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  • Articles  (12,383)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (9,829)
  • University of Chicago Press
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1965-1969  (10,472)
  • 1935-1939  (1,911)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 6
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 7
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 8
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 9
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 10
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 11
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  • 12
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 13
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 14
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 15
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 16
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  • 17
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  • 18
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  • 19
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  • 20
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  • 21
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  • 22
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  • 23
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  • 24
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  • 25
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  • 26
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  • 27
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  • 28
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 29
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 30
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 31
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  • 32
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 33
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Urban Development in Canada, by Leroy O. Stone. The Costs of Economic Growth, by Ezra J. Mishan. Income and Employment in the Southeast: A Study in Cyclical Behavior, by L. Randolph McGee. Illinois Municipal Finance: A Political and Economic Analysis, by Glenn W. Fisher and Robert P. Fairbanks. Converting Land from Rural to Urban Uses, by A. Allan Schmid. Areal Interaction in India: Commodity Flows of the Bengal-Bihar Industrial Area, by Wallace E. Reed.
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  • 34
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  • 35
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  • 36
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  • 37
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  • 38
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  • 39
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  • 40
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  • 41
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  • 42
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  • 43
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  • 44
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  • 45
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  • 46
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  • 47
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  • 48
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Economic Aspects of Suburban Growth: Studies of the Nassau-Suffolk Planning Region, by Dieter K. Zschock (ed.). The Suburban Apartment Boom: Case Study of a Land Use Problem, by Max Neutze Game Theory, by Guillermo Owens. City Politics and Public Policy, by James Q. Wilson (ed.). Industrial Project Management, by George A. Steiner and William G. Ryan. The Geography of Modernization in Kenya: A Spatial Analysis of Social, Economic and Political Change, by Edward W. Soja. Sviluppo Economico e Crescita Urbana en Italia, by Ada Collida, Pietro L. Fano, and Mario D'Ambrosio
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  • 49
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    Journal of regional science 9 (1969), S. 0 
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  • 50
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  • 51
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  • 53
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  • 55
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    Bulletin of economic research 21 (1969), S. 0 
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    Review of income and wealth 15 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to develop methods for the measurement of real capital input. These methods are based on perpetual inventory estimates of capital stock and corresponding estimates of capital service prices. Stocks and service prices are adjusted for relative utilization of capital. The resulting estimates represent a separation of income from capital into price and quantity components. Estimates of capital input in current and constant prices are constructed for corporate business, non-corporate business, and households and non-profit institutions in the United States for the period 1929–1967. These estimates are prepared in a form suitable for integration into the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts.
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    Review of income and wealth 15 (1969), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper presents the characteristics of the National Accounting System of Hungary and outlines its development in the last decades and the insufficiencies still existing. Hungary has joined with great interest in the work performed within the frame of the United Nations Statistical Commission concerning the development of the Systems of National Accounts, being interested in applying—as far as possible—the results of the revision of the SNA and MPS in its national practice. The paper first presents a conceptual matrix containing all the major items in the MPS system in order to explain the contents of the items and the interdependencies among them. In this connection a brief account is given of the major differences between the SNA and MPS. The following part of the paper presents the National Accounting System introduced in Hungary in 1968. It is put also within the framework of a matrix, which supplies the items of both the SNA and MPS by means of simple aggregation as well as satisfying the national requirements, so that it is possible to compare the structure and development of the Hungarian economy with those of any other countries. The major differences between the Hungarian system and the current MPS and the revised SNA are then presented.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:BRAWRS, W. K.—Input-Output Analyse en Internationale Economische Integratie, Preface by W. Leontief and with English Summary (Input-Output Analysis and International Economic Integration).
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the process of development of the Fifth French Plan, and the role of the national income accounts in this process. Part I discusses methodological considerations relating to medium-term projections. Part II outlines the methods actually used in projecting growth outlines in the Fifth Plan, and discusses the considerations that proved critical. Part III discusses the applications of the projections to the planning apparatus.
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    Notes: In the course of preparing the Fifth French Plan, it seemed necessary to study the problem of equilibrium in capital markets in the future. For this purpose, a projection was made of the financial needs and resources of the different economic agents. The method employed was not entirely new: some attempts at projection for the medium term had already been made in the preparation of the Fourth Plan, and each year short term projections are made in connection with the different national economic budgets. However, the work on the Fifth Plan departs somewhat from what has been done before. With respect to the Fourth Plan, the methods have been improved, and greater thought has been given to integrating financial problems into the framework of the national accounts. With respect to the short term projections, the problems which must be faced are somewhat different. But more important than the differences are the characteristics which this method shares with all projections based on national accounting which are used in France. It is a part, in the first place, of a very general effort looking toward the integration of all economic forecasts into the same description of the future, taking account of the interdependence of different kinds of phenomena. In the second place, as is the case generally for the different elements of the accounting sketches used in the preparation of the plan, the object of the work is to expose the probable difficulties which will be met in the future. What is sought is essentially methods tending to point out problems, rather than means of preparing unconditional forecasts.In the presentation which follows of the method of medium term projection of financial flows, three parts will be distinguished. The work in question is part of a large structure of projections, and makes use of a formal scheme which is itself a part of the system of national accounts. It will therefore be convenient to make clear the framework in which the projection of financial flows is situated. In a second section, the method of projection used will be explained in general outline, and the last section will characterize the results obtained and present some reflections on the scope of the method.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to measure the rate of change in the size distribution of wages over time in a rigorous, analytic way, and to relate that change to the business cycle. The basic problem for which this paper provides a solution is to relate changes in a size distribution to levels of and changes in single-dimensioned variables (unemployment, Gross National Product, and the consumers price index). Let F stand for the cumulative relative size distribution of wages, a function of wages. F takes on values zero through one. Let F̄ be a given value of F, e.g., F̄= 0.25. The proposed solution to the basic problem is to measure the rate of change in consecutive F's at F̄. The composite of such measurements at F̄ over time forms a vector, the length of which depends upon the number of time periods observed. The number of vectors thus derived depends upon the number of values of F̄ selected. The various vectors are then related to the general economic conditions and the respective values of F̄. The general economic conditions have a differential effect on the various vectors; e.g., those wage earners with relatively low wages are affected differently by a given turn of the business cycle than are those with high wages.The paper includes several supplementary investigations: (a) estimating each of the annual cumulative relative size distributions of wages for a specific analytic function, (b) relating analytically the size distribution construct to the Lorenz curve concept and the Gini coefficient, (c) predicting and simulating size distributions for various economic conditions, (d) formulating tax trade-offs, and (e) suggesting further uses and extensions.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports on the results of the bilateral study of the comparison of levels of labor productivity in industry between Czechoslovakia and France in 28 branches of industry. Because of the importance of common studies of the questions of productivity of labor and its international comparison, the Economic Commission for Europe of the U.N. decided several years ago to introduce a concrete programme of work in this sphere. This study was made jointly by Czechoslovakia and France. The present paper reports on the first stage of the study, giving results based on physical unit methods. The second stage of the work includes comparisons for branches of industry not covered in this paper, on the basis of value indicator methods; detailed results will be published in respective U.N. series to the end of 1969 (Series Conf. Eur. Stats.).
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Estimates of gross domestic product have been produced by various writers or agencies for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and for Wales there are estimates of expenditure also; but only a very tentative attempt has hitherto been made at estimates for the English regions, mainly because the data present difficulties. In the present investigation, in which the estimates in the Bluebook on National Income and Expenditure are partitioned between regions, item by item, a production method was first explored, but this was replaced by use of Inland Revenue data on employment and self-employment income, and production and miscellaneous sources on profits etc. Estimates of expenditure raise particular difficulties in regard to private capital formation and, for different reasons, some parts of public current expenditure.The estimates have been used to throw light on interregional variations in income produced per head and earnings per head, and their relation to activity rates and industrial structure. The flows of property income, and of public transfers of purchasing-power and benefits between regions are also explored, along with regional current balances and evidence bearing on differences in pressure of demand. Finally, the scope for the development of regional social accounting in the United Kingdom is discussed.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Regional information designs are tools for decision makers at subnational levels; their principal purpose is to improve the dialogue between the decision maker and the analyst as a means of improving the quality of policy decisions. This paper first examines key characteristics of regional accounts and regional information systems of relevance primarily at the state or province level. Then the nature and scope of regional decisions are reviewed with a view of delineating the problems encountered in developing systematic regional information to help make those decisions. Both policy and program decisions are considered in terms of scanning the horizon for potential opportunities and problems and of identifying preferred solutions to the problems. Finally, one regional information design is sketched out which classifies in an orderly fashion the environmental and program information useful in regional decision making.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper treats three subjects:(1) In Sections II and III there is given a general analysis of revisions in national income data, namely the sources of revisions are enumerated and the conclusions that might be drawn are discussed in some detail.(2) Section IV gives a description of the history of revisions in national income estimates for the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) for the period 1949–1965. The general revisions are classified according to their causes.(3) Sections V to VII give a statistical analysis of the revisions described in Section IV. Revisions in the level and in the linear annual change are characterized by their mean and their mean absolute deviation. Theil's coefficient of inequality is computed and on the basis of its decomposition a kind of analysis of variance is carried out.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Developments in economic theory have in many ways enhanced the opportunity for using financial accounts data in monetary analysis. This is true in such areas as the role of assets, the development of portfolio choice theory, the demand for money, and the behavior of intermediaries. At the same time, theory has increasingly emphasized behavioral relationships. These developments give rise to new data needs. An inquiry was addressed to some 25 specialists, whose responses illustrate these needs. Some of the desired data are “more of the same,” such as more sectoring, more detail on financial instruments, data on stocks as well as flows. Some data needs, reflecting behavioral theorizing, point beyond traditional financial accounts data and call for maturity distributions, interest rates, rates of return on equities and real assets, and the parameters of their frequency distributions. The degree of economic development and the degree of openness are found to be important determinants of the kind of data to be sought and employed in particular countries.Public policy is finding increasing use for financial accounts data in coordinating the flow of financial resources with the planning of physical investment. Nevertheless, many policy purposes call for more detailed data than can be provided by an integrated system. This has led to a selective use of data sources outside the financial accounts. Builders of financial models, likewise, have found it preferable to work with more flexible data selected ad hoc than with integrated financial accounts. Hope of applying the techniques of modern model building to financial accounts data, such as econometric estimation of a flow of funds table, or its conversion into an input-output matrix, seems tenuous for the time being. Thus, financial accountants, competing with financial model builders for the attention of theorists and policy makers, must broaden the scope of their data in the hope that there is room for the growth of both disciplines.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present system of national accounting (revised SNA and existing national systems) is a good framework for physical projections of goods and services produced by enterprises. It is less well suited to planning in value terms, because data on income are poor and the system is badly adapted to analysis at the level of decision-making centers of the relationships of production, prices, income, and investment; the picture which it gives of the non-market economy is inadequate; and it yields a static view of successive states of the economy, the last accented by the scarcity of structural information.The usefulness of the accounts for the formation of economic policy varies greatly according to the problems considered. Important for general aspects of economic policy in the relatively short term, they are limited in terms of fine decisions on public intervention in the market economy, and for the relatively detailed study of economic policy in the public sector itself. These shortcomings, although in part remediable, raise questions concerning the scope, object, flexibility, and spacial and temporal coverage of national accounting. Finally, the newly emerging needs of planning, especially those arising from the extension of the dialogue between social groups, the attempts at planning in value terms, and the increasing interest in the non-market economy, suggest a need for some deconsolidation of the system.To answer these demands, a more flexible system is needed. Such a system might comprise two stages. One, a statistical framework and presentation of data, would remain close to business and public accounting. The other, a more abstract and elaborate framework for macro-economic analysis, would correspond in large part to the present system. This system would include, around the central nucleus, a number of satellite accounts, consistent with the nucleus but articulated with it by very flexible and diverse rules. It could be extended to new fields where quantification without valuation is possible.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the problems that arise in the regional allocation of public sector accounts. These problems arise mainly in connection with the regional allocation of government expenditures on a governing rather than a procurement basis, and in the derivation of a meaningful surplus or deficit. The latter in turn requires an examination of the real geographic incidence of government revenues—to avoid, for instance, the assignment of the whole tobacco tax to Virginia and North Carolina. The use of a procurement basis for government product and the real geographic distribution of direct tax incidence for government revenue would produce a more complete and meaningful regional surplus or deficit measure, and gross regional products will not be as subject to spurious inter-regional variation.
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    Notes: The problem of national accounting “at constant prices” is in fact a problem of comparability of time series, as changes in the price structure preclude any direct comparison of economic flows. If such accounts are established they will make it possible directly to compare the same flow at two different times in the economy as a whole, and this without leaving the influence of other flows out of account. This makes it possible both to synthesize and to undertake analytical comparisons. The accounts could then be used for the study of time series, for projections or for structural studies (e.g. the mechanisms underlying the changing pattern of income distrubution).The first part of this report sets out to study the main problems of compiling accounts at constant prices and to examine what conventions should be adopted.The second part of the report considers how productivity gains can be explicitly shown in the national accounts. The proposed study plan restores the symmetry between price and productivity. As in the accounts at constant prices, gap variables are introduced to measure productivity gains. These variables can be interpreted in terms of surplus; the concept of surplus used here, however, is not the one adopted for the accounts in constant prices, but its dual. Setting up an accounting system “at constant productivity” therefore makes it possible to complete the information provided by an accounting system “at constant prices.”These two systems can of course be integrated: this leads to the introduction of the concept of an accounting system “at constant prices and constant productivity.” Such an accounting system makes it possible to show, in the same accounting framework, the respective contributions of price changes and improved productivity to the gains realised by the different economic agents. It therefore gives a complete picture of “transfers” between the agents. At the same time, the data on price and productivity can be integrated with each other.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with an examination of growth trends of the Indian economy between 1860 and 1960. This examination commences with the numerous studies bearing on the more recent part of this period, from about 1900 to 1960. These studies are shown to vary greatly in coverage and comprehensiveness, and their differences and individual shortcomings are assessed. Nevertheless, these studies conclude, without exception, that the Indian economy remained virtually stationary in this period, especially in terms of negligible growth in per capita real income. In contrast to periods since 1900, the study of economic growth during the earlier period has suffered academic neglect. There are only two major studies which make an attempt to examine economic trends in this period. Both these studies are found wanting with respect to concepts and procedures. The period from 1860 to 1913 presents serious problems in any study since there is a paucity of statistics which are at all reliable and useful. The most promising approach for overcoming this deficiency is to develop better sectoral statistics rather than to rely on aggregative data even when available. In order to gain a better understanding of the growth trends of the Indian economy over this period, the author constructed indices of major economic activities. These indices demonstrate that relatively high rate of economic growth prevailed in India before 1890. Subsequent developments in the Indian economy seem to consist of minor changes in the magnitudes of economic variables rather than fundamental structural changes. Thus, the Indian economy is shown to have enjoyed relatively high rates of growth only in the initial three decades of the hundred-year period, 1860–1960.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reviews some of the ideas that have been expressed regarding the development of national financial accounts. It concludes that a consensus is emerging that a set of sector financing statements and balance sheets, based on a monetary survey and incorporating liquidity criteria, can contribute to the understanding of the operation of an economy.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is in part directed towards a partial examination of Canadian concepts and methods used in the deflation of constant price estimates of gross domestic product from both an expenditure and industry-of-origin point of view, and in part toward certain problems arising in the development of a conceptually balancing set of accounts in real terms. It also provides reference material to allow the reader to pursue the detailed methodology and data underlying the Canadian constant price accounts.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The increased role of monetary and other financial variables has required the introduction of a quantitative framework for monetary policy planning. This has been found in a planning procedure based on flow-of-funds accounts. The very comprehensive structure of these accounts is relied upon to provide to policy makers with quantitative indications as to policy goals and measures for their implementation, and at the same time, to ensure a consistent incorporation of monetary planning in general economic planning.There are annual and monthly plans. Annual planning involves two stages. The first is projection of flow-of-funds accounts on the basis of appropriate relationships, historical trends, institutional changes, economic policy targets, etc. The final result of this stage of planning is a projection of the Monetary Sector transactions as residuals, including changes in money supply and in short-term credits as key projections. The second is decomposition of the Monetary Sector account into the Central Bank Sector and the Other Banks Sector, which makes possible a projection of measures for the implementation of projected changes in short-term credits and money supply.Monthly planning has two objects: first, to check annual projections and, if necessary, to adjust them to actual developments; and second, to introduce seasonal components. Seasonal adjustment is made only for the Monetary Sector, its two subsectors, and credit policy measures. Monthly projections are made every month for three months in advance.
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    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Homogenates of axenic Acanthamoeba sp. had ribonuclease, phosphatase, proteinase, α-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and β-glucuronidase activities; all had acid pH optima. After isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation all showed the same relatively broad and unimodal distribution pattern, with a peak at a density of 1.17. This differs from the distribution of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and of peroxisomal urate oxidase and catalase. The findings are believed to reflect the occurrence of lysosomes in Acanthamoeba.
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    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The foraminiferan Glabratella ornatissima (Cushman) undergoes plastogamy during reproduction. In this process, 2 (or rarely more) individuals join together by their apertural sides to mutually exchange gametes. The apertural sides and internal septa are dissolved, forming a single large brood chamber. After the zygotes grow to a 2- or 3-chambered stage, the young foraminifera are liberated from the enclosing parent tests.Scanning electron micrographs and histochemically stained thin sections indicate that the reproductively mature individuals are firmly united by an organic membrane during plastogamy. This membrane is monolamellar, less than 1 μ thick and has minute lumps on its surface. Biochemically it contains a nonsulfated acid mucopolysaccharide, which is unlike the membranes associated with CaCO3 deposition lining the interior of foraminiferal tests. The young foraminifera liberate themselves by secretion of an enzyme which degrades the membrane. The mechanism of plastogamy is interpreted to be an adaptation to life in turbulent waters that would decrease the chance of gamete union or zygote survival were the gametes released and fertilized freely.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Individuals of Blepharisma intermedium (Rao A race) acclimated by prolonged growth in axenic medium containing 8X, 16X, 24X and 32X the concentration of salts in unit standard balanced salt solution (USBSS) used for fresh-water protozoans were tested for rate of regeneration at various salt concentrations, the time for 50% regeneration being used for comparisons. Blepharismas acclimated to axenic medium (of osmolality 10 × USBSS) containing 16X USBSS regenerated at about the same rate as those grown in axenic medium but were delayed at higher salt concentrations. The same was true for those grown in axenic medium containing 32X USBSS, except that the range of higher salt concentration tolerated was much greater. Those acclimated to higher salt concentrations were delayed in regeneration by exposure to lower salt concentrations tolerated by controls. Because growth was very slow in media of higher osmolal concentration, it was not possible to determine the internal concentration of salts in acclimated cells. The morphogenetic process as measured by rate of regeneration, appeared to be less sensitive to increased salt concentration than growth, as measured by cell division.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the eugregarine Lankesteria culicis from the larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti was examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with that of other gregarines. The cell organelles found in L. culicis included a nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi-complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, droplets, granules and lipid bodies.The surface of L. culicis was composed of a highly differentiated membrane-cortex, differing slightly from that of other eugregarines. This complex was limited by a unit membrane, the plasmelemma, and underlying cortical laminae which appeared to be composed of several layers. The homogeneous electrondense layer present in Pyxinoides balani was greatly diminished or absent in L. culicis.A series of laminar folds supported by ground substance and longitudinal subpellicular fibrils gave the organism's surface a ridge-like appearance. Permanent cytostome-like openings in the surface, which appeared to be supported by a narrow band of thickened cortex, were present as specializations of the surfacemembrane complex. The structural composition of the parasite appeared quite striking in that it was made up almost entirely of vesicles, granules, and droplets which were absent only in the area of the protomerite. The mitochondria were usually found just beneath the surface or near the nucleus. Mitochondria were also seen in the region of demarcation between the protomerite and deutomerite.
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    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lankesteria barretti n. sp. (Eugregarinida, Diplocystidae) is named from the mosquito Aedes triseriatus in Texas. The young cephalins occur within the midgut epithelial cells. When they reach a length of about 150–200 μ they rupture the host cell and are released into the space between the epithelium and the peritrophic membrane, becoming gamonts. These grow to about 140–310 by 40 μ at the anterior end and 12 μ at the posterior end. When the host pupates they enter the lumen of the Malpighian tubules; pairs join in syzygy by their anterior ends and later more laterally. Each pair forms a spherical gametocyst about 60–100 μ (exceptionally 250 μ) in diameter. A large number of oocysts develop in each gametocyst. The mature oocysts are spindle-shaped, 11 by 5.4–5.7 μ, and contain 8 elongate sporozoites and a refractile residuum. The gametocyst wall breaks down, releasing oocysts in the Malpighian tubules of the host when it is adult. The oocysts pass out in the feces and presumably infect new larvae by ingestion. The cephalins and gamonts of L. barretti differ from those of L. culicis (of Aedes aegypti) in having a relatively anterior instead of a central nucleus and in lacking a noticeable mucron; its longitudinal folds are not as well-developed as in L. culicis, and its paraglycogen granules are larger. The fine structure of L. culicis and L. barretti is described in detail. Their gamonts have a polar ring but no definite conoid. The taxonomy of the genus is reviewed, but its species have been so poorly described that it is impossible to be sure whether they are all really Lankesteria. About 19 species have been described (5 from turbellaria, 8 from tunicates, perhaps 1 from Amphioxus, 1 from the chaetognath Sagitta sp., 1 from Phlebotomus and 3 from mosquitoes).
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Three hundred and fifty-seven reptiles belonging to 15 species (11 genera, 7 families) from the Pacific Northwest were examined for haematozoa. Twenty-six (7.3%) had parasites. Eleven (3.1%) were infected with haemogregarines, 6 (1.7%) with microfilariae and 9 (2.5%) with unidentified organisms. Four species of snakes and 4 of lizards were positive. Several forms of haemogregarine from the Pacific gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) are described.
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    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thirty-three lizards from Costa Rica were examined for coccidia. Cryptosporidium ctenosauris sp. n. is described from Ctenosaura similis, Eimeria basilisci sp. n. from Basiliscus basiliscus, and additional data are added to the description of Isosporacnemidophori Carini, 1942. Ellipsoidal oocysts of C. ctenosauris averaged 21.7 by 11.5 μ. They had no polar body or micropyle but had an oocyst residuum; the oocysts contained 4 elongate sporozoites with averaged 15.0 by 3.4 μ. The oocysts of E. basilisci were ellipsoidal and averaged 38.0 by 17.8 μ. They had no oocyst residuum or polar body. Their sporocysts were ovoid to ellipsoidal and averaged 12.7 by 7.0 μ. A sporocyst residuum was present.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Glutamic diethyl ester inhibited the growth of Euglena gracilis and induced abnormal cell division. A variety of amino acid esters inhibited growth in both Euglena and Astasia, but only glutamic diethyl ester and, to a lesser extent, glutamic dimethyl ester, interfered with cell division, and only in Euglena. Glutamic acid potentiated the growth inhibitory effect of glutamic diethyl ester but antagonized the formation of aberrant division forms. The mitotic process appeared to proceed normally thru the stages of formation of the reservoir, gullet and flagellum, but cytokinesis stopped during the unwinding process which leads to the separation of the daughter cells, thus leading to the formation of doublets. Doublets could then continue their life cycles, forming triplets or quadruplets and, occasionally, octuplets.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A spiral, rod- or crescent-shaped symbiont here designated alpha, is present in the macronucleus of killer stock 562, syngen 2 of Paramecium aurelia. This stock has a cytoplasmic symbiont, kappa, as well as alpha. Lines were obtained which had only alpha, others which had only kappa, and some which had neither. It was possible to purify and separate both kinds of symbiont from homogenates of stock 562 using an ECTEOLA column. The killing action of this stock is due to kappa, not alpha. Observations on the structure of alpha with the electron microscope indicate that alpha, like the cytoplasmic symbionts in this species, is a bacterium. Alpha is never seen in the micronucleus, is rarely found in the cytoplasm, but abounds in the macronucleus. If paramecia are allowed to grow slowly after autogamy, alpha passes from the old macronuclear fragments, infects the new macronucleus, and all animals retain alpha. In exautogamous paramecia growing at maximum fission rate, however, alpha often does not infect the new macronucleus and is lost from many lines when the old macronuclear fragments disappear. In mixed cultures containing alpha-bearing and alphafree paramecia, it has been found that alpha readily invades the macronucleus of paramecia of susceptible stocks. Homogenates of alpha-bearing cultures are also infective. Infection is highly specific, occurring in only 6 of the 44 stocks of P. aurelia in which infection was attempted, and these 6 are all syngen 2. It is suggested that the short rod or crescent form of alpha is the reproductive form, while the elongated spiral form is probably the invasive motile form.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two species of the taxonomically enigmatic genus Cyathodinium, C. piriforme and C. cunhai, were studied in some detail at both light and electron microscopic levels. Data obtained strongly suggest suctorian affinities for the genus, since a number of structures or features are strikingly reminiscent of similar (if not homologous) structures recently discovered in ciliates belonging to the order Suctorida.Endosprits (suctorial tentacles?) of Cyathodinium show an arrangement of microtubules not unlike that known for several suctorians, especially Acineta and Tokophrya. Haptocysts or missile-like bodies, ca. 600 mμ long, have been observed within endosprits and free in the cytoplasm; again this is reminiscent of the complex organelles recently described from several suctorian groups. Mouthlessness, coupled with the presence of a ventral depression (functioning in gathering prey at distal ends of endosprits?) and the presence of food vacuoles in the cytoplasm, further support a suctorian mode of feeding. Finally, stages in the curious life cycle of Cyathodinium suggest neoteny and a basic similarity to endogenous budding processes in certain suctorians.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Heat-synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL subjected to pulses of high hydrostatic pressure (10,000 psi for 2 min) had increasing division delays during the 1st 40 min after the last heat shock (40 min after heat treatment). Pressure treatment during the subsequent 10-min interval disrupted cell synchrony. Comparable pressures applied to the cells at later stages, before the 1st synchronous division, caused negligible division delay. Continuous exposure to 10% (v/v) heavy water hardly affected division; higher concentrations delayed or blocked division. Ten-min pulses with heavy water (40%, 50%, 70%) resulted in increasing division delays depending on the stage of the cell cycle during which the heavy water was applied. Amelioration of the division-delaying effects of pressure was observed in cells treated simultaneously with pressure (3,000 psi for 30 min), and 30% D2O. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that some of the pressure and D2O effects could be attributed to changes in the sol-gel state of the cytoplasm.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The ceca of 2-week-old chicks were surgically removed. One week post-operation each cecectomized bird was given 2 × 106 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts per os. Birds from the same hatch, with intact ceca, served as controls and were infected the same time as the cecectomized birds. However, in order to reduce mortality, control birds were each given 1 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts per os. Four cecectomized and 5 control birds were killed 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours after inoculation. Tissues from the small and large intestine of each bird proximal to the cecal junction were removed, processed by the dioxan method, and studied microscopically for developmental stages of the parasite. Developmental stages of the parasite were observed in all sections from the large intestine of cecectomized chickens. Initial sporozoite penetration and subsequent development of the parasite in this location was similar to that observed in the cecal mucosa of non-cecectomized chickens. No parasites were observed in sections of the small intestine of cecectomized birds 12 or 24 hours after inoculation, and findings after 48 and 72 hours were inconsistent. However, numerous parasites were observed in sections 96, 120, and 144 hours post-inoculation. In contrast, endogenous stages of the parasite were not seen in tissue sections of the small and large intestine of birds with intact ceca until 120 hours after inoculation. Numerous young gametocytes were then observed in sections from all birds. Similarly, mature gametocytes were observed in all fixed sections 144 hours after inoculation. No evidence was found that would indicate whether or not infection in the small and large intestine of birds with intact ceca or the small intestine of cecectomized birds was initiated by sporozoites or merozoites, nor was evidence found to suggest that development of any stage of the parasite was suppressed in these organs.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sera from 270 domestic and wild mammals were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination method. The specificity of reactions was determined by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Positive results at a titer of 1:64 were given by 10 of 138 cattle, 3 of 74 swine, 1 of 8 cats and none of 3 horses. Of the wild animals tested, only 1 of 9 woodchucks was positive; 17 raccoons, 14 opossums and 7 skunks were negative.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron microscopic examination of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse erythrocytes revealed many characteristics resembling those observed in other mammalian malarial parasites. A double unit membrane surrounds the trophozoite cytoplasm which contains many ribonucleoprotein particles, a limited amount of endoplasmic reticulum and membraned organelles including sausage-shaped vacuoles and multilaminated membraned bodies. More or less circular double membraned vacuoles, possibly cross sections of the sausage-shaped vacuoles, are common. Typical protozoan mitochondria are lacking. The limiting membrane of the merozoites is triple-layered. Paired organelles and small dense bodies are found in the merozoites along with dense granular masses in the nuclei. Trophozoites have cytostomal structures as well as invaginations of the plasma membrane at sites where no cytostomes are evident. Digestion appears to occur in single membrane-bound vesicles which contain one to several pigment grains. P. chabaudi frequently contains multiple food vacuoles and has polymorphism manifested in part by the presence of cytoplasmic extensions and of nuclei with a variety of shapes. Several apparently free forms are noted, often accompanied by a thin rim of host cytoplasm. “Appliqué” forms are common among the trophozoites as are forms in which 2 or more trophozoites are joined together.Finally, alterations in the host cytoplasm resembling the socalled Maurer's clefts are frequent. Ferritin-containing vacuoles also appear in the host cell.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 16 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The growth and reproduction of Allogromia laticollaris was studied. More schizozoites were generally produced in mixtures of food organisms than on single algal foods. In the presence of moderate numbers of bacteria, cultures with Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chlorococcum sp., Nannochloris sp., and an unidentified chlorophyte (BL-1), added singly, were also highly productive. Schizogony was the dominant asexual form of reproduction. Binary fission and cytotomy also occurred in bacterized otherwise unfed controls. 35S and 32P are convenient labels for measuring growth of A. laticollaris when introduced into the system in the range of 1 × 104 - 1 × 105 dpm/ml (32P specific activity ∼ 2.03 MCi/g; 35S specific activity ∼ 95 μCi/g). Small allogromiids grew faster than did larger ones. By means of the Taylor series modification of the classical least-squares method, a continuous life-cycle representation was calculated for A. laticollaris for the conditions of the experiment. Four points of cell volume growth were maxima for reproduction: 1.0 × 107μ per organism for curve I; 2.2 × 107μ3 and 1.2 × 107μ3 for curve II; and 6.7 × 107μ3 for curve III.
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