ALBERT

Description: In tropical areas four important planktonic foraminiferal datum planes serve to delimit and subdivide the Miocene. The Globigerinoides trilobus datum defines the base of the Lower Miocene, the Orbulina datum defines the base of the Middle Miocene, the Globorotalia menardii datum defines the base of the Upper Miocene, and the Sphaeroidinella dehiscens datum defines the top of the Miocene (Bandy, 1963, 1964). In tropical areas, Praeorbulina and orbulines appear initially at the base of tlie four Globorotalia fohsi zones whereas the Globorotalia menardii datum is at or near the upper limit of the G. fohsi zones. By contrast in temperate areas of the eastern Pacific, off northern Mexico and in California, Praeorbulina and orbulimes appear initially in the upper p a ri of the G. fohsi zones (G. praefohsi zone); Orbulina universa usually appears at the base of the Upper Miocene or with the Globorotalia menardii group. In the Aquitaine Basin of France, orbulines first appear at a midpoint in the Globorotalia fohsi lineage. In the Western Garpathians, orbulines and Praeorbulina appear first just below the Upper Miocene Globigerina nepenthes zone of the Tortonian. It is suggested th a t the Karpatian and Sallomacian Stages of the Garpathians are approximately equivalent to the Middle Miocene zones of the G. fohsi lineage. The later appearance of orbulines in higher latitudes of some areas than in the tropics is attributed to a polyphyletic origin. Differences in chronology of oppearance is supported by comparing appearances in different areas with other planktonic foraminiferal lineages. A polyphyletic origin of orbulines is supported by the development of different species of Globigerina and Globigerinoides inside of orbuline chambers, by the differences in wall structure of orbulines, and by laboratory cultures and the biology of the living forms of orbulines. Most temperate orbulines probably arose from Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina praebulloides, or Globigerina quinqueloba in the later Middle Miocene. Most tropical orbulines probably arose from Globigerinoides sicanus originally at the base of the Middle Miocene and from still ottier species of Globigerinoides subsequently.

Description: THE clinical significance of enzymology in neurological disorders is as yet uncertain. A number of enzymes have been studied both in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In general, these studies have been limited to a single enzyme and have not included a comparison of the serum and CSF activities of the same enzymes.1-12 Much more needs to be known about the levels of different enzymes in CSF, their relation with one another, and their relation to the serum levels of the same enzymes. In the present study, we compare the CSF and serum activities of the enzymes creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and aldolase (ALD) in a series of patients suffering from acute vascular disorders of the brain. These enzymes are well-known in clinical enzymology and have been studied to some extent in the CSF. CPK in particular is an attractive enzyme because it is found

Description: The microtopography of the continental shelf in five areas between Nova Scotia and New York was investigated with side-scanning sonar. The results were checked against those previously obtained by conventional methods in all areas and against later visual observations of the bottom from a research submersible vessel in two areas. Side-scanning sonar proved to be an ideal device for learning the distribution and relationships of rock, boulder, and sand bottoms and for measuring the patterns and trends of several sizes of sand waves and of large ripple marks.

Description: The linearized theory of unsteady wind-driven currents in a horizontally stratified ocean is applied to the northern part of the Indian Ocean. This is argued to be a suitable area for detailed application and evaluation of the theory because (i) the theory has certain advantages near the equator (for example, influence of detailed bottom topography is reduced, thermoclines are somewhat less variable in character, and speeds of baroclinic propagation are enhanced relative to current speeds), and (ii) the wind-stress pattern undergoes a well marked change with onset of the Southwest Monsoon, a change to which the pattern of currents shows a more or less identifiable, and rather quick, response which may be compared with theoretical predictions. Response is predicted to be found principally in two modes as far as vertical distribution of current is concerned; to a somewhat lesser extent in the barotropic mode with uniform distribution, and to a somewhat greater extent in the first baroclinic mode with current distribution as in figure 7, concentrated predominantly in the uppermost 200 m (see Appendix for detailed analysis of the modes appropriate to the equatorial Indian Ocean). Of particular interest is the strong Somali Current, that flows northward along the Somali coast only during the northern hemisphere summer (after monsoon onset) but during that time is comparable in volume flow (about 5 $\times $ 10$^{7}$ m$^{3}$/s) to other western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream. Detailed discussion of the application of linearized theory to equatorial oceans with western boundaries leads the author to conclude, both in the barotropic (section 2) and baroclinic (section 4) cases, that 'wave packets' of current pattern reaching such a boundary deposit the 'flux' they carry (velocity normal to the boundary integrated along it) in a boundary current which rather rapidly takes a rather concentrated form. Linear theory with horizontal transport neglected indicates that such flux requires of the order of 10 days to become concentrated in a current of 100 km width, but that thereafter it continues to become still thinner; however, with horizontal transport included, a steady-state finite thickness of current is reached. In reality, nonlinear effects would play an important additional part in limiting steady-state current thickness to the observed 100 km or thereabouts, but the time scale required to bring the thickness down to this value is probably given reasonably well by linear theory. Calculations for a zonal distribution of winds, which rather rapidly make a reversal of direction and increase of strength somewhat north of the Equator characteristic of the onset of the Southwest Monsoon, predict westward propagation of both barotropic and baroclinic wave energy at comparable speeds of the order of 1 m/s; the marked contrast here with other oceans (in the comparability of speeds) is given particularly detailed study. Calculations indicate that the barotropic signal is considerably distorted (figure 3) by the fact that low-wavenumber components reach the western boundary first. Baroclinic propagation takes the form of special planetary-wave modes concentrated near the equator (section 3), of which perhaps four, delivering flux patterns depicted in figure 5, and possessing wave velocities of 0.9, 0.55, 0.4 and 0.3 m/s towards the west, are specially relevant to generation of the Somali Current. Peak surface flows in that current are predicted to be influenced about three times as much by this baroclinic propagation as by the barotropic. Theory indicates 1 month (of which two-thirds is needed for propagation of current patterns and one-third for their concentration in a boundary current) as characteristic time scale for formation of the Somali Current (see figure 6 in particular for the calculated baroclinic component) in contradistinction to the 'decades' predicted by the same type of theory in mid-latitude oceans (Veronis & Stommel 1956). Observations do, indeed, make clear that the time scale is not significantly more than 1 month, although the possibility that it might be still less cannot yet be decided on the basis of observational evidence. The flow is calculated as reaching 40% of a typical maximum value (observed in August) already within 1 month of monsoon onset (May), even though no effect of wind stress acting within 500 km of the coast has been taken into account. The linearized theory predicts the current as reaching as far north as 6 degrees N or 7 degrees N, but nonlinear terms are generally found in computational studies (Bryan 1963; Veronis 1966) to bring about some 'inertial overshoot' in concentrated boundary currents, which may explain why the current does not in fact separate until about 9 degrees N.

Description: During the course of an examination of cephalopod specimens of the genus lllex from tropical waters of the western Atlantic, two of us (KM and CFER) discovered specimens that did not conform to the characteristics of previously known species. While working at the Smithsonian Institution on a large collection of lllex from the Chesapeake Bight region as part of a monographic study on the genus, one of us (CCL) encountered additional specimens of the undescribed species.

Description: A dichotomaus key to the twenty-five families of cephalopods of the order Teuthoidea is presented. A supplementary chart of basic, external teuthoid characters is included. Representatives of each family are illustrated. The current state of systematics within each family is briefly discussed.

Description: The planktonic foraminiferal fauna was studied in 206 samples gathered by the Royal Research Ship Discovery II at the 90°E meridian of longitude between the equator and the coast of Antarctica. Samples were collected throughout the water column from 1500 to 0 m. Twenty-seven species were recognized, and their horizontal and vertical distributions were established. Five types of surface water masses were distinguished on the basis of differences in foraminiferal fauna, and the geographical positions of these water masses were determined and plotted. It was found that differences exist between the geographic positions of the hydrological fronts established by means of temperature and salinity data, and those determined by means of foraminiferological data. Explanations for these discrepancies are given. The percentage of empty shells with respect to the total number of foraminiferal shells at different depths was calculated.

Description: Joubiniteuthis portieri (Joubin, 1912) is redescribed on the basis of new material from the Atlantic Ocean. Valdemaria danae Joubin, 1931, is synonymized with Joubiniteuthis portieri, and the peculiar hectocotylus previously described for V. danae is shown to be an artifact. The validity of the family Joubiniteuthidae Naef is confirmed. The Joubiniteuthidae is thought to be most closely related to the Mastigoteuthidae and Promachoteuthidae.

Description: The Murray fracture has been thought to extend ashore into the Transverse Ranges of California, but a geophysical study shows no evidence of structural continuity between these features. Instead, basement morphology typical of the Murray fracture zone ends where its known magnetic and bathymetric expression dies out. Similarly, east-west Transverse Range structures change direction so that they are parallel to the northwest trend of the coast rather than crossing the continental shelf and slope. The lack of continuity suggests an independent development of the Transverse Ranges since at least mid-Tertiary time along an older structural trend continuous with the Murray fracture zone. Possibly a fundamental lineament in the crust, an extension of the Murray, inactive since at least the mid-Tertiary, provided a convenient trend for development of the Transverse Ranges in response to deformation along the San Andreas fault system. The Murray fracture zone is thought by some authors to be a transform-fault. The transform-fault hypothesis alleviates some difficulties that arise in explaining the origin of the zone by transcurrent faulting but equivalent uncertainties seem to accompany the newer explanation.

Description: A new family of oegopsid cephalopods, Cycloteuthidae, is erected as a result of the elevation of Naef's subfamily Cycloteuthinae. Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919, is redescribed based on new material from the Atlantic Ocean. A new genus, Discoteuthis, and two new species, D. discus and D. laciniosa, are described from the Atlantic Ocean. Larvae of C. sirventi and D. laciniosa are described. The distributions of the species of cycloteuthids in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are presented. The relationships of the family, genera, and species are discussed.

Description: Various methods for the extraction of pedogenic oxides of Al, Fe, and Mn are described and their applicability for interpreting soil profile genesis is demonstrated. Representative great soil groups can be differentiated by typical depth functions of the pedogenic oxides. Furthermore, intergrades between the end members, which cannot be recognized in the field, have distinctly different depth functions. As an example crypto podzolization can be recognized by a maximum of “free Al” in the subsoil. By means of these depth functions three types of imperfectly drained Gray Brown Podzolic Soils with and without lateral iron removal and with lateral iron addition may be distinguished.

Description: An analytical method, called the “multiple filter technique,” is shown to be a fast and efficient means of studying multi-mode dispersed signals. Amplitudes and phases, as functions of period and velocity, are determined from the output of a set of narrow-band digital filters. The group velocities and other dispersion parameters determined by this technique are concordant with theoretical values when the method is tested with synthetic seismograms. It can recover broader portions of the dispersion present in ordinary seismic recordings compared to the classical peak and trough method. A simple diagnostic diagram is introduced in order to study the time and frequency resolution permitted by this analytic technique.

Description: Our knowledge of the biology of oceanic cephalopods is extremely limited. The population sizes, distribution patterns, breeding seasons, life histories, and growth rates are virtually unknown. In view of the fact that these organisms are undoubtedly abundant and ecologically important, both as predators and prey, this state of ignorance is unfortunate. Part of the reason for this lack is attributable to the great difficulty of adequately sampling the adults. The larvae and some juveniles, however, can be caught, in the types of plankton nets and trawls generally in use. Therefore the possibility exists that the times and places of spawning, and the developmental history of many species, may be determined from zooplankton surveys. Using this approach presupposes that a sufficiently extensive area is surveyed and that the sampling is intensive in both space and time. It is also necessary that enough specimens of the adults and intermediate-sized ranges be available for accurate identification of the larvae. This is best done by tracing the morphological changes through progressively smaller individuals. The Marine Life Research Group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) has available a very large collection of zooplankton samples taken by the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) in the California Current. This program has surveyed a large portion of this current system by monthly cruises for a period of ten years. It is from these samples that the data in this report are derived.

Description: A variety of porpoises and dolphins of the superfamily Delphinoidea, ranging through three magnitudes of weight from the harbour porpoise Phoconea to the killer whale Orcinus, have now been kept in captivity. From aquarium records of body weights and weights of food ingested, daily food consumption can be determined. Following IVLEV (1961) I shall call this index the daily ration. There is no suitable term in the literature for the index the daily ratio expressed as percent of body weight which I shall therefore call the feeding rate. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to discover the feeding rates of whales which are too large to have yet been kept in oceanaria.

Description: The relations between length of the pen and other measurements in the squid Lolliguncula brevis were studied to estimate the volume of partially digested squid recovered from tuna stomachs. Relations between the pen length and mantle length and between pen length and volume were analyzed by regression. Conversion tables were constructed on the basis of these analyses to estimate the original volume of the squid from the length of the pen.

Description: Neben Evertebratenplankton und Jungfischen anderer Arten wurden 25 Myctophiden der Art Centrobranchus nigroocellatus im April und Juli 1967 im Seegebiet westlich und südwestlich von Madeira mit einem Neustonnetz gefangen. 21 C. nigroocellatus hatten ausschließlich Mollusken, davon 18 nur die Gastropoden Styliola subula und Atlanta peroni gefressen. Der Myctophide und die Gastropoden steigen zeitweise in die 0-10 cm-Mikroschicht auf: Sie sind nachtpositiv mit Betonung der Abenddämmerung bei S. subula, mit Betonung der Morgendämmerung bei Atlanta peroni und mit Betonung wahrscheinlich beider Dämmerungen bei C. nigroocellatus. Der Myctophide zeigt mit der Nahrungsspezialisierung zusammenhängende morphologische Besonderheiten. With a neuston-net 25 Centrobranchus nigroocellatus were collected west of Madeira during April and July 1967. The guts of 18 myctophids contained exclusively the gastropods Styliola subula, Atlanta peroni, or both of them. The myctophid and both of the gastropods were found in the 0-10 cm-microlayer at night. S. subula was most abundant at dusk, A. peroni at dawn, whereas C. nigroocellatus was caught most frequently during dusk and dawn. Adaptions of the myctophid are discussed.

Description: Die Sonnenkompaßorientierung des Amphipoden Orchestia platensis läßt sich durch einen Wechsel der Umgebungstemperatur beeinflussen; kurz nach einem Temperatursprung prägt sich die Änderung der Fluchtrichtung am stärksten aus. Die Orientierung warm- und kaltgehaltener Krebse unterscheidet sich auch, wenn die Adaptation mehrere Tage lang bei einer konstanten Photoperiode vorgenommen wird. Tiefe Versuchstemperaturen verstärken die phototaktische Komponente bei den Richtungswahlen, sehr tiefe lassen die Krebse landeinwärts fliehen. Eine mögliche Kompensation der Temperaturwirkung auf den Lauf der inneren Uhr ist bei Orchestia nicht an ein gleichsinniges Anpassen des Stoffwechsels gebunden; der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Krebse zeigt nämlich keine Leistungsadaptation. In the amphipod Orchestia platensis sun-compass orientation is affected by changes in ambient temperature, a short time after sudden transitions in temperature deviations in normal behaviour of escape became apparent. There are differences in solar orientation of warm- and cold adapted amphipods, even if the acclimation is performed under constant photo periods. Low temperatures intensify the positiv phototactic tendency; at very low temperatures the amphipods try to excape towards the land. The possible ability to compensate temperature-induced variations of the endogenous clock seems not to be controlled by a metabolic acclimation, as the oxygen consumption of Orchestia shows no capacity adaptation.

Description: In der Oberen Eider bei Rendsburg wurden erstmals folgende Bryozoen-Arten gefunden: Bulbella abscondita BRAEM, Tanganella mülleri (KRAEPELIN), Bowerbankia gracilis LEIDY und Conopeum seurati (CANU). Die letztgenannte Art wurde mit einem Fund im Nordostseekanal 1965 zum ersten Mal in deutschen Gewässern nachgewiesen. Eine minierende Wuchsform (forma perforans) wurde erstmals von Tanganella mülleri in verwittertem Holz in der Oberen Eider gefunden. Bowerbankia gracilis (Vesicularina) bildet Dauerknospen (wie die Arten der Paludicellea, z.B. Bulbella abscondita und Tanganella mülleri), die in die morsche Oberflächenschicht des Holzes eingesenkt werden können. Bulbella abscondita und Tanganella mülleri minieren, indem sich die wachsenden Knospen durch das morsche Holz pressen. Diese Arten haben stellenweise einen deutlichen Anteil an der Entstehung der Verwitterungsrinde an Holz im Brackwasser (und vermutlich auch im Süßwasser). Durch ihre lokal große Siedlungsdichte und durch die anscheinend weite Verbreitung können die minierenden Bryozoen als Schädlinge an Wasserbauten aus Holz auftreten. The following Bryozoan species have been found for the first time in the Obere Eider near Rendsburg: Bulbella abscondita BRAEM, Tanganella mülleri (KRAEPELIN), Bowerbankia gracilis LEIDY, and Conopeum seurati (CANU). The occurence of the latter in German waters was first ascertained by a find in the Nordostseekanal in 1965. A penetrating growth (forma perforans) was found for the first time for Tanganella mülleri in rotten wood in the Obere Eider. Bowerbankia gracilis (Vesicularina) builds lasting buds (as known from the Paludicellea, for example Bulbella abscondita and Tanganella mülleri), which may penetrate the rotten surface layer of the wood. Bulbella abscondita and Tanganella mülleri grow penetrating by pressing the buds through the rotten wood. Sometimes these species no doubt help to decompose the wood in brackish water (and probably also in fresh water). These penetrating Bryozoans, which show a great lokal density and are probably widely distributed, may threaten wood constructions in water.

Description: Es wird ein Gerät zur gleichzeitigen analogen Registrierung und digitalen Aufzeichnung von Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Temperatur und Tiefe beschrieben. Es werden Angaben über die Konstruktion, die Funktion und über die Handhabung sowie Eichung der Sonde gemacht. An apparatus for the simultaneous and analog record of the oxygen tension, the temperature and the depth is described. Details of the construction, the function, the treatment, and of the calibration of the oxygen probe are given.

Description: Es werden die Ergebnisse von Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsmessungen auf einem hydrographischen Schnitt durch die westliche Ostsee im Januar l968 im Hinblick auf Erneuerungsvorgänge im Tiefenwasser des Arkonabeckens diskutiert. Bei den Messungen wurde besonderer Wert auf hohes Auflösungsvermögen der Beobachtungen hinsichtlich der Tiefe (Meßwertabstand 40 cm), des Stationsabstandes (2 sm) und der Zeit (mittlere Schiffsgeschwindigkeit 7 kn) gelegt. Sie zeigen sowohl advektive als auch konvektive Erneuerungsprozesse in sehr begrenzten räumlichen Ausdehnungen im Bereich des Tiefenwassers mit charakteristischen Dimensionen von 6 sm in der Horizontalen und 7 m in der Vertikalen. Man kann deshalb die Menge des erneuerten Tiefenwassers nicht alleine aus einer Bilanz des Ein- uncl Ausstroms im Fehmarnbelt erhalten. Um die für die Erneuerung maßgebenden Ausbreitungs-, Konvektions- und Vemischungsvorgänge zu erfassen sind außerdem sehr engabständige Messungen im Arkonabecken selbst notwendig.

Description: 30 Harpacticoidenarten wurden im lenitischen Watt und in den Salzwiesen der deutschen Nordseeküste gefunden. Die Beschreibung von vier Arten (Microarthridion fallax, M. littorale, Amphiascoides debilis, Enhydrosoma gariene) wird ergänzt. Amphiascoides limicola wird als Synonym von A. debilis angesehen. Von Stenhelia palustris wird der Wohnröhrenbau beschrieben. 30 species of harpacticoids were found in mud flats and salt marshes (Spartina townsendii, Puccinellia maritima, Festuca rubra) on the western coast of Germany. Additional details to the description of four species (Microarthridion fallax, M. littorale, Amphiascoides debilis, Enhydrosoma gariene) are presented. Amphiascoides limicola is considered to be synonym with Amphiascoides debilis. Living tubes of Stenhelia palustris are described.

Description: An 42 weiblichen Kabeljau mit den Längen 58 - 94 cm, 54 Schellfischen aus zwei Populationen mit den Längen von 39,0 - 53,8 und 53 - 69 cm und 30 Heringen von 29,8 - 39,0 cm Länge wurden Eizählungen durchgeführt. Die Eizahlen sind zu Länge und Gewicht, und zum Teil zum Alter, in Beziehung gesetzt und die Ergebnisse in Diagrammen und Regressionsgleichungen dargestellt. Beim Kabeljau wurden Eizahlen von 0,5 - 5,4 Mill., beim Schellfisch 0,18 - 0,65 und 0,45 - 1,64 Mill. und beim Hering 29000 - 184000 ermittelt. Bei gleicher Länge und gleichem Gewicht kann die Eizahl um das zwei- bis dreifache variieren. Die Eiproduktion setzt beim isländischen Kabeljau frühestens im Alter von 4 Jahren bei 50 cm ein und erhöht sich um 84400 Eier/cm. Bei den beiden Schellfischpopulationen setzt die Eiproduktion frühestens mit 4 Jahren bei 30 bzw. 36 cm Länge ein und erhöht sich um 20800 bzw. 41600 Eier/cm. Der Hering ergab ab 26 cm Länge eine Zunahme von 9290 Eiern/cm. Eggs were counted in 42 female cod, 58 - 94 cm in length, 54 haddocks of two different populations, 39,0 - 53,8 and 53 - 69 cm in length, and 30 herrings, 29,8 - 39,0 cm in length. The egg numbers were correlated to length and weight, and partielly to age of fish. The results are presented in graphs and regression equations. For the cod, egg numbers of 0,5 - 5,4 Mill. were obtained, for haddock 0,18 - 0,65 and 0,45 - 1,64 Mill. and for herring 29000 - 184000. The fecundity varies by a factor 2 - 3 for the same length and weight. The egg production of the cod starts with an age of 4 years and at a length of 50 cm, it increases about 84400 eggs/cm. In the haddock egg production starts at 30 and 36 cm representively, and with an age of 4 years, it increases to 20800 and 41600 eggs/cm. The eggproduction of the herring, starts at a length of 26 cm, it increases about 9290 eggs/cm.

Description: In deutschen Meeresgebieten und Brackwässern wurden erstmals nachgewiesen: Crisia aculeata HASSALL (Helgoland, ? "Lister Rhede"), Electra monostachys (BUSK) (Weser-Mündung, N von Wangerooge, Schleswig-Holsteinische Austernbank), Conopeum seurati (CANU) (Nordostseekanal, Kieler Förde), Callopora dumerilii (Aunoum) (Helgoländer Tiefe Rinne). Buskia nitens ALDER wurde in der Kieler Bucht und bei Helgoland gefunden. Aetea truncata (LANDSBOROUGH) wurde erstmals in der Kieler Bucht nachgewiesen. Bei Helgoland wurde eine nicht bestimmte Crisia gefunden. Electra monostachys kann (vermutlich durch saure Sekrete) auf kalkigem Substrat "Spuren" bilden in Form von Verfärbungsflecken oder kleinen länglichen Gruben unter der Mitte der Cystide. The following species have been found for the first time in German marine and brackish waters: Crisia aculeata HASSALL (Helgoland, ? "Lister Rhede"), Electra monostachys (BUSK) (Weser-Mündung, N of Wangerooge, Schleswig-Holsteinische Austernbank), Conopeum seurati (CANU) (Nordostseekanal, Kieler Förde), Callopora dumerilii (Aunoum) (Helgoländer Tiefe Rinne). Buskia nitens ALDER has been found in the Kieler Bucht and around Helgoland. Aetea truncata (LANDSBOROUGH) is new in the Kieler Bucht. An undetermined Crisia has been found near Helgoland. Electra monostachys is able to produce coloured markes and sometimes small excavations (possible by acid secretions) in the carbonate substrate under the cystids.

Description: Auf einer Ankerstation des F. K. "Alkor" vom 6.-12.9.1967 in der mittleren Ostsee im Gotland-Tief wurden signifikante chemische Parameter (gelöster Sauerstoff, Nitrat, Nitrit, gelöstes anorganisches Phosphat, Ammoniak, Silikat, ph-Wert, Alkalinität) in schneller Folge aus 12 Tiefenhorizonten entnommen und automatisch analysiert. Außerdem wurde Schwefelwasserstoff zwischen 170 m und 200 m Tiefe angetroffen und in den Tiefen 175 m und 200 m fortlaufend gemessen. Parallel zu diesen Messungen registrierten 5 Richardson-Strommesser, die in einer Meßkette in 500 m Entfernung von der Ankerstation verankert waren, in 5 verschiedenen Tiefen die Strömung mit einer Meßwertfolge von 2 bzw. 5 min. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, die Veränderlichkeit chemischer Größen im Gotland-Becken stichprobenartig aufzunehmen. Die Strömungsmessungen dienten dem Zweck, die physikalisch gegebene Veränderlichkeit zu erfassen und in Zusammenhang mit Änderungen der chemischen Parameter zu bringen. Anhand des gewonnenen Beobachtungsmaterials läßt sich für einige charakteristische chemische Größen die Verteilung im Raum bestimmen, die auf Grund von Bahnintegrationen in den Meßtiefen der Strömung ausschnittsweise ermittelt wird. Die Integration führt nur für die Wasserschichten unterhalb von 90 m Tiefe zu ausreichend gesicherten Ortsangaben, da dort die horizontale Versetzung der Wasserteilchen erheblich geringer als in Oberflächennähe ist, wo die an einer Meßstelle erhaltene Information über die großräumige Verteilung der Strömung nicht ausreicht. Es zeigt sich, daß in den unteren Wasserschichten charakteristische Größen wie z. B. anorganisches Phosphat, Nitrat, Sauerstoff und Schwefelwasserstoff zeitliche Änderungen in einem Horizont erfahren, während hingegen Salzgehalt und Temperatur von diesen Änderungen nicht betroffen sind. Die räumliche Variabilität der ausgewählten chemischen Größen äußert sich in wolken- oder fleckenartig zusammenhängenden Felder erhöhter oder verminderter Konzentration, die verhältnismäßig scharf abgesetzt nebeneinander in den einzelnen Tiefenhorizonten auftreten. Mittlere großräumige Änderungen erhalten dadurch eine sehr unruhige Feinstruktur. Aus den vorliegenden Beobachtungen ergeben sich für die fleckenhaft verteilten Schwankungen im Bereich des Gotland-Tiefs Horizontalerstreckungen von wenigen 100 Metern bis zu wenigen Kilometern. Die Meßergebnisse reichen nicht aus, um die vorgefundene kleinräumige Veränderlichkeit eindeutig biologischer Aktivität zuzuschreiben.

Description: Es wird ein Überblick über die zur Zeit bekannten physikalischen Prinzipien zur Messung von Strömungsverteilungen im Meer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse in Küstennähe gegeben. In dieser Zusammenstellung sind neben den Euler'schen Meßverfahren auch die wichtigsten Bahnlinienmethoden zur Untersuchung kleinräumiger Stromverteilung enthalten, obwohl sie bisher kaum Anwendung im Meer gefunden haben. Über die physikalischen und technischen Grenzen der aufgeführten Methoden wird an anderer Stelle berichtet. A review of physical principles of measuring currents is presented with respect to the application to measurements of near-shore orbital velocities. Because of the great number of principles this paper gives a survey whereas a discussion of the physical and technical restrictions of these techniques will be published later.

Description: Investigations on the chemical composition of Baltic sea water in the spring 1966 (Summary): The ionic concentrations of the main components are investigated from 40 samples at 7 stations in the Baltic. Sodium and potassium with a Na+/cl and a K+/cl ratio of 0.5547 and 0.0206 respectively, show no deviation from the ocean ratio. The calcium content can be described as functions of chlorinity which differ for surface and deep water. The average value of the Mg+/cl ratio is 0.0672. Contrary to the calcium there is no statistical evidence for an excess of magnesium. All Cl-ratios of the investigated anions show deviations from the ocean ratios. The excess of alkalinity is larger than can be expected from the calcium anomaly; the mean value of the difference is + 0.15 meq./kg. The excess of the sulphate is indicated by the sol-/cl ratio of 0.1403 (water with Cl 〉4.5 °/oo) and 0.1410 (Cl 〉4.5 °/oo) respectively. The Br-/Cl value of most samples shows a negative deviation 0 from the ocean ratio. The equation for the bromide content is: Br [g/kg) = 0.000347 Cl °/oo 0.00036. The F-/cl ratio shows a clear dependence on 2 the geographical position and on the depth of sampling. Sometimes the d1fferences are as high as 2 x 10^-5. At 3 stations a fluoride deficiency can be observed.

Description: Ausgehend von Strömungsmessungen in der Nähe des Gotland-Tiefs bei φ = 57°20'N, λ = 20°3'E vom 6.9. - 12.9.1967 werden die Veränderungen im zeitlichen Ablauf und vertikalen Aufbau des Strömungsfeldes untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Registrierungen von 5 RICHARDSON-Strommessern, die getrennt vom Schiff in einem eigenen Verankerungssystem in den Tiefen 18 m, 43 m, 94.5 m, 144.5 m und 205 m senkrecht übereinander ausgelegt waren, ergibt sich folgendes Bild über die Veränderlichkeit der Strömung im Periodenbereich zwischen 4 Minuten und 15 Stunden: In allen Tiefen bildet eine langperiodische Schwingung der Periode von etwa 13,5 h, die unterhalb der örtlich gegebenen Trägheitsperiode von 14 h 13 min liegt, den beherrschenden Teil der Veränderlichkeit. Die Amplituden nehmen von einem Wert von 20 cm/sec in Oberflächennähe auf etwa 2 cm/sec in mittleren Tiefen ab und vergrößern sich in Bodennähe wieder auf einen Wert von 4-5 cm/sec. In vertikaler Richtung treten auf kurzer Distanz verhältnismäßig hohe Phasendifferenzen im Bewegungsablauf auf. So ist z.B. auf 60 m Tiefendifferenz zwischen 144.5 m und 205 m eine Phasenverschiebung von nahezu 180° über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum gegeben. Einen erheblichen Einfluß hat neben der langperiodischen Variation die kurzperiodische innere Unruhe. Mit maximalen Amplituden von 2 - 3 cm/sec sind kurzperiodische Schwingungen im Periodenbereich zwischen 6 min und etwa 1 h in der Deckschicht und in mittleren Tiefen am stärksten ausgebildet. Zeiträume erhöhter Intensität werden wiederholt für mehrere Stunden unterbrochen, in denen die Aktivität kurzperiodischer Bewegungen vermindert ist. Die Spektralanalyse der Meßreihen führt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die kurzperiodischen internen Schwingungen häufig in einer 100 m mächtigen Schicht, gemessen von der Oberfläche ab, zusammenhängend ablaufen und daß in mehreren Einzelfällen die gesamte Wassersäule in die Bewegungen einbezogen ist. In einer theoretischen Betrachtung über die Entstehung und die horizontalen Ausdehnungen der beobachteten Wellenbewegungen zeigt sich, daß die kurzperiodische Unruhe im Gotland-Becken Wellenlängen zwischen etwa 100 m und mehreren Kilometern aufweist und durch kurze Zeit andauernde Kräftefelder von entsprechender horizontaler Ausdehnung erzeugt werden kann. Die Ursachen sind in Inhomogenitäten im mittleren Strömungsfeld und entsprechend kleinräumigen Druck- oder Windschwankungen der Atmosphäre in Oberflächennähe zu suchen. Für die langperiodischen Bewegungen ergibt sich eine wesentlich größere Ausdehnung. Die Erzeugung und Verbreitung der Störungen setzt ein Kraftefeld von 50 km und größeren Werten an horinzontaler Erstreckung voraus. Die Bewegungen erfassen somit sämtliche Teile der Gotlandsee fast gleichzeitig. Die Dauer der Anregung kann sich auf wenige Stunden beschränken und läßt sich in direkten Zusammenhang mit Starkwindfeldern über der zentralen Ostsee bringen. Die Häufigkeit stürmischer Wetterbedingungen über der Ostsee hat zur Folge, daß die langperiodische Veränderlichkeit der Schichtung und Strömungsverteilung im Gotland-Becken nur selten auf verschwindend kleine Werte abklingt.

Description: Die beschriebene Methode gestattet das Homogenisieren des Phytoplanktons, das Extrahieren des Chlorophylls und das daran anschließende Zentrifugieren auch bei kleinsten Probenmengen in ein und demselben abgeschlossenen Gefäß. Die so erzielte Chlorophyllausbeute ist höher als die herkömmlicher Methoden. In ihrer Wirksamkeit verglichen wird die vorgeschlagene Methode mit der 18-stündigen Extraktion ohne Vorbehandlung des Phytoplanktons und mit der 15-minütigen Extraktion nach voraufgegangenem "Grinding"; dabei wird der Grad der Homogenisation und Extraktion über den photometrisch gemessenen Chlorophyll-a-Gehalt und eine fluoreszenzmikroskopische Analyse des extrahierten Sediments kontrolliert. A method is described, which allows the homogenisation of phytoplankton, the extraction of chlorophyll, and the centrifugation of even the smallest samples in a stoppered glass tube. The yield of this method is higher than that of any other known method for the determination of chlorophyll. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the 18 hours extraction method without any preliminary treatment of the phytoplankton and with the so called "grinding method". In this comparison the rate of homogenisation and extraction ist controlled for all three methods by the photometric measurement of the chlorophyll a content and by the fluorescence microscopical analysis of the extracted sediment.

Description: Gesetzmäßigkeiten fur die jahreszeitliche und regionale Verteilung von Agrobacterium stellulatum und A. ferrugineum wurden durch Vergleich ihrer Bakterienzahlen mit verschiedenen biotischen und abiotischen Faktoren gesucht. Für ihre Verbreitung ergab sich eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt. Im Wasser der Ostsee und des südlichen Kattegat werden sie zwischen 7 und 33 ‰ angetroffen, in der nährstoffreichen Schlei bis hinunter zu 2 ‰. Die jahreszeitliche Häufigkeit ist durch ein ausgeprägtes Herbst/Winter-Maximum und ein schwächeres Frühsommermaximum gekennzeichnet und weist eine starke Parallelität zur Gesamtkeimzahl auf. Auf Algen sind in erster Linie andere Agrobacterium-Arten anzutreffen. The seasonal and regional distribution of Agrobacterium stellulatum and A. ferrugineum was studied by comparing their bacterial counts with several biotic and abiotic factors. It was found that their spreading greatly depends upon salinity. In water of the Baltic and of the Southern Kattegat they occur between 7 and 33 per mille, in the eutrophic Schlei down to 2 ‰. Their seasonal distribution shows a distinct peak between autumn and winter an a weaker peak at the beginning of summer and strongly parallels total counts. Agrobacteria found on algae mostly belong into species different from A. stellulatum and A. ferugineum.

Description: The distribution of the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and of the dissolved organic carbon as a function of depth and of time is investigated. A common pattern of these distributions is found with certain deviations from a mean value. The ratio N/C (particulate) is calculated. The variation of this parameter with depth shows a maximum at 10 m depth indicating increased biological activity. Also calculated are the ratios and the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and between the protein content of the particulate organic matter and its organic nitrogen content. Conclusions on the biochemistry of the phytoplankton are drawn from these computations. Die Veränderlichkeit der Konzentration an partikularem organischen Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff und gelöstem organischen Kohlenstoff mit der Tiefe und mit der Zeit werden untersucht. Die Veränderlichkeit dieser Parameter mit der Tiefe hat zu verschiedenen Zeiten ein ähnliches Aussehen mit gewissen Abweichungen von einem Mittelwert. Das Verhältnis N/C der partikulären Substanz wurde berechnet. Die Tiefenverteilung dieses Parameters hat ein Maximum in 10 m Tiefe, das erhöhte biologische Aktivität anzeigt. Ebenfalls berechnet werden die Verhältnisse zwischen den Konzentrationen von partikularem und von gelöstem organischen Kohlenstoff und der Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen beiden Größen. Die gleichen Berechnungen werden angestellt mit dem Proteingehalt der partikulären Substanz und ihrem Gehalt an organisch gebundenen Stickstoff. Aus diesen Berechnungen werden Schlüsse gezogen über die Biochemie des Phytoplanktons.

Description: The results of five cruises between April 1966 and April 1967 through the Suez Canal and its lakes showed that the prime factor for the reversal of the northerly current in the summer season must be the wind stress on the water and not as previously thought to be caused by the effect of the Nile flood. The new seasonal variation after the completion of the Aswan High Dam is discussed. Fünf hydrographische Aufnahmen des Suez-Kanals im Zeitraum April 1966 April 1967 ergaben, daß die sommerliche Umkehr des sonst herrschenden Nordstromes auf die Wirkung des Windes zurückzuführen ist. Vor Beendigung des Assuan-Staudammes war die Nilflut als Ursache dafür angesehen worden. Weiterhin werden die jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen nach Fertigstellung des Dammes diskutiert.

Description: In den oberen 75 Metern Wassertiefe wurden neben dem Auszählen der Planktonorganismen chemische Nachweise durchgeführt auf Chlorophyll, Protein, RNA und die Gesamtheit einiger vorkommender Zucker. Diese und andere schon vorliegende Daten wurden auf ihre Aussagefähigkeit über die partikuläre Substanz und das lebende Plankton untersucht, um daran anschließend die Beziehungen zwischen den als aussagekräftig erkannten Werten herzustellen. Die damit ermöglichte Beschreibung des Planktonbestandes gestattet dann zwar die Konstatierung eines tiefenabhängigen, unterschiedlichen physiologischen Zustandes dominierender Organismen, doch werden hierbei auch die Aussagegrenzen summarisch-chemischer Bestimmungsmethoden sichtbar. The investigations were limited to the upper 75 meters. Here besides a counting of plankton organisms chemical determinations were performed for chlorophyll, protein, RNA, and the total amount of some occuring sugars. These and other data were compared as to their accuracy in estimating particulate matter and living organisms. Then it was searched for the relationship between values of recognized reliability. The resulting estimation of the plankton-stock permits the recognition of a varying physiological state of dominant organisms, depending on depth, though the limits of an account, given by chemical analysis of the entire amount of particulate matter, are reached.

Description: Der vertikale turbulente Diffusionskoeffizient Kz wurde aus der mittleren Salzgehaltsverteilung und einem mittleren Stromprofil berechnet. Die dazu erforderlichen Daten konnten durch die wiederholte Aufnahme von vertikalen Salzgehalts- und Stromprofilen an ausgewählten Positionen gewonnen werden. Diese Daten geben fur den betrachteten Zeitraum die mittleren Verhältnisse in dem untersuchten Seegebiet wieder. Von früheren Bestimmungen des Diffusionskoeffizienten, die auf Punkt- oder Einzelmessungen beruhten, unterscheidet sich die hier zur Anwendung gekommenen Methode zur Bestimmung von Kz durch die Anlage der Messungen. Das betrifft sowohl die Anordnungen der Stationen, als auch die Zahl der Messungen und die Möglichkeit der kontinuierlichen Registrierung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Strömung. Bei der Diskussion der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der gemessene Zusammenhang zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten und der Richardson-Zahl den tbeoretischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten und der Richardson-Zahl von MUNK und ANDERSON (1948) und MAMAJEV (1958) gegenübergestellt. Es ergab sich: Beide Formeln sind im Rahmen der Meßgenauigkeit gleich gut zur Beschreibung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Richardson-Zahl geeignet. In Oberflächennähe ist nur eine angenäherte Übereinstimmung zwischen dem theoretisch vorhergesagten und der gemessenen Abhängigkeit von Kz und Ri vorhanden. Dagegen findet man eine gute Annäherung der gemessenen Werte mit der Theorie im Bereich großer Diffusionskoeffizienten. The vertical eddy-diffusion coefficient Kz was computed from the mean salinity-distribution and current profiles. The data were obtained from repeated vertical profiles of salinity and currents at selected positions. The method applied here for determinating the eddy-diffusion coefficient, differs from older ones which use individual measurements only, mainly in three points: the special arrangement of the stations (triangel), a great number of measurements and the continous registration of temperature, salinity, and current. In this work the relations between Kz and Ri (Richardson-Number) as measured are compared with the theoretical correlations between Kz and Ri obtained by MUNK and ANDERSON (1948) and MAMAJEV (1958). It is shown that both formulas describe the connection between the above mentioned parameters equally well. Near the surface the predicted relation between Kz and Ri corresponds only approximately to the measured one. In the range of large diffusion-coefficients the measured values fit well to the theoretical curves.

Description: The present study was undertaken to investigate the physical and chemical variability in the eastern Gotland Basin. This can serve as an example for the variability in the inner part of an adjacent sea with small tidal influence. Two anchor stations of about four days duration were made, with R.V. "Alkor" in September 1967 and with F.R.V. "Anton Dohrn" in May 1968. On the basis of variations in the physical parameters, and also from continuous recordings of salinity and temperature, c.f., of oxygen and temperature, the presence of internal waves is demonstrated. The variability in the chemical data not only indicate internal waves but also proves the patchlike structure of the water masses with regard to biochemical parameters. The two anchor stations were made during periods of partial and of total stagnation in the deeper parts of the Gotland Basin. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Beschreibung der physikalisch chemischen Veränderlichkeit im östlichen Gotland-Becken, und zwar als Beispiel für die Veränderlichkeit im inneren Teil eines gezeitenarmen Nebenmeeres. Zwei viertägige Ankerstationen wurden durchgeführt, im September 1967 und Mai 1968, mit "Alkor" und "Anton Dohr". Auf Grund der Variationen in den physikalischen Parametern und auch von den kontinuierlichen Registrierungen von Salzgehalt und Temperatur, bzw. von Sauerstoff und Temperatur, werden interne Wellen nachgewiesen. Von der Veränderlichkeit der chemischen Parameter werden neben internen Wellen auch wolkenartige Strukturen der Wassermassen im Bezug auf biochemische Eigenschaften demonstriert. Beide Dauerstationen fielen in einer Periode von teilweiser und von voller Stagnation im Gotland-Becken.

Description: An Pilzen der Gattung Thraustochytrium wurde starker Befall durch den Myxomyceten Labyrinthula beobachtet und es wird angenommen, daß es sich hierbei um eine Form von Parasitismus handelt. There has been observed strong attack - probably parasitic - of Thraustochytrium spec. by the myxomycete Labyrinthula.

Description: Die Muskelsysteme der im selben Biotop (Weichboden) lebenden Pontogenia chrysocoma (Aphroditidae), Thalenessa stylolepis (Sigalionidae), Glycera tesselata ( Glyceridae), Arabella iricolor und Lumbrineris fragilis (beides Eunicidae sens. lat.) zeigen deutliche Unterschiede. Sie weisen jedoch große Ähnlichkeit mit den Muskelsystemen anderer Arten auf, mit denen sie in eine Gattung oder Familie gehoren, wenn diese auch in anderen Biotopen vorkommen. Der Lebensraum modifiziert die Muskelsysteme also nur geringfügig. The muscle systems of Pontogenia chrysocoma (Aphroditidae), Thalenessa stylolepis (Sigalionidae), Glycera tesselata (Glyceridae), Arabella iricolor and Lumbrineris fragilis (Eunicidae sens. lat.), all of which inhabitate the same biotope (soft bottom) exhibit distinct differences. They show, however, always great similarities with the musculature of related species of the same genus or family, which frequently are living on completely different substrates. Therefore, it is concluded that the biotope has a negligible modifying effect on the muscle system.

Description: Es werden sieben Formen Niederer Pilze (THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE, SAPROLEGNIALES) neu für das Gebiet der westlichen Ostsee beschrieben und ihre Verbreitung sowie ihr Verhalten gegenüber Salzgehalt, Temperatur und Abwasserbelastung untersucht. Es handelt sich um euryhaline, eurytherme Saprophyten mit einer gewissen Resistenz gegenüber Abwasserbelastungen. - Unterschiede in der Artenzusammensetzung gegenüber Funden von der Nordseeküste waren nicht festzustellen. Zwei Formen wurden auch östlich der Darßer Schwelle (im Arkona- und Bornholmbecken) gefunden. Chytridiale Phycomyceten wurden kaum beobachtet. Seven forms of Lower Fungi (THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE, SAPROLEGNIALES) are discribed new for the western Baltic. Their occurrence as well as their response towards salinity, temperature, and pollution have been studied and the results suggest that the fungi described are euryhaline, eurytherme saprophytes with some ability to overcome pollution charges. - Differences in respect to the occurrence of species in the western Baltic and the North Sea respectively have not been observed. Two forms have been found east of the Darß shelf (in the Arkona and Bornholm basin). Phycomycetes of the order Chytridiales have rarely been observed.

Description: Along three sections and al a one day permanent station chemical parameters (P04, Si04, N02, N03, NH3, and 02) were determined from NANSEN bottle samples. Significant fluctuations of some of these parameters were observed. From a moored current meter array the current field was determined. It was coupled to the concentrations observed at the permanent station. The horizontal gradients of chemical components showed values up to 50% in less than 500 m distance. By use of the diffusion theory some estimates on the time scale of biochemical processes are presented. From the entire set of about 400 observations the mean relation between phosphate and silicate was found to be linear. Nitrate seemed to be the growth limiting factor. The mean relations between phosphate and nitrate and silicate and nitrate respectively differ considerably from a linear function. The oxidative ratios for nitrate, phosphate and silicate have been calculated and the following combination has been found from these regressions: ΔAOU : ΔP : ΔN : ΔSi = 276 : 1.2 : 14.7 : 7.2

Description: The Red Sea has a special place among the adjacent seas of the world. High evaporation, exclusion of its deep water from contact with the Indian Ocean proper and complete absence of continental drainage may result special conditions of the chemistry of the Red Sea. This paper aims to describe and to explain the peculiarity of the hydrochemical situation. The influence of the topography, of the inflow and outflow through the straights of Bab el Mandeb, of the evaporation, of the stability of the water layers, and of the circulation will be studied. An attempt is made to estimate the apparent oxygen ultilisation in order to obtain an indication of the biological activity. A further attempt is made toward the quantitative estimation of the circulation of the nutrients and also to obtain some information about transport, dissolution, and precipitation of calcium carbonate. The basis of these investigations are mainly observations of R. V. "Meteor" during the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1964/65.

Description: After almost exclusive use in oceanographic research, the R. V. "Meteor" conducted tests in fall 1967 in the Baltic Sea which were devoted to an important problem in ship building research. In order to check the transfer of model test results to prototype conditions, which has become somewhat uncertain in view of the increase in size and speed of modern vessels, a model family of this ship had been tested at scales of 1: 25, 1 : 19 and 1 : 13 .7 5, and full scale tests were to complete the series. The most important measurements included resistance, propeller thrust and propeller power demand. Furthermore, the nomial wake in the absence of the propeller and the effective wake in front of the working propeller, the velocity distribution in the boundary layer at one point of the hull at least and the behaviour of the ship during manoeuvering with and without propeller have been investigated. The most difficult task consisted of the determination of the resistance as a function of speed, because the ship could not be driven by propeller for these tests, but had to be moved, similar to a model on a towing carriage, by a known force exerted above the water surface. Following the historical example of the resistance tests on the ferry boat "Lucy Ashton", the "Meteor" was supplied with 3 jets, which, with a maximum thrust of about 10 Mp at 12 OOO PS, produced a forward speed of 12 kn (Fig. 1, i., 3). The jet thrust was measured by strain gauges on the diagonals in the supporting frame of each jet (Fig. 3). Measurements of thrust and torque of the propeller were also obtained from strain gauges on the propeller shaft (Fig. 7). Wake measurements were performed with pitot tubes and a total head tube fixed on a rake (Fig. 4) which could be turned by 180° on the stem tube. Boundary layer measurements were obtained by two Prandtl tubes which could be moved sideways at the hull (Fig. 6). Rudder forces were indicated by a three component balance on the rudder shaft. Ott current meters and Prandtl tubes, calibrated on the mile distance, gave the ship speed. All measurements were performed electronically with analog and digital registration. The results obtained so far are remarkably accurate. Plotting the resistance values in the system of the model family indicates, that the ITTC 1957 line, presently in use as an extrapolator for frictional resistance, has too small a slope (Fig. 11 ). The total efficiency of model and prototype is about equal (Fig. 14), and the thrust deduction fraction does not seem to depend on the scale either. For the law of the wall of the boundary layer, the values K = 0.41 and C = 5.0 from recent laboratory tests are supported (Fig. 15). The evaluation of all results will probably be finished by the end of 1968.

Description: Errors of wind speed measurements on buoys are mainly due to motions of the floating body. Additionally, the mast and/or the spars which carry the sensors, and special properties of the sensor itself, affect the accuracy of wind speed records. The error of these effects on: a) profile measurements; b) the determination of the vertical distribution of wind speed above water waves; c) spectral analysis and d) the eddy correlation n' w', is estimated by means of theoretical models, wind-tunnel results and observations from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Description: Measurements of atmospheric radioactivity attached to aerosols are described. Fallout was collected in a vessel of large area. Emphasis was on separation of "wet" and "dry" samples. For strontium 90a ratio of "wet" to "dry" fallout of 5:1 has been found independent of latitude. The total fallout was smaller than comparable values from continents because of very small amounts of rainfall in the equatorial zone. In order to achieve consistency in the global balance a better knowledge not only of radioactivity but also of precipitation over the ocean is required. Fallout of Ra-D clearly shows the ITC as a barrier for the latitudinal movement of near sea-surface air masses. The concentration of short-lived emanation daughters shows large variations according to varying geographic conditions. A variation with time could not be explained. The specific activity of long-lived radioactive substances shows the expected effect of the ITC as well as a seasonal diminuation of average concentration, similar to that measured at Heidelberg.

Description: During a four weeks anchoring station of R. V. ,,Meteor" on the equator at 30° W longitude, vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity were measured by means of a meteorological buoy carrying a mast of 10 m height. After eliminating periods of instrumental failure, 18 days are available for the investigation of the diurnal variations of the meteorological parameters and 9 days for the investigation of the vertical heat fluxes. The diurnal variations of the above mentioned quantities are caused essentially by two periodic processes: the 24-hourly changing solar energy supply and the 12-hourly oscillation of air pressure, which both originate in the daily rotation of the earth. While the temperature of the water and of the near water layers of the air show a 24 hours period in their diurnal course, the wind speed, as a consequence of the pressure wave, has a 12 hours period, which is also observable in evaporation and, consequently, in the water vapor content of the surface layer. Concerning the temperature, a weak dependence of the daily amplitude on height was determined. Further investigation of the profiles yields relations between the vertical gradients of wind, temperature, and water vapor and the wind speed, the difference between sea and air of temperature and water vapor, respectively, thus giving a contribution to the problem of parameterizing the vertical fluxes. Mean profile coefficients for the encountered stabilities, which were slightly unstable, are presented, and correction terms are given due to the fact that the conditions at the very surface are not sufficiently represented by measuring in a water depth of 20 cm and assuming water vapor saturation. This is especially true for the water vapor content, where the relation between the gradient and the air-sea difference suggests a reduction of relative humidity to appr. 96% at the very surface, if the gradients are high. This effect may result in an overestimation of the water vapor flux, if a "bulk"-formula is used. Finally sensible and latent heat fluxes are computed by means of a gradient-formula. The influence of stability on the transfer process is taken into account. As the air-sea temperature differences are small, sensible heat plays no important role in that region, but latent heat shows several interesting features. Within the measuring period of 18 days, a regular variation by a factor of ten is observed. Unperiodic short term variations are superposed by periodic diurnal variations. The mean diurnal course shows a 12-hours period caused by the vertical wind speed gradient superposed by a 24-hours period due to the changing stabilities. Mean values within the measuring period are 276 ly/day for latent heat and 9.4ly/day for sensible heat.

Description: For the determination of the air temperature and its diurnal variation above the 500 mb-level at the equator station, at first the radiation error of the bimetal was investigated by means of a temperature comparison between the day- and night-ascents. The correction required can be obtained from an assembly of curves, that is represented from O to 90 degrees sunheight within 10 degrees distances for the pressure range from 300 to 3 mb. The error included amounts to about 10% of the correction value on account of the scattering of the temperature measurement. The mean diurnal variation of the air temperature is represented at the main pressure levels from 500 to 10 mb, but it is only recongnizable up to the 40 mb-level (about 22 km altitude). It amounts to 0.5 °C on the average. For higher altitudes the accuracy of the pressure- and temperature-measurements is no more satisfactory for this purpose.

Description: The nucleonic component of the cosmic rays has been measured by the German research vessel "Meteor" during the Atlantic Expedition IQSY 1965. The pressure corrected intensities fit well the rigidity calculations of KONDO & KODAMO. In this way we confirm the earth's magnetic field model used by these authors. Two positions of the cosmic ray equator have been determined at 29,7° W (6,5 ± 1) ° N and at 19° W (7 ± 1) ° N. These positions agree with the calculated values of KONDO & KODAMO. The total latitude effect of the nucleonic component amounts to 1.74 and 1.76. The measurements were carried out at solar minima activity. Using the values of latitude measurements at maxima solar activity the degree of modulation of the primary cosmic rays was determined in the rigidity range 2 - 13 GV. For rigidity values above 6 GV the modulation remains constant to 20%.

Description: Within the framework of the Indian Ocean Expedition of the German research vessel "Meteor" a total of 17 stations in the northern part of the Arabian Sea were measured with seismic refraction methods by the Geological Survey of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the Gulf of Oman and in the waters southeast of the Murray ridge a sequence with velocities of 2.9 to 3.7 km/s was proved below a sedimentary upper layer with a velocity increasing with depth. This sequence superposes a rock complex with 4.0 to 4.7 km/s. In all cases the underlying bed is constituted by rock material with a velocity of 6 km/s and more. Owing to the similar structure north and south of the Murray ridge it may be assumed that originally the part investigated in the Arabian Sea formed a unity, which was subdivided only recently when the Murray ridge developed. According to the results of the seismic refraction measurements this region, which presumably was a homogeneous one in the beginning, may with respect to its crustal structure be looked upon as both a seaward continuation of the Indus/Baluchistan basin and a transitional zone between the oceanic and the continental crust. An objection to the :first interpretation might be that there is no rock complex with 5 to 6 km/s, which seems to be typical of the structure of a continental crust. If the refraction horizon observed with velocities of more than 6 km/s (6.0-6.9 km/s) is correlated with the "oceanic layer" (layer 3), the considerable sedimentary thicknesses of more than 5 km and the depth position of the "oceanic layer" -exceeding those of other oceans by several thousand metres - suggest a transitional type of crust lying between the oceanic and the continental crust. Within the region of the present continental slope between Karachi and the peninsula of Kathiawar, sedimentary thicknesses (vp = 1.43 km/s to 3,7 km/s) of more than 5 km have also been observed. This sedimentary region designated as Kori marginal trough lies, towards the sea, in front of a high (Kori high). Within the Kori high, which in the present shelf region may be observed off Karachi towards the Southeast, the rock complex with a velocity of 6.2 to 6.5 km/s is upwarped. In the West, the Kori high is bordered by a remarkable system of faults. Within the Shelf region of Combay the rock complex with 6.5 km/s is upwarped. A direct connection between this high and the Kori high ma y be assumed; yet horizontal displacements possibly exist along the faults of the Cambay Depression, which extend towards the sea. Furthermore, a direct connection between the Kori/Cambay high and the Laccadiven zone seems possible according to the present state of investigations.

Description: Within the framework of the Atlantic Expedition in 1967 with F.S. "Meteor" about 900 sea miles were measured in the region of the Great Meteor Seamount (30° 00'N, 28° 30'W) by seismic reflection methods with a pneumatic sound source. According to the seismic investigations the Great Meteor Seamount mainly consists of volcanic compact rocks (vp = 5.8 km/s) superposed by a cap of seismically different sediment (vp = 2.7 - 3.7km/s). The results of the measurements are discussed by means of a number of seismic profiles and presented in the form of isochrone maps. Moreover the attempt is made to derive in rough outlines, the geological development of the Great Meteor Seamount from the seismic reflection data.

Description: Coccolithophorids agglutinated on the tintinnid-genera Codonellopsis, Codonella and Dictyocysta, and their ratio to agglutinated anorganic material are described on basis of plankton-tows from 12 stations in the Persian Gulf and the northern Arabic Sea. The results are compared with the distribution of two nannoplankton-species Cyclococcolithus leptoporus (MURRAY & BLACKMAN) and Braarudosphaera bigelowi (GRAN & BRAARUD) in recent sediments of the Persian Gulf and the northern Arabic Sea.

Description: The results of an investigation of tintinnids from the western Arabian Sea are described. A total of 134 closing-net samples was obtained from 22 stations of the German "Meteor" expedition 1964/1965. Distribution charts of the dominant species of tintinnids from the study area are presented as well as a list of the world-wide distribution of these species as derived from the literature. Tintinnids were most abundant in the surface waters. The layer from O-25 m yielded a maximum of 94.3% and a minimum of 61.3% of the tintinnids present from O-175 m; the mean was 80%, There was no significant difference in the vertical distribution between day and night stations nor wasb there any indication of the influence of the thermocline upon vertical distribution of tintinnids. TS-diagrams show different water types in the western Arabian Sea. Temperatur-salinity-tintinniddiagrams indicate regional patterns in the distribution of various species of tintinnids. Some tintinnids can be used as indicator species: Climacorylis scalaria, Parundella lohmanni and Amphorella amphora were typical for the Somali Current whereas Rhabdonella apophysata and Brandtiella palliata indicated the presence of Bast African Coastal Current water. The concentration of tintinnids in the upper 25 m ranged between 4,800 and 39,300 individuals/m3 (mean 19,000/m3). Plasma volume of tintinnids was calculated to permit comparison of different links in the food chain. There was a mean of 51 mm3/m2 in the upper layer, equivalent to a concentration of 2 mm3/m3. Carbon values were computed from the plasma volume of tintinnids, phytoplankton and larger Zooplankton. The ratio of phytoplankton plus microzooplankton carbon to large zooplankton carbon was 1 : 0.8 in the Somali Current, 1 : 0.4 in the Bast African Coastal Current and 1 : 1.2 in the mixing zone of these current systems. Tintinnids are one of the first links in the food chain. It is very likely that a part of the organic detritus and of the nanoplankton is transfered to large herbivores or omnivores via tintinnids and other protozoans. This mechanism might be especially effective during seasons when large phytoplankters are not available in the ocean.

Description: Globotruncana concavata (Brotzen) est une espece qui a une grande importance surtout dans la region de la Tethys. Neanmoins, longtemps apres son etablissement par F. Brotzen (1934), on ne l’a jumais signalee dana la litterature sur le Cretace. L’espece fut reprise sous forme de synonymes en 1952 et 1953. Apres 1960, cette espece s’est montree comme un element tres important pour la Stratigraphie du Cretace, surtout du Santonien et du Coniacien. Dans la presente note je reunis les notions sur l’espece Globotruncana concavata de la region des Carpathes occidentales et de la region de la Tethys en general.

Description: Five genera of cestode parasites were found in the short-finned squid. Representatives of three of these, Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Monticelli, Scolex polymorphus Rudolphi, and Nybelinia sp. are new host records. The other two genera are Phyllobothrium and Dinobothrium, both of which have previously been described from Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus. The specimens of Dinobothrium collected were identified to the species level, Dinobothrium plicitum Linton, for the first time. Contrary to conclusions drawn by other workers, the plerocercoids of Phyllobothrium sp. do not wander freely about the body of the squid in nature, but are restricted to the caecum. The wandering of plerocercoids referred to above is probably a function of rising temperature over the period between time of capture of the squid and time of examination.

Description: The drilling vesselSubmarex of Global Marine was used to drill and core sediments to a depth of 56.4 m on the Nicaragua Rise, between Walton Bank and Jamaica, in 610 m of water. Seismic reflection profiles revealed thick accumulations of layered sediments with some fossil reefs. The sediments consist of undisturbed layers rich in planktonic microfossils alternating with turbidite layers. Absence of older coccoliths indicates that the redeposited material was not appreciably older than the time of redeposition, and oxygen isotopic analysis of benthonic elements shows that this material was derived from a depth not much shallower. The lower portion of the cored section correlates with the Manchioneal Formation of Jamaica. Taxonornic analysis of the calcareous nannoplankton indicates that the level at 2354 cm correlates with the midportions of the eastern equatorial Pacific cores 58 and 62; with the “Nebraskan-Aftonian” boundary of the Gulf Coast; and with the appearance of Hyalinea baltica at Le Castella, southern Italy. This level, therefore, represents the Plio-Pleistocene boundary as officially designated, and an age of about 700,000 years is estimated for the bou ndary. Oxygen isotopic analysis shows important oscillations, with a full glacial-interglacial amplitude, occurring both above and below the Plio-Pleistocene boundary.