendue là où des différences subtiles dans le milieu sont décisives. Elle peut prendre la forme d'un retour aux sites de nidification des parents ou le choix de n'importe quelle autre agglomération. Il est probable que l'agglomération augmente le nombre des parasites et des prédateurs et, par le fait même, procure peut-être la pression sélective nécessaire pour la formation de colonies avec gardiennage du nid. De même, l'agglomération procure aussi la possibilité de formation de colonies en donnant aux femelles l'occasion d'entrer dans différents nids. Le plus grand succès apparent dans la défense du nid par les colonies de plus grande taille suggère qu'il s'agit d'un des facteurs responsables de l'évolution de la colonie vers une augmentation. Le comportement des abeilles durant la défense du nid et celui de leurs parasites est décrit.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die parasitische Mutillide,Pseudomethoca frigida (Smith), wurde mehrfach in den Kolonien vonLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith), beobachtet, als sie in Kämpfe mit diesen Bienen verwickelt war. Die einschlägigen Beobachtungen weisen auf die Wichtigkeit dieser, als auch anderer Parasiten und Räuber in der Evolution des Wächterwesens innerhalb der Bienen hin, indem sie Hypothese vonMichener unterstutzen, die besagt, dass einer der grundlegenden Faktoren fur die Entwicklung sozialen Verhaltens die Möglichkeit war ein Nest durch Wächter verteidigen zu können. Dies ist natürlich nur dann der Fall, wenn mehr als eine Biene im Nest vorhanden ist. Nisten im Verband, d. h. Nest-Ansammlung mögen sich auf verschiedenen Wegen entwickelt haben. Einer davon war die Selektion von Bienen, die immer bereits «erprobte» Nistplatze zum Nesten benützen. Eine derartige Selektion kann in solchen Fällen erwartet weredn, in denen geringfügige Unterschiede in den Umweltfaktoren für das Nisten entscheidend sind. Diese Selektion mag dann zur Rückehr zu den Geburtsplätzen oder zum Nesten in fremden Kolonierverbänden führen. Die Nester in Kolonierverbänden sind sicherlich Parasiten und Räubern erhöht ausgesetzt. Der entsprechende Selektiondruck mag dann nicht nur zur Formung von Kolonie mit einem organisierten Waechterwesen geführt haben, sondern auch die Möglichkeit mit eingeschlossen haben, dass die Bienenweibchen auch benachbarte Nester besuchen können. Der augenscheinlich grössere Erfolg in der Nestverteidigung im Falle von grösseren Kolonien weist darauf hin dass der erstere einer der Faktoren ist, die für die Evolution von grösseren Nestansammlungen ausschlaggebend sind. Das Verhalten der verteidigenden Bienen und das ihrer parasitischen Multilliden ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary and conclusions Mutillid parasites,Pseudomethoca frigida (Smith), were frequently found in a nest aggregation ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith), and were observed in combat with the bees, thereby indicating their importance (and that of parasites and predators in general) in the evolution of nest guarding and supporting Michener's hypothesis that one of the important factors in the evolution of social behavior was the opportunity for defense by guards in nests containing more than one bee. Nesting aggregations may have evolved in several ways, one being selection of bees nesting in areas already proven successful. Such selection might be expected where subtle environmental differences are critical, and may take the form of return to the parental nest sites or joining some other nest aggregation. Aggregation probably increases parasite and predator pressure, thus perhaps providing the necessary selective pressure for colony formation with nest guarding, as well as providing the potentiality for colony formation by allowing females to enter different nests. The seemingly greater success in nest defense by larger colonies suggests that this is one of of the factors responsible for the evolution of increased colony size. The behavior of the bees in nest defense and of their mutillid parasites is described.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 239-265 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Einzelbiene (Sammlerin) reagiert auf ein Absinken der Aussentemperatur mit einer Erhöhung ihres Sauerstoffverbrauchs. Der Energiewechsel ist umso höher je niedriger die Aussentemperatur. Die Steigerung der Wärmeproduktion steht mit dem Tages- und Nacht-rhythmus in Beziehung. In den beschriebenen Versuchsbedingungen wird die Reaktion nur am Tage beobachtet. Nachts vernält sich die Honigbiene wie ein Poikilotherm. Die Versuche wurden mit einem neuen Coulometrischen Messverfahren vorgenommen. Sie zeigen dass die Temperatur-regulation des Bienenstocks auf individuelle chemische Wärmeproduktionsmechanismen beruht. Das Vorhandensein anderer Bienen ist nicht notwendig um die Erhöhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs mit fallender Temperatur auszulösen.
    Notes: Résumé L'abeille isolée présente une réaction de thermogenèse lorsqu'elle est placée à une température inférieure à celle de la ruche (35° C). Cette réaction est d'autant plus importante que la température est plus basse. Elle a été mise en évidence en mesurant la consommation d'oxygène de l'abeille isolée pendant de longues durées (24 à 48 heures) à l'aide d'une technique coulométrique nouvelle. Cette réaction de thermogenèse est liée au cycle nycthéméral: dans nos conditions expérimentales, elle se manifeste le jour. La nuit, l'abeille isolée se comporte comme un poïkilotherme. Compte tenu des différences de poids et de température, le métabolisme énergétique de l'abeille placée à 35° C est du même ordre de grandeur que le métabolisme de base des homéothermes. La réaction de thermogenèse chimique chez l'abeille isolée montre que la thermorégulation de la ruche met en jeu des mécanismes individuels et que la présence d'autres abeilles n'est pas une condition indispensable dans le déclenchement de cette réaction.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 343-382 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A laying female ofPolistes does not react in the same manner to the different categories of eggs which she encounters in the nest. Particularly, she may exterminate systematically all those layed by other females (foreign eggs) while she respects her own. This difference of treatment occording the origine of egg defines the differential oophagy. In that paper, various internal and external factors which may be the start of that behaviour, are analysed. In the polygynous society, the differential oophagy becomes the privilege of the subject α. This specialization of a single wasp in the oophagy assure the homogeneity of the brood: as a general rule, all the progeny comes from the same mother.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine LegerinPolistes reagiert nicht auf die selbe Art bei den verschieden Kategorien die sie antrifft im Nest. Namentlich kommt es vor dass sie systematisch alle Eier vernichtet die sie von anderen Weibchen vorfindet (d. h. fremde Eier), während sie ihre Eigenen respektiert. Diese unterschiedliche Behandlung je nach herkommen des Eies bezeichnet mandifferentiale Oophagie In diesem Artikel versucht man die verschiedenen intern und extern Faktoren zu analysieren, sowie was das Benehmen ihres Ursprungs sind. Bei den Polygyne die differentiale Oophagie wird das Privilegium des Einzelwesens α. Diese Spezialization einer einzelnen Wespe der Oophagie sichert die Gleichartigkeit der Brut: in der Regel stammen alle Nachkommen von der selben Mutter.
    Notes: Résumé Une femelle pondeuse de Poliste ne réagit pas e la même façon envers les deverses catégories d'œufs qu'elle rencontre sur le nid. Notamment, il arrive qu'elle détruise systématiquement tous ceux qui proviennent d'autres femelles (œufs “étrangers”), alors qu'elle respecte les siene propres. Cette différence de traitement selon l'origine de l'œuf définit l'oophagie différentielle. On cherche à analyser, dans le présent article, divers facteurs, internes et externes, qui sont à l'origine de ce comportement. Dans la société polygyne, l'oophagie différentielle devient le privilège de l'individu α. Cette spécialisation d'une seule Guêpe dans l'oophagie assure l'homogénéité du couvain: en règle, toute la descendance provient de la même mère.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 317-341 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des chiffres indiquent les rapports numériques qui existent entre les stades adulte et larvaire chez de nombreuses colonies d'Hyménoptères sociaux. L'étude porte principalement sur des formes de sociétés primitives constituées par des colonies réduites à quelques individus et dont la caste ouvrière est inexistante ou peu différenciée. Il est montré que, dans une colonie, le nombre d'individus à l'état larvaire peut être un indice de la capacité, pour les femelles adultes (reines et ouvrières), à produire les sexués de la génération suivante. Les chiffres établissent donc un rapport entre la taille de la colonie (nombre de femelles adultes) et le pouvoir reproducteur. Il n'est pas étonnant que, chez toutes les espèces, le nombre d'individus à l'état larvaire s'élève avec le nombre de femelles dans la colonie. Lorsque l'on compte les individus à l'état de larves, on constate que le nombre de jeunes s'élève lentement par rapport à l'accroissement du nombre des femelles (ouvrières pour la plupart), c'est-à-dire que les courbes sont peu expressives si l'on utilise les mêmes unités de mesure pour les 2 axes x et y. Donc, à un accroissement relativement important du nombre des ouvrières, correspond un accroissement variable dans la production des sexués de la génération suivante. (Exception faite peut-être pourPseudagapostemon qui n'a pas de caste ouvirère). Lorsque, dans une série de colonies d'une espèce déterminée, on divise le nombre de larves par le nombre de femelles (reines et ouvrières) afin de déterminer les capacités nourricières des femelles dans chaque colonie, on constate que ces capacités sont d'autant plus grandes pour chaque femelle adulte que la colonie est plus petite; et que dans ces formes de sociétés primitives qui ne comprennent parfois que des individus solitaires, les femelles isolées sont celles qui ont la plus forte descendance par individu. Il est probablement courant que les interactions du comportement social provoquent une diminution des capacités lorsque la colonie s'accroît. Etant donné que le pouvoir reproductif par individu est plus élevé lorsque les femelles sont isolées que lorsqu'elles sont groupées, la sélection parmi les pondeuses de petits groupes sociaux primitifs, tôt dans la saison, lorsque l'activité ouvrière est nulle ou à son minimum, est sans doute une des raisons pour lesquelles la plupart des insectes sociaux forment des colonies à une seule reine. Cette sélection différentielle peut expliquer en partie que des colonies d'abeilles ne contiennent habituellement qu'une reine en dépit du fait que, au moins une certain nombre d'entre elles, proviennent génétiquement de groupes collectifs et non de familles subsociales. Les autres raisons auxquelles on peut attribuer la fréquence des colonies à une plutôt qu'à plusieurs reines, sont sans doute plus importantes: ce sont la facilité de s'établir pour une colonie à reine unique, la simplification des mécanismes de contrôle de caste lorsque le nombre des reines actives est limité à une, opposée aux complications qui surgissent à l'admission d'autres reines, d'autres raisons diverses, liées à la sélection et à la compétition entre les colonies sont suggérées dans le texte.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die zahlenmässigen Beziehungen zwischen den Imagines und den jugendlichen Stadien werden für zahlreiche Nestpopulationen von sozialen Hymenopteren aufgezeigt. Besonders berücksichtigt sind dabei primitiv soziale Formen, die kleine Nestpopulationen und keine oder eine nur schwach entwickelte Arbeiterinnenkaste besitzen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen in einem Nest als Index für die Fähigkeit der erwachsenen Weibchen (Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen) Geschlechtsformen der nächsten Generation zu erzeugen gewertet werden darf. Die Zahlen zeigen daher die Beziehungen zwischen der Grösse der Kolonie (Anzahl der erwachsenen Weibchen) und dem Fortpflanzungspotential. Es ist nicht überraschend, dass in allen Arten die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen mit der Anzahl der Weibchen in einer Kolonie steigt. Wenn die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen gegen die Anzahl der erwachsenen Weibchen aufgetragen wird, so zeigt sich, dass die Anzahl der Jungen mit wachsender Anzahl von Weibchen (zumeist Arbeiterinnen) langsam ansteigt, d. h. ziemlich falche Kurven werden erhalten. Eine verhältnismässig starke Erhöhung der Arbeiterinnenzahl ist mit einer erhöhten Produktion von Geschlechtstieren für die nächste Generation verbunden (Eine Ausnahme darf möglicherweise inPseudagapostemon gesehen werben, in der eine Arbeiterinnenkaste fehlt). Wenn die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen pro Nest durch die Anzahl von erwachsenen Weibchen (Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen) pro Nest geteilt wird um die Leistungsfahigkeit der Weibchen in der Produktion von Nachwuchs zu bestimmen, so stellt sich heraus, dass die Produktionsfähigkeit eines Weibschens um so grösser ist je kleiner die Kolonie ist. Es sind gerade die zeitweise einsamen Weibchen von primitiv sozialen Formen die die meiste Nachkommenschaft pro Weibchen produzieren. Soziale Wechselbeziehungen, die eine Verringerung jener Leistungsfähigkeit mit steigender Koloniegrösse hervorrufen, muss weit verbreitet sein. Da eine erhöhte Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit pro Weibchen eher in einsamen Weibchen erreicht wird als in solchen die in Gruppen leben, muss Selektion unter den Eierlegern in den zahlenmässig schwachen primitiv sozialen Nestverbanden und in den Frühjahrsstadien von anderen Nestpopulationen die dann keine oder wenige Arbeiterinnen haben, teilweise fur die Tatsache verantwortlich sein, dass die meisten sozialen Insekten nur eine Königin pro Volk besitzen. Eine solche differentielle Selektion mag zum Teil die Tatsache erklären, dass im typischen Fall Bienen nur eine Königin besitzen obwohl angenommen wird, dass sich zumindest einige der sozialen Bienen phylogenetisch eher von Aggregationen als von subsozialen Familienverbänden ableiten. Andere Gründe für die Häufigkeit von Arten mit nur einer Königin sind vielleicht ausschalaggebender; jene schliessen mit ein die relative Leichtigkeit der Koloniegründung durch nur ein Weibchen, die Einfachheit des Mechanismus fur die Regulierung der Kastenstärke durch nur ein Weibchen im Gegensatz zur Kompliziertheit im Falle von mehreren Königinnen, und verschiedene andere Gründe, die mit Selektion und Konkurrenz zwischen den Kolonien zu tun haben und im Text näher dargelegt sind.
    Notes: Summary Censuses showing the numerical relations between adults and immature stages are presented for numerous colonies of social Hymenoptera. Emphasis is placed on primatively social forms having colonies of very few individuals and lacking a worker caste or having such a caste only feebly differentiated. Evidence is presented for considering the number of immature individuals in a colony as an index of the ability of the adult females (queens and workers) of the colony to produce reproductives of the next generation. The censuses therefore relate colony size (number of adult females) to reproductive potentiality. It is not surprising that in all species the number of immature individuals rises with the number of females in the colony. When the immature stages are measured in numbers of individuals, it can be seen that the number of young rises slowly in relation to increases in number of females (mostly workers),i. e., the curves are rather flat if the same units of measurement are used for both x and y axes. Therefore a relatively large increase in worker number is associated with any increase in production of reproductives of the next generation. (A possible exception occurs inPseudagapostemon which lacks a worker caste.) When numbers of immature stages in a series of colonies of a species are divided by the number of females (queens and workers) in each colony to determine the efficiency of those females in rearing young, it is found that the efficiency per adult female is usually greater the smaller the colony, and that in those primitively social forms which sometimes live as lone individuals, it is these isolated females that produce the most progeny per female. Behavioral social interactions causing deminishing efficiency with increasing colony size must be common. Since higher reproductivity per female is attained by lone individuals rather than by those in groups, selection among egg-layers in small primitive social groups and in early season groups, when worker action is absent or minimal, may be partly responsible for the fact most social insects have colonies with only one queen. Such differential selection may partially explain the fact that colonies of bees typically contain only a single queen in spite of the belief that at least some of them arose phylogenetically through aggregations instead of through subsocial family groups. Other reasons for the frequency of colonies with one rather than many queens are probably more important and include the ease of establishment of a colony by a lone queen, the simplicity of caste controlling mechanisms if the number of functional queens is limited to one as contrasted to the complications if some additional queens are allowed, and various reasons related to selection and intracolonial competition as suggested in the text.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 47-52 
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    Notes: Summary A statistical model of the geomagnetic field is derived, based on the assumption of an axial geocentric dipole field of strengthH e at the equator perturbed by randomly directed components of constant magnitudeh. The model fits the dispersions found from an analysis of the 1945 field, and the ratioh/H e obtained for this field and from the palaeomagnetic data both average to about 0.4. The model predicts that during reversal of the dipole field, the field intensity falls to between 0.2 and 0.4 of the steady field intensity, and this agrees with estimates made from the palaeomagnetic observations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 66-82 
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    Notes: Summary Adopting thePizzetti-Somigliana method and using elliptic integrals we have obtained closed formulas for the space gravity field in which one of the equipotential surfaces is a triaxial ellipsoid. The same formulas are also obtained in first approximation of the equatorial flattening avoiding the use of the elliptic integrals. Using data from satellites and Earth gravity data the gravitational and geometric bulge of the Earth's equator are computed. On the basis of these results and on the basis of recent gravity data taken around the equator between the longitudes 50° to 100° E, 155° to 180° E, and 145° to 180° W, we question the advantage of using a triaxial gravity formula and a triaxial ellipsoid in geodesy. Closed formulas for the space field in which a biaxial ellipsoid is an equipotential surface are also derived in polar coordinates and its parameters are specialized to give the international gravity formula values on the international ellipsoid. The possibility to compute the Earth's dimensions from the present Earth gravity data is the discussed and the value ofMG=(3.98603×1020 cm3 sec−2) (M mass of the Earth,G gravitational constant) is computed. The agreement of this value with others computed from the mean distance Earth-Moon is discussed. The Legendre polinomials series expansion of the gravitational potential is also added. In this series the coefficients of the polinomials are closed formulas in terms of the flattening andMG.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of the analysis of the main geomagnetic field for the epoch 1945.0 in a series of spherical harmonics to the 15th degree are presented. The analysis is based on the world magnetic charts derived byVestine et al. The coefficients of the potential are calculated by least-squares approximation taking advantage of the orthogonality of the spherical harmonics over discrete ranges.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Ergebnisse einer Berechnung des geomagnetischen Potentials in Form einer Reihenentwicklung nach Kugelfunktionen bis zur 15. Ordnung auf Grund der magnetischen Weltkarten für die Epoche 1945,0 vonE. H. Vestine und andern vorgelegt. Bei der Ableitung des Potentialausdrucks nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate wurden die Orthogonalitätseigenschaften der Kugelflächenfunktionen vollständig ausgenutzt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 117-124 
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    Notes: Summary The surface displacements ofP andS V types of motion produced in an homogeneous isotropic elastic halfspace by line- and couple-sources moving after creation parallel to the free surface with arbitrary speeds are obtained approximately by the method of steepest descent.
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    Notes: Summary The isotopic dilution technique is used to determine the lithium content in three water samples and one solid sample extracted from four different localities in U.A.R. The results are as follows: $$\begin{gathered} Karoon Lake163.92 \pm 0.78 \mu g/litre, \hfill \\ Ein Helwan349.50 \pm 6.86 \mu g/litre, \hfill \\ Ein Kabritea302.74 \pm 4.56 \mu g/litre, \hfill \\ Vermeculite Mica100.46 \pm 3.26 p.pm. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 133-142 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The basic equations for the ionisation-neutralisation balance in theE layer have been shown the necessity to take in account the influence of the local ionisation sources on the disk of the sun, the dynamic ionospheric processes and the variations in the equivalent recombination coefficient. The method for determining the characteristic quantities of the ionisation-recombination balance (q 0m ,q d, α) has been exhibited for this purpose are used measurement data from two ionospheric stations located not far from each other, in the period of the solar eclips on 15 February, 1961. The quantity of the recombination coefficient lay between 0.63×10−7 sec−1 cm3 and 2.32×10−7 sec−1 cm3; the electron production under the action of the ionising radiation of the homogen disk showsq 0m ≈1700 sec−1 cm−3.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Grundgleichungen der Ionisations-Neutralisationsbilanz in derE-Schicht präzisiert und auf die Notwendigkeit der Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der lokalen ionisierenden Strahlungsquellen auf der Sonnenscheibe, der dynamischen ionosphärischen Vorgängen und der Veränderungen des äquivalenten Rekombinationskoeffizienten hingewiesen. Ferner wird eine Methodik zur Bestimmung der charakteristischen Grössen der Ionisations-Rekombinationsbilanz (q 0m ,q d, α) dargelegt. Zu dem Zweck werden die Messergebnisse aus der Periode der Sonnenfinsternis von zwei unweit voneinander gelegenen Ionosphärenstationen verwendet. Die Methodik wird auf die während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 15. Februar 1961 auf den Ionosphärenstationen in Sofia und Nesebar erhaltenen Ergebnisse angewandt. Für den Rekombinationskoeffizienten werden Werte zwischen 0,63·10−7 cm3sec−1 und 2,32·10−7 cm3sec−1 und für die Elektronenproduktion unter dem Einfluss der ionisierenden Strahlung von der homogenen Sonnenscheibeq 0m ≈1700 cm−3sec−1 erhalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 61-65 
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    Notes: Summary Evidence for flow structure within hexagonal columns of basalt has been sought, using measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. The observed magnetic grain alignment indicates that the flow was essentially uniform and horizontal across the hexagons which were sampled. The flow probably occurred during emplacement of the lava; there is no evidence of convection within the hexagons, either from the degree of grain alignment or its orientation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 103-116 
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    Notes: Summary Using the fromulae given byGutenberg andRichter, the writer has computed the magnitude and energy of 1804 earthquakes which occurred in Turkey during the period 1850–1960. For drawing the ‘Isenerget’, the formula σ=log10 S has been used in accordance with the definitions given byToperczer andTrapp, whereS=Σe i/F·p represents the energy in erg/m2 h corresponding to the surface element of 0.5° Lat. x 0.5° Long. Also the relationship between the seismicity and the tectonics of Turkey has been studied by drawing the maps of the epicenters, the focus-depths and the frequences of the earthquakes with various intensities.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 149-152 
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    Notes: Summary A pilot investigation was made of the downward flux of downwind momentum through the upper layers of the water, by measuring the covariance between the horizontal and vertical water velocity components. Power spectrum analysis showed the effect to be due largely to the surface waves present.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 167-180 
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    Notes: Summary The mean zonal and meridional wind components of the northern hemisphere at different pressure levels for the summer season June–August have been determined and the mean meridional mass circulation has been computed as a function of latitude. From the mass circulation the meridional flux of moisture is computed for the latitudinal belt 0°–45° N. Using the horizontal divergence of this flux the average difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration from the earth's surface is evaluated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 221-224 
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    Notes: Summary Using the highest global irradiance values (Sun plus sky) at noon derived from the records gathered during the years 1958 to 1963 at Genova, Monte Capellino and Sauze d'Oulx, it is demonstrated that the thermal energy which the Earth receives from the Sun is dependent from the Sun activity. Precisely, an increase of the thermal energy withR Z occurs up toR Z=160–170, whereas for greater values ofR Z the thermal energy received decreases with the increase ofR Z.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 142-154 
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    Notes: Summary This paper supplements and extends previous discussions of galaxies in the light of meteorological theory by including explicitly the effect of random motions in a star gas. The conservation integrals for momentum and kinetic energy are formulated and the kinetic energy is further partitioned into kinetic energy of the large scale flows and kinetic energy of the random star motions. The kinetic energy of the random star motions is analogous to the internal energy in an ordinary gas and is transformed into kinetic energy of the fluid flow according to a law which is a generalization of the first law of thermodynamics as applied to fluids. It is possible to make more detailed division of the kinds of energy and their laws of transformation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 155-171 
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    Notes: Summary We continue the theoretical investigation of geostrophically balanced motions of a star gas in a rotating galaxy. The method of small perturbations is employed to derive a quasi geostrophic vorticity equation suitable for solving initial value problems for ‘slow’ galactic eddying motions. The results derived for this simple theoretical model are then generalized to obtain approximate geostrophic forecast equations suitable for study of nonlinear galactic motions over a whole disk galaxy. A simple discussion of the stability of our approximate vorticity equation is presented. It is expected that in the absence of rapid gravitational instabilities, actual eddy motions observed in spiral galaxies will be at least approximately of the type of motion discussed in this paper. The Rossby adjustment problem is investigated in this context.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 53-60 
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    Notes: Summary In the present paper,Maxwell's electromagnetic equations together with the equation of motion of two types of viscoelastic solids have been used to deal with the propagation of magneto-thermoviscoelastic plane waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 87-95 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A contribution to a convenient numerical calculation of the field of a point source of current situated on the earth's surface above an inclined plane is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das allgemeine Zweischichtenproblem in der Geoelektrik neu bearbeitet, und im besonderen werden zwei umfassende Folgen von Spezialfällen einer numerischen Behandlung zugänglich gemacht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 96-102 
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    Notes: Summary The present contribution contains a brief review of palaeomagnetic investigation carried out in Czechoslovak hydrothermal deposits. So far polar wandering has been considered on the basis of palaeomagnetism of lavas and red sediments; to first approximation it agrees with palaeoclimatic data. Since the products of hydrothermal mineralizations have displayed a high stability of the magnetic parameters used in palaeomagnetism, the treatment of a greater amount of statistical material yielded data for deriving the polar wandering path during geological history. By analyzing the curve obtained it is possible to derive some geochronological conclusions concerning the age of the ore-yielding processes in the principal Czechoslovak metallogenic areas. In this way a new dating technique for products of hydrothermal mineralizations is presented based on the study of palaeomagnetic properties. At the same time, these new results are consistent with the geophysical interpretation of the polar wandering curve for Europe.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 153-160 
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    Notes: Summary A possible formal approach to a closed steady-state theory of the mean axially-symmetric variables is outlined. The approach involves alternating iterative solutions of the energy and momentum equations. In these equations the effects of transient eddy phenomena of all frequencies are assumed to be parameterized in terms of the mean symmetric variables.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 161-166 
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    Notes: Summary The possible modes of vertical transport of angular momentum in the atmosphere are considered. Momentum balance calculations for both hemispheres show the possibility of countergradient transport by vertical eddies in the region of the mid-latitude jet. As a consequence, it is pointed out that the transport of momentum downward from the region of maximum westerlies would have to be accomplished by the mean meridional motions, through the action of “Coriolis torques’. The same mechanism may account for a large part of the upward transport in the tropics. The very approximate nature of the calculations must, however, be borne clearly in mind.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 181-188 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Juli 1963 wurde die Konzentration von Kondensationskernen entlang des Little Whiteface Mt. zwischen 1200 und 3670 Fuss ü. d. M. gemessen. Im Mittel nimmt die Konzentration mit der Höhe exponentiell ab und zeigt eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Windrichtung. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss der lokalen Verunreinigung durch einen Autopark und eine Heizanlage eines grösseren Restaurants auf die Kernzahl studiert. Man fand, dass in einer Entfernung von ungefähr 350 m, selbst in der vorherrschenden Windrichtung, die Verunreiningung durch diese Quellen vernachlässigbar ist.
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of condensation nuclei were measured on the slopes of the Little Whiteface Mt. between 1200 and 3670 feet altitude in July 1963. On the average the concentration decreases exponentially with altitude and shows a strong dependence on wind direction. In addition, the influence of local contamination from a car park and a large domestic heating furnace on nuclei counts was studied and it was found that even downwind at a distance of about 1000 feet (or 350 m) the contamination by these sources is negligible.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 5-22 
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    Notes: Summary Local variations in the geomagnetic field, which are produced by stress changes in crustal rocks, are calculable from the stress patterns and the piezomagnetic properties of the rocks down to the Curie point isotherm. Release of stress during movement along a section of a transcurrent fault at an angle ϕ, measured clockwise with respect to the direction of magnetization of the rocks, produces a change in field similar to that which would be produced by the addition of a buried dipole of orientation (2ϕ±π/2), the alternative signs applying to right- and left-lateral faults. Computed seismomagnetic anomalies of horizontal, vertical and total field are plotted for different fault orientations in simple geological environments. Time-dependent magnetic anomalies with magnitudes of the order 10 gammas may commonly accompany the build-up of stress before an earthquake and provide a pre-indication of it.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 193-205 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus 138 Stationen auf dem Meridian 10°E (±10°) zwischen −47° und +70° Breite, die während der IGJ-Periode die Globalstrahlung beobachtet haben, wurden mittlere Monats-und Jahressummen der Globalstrahlung für 12 verschiedene Breiten auf diesem Meridian berechnet. Diese Summen wurden mit den theoretischen Werten vonBudyko, Black, undBernhardt undPhilipps verglichen. Die gemessenen Summen weichen meist um höchstens 10% von den theoretischen Werten ab. Die Werte vonBudyko kommen den gemessenen am nächsten, die vonBlack zeigen die grössten Abweichungen. Für die Zone zwischen 0° und 47° südlicher Breite liegen die gemessenen Werte jedoch durchwegs um 8 bis 20% über den theoretischen. Im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf traten folgende bemerkenswerte Abweichungen gegen die theoretischen Werte auf: Nördlich 50° Breite erhielten die Monate Oktober, November und Januar nur etwa 80% der theoretischen Strahlungssummen, in den anderen Monaten stimmten die Summen innerhalb 10% mit den theoretischen Werten überein, der März erhielt etwa 20% “übernormale” Globalstrahlung. Zwischen 30° und 50° nördlicher Breite lagen die gemessenen Werte besonders im Herbst, Winter und Frühling 10 bis 20% unter den theoretischen. Die Abweichungen können nicht allein der Bewölkung in dieser Zone zugeschrieben werden. Südlich des Äquators wiesen die Monate Oktober bis Mai (Südsommer!) bis zu 25% zu hohe Strahlungssummen auf. Die zum Vergleich herangezogenen Karten vonAshbel ergeben ähnliche Abweichungen gegen die theoretischen Werte, wenn auch einige Unterschiede gegen die hier veröffentlichten Summen auftreten. Ein komplexer Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Abweichungen und der grossräumigen Zirkulation im IGJ scheint zu bestehen. Auch die wenigen Trübungsmessungen (nur mitteleuropäische Stationen) können im gleichen Sinne gedeutet werden. Inwieweit die beobachteten Abweichungen der Strahlung von den theoretischen Werten auf den im Mittel abweichenden Witterungsverhältnissen der IGJ-Periode beruhen oder auf Unstimmigkeiten der theoretischen Werte, lässt sich aus dem vorliegenden Material noch nicht definitiv entscheiden.
    Notes: Summary The observational material of 138 stations, which had during the July 1957 to December 1958 IGY period made obervations of global radiation along the longitude 10°E (±10°) between the latitudes 47°S and 70°N, had been evaluated to obtain mean monthly and annual totals of global radiation for 12 different latitudes along thea/n-meridian. The sums are compared with theoretical results obtained byBudyko, Black, andBernhardt andPhilipps. These theoretically computed values are drawn graphically or numerically from charts or tables of thea/n-authors for the coordinates corresponding to the means of the relevant IGY stations. In hardly a case the measured annual totals deviate by more than 10% from theoretical values. In hardly a case the measured annual totals deviate by more than 10% from theoretical values. TheBudyko data are the nearest approximation to the measured ones;Black's computation shows the greatest deviation. In the 0 to 47° S zone theoretical values are actually exceeded by to 20%. The annual variation is marked by the following deviations as compared to the theoretical results: In the region north to 50° latitude in October, November and January only 80% of the theoretically computed amount of radiation was observed, while in the remaining months the monthly totals are within a ±10% boundary of the theoretical values; in March about 20% ‘above normal’ global radiation was observed. Between 30° and 50°N the measured data in autumn, winter and spring 10 to 20% below the theoretical values, in the remaining time of the year the deviation is less than ±10%. A comparison with cloud conditions (relative sunshine duration) suggests that deviations cannot be interpreted merely by deviating cloud conditions of this zone. Between 0° and 30°N only January and February are 10% below theoretical values, while in August to October the totals were 10 to 15% above. South of the equator from October to May (southern summer) the radiation totals were too high by up to 25%, while in the remaining time of the year the data were about 10% below theoretical values; it should be noted that deviation increases with increasing southern latitude. For comparison theAshbel IGY global radiation charts were used which indicate similar deviations from theoretical values; there are also some differences to microcard values. There is reason to suggest that there is a complex relation between the observed deviations and variation of the large-scale circulation during IGY. The results of the small number of available turbidity measurements (Central European area only) can be interpreted in the same way. To what extent the observed deviations from theoretical values are due to weather conditions deviating during the IGY period from normal or originate from inconsistencies in the theoretical consideration cannot definition be said until inspection of the complete IGY cloud and turbidity data and the availability of the climatological material which served for the theoretical work. The latter was only the case in theBernhardt andPhilipps paper.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 49-62 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found that when seismic energy propagates along the surface of the homogeneous crust beside usual Rayleigh waves, it produces certain instability in layers through which it propagates. In the light of this instability, a type of motion corresponding to longitudinal wave will be prominent in horizontal component compared to the vertical component; while transverse wave will be prominent in the vertical component but weak in the horizontal component, a contradiction with the existing knowledge. This has been identified withP F phase. On taking the medium of propagation as slightly heterogeneous which allows existence of low velocity layer, a few larger number of such instabilities have been found. Velocity equation for Rayleigh waves for such media reveals existence of different velocities corresponding to vertical and horizontal components. Table for these velocities has been furnished.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 63-112 
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    Notes: Summary Section 1 (and 11) develops the concepts of the front velocity, the front gradient, the travel time in space and on seismometric profiles, the profile velocity and the profile gradient in connection with the propagation of the fronts of elastic waves in solid isotropic and anisotropic media. The sectional velocity and the sectional gradient are defined in terms of the motion of the curve of intersection of a front with a fixed surface. Section 2 (and 12) relates the coefficients of elasticity of the medium, the front types, and their respective rays. In section 12, the theory of fronts of arbitrary shape and of the corresponding rays for any anisotropic, homogeneous or inhomogeneous solid medium is summarized. In section 3 (and 13), the law of reflection and refraction of fronts on surfaces of discontinuity of arbitrary shape is presented. Sections 4 to 6 (and 14 to 16) treat some elementary applications of seismic travel time methods to homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic media (=transverse isotropy) in greater detail. In section 4 (and 14), the travel time of a direct front generated by a point source is considered and it is shown how the coefficients of elasticity of the medium can be found based on travel time measurements. The seismic prospection of a plane reflector and of a reflecting boundary of arbitrary shape and position are discussed in section 5 (and 15). In section 6 (and 16), the seismic refraction method is used to locate a plane boundary between a homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic and a homogeneous isotropic medium, where the boundary is perpendicular or at an arbitrary angle to the direction of anisotropy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 129-137 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Expanding the phase function and the solution of the equation of transfer for large depths of a hydrosol in a series of Legendre's polynomials, it is shown, that the coefficients of the solution can be evaluated by a recurrent relation. Furthermore an approximative equation for the reflectance function (i.e. the ratio upward to downward illumination) is deduced, which is valid for large depths of a low scattering medium and only depends on the coefficients of the Legendre's series of the phase function.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter der Annahme, dass die Koeffizienten der Entwicklung der Streufunktion nach Legendreschen Polynomen bekannt sind, wird die für grosse Tiefen eines trügen Mediums gültige Strahlungsintegralgleichung gelöst, indem die Lösung ebenfalls nach Legendreschen Polynomen entwickelt wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Koeffizienten dieser Entwicklung sich rekurrent berechnen lassen. Für das relative Unterlicht wird eine bei geringem Streuanteil gültige Näherungsgleichung abgeleitet, die nur die Koeffizienten der Entwicklung der Streufunktion nach Legendreschen Polynomen enthält.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 145-156 
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    Notes: Summary Two approaches are used to describe and distinguish between those regions of the atmosphere which most closely resemble heat engines and those which operate like refrigerators. Estimates of the conversion from eddy potential energy to mean zonal potential energy are presented as a function of height, latitude and season; the region of forced motion (or refrigerator) in the lower stratosphere appears to be closely related to the maximum westerly winds of the upper troposphere. A preliminary attempt is made to relate some values of mass transport derived from the observations of trace substances to the energy conversions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 204-207 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The second and the third part of the installation of the equipment for measuring the CO2 content in the atmospheric air has been accomplished. It is now possible to make continuous local air analysis, and of samples collected in pipettes. The procedure is described and a few results reported. The measurement accuracy lies to within ±0.3 ppm.
    Abstract: Riassunto Sono state completate la seconda e la terza parte dell'apparecchiatura per la misura del CO2 atmosferico. Esse permettono l'analisi continua dell'aria locale e l'analisi di campioni raccolti in pipette; di queste si riporta un esempio. La precisione della misura è di ±0.3 ppm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die im vorläufigen Bericht beschriebene Anlage für die Analyse von atmosphärischem CO2-Gehalt wurde vervollständigt. Es können nunmehr kontinuierliche Analysen sowie Einzelanalysen mit Gaspipetten ausgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsweise wird beschrieben und einige Resultate werden mitgeteilt. Es kann mit einer Messgenauigkeit von ±0.3 ppm gerechnet werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 208-220 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A general method for obtain the particle size distribution curve of the dispersed system is developed according to data of its spectral transparency, based onMellin's transformation. The method does not contain any arbitrary suppositions about spectrum character of particles. A simple calculation scheme is supposed, examples of inversion are given, the range of spectrum and the accuracy of transparency measurements necessary to obtain the inversion with a given accuracy are estimated. The calculation scheme is appropriate for every kind of errors of measurement and calculation and contains moderate requirements to their accuracy.
    Notes: РезУме Разработан обЩий метод определения кривой распределения частиц дисперсной системы по размерам, исходя из данных о её спектральной прозрачности, основанный на преобразовании Меллина. Метод не содержит никаких произвольных предложений о характере спектра частиц и даёт ответ в общем виде. Предложена простая расчётная схема, приведены примеры обращения, оценена область спектра и точность измерений прозрачности, необходимые для получения обращения с заданной точностью. Существенно, что расчётная схема устойчива по отношению к ошибкам измерения и расчетов, и содержит умеренные требования к их точности.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 5-9 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Abplattung des die Erdoberfläche approximierenden Niveauellipsoids ergibt sich wie die Abplattung des Brunsschen Niveausphäroids in erster Näherung als arithmetisches Mittel aus der entsprechend definierten Schwereabplattung und Schweregradientabplattung.
    Notes: Summary The ellipticity of the niveauellipsoid of the earth is in first approximation analog to the ellipticity of Bruns niveauspheroid the arithmetical mean of gravityellipticity and gravity-gradientellipticity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 38-44 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit diskutiert die Möglichkeit, bestimmte (“isallele”) Spannungslinien, die sich auf den Kompressionswinkel γ beziehen, zur geophysikalischen Prospektion heranzuziehen. Es wird gezeigt, dass gewisse Inhomogeneitäten in der Erde Spannungsanomalien hervorrufen. Umgekehrt wird auch gezeigt, dass Spannungsanomalien auf gewisse Inhomogeneitäten in der Erde schliessen lassen können, was zur Prospektion gebraucht werden kann. Als Beispiel werden die Anomalien, die durch eine einfache Inhomogeneität hervorgerufen werden, rechnerisch diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary This paper discusses the possibility of using readily available isallo stress lines referring to the compressional angle γ, as an exploration tool. It is shown that inhomogeneities in the Earth will produce anomalies in the isallo stress lines. Conversely, stress anomalies can be interpreted in terms of inhomogeneities in the Earth. The stress anomalies produced by a simple inhomogeneity are discussed which serves to illustrate the idea.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 27-32 
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    Notes: Summary In the present note, an attempt has been made to investigate the wave-motions in a poro-viscoelastic medium traversed by a static magnetic field, by using the equations ofMaxwell, and those ofBiot.
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