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  • Chemistry  (63,840)
  • 1980-1984  (33,715)
  • 1960-1964  (20,531)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Maximum stable droplet size in nonuniform dispersoids may be ignored or treated as a statistical-limiting parameter or as a physically significant quantity. In this paper the author shows that treatment as a physically significant quantity is always permissible and in most cases advantageous. It is found that maximum stable droplet size as well as a mean droplet size can be calculated in some cases from theory and in other cases from correlated experimental data; this is illustrated with examples involving sprays and emulsions.
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 9-23 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the evaporation from single drops containing solids. By means of a specially designed sensitive balance, drops were suspended over a hot-air stream and their drying behavior was observed. Weight changes were measured during evaporation. Experimental data are presented on the time of appearance of the first solid phase and the formation of a solid crust for a wide range of drying conditions and materials. A theory is advanced for predicting the formation of a solid phase in drying a droplet containing a dissolved solid. This theory shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. A tentative proposal for the application of the results to spray-dryer performance is suggested.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 364-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical equations describing the kinetic behavior of ion exchange processes have been solved analytically for systems having linear equilibrium relationships of the type q* = K1 + K2C*. The concentration ratios of the effluent to the influent solution for these cases are found to depend on parameters involving time, position, and relative resistances of the liquid and resin phases. Numerical results have been obtained and are presented in tabular and graphical forms. Furthermore expressions for the constant pattern breakthrough curve for two special cases have also been worked out.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 390-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work presents initial information useful to concurrent gas-absorption design. Data are reported on the variation of pressure drop and liquid holdup obtained with various flow rates, packings, and liquids.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 168-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In 1954 Becker found that the components of a gas mixture could be separated by allowing a jet of the gas mixture to expand in a low-pressure chamber. The heavier molecules would concentrate near the center of the jet and the lighter ones near the edge. Thus the jet could be split into two streams, one containing more of the heavy component and one containing more of the light component. In this paper it will be shown that this effect can be predicted from the kinetic theory of gases and that the predicted magnitude of the effect agrees favorably with the experimental data of Becker.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 174-175 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 3M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 5M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
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  • 14
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 176 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8 1/2 by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost as follows: “Adsorption, Dialysis, and Ion Exchange,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers; “Nuclear Engineering Part VI,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 25 West 45 Street, New York 36, New York.The A. I. Ch. E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes.
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 177-177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 505-509 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In stirred beakers the interfacial area between xylene containing a scintillator and tritiated water was measured as a function of stirrer speed by a scintillation counting technique. Because of the 6 μ average range of the tritium betas the rate at which flashes are detected by a phototube is a function of the interfacial area. A calibration curve of count rate against known interfacial area for unstirred phases in containers of various diameters gave a numerical estimate of the interfacial area for ten configurations.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accurate solutions to the Graetz equation and to the similar equation for flow between two parallel plates are presented including the first ten or eleven eigenvalues and important derivatives. The first six eigenfunctions are also presented at intervals of 0.05 from y = 0 to y = 1.
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 606-611 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation has been made of transient heat transfer and water removal on an unfelted cylinder dryer. This investigation has included the development of a theory for describing conduction of heat in the drying material and an experimental testing of the adequacy of the theory.The theory describes the heat transfer and evaporation of water in terms of a second-order partial-differential equation and appropriate boundary conditions. Numerical solutions obtained on a digital computer are presented.The experimental work, performed on a specially constructed laboratory dryer, included measurements of temperatures at internal points in a drying sheet and also measurements of water removed during drying.Good agreement was found between theory and experiment, and the usefulness of the theory is demonstrated in the analysis of water removal in some drying experiments.Although the work was primarily concerned with a description of the paper drying process, the methods should apply equally well to the drying of other materials on heated cylinders.
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  • 21
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of defining an average diffusion coefficient of a gas arises in the application of the film resistance model for mass transfer to systems involving multicomponent mixtures of simultaneously diffusing gases and in the application of mass, momentum, and heat transfer analogies in such systems. It is shown that, in some cases, integration of the diffusion equation with an average value of the diffusion coefficient will not be valid. An approximate solution of the diffusion equation is obtained with the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient taken into account. Some numerical examples are constructed for comparison of this method and several methods for defining an average diffusion coefficient with an exact solution of the Stefan-Maxwell relations.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phase-equilibria data of the propane-hydrogen sulfide system has been previously investigated from 32°F. to the critical locus. Since this represents about one-half of the phase data, the primary purposes of the present study were to complete the data to the solid-liquid-vapor region which starts about  - 125°F. and to verify the results of other investigators at the higher temperatures.Five mixtures of propane-hydrogen sulfide were studied, ranging from 8.6 to 78.3% propane, with the dew- and bubble-point method. A temperature-composition diagram for six isobars from 400 to 20 lb./sq. in. abs. presents most of the essential data. Vaporization equilibrium constants are tabulated together with the x-y data for these isobars. The data of Kay and Rambosek (3) and Steckel (4) were verified to within 2% except near the vicinity of the azeotrope.A new method was used to fix the temperature of the azeotrope for two of the five mixtures and a sixth mixture. The determination of the azeotropic temperatures was made by a graphical method in which the differences between the dew- and the bubble-point pressures for each mixture were plotted against the temperature. The minimum value of the curve corresponds to the temperature of the azeotrope. The application of this method to the data of Kay and Rambosek (3) gave results which were in agreement with this study, while the original results by these authors as determined by an indirect method were in poor agreement.A measure of the reliability of the composition, temperature, and pressure data of the solid-liquid-vapor region was indicated when checks within 5% were found with Dalton's law of partial pressures.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with boundary-layer flow on continuous solid surfaces. Flow of this type represents a new class of boundary-layer problems, with solutions substantially different from those for boundary-layer flow on surfaces of finite length. In this paper the boundary-layer behavior on continuous surfaces is examined, and the basic differential and integral momentum equations of boundary-layer theory are derived for such surfaces. In subsequent papers these equations will be solved for the boundary layer on a moving continuous flat surface and a moving continuous cylindrical surface, for both laminar and turbulent flow in the boundary layer.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients were determined at low Reynolds numbers for cylinders (0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 1.0) and flat plates (0.05 ≤ Re ≤ 2.0) moving through a viscous medium. The drag coefficient was calculated from the force required to move the immersed body through the fluid, and preliminary work on spheres was used to calibrate the apparatus. For all bodies studied the drag coefficient was inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. The data were analyzed by a least-squares method to obtain the relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number.The diameter of the tank containing the viscous fluid had a very definite effect upon the drag coefficient of the various cylinders and flat plates studied. In the range of DT/D (tank diameter/cylinder diameter) studied the relationships recommended by White involving the wall effect and the end correction agree with experimental data for values of L/D (cylinder length/cylinder diameter) greater than 16. At L/D ratios less than this drag coefficients are lower than those predicted by White's equations, and the experimental curves are recommended for these ratios.For flat plates in perpendicular flow no effect of the W/L (plate width/plate length) was detected in the range studied. The tank diameter however had a considerable effect, and a curve is proposed to predict drag coefficients for flat plates in perpendicular flow in the range of experimental conditions studied.
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principles involved in designing a process for the production of fixed nitrogen by the direct use of fission fragment recoil energy are reviewed. The problems concerned with the radiation chemistry, development of fuel element, reactor design, and chemical process design are pointed out. Possible solutions to these problems incorporated in a complete plant design are presented. An economic evaluation, comparing the chemonuclear process with other conventional processes, is made. The conclusion is reached that at the present state of knowledge there does not seem to be any clear-cut advantage over conventional processes, even based on a nuclear economy. However moderate research efforts should continue for further evaluation of this process.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 336-337 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified Edwards density balance was used to measure compressibility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at pressures under 2.0 atm. and over a temperature range of -30° to 75°C. Second virial coefficients were calculated for the temperatures covered in this investigation and compared with data presented in the literature for both gases. The compressibility data are estimated to be accurate within ±0.10% of the actual compressibility factor.
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 346-347 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of mass transfer resistance in reducing the effectiveness of porous catalysts has been known since the publication of Thiele's classical paper in 1939. The variation in temperature caused by resistance to heat transfer may bring about equally significant changes in effectiveness in some cases. An extension of Thiele's treatment to take exact account of heat transfer resistance leads to a set of nonlinear differential equations that can only be solved numerically.This paper presents an approximate treatment of the simulataneous effects of resistances to mass and heat transfer. With the limitations imposed by linearizing the equations the formulas derived give the activity and selectivity for any combination of reactions. The use of the results is illustrated by three examples. It is shown that the principal effects are associated with the variation of concentration within the pellet of catalyst and with the difference in temperature between the surface of the pellet and the bulk fluid.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 343-345 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The P-V-T-x properties of binary gas mixtures and their dependence on reduced temperature and pressure have been reviewed in detail.A modified form of Kay's original method for estimating P-V-T-x properties of mixtures is suggested for purposes of engineering calculations.
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the equations expressing mass and energy transfer in the solid and void regions of a catalyst of micropores, conversion and temperature profiles are evaluated as a function of the properties of the particle and the reaction system. The method developed is illustrated with numerical calculations for a first-order, irreversible reaction. Microeffectiveness factors Ec are derived from these profiles for several distribution functions for the size (radius) of the micropores.The results indicate that the nature of the pore-size distribution cannot affect Ec more than about 10%. However effectiveness factors greater than unity are possible for exothermic reactions with high heats of reaction and particles of reasonable size.To treat pelletted catalysts, equations are also developed for determining conversion and temperature profiles in pellets formed by compressing the microporous particles These results are interpreted in terms of macroeffectiveness factors Es, with values of Ec applicable at various positions in the pellet. To illustrate the method of solution numerical values of Es are determined for a limited range of parameters. The results indicate that in pelletted catalysts large temperature gradients may exist. For an exothermic reaction this can lead to a significant increase in macroeffectiveness factor.
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 469-472 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Air-carbon tetrachloride gas streams were dehumidified with cold liquid carbon tetrachloride in a short 4.0-in. diameter column packed with 0.5-in. Raschig rings in an attempt to explain reported unsuccessful attempts to correlate dehumidification data obtained at high solute concentration.The data were in satisfactory agreement with a previously presented correlation if the Schmidt number was evaluated at average film conditions and interfacial conditions were employed with regorous calculation methods to evaluate the mass transfer coefficients.
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 473-481 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient response of a gas phase as it flows through an irrigated packed column can be interpreted as a distribution of time spent by the elements of gas as they flow through the bed.A step function in helium concentration was introduced in the entering air stream of a column packed with Raschig rings, and the outlet concentration was recorded with time. Water was used as the liquid phase. Size of Raschig rings, depth of bed, water and gas flow rates were the main variables investigated.The response curve for the gas reveals an increasing departure from uniform flow of the gas stream as liquid and gas rates are increased to flooding. The first and second moments of the time distribution give directly the porosity and the axial dispersion of the gas. These quantities have been found to be mainly dependent on liquid flow rates. The skewness which characterizes the weight that the various gas elements have on the dispersion about the average residence time has been found to give a convenient measurement of the uniformity of gas flow through the bed.
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental heat transfer studies were carried out in beds of unconsolidated glass beads and sand through which fluids were flowing. The scope of the measurements included four fluids, helium, air, carbon dioxide, and water liquid at atmospheric pressure in beds packed with four sizes of glass beads, 110, 370, 570, and 1,020 μ and with two sizes of sand, 110 and 240 μ. Flow rates ranged form 1 to 26 lb./(hr. sq.ft.) in a direction parallel and countercurrent to energy flow.The data were interpreted in terms of apparent, effective thermal conductivities of the bed. The values of ke increase significantly with mass velocity of fluid.By considering the mechanism of heat transfer in porous media a relationship was developed between ke and the heat transfer coefficient between fluid and particle. Treatment of the experimental data in this fashion, combined with available information for larger particles, results in a correlation of Nusselt and Reynolds numbers for air that covers the range NRem = 10-1 to 104.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 38-41 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of superposed free and forced convection for air in a horizontal tube is reported. The laminar Nusselt number, based on the log mean temperature difference, ranged from 29.9 to 15.2; the laminar flow Graetz number, based on the bulk or average temperature of the air, ranged from 33 to 1,300, the Grashof-Prandtl modulus based on properties of air at the wall temperature ranged from 1.1 × 106 to 2.2 × 106. The Grashof number utilized the log mean temperature difference. An analysis of the system from a macroscopic viewpoint led to the determination of an equation which fits the laminar flow experimental data in the range of Graetz numbers from 60 to 1,300. An equation was also found for the turbulent data.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 41-45 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years there have been quite a few experimental studies on turbulent flow in annuli. In this paper a Prandtl mixing-length approach is applied to give a friction factor vs. Reynolds number expression for annuli [see Equation (22) and Table 1]; this expression describes tube flow and slit flow as special cases. No new adjustable constants appear in the final result other than those determined earlier for tube flow. The final expression is found to predict friction factors within the accuracy of the existing experimental data. The mixing-length friction-factor expression is thus substantially more accurate than the usual hydraulic-radius procedure and of comparable accuracy to other recent annulus friction-factor treatments.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 46-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous publication it has been shown that for the case of liquid droplets moving through a second quiescent liquid the holdup vs. slip-velocity ratio could be predicted on the basis of analogous rigid sphere fluidization data. The present paper extends these results to cover the countercurrent flow of both liquid phases. As long as the system is operated below the flooding point, the behavior of the spray column can be predicted from the corresponding solids fluidized data.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 48-52 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients have been measured for air flowing through a bed of naphthalene pellets. Results were obtained for ⅜-in. spheres and for ½, ⅜, and ¼-in. cylinders in a bed 4 in. in diameter and packed to heights varying from 5 to 10 in. Radial concentration profiles were obtained for some conditions, from which the radial variation of the mass transfer coefficient was determined. The point-values of kg follow an equation of the form kg = a Gb. From mixed outlet concentrations, values of kgav and jd, corrected for the effect of axial diffusion, have been obtained for all the pellet sizes as functions of mass velocity and Reynolds number, respectively.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous velocity distribution is derived which is based on an arbitrary modification of Prandtl's mixing length expression. The resulting velocity distribution agrees well with experiments for transition and fully developed turbulent flow throughout the entire cross section of the conduit. Furthermore the mixing length expression applies to parallel flow in smooth circular tubes and between infinite parallel plates with the same set of constants.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 437-441 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution for the problem of incompressible laminar boundary-layer flow and heat transfer with variable viscosity is presented. Because of the variation of viscosity with temperature the velocity and temperature fields interact mutually. This necessitates the simultaneous solution of the momentum and energy equations. The analysis is carried out for the case where heating begins at the leading edge of the plate. The results show the effect of the important variable property parameters on the friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient. These parameters are seen to be the temperature difference between wall and free stream, the viscosity temperature variation law, and the Prandtl number at the wall. The results are applicable to liquids.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 431-437 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transport characteristics of suspensions of particles with near-colloidal dimensions have previously been shown to be related to the non-Newtonian laminar-flow properties of the suspension. However the laminar-flow properties were not studied systematically. The present study showed that the principal factors affecting the magnitude of the laminar-flow properties of flocculated suspensions were the concentration and particle diameter of the solid phase. The range of variables included concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 volume fraction solids and particle sizes from 0.35 to 13 μ. Materials tested included thorium oxide, kaolin, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, graphite, magnesium, and uranium dioxide.At high rates of shear the data were fitted satisfactorily with the Bingham plastic model. With the use of this model, the yield stress was directly proportional to the cube of the volume fraction solids and inversely proportional to the first or second power of the particle diameter, depending on the particle shape. The logarithm of the ratio of the coefficient of rigidity of the suspension to the viscosity of the suspending medium was directly proportional to the volume fraction solids over the complete range of concentrations studied. Although specific electrolytes (such as oxalate or pyrophosphate) deflocculated the suspensions even at low concentrations, the suspensions remained flocculated both in the presence of up to 0.1 M of 1:1 electrolyte and over a pH range of 4 to 12. This is consistent with present theories of the stability of colloidal and near-colloidal particles.Although the concentration-dependence relationships of the yield stress and coefficient of rigidity have been proposed previously and have been shown to apply to specific systems, this is the first time they have been shown to apply to a broad class of materials. In addition it is the first time that the laminar-flow properties used in the particle-size and concentration correlations have been determined over a shear-rate range which permits application of the results in correlations of turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transfer data obtained in systems of commercial interest.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 606-610 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mechanical and dynamical characteristics of semifluidized beds of single-size particles in solid-liquid system were investigated. A semifluidized bed is a type of fluidized bed in which the bed expansion is partially restricted. The emphasis was placed on the study of packed bed formation and pressure drop increase when the semifluidized beds were formed by the compression of fluidized beds. The data showed good agreement with the theoretical and semiempirical equations based on a simple model of fluidized beds.The results of this investigation would also contribute to the understanding of fluidized beds.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 615-619 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients of aerodynamically smooth spheres having a density variation of from 0.252 to 1.91 g./cc. and a diameter variation from 1.56 to 3.21 mm. were obtained for acceleration rates varying from 103.5 ft./sec.2 to -30 ft./sec.2 and for relative intensities of up to 45%. The particle-to-Eulerian macroscale ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.16, and the diameter-to-Eulerian microscale ratios varied from 10 to 2.The drag coefficients were found to be a function of the particle Reynolds number and of the relative intensity but not of the acceleration and relative macro-and-microscale variations.A transition theory for the system investigated is presented, which predicts that the product of the critical Reynolds number and the square of the relative intensity should be a constant; it is supported by the experimental results obtained.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 631-634 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid film coefficient is related to bubble diameter and velocity in pure water and to the physical properties of the liquid. The addition to water of organic substances which influence the surface tension and viscosity will decrease the size of the air bubble released from a diffuser and reduce the transfer of oxygen into the solution. The maximum reduction in oxygen transfer occurs in the region of maximum surface tension change. The effect of the addition of several organic substances on the oxygen transfer characteristics are shown.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 625-631 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental viscosity, thermal conductivity, and self-diffusivity data available in the literature for carbon dioxide have been critically reviewed and used to develop reduced state correlations of the transport properties for this substance. These correlations should apply to nonpolar compounds having critical compressibility factors approximately equal to that of carbon dioxide, zc = 0.275.In order to establish the dependence of these transport properties in the high pressure and liquid state regions, use has been made of relationships between the residual properties, μ-μ*, k-k*, and (PD)*-(PD) and density. These residual quantities represent the differences between the values of the properties at any pressure and temperature and those at atmospheric pressure and the same temperature. These relationships also allow the determination of the values of the transport properties at the critical point. The resulting critical values along with the residual relationships enabled the construction of reduced state correlations for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the product of self-diffusivity and pressure for carbon dioxide.These correlations extend from the saturated vapor and liquid states to reduced temperatures of TR = 10 and reduced pressures of PR = 50. Comparisons made between values resulting from these correlations and corresponding experimental values, including the region of high pressure for both the gaseous and liquid states and the vicinity of the critical point, produced an average deviation of 2.0% for viscosity, 1.4% for thermal conductivity, and 5.9% for self-diffusivity.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 641-649 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There has been considerable doubt as to the manner in which the productivity of solar stills is affected by many of the designs and operating variables. To assist in designing solar stills of improved performance, theoretical equations are derived to describe the complete energy and mass transfer relationships involved in the operation of the basin type of solar still. These are supplemented with data from field operation of a 2,500-sq. ft. still. With these relationships and the aid of a digital computer, the effects of variations of design parameters on the performance of solar stills is predicted. Distiller productivity is correlated with atmospheric temperature, wind velocity, solar radiation, absorptivity and slope of transparent cover, and other variables. Curves showing the magnitude of the effects of design changes on cover temperature, brine temperature, and productivity are presented.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 650-652 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In experimental investigations of the transient behavior of batch thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns it is expedient to obtain more than one sample from the column during a single run. Such sampling modifies the true batch nature of the column and thereby influences the experimental measurements to some degree. A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out to determine the extent of the influence of sampling rate and thereby provide a means of predetermining a suitable sampling rate.The theoretical analysis was made by approximating the intermittent sampling as a continuous flow through the column. The transport equation of Furry, Jones, and Onsager was applied in the analysis, and an analytical solution was obtained for small separations of equicomposition binary solutions. The series solution is presented in the form of a graph. Experimental data were obtained in two thermogravitational columns with different plate spacings to test the theory. The effect of sampling rate was investigated, and theory and experiments were found to be in good agreement. It is concluded that the theory is entirely adequate to permit the prediction of sampling rates which will yield the maximum number of samples without disturbing the true batch behavior of the column.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 663-665 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: In predicting interfacial area in liquid-liquid systems there are several published reports which give different results. Differences in methods of measurement of interfacial area and impeller design and location account for some of these discrepancies.For one pair of liquids, 40 parts by volume of ethylhexanol and 60 parts water, it was found that over wide ranges of impeller size to tank size ratio (0.27 to 0.67) that equal power per unit volume gave equal interfacial area per unit volume.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 672-676 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Diffusivities and equilibrium absorption of sodium chloride and glycerol in cation exchange resin Dowex-50 were determined by making a two-constant fit of experimental data to a diffusion model. The variables studied were: resin cross linkage - 2% to 12% divinylbenzene, temperature - 25° to 80°C, concentrations in the equilibrating solution, resin particle size, flow rate of the eluting distilled water. Diffusivities increase with decrease in cross linkage and with increase in temperature. The ratio of the diffusivities of sodium chloride or glycerol in the resin to that in water is between 0.2 and 0.35 for 2% DVB and between 0.025 and 0.1 for 12% DVB. Diffusivities were found to be independent of the third, fourth, and fifth variables. The amounts of solutes absorbed at equilibrium also increased with a decrease in cross linkage and an increase in temperature.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 682-687 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Low-pressure solubility data have been correlated for eleven gases in nine solvents over a wide temperature range by considering the dissolution process in two steps. First the gas is condensed isothermally to a hypothetical liquid at 1 atm. pressure, and then this hypothetical liquid is dissolved in the solvent. The free energy of the first step depends only on the properties of the solute, which in the case of nonpolar gases can be adequately described by the theorem of corresponding states. The second step depends on the properties of both solute and solvent and, in the case of nonpolar systems, can be described by the theory of regular solutions. The correlation depends on three solute parameters: the solubility parameter, the molar volume, and the fugacity of the hypothetical liquid; the last of these has been plotted as a generalized function for the reduced temperature range of 0.7 to 3.2. A separate plot is given for hydrogen. These parameters may be used to make good estimates of low-pressure gas solubilities (or K values) in nonpolar solvents over a wide range of temperature.A semiempirical method for correlating the solubilities of gases in polar solvents is also described and illustrated for several cases.Since the correlation presented in this paper covers a wide temperature range, it is possible to make estimates of the heats of solution of gases in liquids. These may be useful in enthalpyblance calculations as required in certain phase-separation operations.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 704 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-6D 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 705-707 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 707-707 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 709-710 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 160-162 
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    Notes: The evaporation of naphthalene spheres into air in the micron pressure range may be accompanied by an appreciable surface temperature depression. The magnitude of the effect is shown to depend upon the geometry of the experimental system and the pressure level. Such effects are of interest in studies aimed at determining evaporation coefficients.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 530-530 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 531-531 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 532 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3S 
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    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8½ by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $4.00 to members, $6.00 to nonmembers for “Heat Transfer - Buffalo,” No. 32. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5S 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 174-174 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 533-533 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 558-565 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: As the primary phase in the development of multicomponent mass transfer theory, equations are derived which predict the rate of mass transfer of each species from an interface to a ternary gas mixture in turbulent flow for equimolal-countercurrent transfer and for transfer with one of the three gases stagnant.The mass transfer equations obtained, regardless of whether a film, Prandtl-Taylor, or modified Chilton-Colburn model is used, differ in form from the usual binary equations and predict qualitative as well as large quantitative differences between binary and ternary transfer.A criterion is obtained which any consistent multicomponent mass transfer theory must satisfy, and although the ternary film and Prandtl-Taylor models satisfy this criterion, the modified ternary Chilton-Colburn model does not.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 565-573 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Measurements have been made of the simultaneous rates of transfer of acetone and benzene between a liquid film and a turbulent three component gas mixture. The measurements were made in a wetted-wall column with both mixtures of acetone, benzene and nitrogen, and acetone, benzene and helium.As predicted by the equations of Part I the mass transfer differs qualitatively as well as quantitatively from mass transfer in the corresponding binary system in which one component is stagnant. In several experiments acetone was transferred from low to high concentrations in accord with the predictions.Both the ternary film and Prandtl-Taylor models satisfactorily predict the rates of transfer of acetone and benzene, and, except possibly for very high Reynolds numbers, the simpler film model is recommended.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 578-583 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A photographic technique was used to determine bubble growth rates for ether and pentane boiling on vertical metal surfaces of zinc and an aluminum alloy at atmospheric pressure at saturation conditions. Motion pictures were taken at about 3,000 frames/sec. through a microscope which produced a 13X magnification on the film. The heat flux was varied from about 3,000 to 13,000 B.t.u/(hr.)(sq.ft.). In seven runs out of nine the late-growth equations of Forster and Zuber, Plesset and Zwick, and others were in error by less than 40% for bubble diameters from about 0.1 mm. up to the full field of view of about 0.75 mm. For sizes below 0.1 mm. the growth was too rapid to be measured. Interesting observations which are described quantitatively include bubble vibrations, irregularities in nucleation, and statistical variations in growth rates.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 584-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen in a steady state fluidized bed have been correlated with a rate equation based on a reaction controlled at the oxide-metal interface and on a differential material balance which assumes that a close approach to piston flow prevails. The correlation gives an enthalpy of activation of 29,500 b.t.u./lb. mole for the reaction, which is in good agreement with McKewan's reported value of 27,500 b.t.u./lb. mole. The relationships developed are used to predict the effect of the important independent variables on the over-all kinetics of the system.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 588-592 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer from premixed propane-air flames to the cooled wall of a 5-in. I.D. ramjet type of burner was studied with and without flame-generated, sonic oscillations. Frequency and amplitude measurements revealed that both transverse and longitudinal waves were resonant. The heat flux to the wall was increased significantly by the oscillations, but the gas temperature profile was changed very little. The local heat transfer coefficient was found to be a linear function of the sound pressure amplitude and independent of the mode and frequency of the resonant oscillations.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 593-598 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot unit for the high-temperature irradiation of flowing reactants was designed for the beam port of a nuclear reactor. Radiation-thermal cracking of the n-heptane-hydrogen system was studied with molal H2/C7 ratios from 0 to 5 at 250 lb./sq. in., 600° to 750°F., 2 to 8 min. residence time, and up to 3,600 rep./min. Although conversions were low, the decomposition rate was significantly increased by radiation giving G values 〉 103. Product distributions were not significantly altered by radiation. These results, while different from low-temperature data, appear consistent with other published high-temperature results. Radiation yields were found to be reasonably linear with total dose from 0 to 14 krep., but a twofold increase was observed in passing from a molal H2/C7 ratio of 0 to 0.5.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study forms part of a project aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the behavior of nonideal permselective membranes. The object here was to determine the applicability of the Nernst-Planck equations for studying the behavior of ions in aqueous solutions surrounding such a membrane during electrodialysis.Attention was confined to stagnant and laminar flow systems. The processes studied were transfer of hydrogen ions, silver ions, and mixtures of the two through the cation exchanging membrane Nepton CR-61. The bulk solution concentrations on either side of the membrane varied from 0.01 to 0.20 N, and in all cases the only anions present were nitrate ions. Limiting currents for solutions of silver nitrate were predictable within 15%, with much of the uncertainty resulting from the difficulty in defining the limiting current. For mixtures of silver nitrate and nitric acid the limiting currents were predictable within the range of experimental accuracy but were found to be quite sensitive to small changes in the operating conditions. This sensitivity results from the very high relative mobility of the hydrogen ions. The relative transport of the two cations was primarily a function of relative concentration, relative diffusivities, current density, and ion exchange equilibria and was predictable with an accuracy limited only by the uncertainty of the ionic diffusivities and the ion exchange equilibria.The diffusivities of the cations in the membrane relative to the diffusivity of nitrate ion were estimated to be about ten times lower than in solution. This was explained by assuming that the cations tended to concentrate about the anionic fixed charges of the membrane thereby portially screening their effectiveness and reducing the mobility of the cations. In mixtures, the membrane diffusivity of the silver ions relative to the hydrogen ions was lower (by a factor of 1.4 to 3.6) than the relative diffusivity in solution. This indicated that silver ions were more easily concentrated about the fixed charges and thereby screened them from both the anions and hydrogen ions.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients are reported for particles of boric acid and benzoic acid dissolving in water in a 2-in. pipeline. For water velocities of 1 to 4 ft./sec. the coefficients are 1.2 to 2 times the values predicted for freely falling particles. The coefficients are slightly less than those obtained in agitated tanks at the same power per unit volume.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of absorption of chlorine into water was studied in a short wetted-wall column. This absorption system is characterized by a liquid phase chemical reaction occurring simultaneously with the absorption process, and thus the absorption coeffiecient is greater than in the case of physical absorption.The ratio of the absorption coefficient accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction to the physical absorption coefficient varied from 1.3 to 3, depending on the chlorine partial pressure and the liquid flow rate.Penetration-theory solutions for absorption accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction were obtained by the use of an IBM-709 digital computer. Excellent agreement between the experimental and computed results was obtained on the assumption that the forward rate constant for the hydrolysis reaction was 13.7 sec.-1 at 25°C. This value compared favorably with the published results of kinetic studies of the hydrolysis reaction.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 214-216 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A fundamental unified approach from vectorial considerations is presented from which the usual rectangular and triangular difference point methods are derived as special cases. The approach is then extended to yield other difference point methods including some of higher order. Results are applicable to blending, distillation, extractio, foam fractionation, and other operations.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Instantaneous shadow photography is used to study the mixing of air flowing in a 2-in. square duct with a secondary stream of carbon dioxide entering sidewise from an orifice. Mixing is described in terms of four mixing parameters measured from the shadow photographs, penetration distance, bulk mixing distance, macromixing distance, and the quality of micromixing, as a functon of sidestream: mainstream mass velocity and volume flow ratios, main duct velocity, and the average orifice shroud velocity component parallel to the air flow in the main duct.The first three parameters are reported quantitatively as a function of the variables mentioned. The latter parameter is reported semiquantitatively by means of a scale of grading the micromixing which describes the condition of the schlieren at arbitrary duct lengths downstream from the entrance of the gases. Comparisons are made with previous results from studies of the secondary gas entering sidewise from a tube.Orifice discharge coefficients are correlated as a function of the orifice diameter, orifice Reynolds number, main duct velocity, and orifice shroud velocity. These are presented to aid in the description of the mixing and to be used in the design of similar mixing configurations.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 134-135 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 666-671 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unconfined growth of a filter cake on a circular filter cloth was theoretically and experimentally studied as the simplest example of a three-dimensional filtration. The results are compared with the one-dimensional cake growth which ensues when the cake is laterally restrained by a cylindrical sleeve.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vertical upward concurrent air-liquid flow was investigated under isothermal conditions in a test section of 1-in. schedule 40 pipe. Pressure drop was measured with a mercury manometer connected to two pressure taps 20 ft. apart in the section. Liquid was trapped between two quick shutoff valves activated by two solenoid valves. The liquid was druined from the section to provide the holdup data. Six liquids were used to determine the effect of density, viscosity, and surface tension.The experimental holdup, and two-phase pressure drop data were not in agreement with Lockhart-Martinelli type of correlation for horizontal flow. A statistical correlation for holdup was developed to include fluid physical properties, total mass velocity, and the air-liquid ratio entering the pipe. Similarly a pressure drop correlation was developed which expressed the two-phase pressure drop as a function of the slip velocity, liquid physical properties, and total mass velocity. This correlation showed an average percentage error of less than 15% between the observed and the calculated total pressure drop.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 688-692 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the total conductivity in a turbulently flowing air stream were originally reported without regard to the effects of viscous dissipation upon the results. By utilizing measurements of the shear taken at the time of the original study, the reported values of total conductivity were corrected for the effect of viscous dissipation. The effect of such dissipation upon the values of total conductivity is the greatest under conditions involving small temperature gradients and high Reynolds numbers.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 693-698 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method was developed to account for nonuniform temperature distributions in the analysis of kinetic data. The rate constants cannot be determined directly since they are functions of temperature, so equations were derived and solutions developed for the substantially temperature independent kinetic parameters, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor. A digital computer was used to evaluate numerically various integrals involved in the solution of the equations. The method developed here will be useful in all laboratory kinetic studies where limitations of heat transfer do not permit an isothermal experiment and in the analysis of kinetic data obtained from commerical or pilot plant units where the temperature distribution is nearly always nonuniform.Kinetic studies were made of the thermal decompositions of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, all of which are high temperature fast reactions. The experimental conditions covered highly nonuniform temperature distributions with peaks from 730° to 1,330°C., a total pressure of 1 atm., varying amounts of nitrogen dilution, and residence times in the millisecond range.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-5D 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 248-252 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a preliminary to detailed kinetic analysis of ion-exclusion operations a study of the rate of absorption of glycerol from dilute aqueous solution has been made in small fixed beds of ion exchange resin. The resin used was Amberlite IR-120 (hydrogen form) ranging in size from 0.210 to 1.190 mm., as determined by dry screening. Solution flow rates were varied from 0.45 to 22.20 ml./(sq.cm.min.).Analysis of this problem has shown that the operation of such a process may be described by a simple linear rate equation and the usual transient column material balance relations. It was found that experimental breakthrough data could be well matched with curves predicted by such analysis. Furthermore, three characteristic regions of operation are apparent in which different rate controlling processes may be operating.
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3D-3D 
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    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3D-4D 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 2-2 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 537-539 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phase behavior of the methane-carbon dioxide system has been determined experimentally along the solid-liquid-vapor locus. Pressure-temperature measurements were made along this locus from the triple point of carbon dioxide to -284°F. Compositions of the vapor phase along the solid-liquid-vapor locus were determined with sampling techniques over a composition range of 0.1 to 12% carbon dioxide. Liquid-phase compositions were obtained from crystal-point determinations on eleven methane-carbon dioxide mixtures ranging from 0.16 to 20% carbon dioxide.With the pressure-temperature for the solid-liquid-vapor locus as the termination locus of the dew and bubble data of Donnelly and Katz (2), consistent liquid- and vapor-phase compositions were obtained over the remaining concentration range.Changes in the pressure-temperature relationship of the solid-liquid-vapor locus caused by using a methane stock containing 0.56 mole % nitrogen are also reported.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 26-30 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Main stream velocity profiles have been obtained by means of impact probes for the steady, isothermal flow of water in three smooth, concentric annuli having widely different diameter ratios. The point of maximum local velocity has been determined, thus permitting the ratio of skin frictions at the inner and outer boundaries to be calculated. Previously published data on pressure drop have been used to obtain separate friction factor correlations for the two surfaces. Attention has been centered on the transition range, where the position of maximum velocity is a function of both the diameter ratio and the Reynolds number.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 30-33 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Turbulent heat transfer coefficients have been measured at the surface of single bubbles formed by injecting steam into a subcooled water stream at atmospheric pressure. Depending upon the steam flow rate (0.4 to 1.5 g./min), the water temperature (80° to 180°F.), and the water velocity (0.9 to 7.2 ft./sec.) the bubbles ranged from small, smooth, ellipsoidal bubbles, similar to those observed in highly subcooled nucleate boiling, to large, irregular bubbles which oscillated in size. The bubble frequencies were in the range 200 to 2,500 cycles/sec. and the surface heat transfer coefficients 13,000 to 320,000 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.) (°F.). Because of these exceptionally high heat transfer coefficients a significant fraction of the total heat flow in Gunther's subcooled boiling experiments is estimated to be attributable to latent heat transport.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 42-47 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for measuring isothermal rates of heterogeneously catalyzed gas reactions is described. The method involves a differential reactor incorporated in a recycling system and affords ease of control, accuracy, and many rate measurements in one run.The results for the reaction system investigated show that four reactions are important: the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene, the reaction of ethanol to form diethyl ether, the dehydration of diethyl ether to ethylene, and the reaction of diethyl ether to form ethanol.It is also shown that the rate controlling steps are the monomolecular surface reactions for the two dehydrations and for the formation of ethanol from diethyl ether, and the bimolecular surface reaction for the formation of diethyl ether from ethanol.The values and the temperature dependence of all pertinent rate and adsorption constants are determined and reported, and they are shown to correlate very well the data up to 80% conversion.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 53-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study of the factors underlying the mechanisms of particle growth in a fluidized calciner was conducted in a 3-in. diameter column. In such a calciner radioactive waste liquor from nuclear fuel reprocessing can be converted to a granular solid for disposal. To simulate the octual waste, aluminum oxide as bed material and aqueous aluminum nitrate solution as feed were used. Particle growth was traced through the addition of radiactive seeds. The effects on the growth rate of operating variables and physical properties of the feed were investigated. Statistical analysis of the data substantiated the proposed growth mechanism, and the resulting growth coefficient was correlated with the variables studied.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 425-428 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 428-430 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 432-432 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 429-429 
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    Notes: Vol. 57, No. 36, 1961, $4.00 to members, $15.00 to nonmembers. Symposium Series books may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 434-434 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 435-435 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 579-579 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 587-589 
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