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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (25,342)
  • 1980-1984  (15,115)
  • 1965-1969  (8,218)
  • 1950-1954  (2,009)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1074-1076 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 836-836 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the pitting corrosion of passive austenitic CrNi steels in neutral chloride solutionsStainless steels of the 18/8 CrNi-Type suffer pitting corrosion by halogen ions. Potentiokinetic, galvanostatic and potentiostatic tests as well as the ferro-ferricyanide-tests showed that pitting susceptibility increases with Cl- content, temperature and oxygen content of the electrolyte, with decreasing homogeneity and purity of the material. Cold-working is without significant influence on the pitting potential. Mn up to 11,2% increases pitting potential by 50 mV, Ni up to 25% increases the potential by 200 mV, Cr up to 30 and Mo up to 4,6% increase the potential by max. 900 mV in 3% NaCl of pH 7,5 at 22° C. The four methods employed gave the same pitting potentials. Before arriving at the potential of stationary pitting all steels showed a region where formation and repassivation of single pits occur.Cathodic protection to suppress pitting causes H2-absorption. The amount of absorbed H2 increases as the potential becomes more negative. Hydrogen embrittlement was not observed. The absorbed H2 impairs pitting resistance. The study of Cl--adsorption as a pitting releasing process by help of the potentiostatic method, working with a reference source of triangular alternating voltage gave no indication of a preferential Cl--adsorption or an Cl--adsorption-potential near the pitting potential.
    Notes: Passive 18/8 Cr-Ni-Stähle unterliegen der durch Halogenionen hervorgerufenen Lochfraßkorrosion. Die Durchführung potentiokinetischer, potentiostatischer und galvanostatischer Versuche sowie des Indikatortestes zeigte, daß die Lochfraß-anfälligkeit von Chrom-Nickel-Stählen mit dem Chlorionengehalt, der Temperatur und dem Sauerstoffgehalt des Elektrolyten sowie mit abnehmender Homogenität und Reinheit des Werkstoffes ansteigt. Eine Kaltverformung zeigt keinen eindeutigen Einfluß. Überhöhte Potential-Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten verfälschen das Ergebnis der potentiokinetischen Messungen des Lochfraßpotentials. In 3%iger NaCl-Lösung vom pH-Wert 7,5 bei 22° C erhöhen Mn-Gehalte bis 11,2% und Ni-Gehalte bis 25% das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 50 bzw. 200 mV, Cr-Gehalte bis 30% sowie Mo-Gehalte bis 4,6% steigern das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 900 mV. Die vier Untersuchungsverfahren ergaben Übereinstimmende Ergebnisse bzw. Lochfraßpotentiale. Alle Stähle zeigten vor dem Potential des stationären Lochfraßes einen Potentialbereich, in dem repassivierbarer Lochfraß beobachtet wurde.Kathodischer Schutz zur Verhinderung von Lochfraß bewirkt eine mit negativer werdendem Potential zunehmende Wasserstoffaufnahme, jedoch keine Beeinflussung der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Dagegen vermindert der aufgenommene Wasserstoff die Lochfraßbeständigkeit des Stahls. Die Untersuchung der Chlorionenadsorption als lochfraßauslösendem Vorgang mit der potentiostatischen Dreiecksspannungsmethode ergab keinen Hinweis auf die bevorzugte Cl--Adsorption oder ein Cl--Adsorptionspotential in der Nähe des Lochfraßpotentials.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 35-37 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of zirconium in chemical plant constructionIt ist in this decade only, that zirconium has become an established special material in chemical plant construction. Zirconium is used in particular where high corrosion resistance is required, e.g. with processes involving sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids, chlorides (except ferric and cupric chlorides), alkalies, urea, hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid. Preferred types of equipment are reaction columns, pump casing, heat exchangers and tubing, e.g. in connection with the production of dyes, pigments (erosion resistance), foods, hydrogen peroxide and urea. The price of zirconium, though still high if compared with that of nickel-base alloys or high-alloy stainless steels is soon amortized as a consequence of the low maintenance requirement.
    Notes: Zirkonium ist im Laufe von nur 10 Jahren zu einem fest eingeführten Sonderwerkstoff des Apparatebaues geworden. Es wird vor allem bei hohen Ansprüchen an die Korrosionsbeständigkeit eingesetzt, z.B. bei Verfahren mit Schwefel-, Salz-, Salpeter- und Phosphorsäure, Chloriden (außer Eisen-III- und Kupfer-II-chlorid), Alkalien, Harnstoff, Wasserstoffsuperoxid, Milchsäure. Bevorzugte Apparaturen sind Reaktionstürme, Pumpengehäuse, Wärmeaustauscher und Rohrleitungen, z.B. bei der Herstellung von Farbstoffen, Pigmenten (Erosionsbeständigkeit), Nahrungsmitteln, Wasserstoffsuperoxid und Harnstoff. Der noch immer höhere Preis des Zirkoniums im Verleich mit Legierungen auf Bickelbasis oder hochlegierten nichtrostenden Stählen amortisiert sich bald aufgrund des geringen Wartungsbedarfs.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 54-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 77-79 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 85-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 102-108 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Occurrence, formation and phase transformation of β-FeOOH in rustA prerequisite to the formation of β-FeOOH is the presence of chloride or fluoride ions. These may take the form of corresponding acids, or of their salts. β-FeOOH is formed in the presence even of minute quantities of chloride, e. g. also under conditions of pitting corrosion, when FeCl2, - 4 H2O is formed. If the chloride input ceases, the hitherto unaffected surfaces will be affected by the normal α or γ-FeOOH, as the chloride ions are then fixed in the β-FeOOH lattice. β-FeOOH remains stable at low PH values only; at higher PH values, it is transformed into the α-modification or hematite. In contact with metallic iron, β-FeOOH has the effect of accelerating the corrosion rate, probably because of the continued liberation of chloride ions.
    Notes: Für die Bildung von β-FeOOH ist die Anwesenheit von Chlorid- oder Fluoridionen Voraussetzung. Diese können in Form der entsprechenden Säuren oder auch von Salzen vorliegen. Schon bei An- wesenheit kleinster Chloridmengen entsteht dabei β-FeOOH, z. B. auch unter Lochfraßbedingungen, wobei FeCl2·4H2O entsteht. Hört die Chloridzufuhr auf, so entsteht an den freien Flüchen noch das übliche α- oder γ-FeOOH, da die Chlorionen dann im Gitter von β-FeOOH fixiert sind. Das β-FeOOH ist nur bei niedrigen PHWerten stabil, bei höheren Werten wandelt es sich in die σ-Modifkation oder in Hämatit um. σ-FeOOH wirkt in Kontakt mit metallischem Eisen korrosionsbeschleunigend, wahrscheinlich weil hierbei immer wieder Chlorionen freiwerden.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 125-126 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical equilibria encountered with the chromium-plating of steelIn order to determine the equilibrium conditions, the authors investigated, in the compound system Fe(s) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(s) + FeJ2(g) used for diffusion-type chromium plating, the two stages Cr(s)+ 2J(g) ⇌ CrJ2(g) and Fe(s) + 2J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) which determine the reaction rate. The former stage was investigated at a temperature range of 700 to 1160° C, the latter at 760 to 1080° C. In this temperature range, the equilibrium is shifted somewhat to the left, the shift increasing with higher temperatures. However, as the general correlation of the equilibrium constants with temperature is low, it may be assumed that chromium-plating could be carried out over a much wider temperature range than is usual at present.
    Notes: Für die Ermittlung der Gleichgewichts-beziehungen wurden in dem für die Diffusionsverchromung verwendeten Verbindungs-system Fe(f) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(f) + FeJ(g) die beiden geschwindigkeitsbestim-menden Schritte Cr(f)+ 2 J(g) ⇌ CrJ2,(g) und Fe(f) + 2 J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) untersucht, und zwar die erste bei 700-1100, die zweite bei 760 und 1080° C. Das Gleichgewicht ist im untersuchten Temperaturbereich etwas nach links verschoben, und zwar um so stärker, je höher die Temperatur ist. Die insgesamt geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtskonstanten läßt jedoch vermuten, daß die Inchromierung in einem weit breiteren Temperaturbereich geführt werden kann als es bisher in der Praxis geschieht.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of corrosion effects produced by sodium on metals of the 4th and 5th subgroupsThe action of liquid sodium on Ti, Zr, V and Nb involves exchange of oxygen from the liquid to te solid metal phase; because of the high energy of formation of the oxides of these metals Na2O contents below 10 ppm are sufficient for initiating this reaction. The oxygen is taken up by te metal matrix directly, without formation of an oxide layer; oxygen take-up is always connected with embrittlement. In many cases oxygen becomes enriched in teh surface zone of the metal; in such cases several discrete layers are formed which have poor adhesion and different structure. Oxygen concentration can be assessed by microardness measurements.
    Notes: Der Angriff von flüssigem Na auf Ti, Zr, V und Nb erfolgt über einen Austasch von Sauerstoff von der flüssigen zur metallischen festen Phase; wegen der hohen Bildungsenergie der Oxide dieser Metalle genügen schon Na2O-Gehalte von weniger als 10 ppm für die Auslösung der Reaktion. Der Sauerstoff wird direkt in die Matrix der Metalle eigebaut, ohne daß eine Oxidschicht entsteht; die Aufnahme von Sauerstoff ist immer mit Versprödung verbunden. In vielen Fällen reichert sich der Sauerstoff in der Randzone des Metalls an, wobei mehrere Schichten unterschiedlicher Struktur und schlechter Haftung entstehen. Die Sauerstoffkonzentration läßt sich mittels Mikrohärtemssungen bestimmen.
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  • 14
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 895-900 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting and contact corrosion in magnesium-canned fuel rodsWhen nuclear fuel elements  -  containing Mg, graphite and Zircaloy  -  are stored in water there is the danger of contact corrosion of Mg in contact wit graphite; in partcular when cholorides are present (even in traces) there exists the danger of pitting corrosion. Only at pH values 〉 11,5 a bydroxide layer is formed which yields a certain protection. The pitting potential in alkaline waters is shifted to more negative values with incrasing chloride contents; this displacement can be prevented by inhiitors. Most efficient is the addition of sodium carbonate which gives rise to the formation of a protective hydromagnesite layer.
    Notes: Bei Lagerung verbrauchter Brennstoffelemente  -  Werkstoffe Mg, Graphit, Zircaloy  -  in Wasser besteht die Gefahr der Kontaktkorrosion von Mg bei Kontakt mit Graphit; besonders bei Anwesenheit von Chloriden besteht Lochfraßgefahr. Erst bei pH Werten 〉 11,5 entsteht eine Hydroxidschicht, die einen gewissen Schutz bewirkt. Das Lochfraßpotential im alkalischen Wasser verschiebt sich mit zunehmendem Chloridgebalt stark in den Bereich negativer Werte, was durch Inhibitoren verhindert werden kann. Am günstigsten ist Zusatz von Natriumcarbonat, das zur Bildung eines Schutzfilms aus Hydromagnesit führt.
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  • 15
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 910-912 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. XXXIV 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 950-956 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: EllipsometryEllipsometry, i.e. measuring the thickness of thin films has been applied increasingly to corrosion research in recent years. The author describes the principle of the method as well as the measuring setup and gives some examples concerning the application to the corrosion field, particularly in connection with the formation of passive layers. It is shown that the optical properties of such thin films depend from the nature of these films as well as from the conditions of formation. Up to now, however, one has not succeeded in quantitatively interpreting the changes of optical film properties as a function of film composition and consequently, the composition of the attacking medium. It is important in this context that the layers formed during corrosion are dielectrics and that the electromagnetic behaviour is strongly influenced by lattice defects. The application of the method is expanded by chronoellipsometry involving the simultaneous measurement of the changes of electrical and optical properties during an electrochemical reaction.
    Notes: Die Ellipsometrie, das heißt die Messung der Dicke von dünnen Filmen, ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend zu Korrosionsuntersuchungen eingesetzt worden. Deu Verfasser beschreibt die Grundlagen der Methode sowie den Aufbau der Meßeinrichtungen und gibt Beispiele für die Anwendung auf dem Korrosionsgebiet, besonders in Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von Passivschichten. Es wird gezeigt, daß die optischen Eigenschaften derartiger dünner Filme sowohl von der Art der Filme als auch von den Entstehungsbedingungen stark abhängen. Bisher ist es jedoch noch nicht gelungen, die änderungen der optischen Filmeigenschaften quantitativ in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung des Films und damit der Zusammensetzung des einwirkenden Mediums zu deuten. Eine Rolle spielt hierbei auch die Tatsache, daß die bei Korrosion entstehenden Deckschichten Dielektrika sind und daß Gitterfehler das elektromagnetische Verhalten stark beeinflussen. Eine Erweiterung der Methode bildet die Chronoellipsometrie, bei welcher die bei einer elektrochemischen Reaktion auftretenden Veränderungen elektrischer und optischer Eigenschaften gleichzeitig gemessen werden.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 961-966 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Change in physical properties of materials due to corrosion and its measurementsCorrosion reactions are generally reactions at the phase boundary and do not have a bearing on material properties. Exceptions are those cases in which certain media - e. g. hydrogen - penetrate into the bulk of the metal. For measuring the gas quantities taken up different physicochemical methods are in use. Hydrogen e.g. is extracted by hot or annealing extraction; it can also be determined through changes of electrical conductivity, lattice constants, hydrogen flux (electrochemical membrane methode) oder through the damping of free torsional vibrations. Information concerning the effects due to gas take-up is obtained by the methods of mechanical materials testing, metallography (type of cracks) or fractography. As to the effect of high pressure hydrogen an overall picture is obtained by metallography (determination of nitrides, carbides etc.) or by electron microscopy. The methods cited above constitute precious acids in failure diagnosis.
    Notes: Korrosionsreaktionen sind im allgemeinen Phasengrenzreaktionen, welche die Werkstoffeigenschaften nicht beeinflussen. Ausnahmen liegen lediglich dann vor, wenn bestimmte Medien - z. B. Wasserstoff - in das Innere des Metalls eindringen. Zur Messung der aufgenommenen Stoffmengen verwendet man verschiedene physikalisch-chemische Verfahren. Wasserstoff wird extrahiert durch Heißextraktion oder Glühextraktion; er kann auch über Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, der Gitterkonstanten, des Wasserstoff-Flusses (elektrochemische Membranverfahren) oder über die Dämpfung freier Torsionsschwingungen bestimmt werden. Über die Auswirkungen der Gasaufnahme liefern die Methoden der mechanischen Werkstoffprüfung, die Metallographie (Rißverlauf) und die Fraktographie Informationen. Über die Wirkung von Druckwasserstoff vermitteln die metallographische Gefügeuntersuchung (Bestimmung von Nitriden, Carbiden usw.) sowie die Elektronenmikroskopie ein Bild. Die genannten Methoden sind auch wertvolle Hilfsmittel bei der Aufklärung von Schadensfällen.
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  • 20
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 989-996 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 21
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1017-1017 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 22
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. XXXIX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 23
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1032-1042 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of brass in ammonium chloride solutionsThe corrosion behaviour of brass (Cu77Zn21A/2, with and without addition of As) has been investigated in 0.01 to 1 M ammonium chloride solution of PH 4 and 2, and in solutions 1 M in chloride ion, with variable Na+ and NH+4 concentrations (total concentration 1 M in each case), at pH 4 and 2. While arsenium-free brass was attacked by dezincification in most cases, intercrystalline corrosion was found on As-containing brass. The latter type of corrosion is found already at As contents as low as 0.01%. In a medium 1 M in chloride ion intercrystalline corrosion is found at PH 2, irrespective of the ammonium ion concentration, while at PH 4 intercrystalline corrosion is found only at higher ammonium ion concentrations (practically 1 M).The intercrystalline corrosion was found to be due to the segregation of Zn and As respectively at the grain boundaries and to the influence of As on the stability of the CuCl-2 formed by the anodic reaction. The influence of the solution composition on the progress in time of the intercrystalline corrosion is explained.
    Notes: Es wurde das Korrosionsverhalten von Messing der Type Cu77ZnZlA12, mit und ohne Arsen, in 0,01 bis 1 m NH4Cl-Lötsungen von PH 4 und 2 sowie in 1 M Cl--Lösungen mit veränderlicher Na+-und N+4-Konzentration (Gesarntkonzentration jeweils 1 m) bei PH 2 und 4 untersucht. Während arsenfreies Messing in den meisten Fällen entzinkt wurde, trat bei dem arsenhaltigen Messing in den moisten Fällen interkristalline Korrosion ein. Die interkristalline Korrosion wird bereits bei einem Gehalt von 0,01% As hervorgerufen. In einem Medium mit 1 m C1- findet bei PH 2 interkristalline Korrosion unabhängig vom Gehalt an Ammoniumionen statt, während bei PH 4 die interkristalline Korrosion erst bei höheren NH+4- Ionen-Konzentration, praktisch Lei 1 m, auftritt.Als Ursache der interkristallinen Korrosion wurden die Ausscheidung von Zink bzw. Arsen an den Korngrenzen sowie der Einfluß des Arsens auf die Stabilität des durch die anodische Reaktion entstehendenden CuCl-2 ermittelt. Der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung der Lösung auf den zeitlichen Verlauf der interkristallinen Korrosion wird erklärt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1066-1069 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1077-1077 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 43-48 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 108-118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of pitting corrosion with copper pipes in drinking water mainsInvestigations into cases of corrosion observed on copper pipes of water mains in Vienna and Linz have given rise to some useful practical knowledge concerning corrosion prevention: Lengthy periods of stagnation after the installation are detrimental whilst short periods of stagnation are beneficial. This is because, in the latter case, protective layers (Cu2O) are formed whilst, in the former case  -  and especially if there is no intermediate rinsing  -  the sedimentation of suspend matter is liable to cause the formation of a non-uniform cover layer. The thickness of the cover layer must not exceed a certain critical value as the elasticity of the layer would otherwise decline so that metal would be bared when the pipe is bent. Soldering at the time of installation calls for great care since soldering remnants are, in principle, detrimental. In contrast, the aggressivity of the water (ions, sedimentations) is not of major importance if the above-mentioned conditions are met.
    Notes: Untersuchungen an Korrosionsfällen in kupfernen Wasserleitungsrohren (Wien und Linz) ermöglichen einige für die Praxis wichtige Hinweise zur Korrosionsverhinderung: längere Stillstandsperioden nach Installation sind ungünstig, kürzere Stillstandsperioden hingegen günstig, weil im letzten Falle schützende Deckschichten entstehen (Cu2O), während im ersten Falle  -  besonders, wenn zwischenzeitlich nicht gespült wird. Die Dicke der entstehenden Deckschicht darf eine gewisse Grenze nicht überschreiten, da sonst die Elastizität der Deckschichten abnimmt und beim Biegen der Rohre Metall freigelegt wird. Löten bei der Installation erfordert große Vorsicht, da Lötmittelrückstände grundsätzlich nachteilig sind. Die Aggressivität des Wassers (Ionen, Ablagerungen) spielt hingegen keine große Rolle, sofern die obengenannten Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 91-92 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 228-236 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 240-253 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 276-279 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 285-285 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 288-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 308-311 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic-kinetic interpretation of the passivation phenomena with Fe—Cr alloysBy superimposing two thermodynamic kinetic current output/potential curves corresponding to iron and chromium, respectively, it is possible to plot the selfpassivation curve for Fe-Cr alloys, which is similar to the potentiostatic polarisation curve. For the ideal Fe-Cr alloy, it is possible to draw conclusions concerning the Fe and Cr passivity zones and the composition of the oxide layers on the passivated Fe-Cr alloy at the Flade reference potential.
    Notes: Durch Überlagern zweier, dem Eisen und Chrom entsprechenden thermodynamischer-kinetischen Stromausbeute/Spannungskurven ist es möglich, die der potentiostatischen Polarisationskurve ähnliche Selbstpassivierungskurve für Fe-Cr-Legierungen aufzustellen. Für die ideale Fe-Cr-Legierung kann man auf die Bereiche der Fe- und Cr-Passivität und die Zusammensetzung der oxydischen Schichten auf der passivierten Fe-Cr-Legierung bei der Flade-Bezugsspannung schließen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 458-458 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 459-461 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 471-472 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 498-503 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of fluctuating stresses on the progress of intercrystalline stress corrosion cracking of slightly alloyed steelsBecause of the extensive testing programme required, the results of the investigations here reported should be regarded as provisional and should preferably be supplemented by further verifications. Even so, the following conclusions can be drawn: -A slightly alloyed steel resistant to intercrystalline stress corrosion cracking under static stresses will not lose its resistance to CaNO3 solution even when subjected to fluctuating stresses ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 σB.In the case of the steel prone to stress corrosion cracking, the service life was likewise not affected by a stress fluctuating around a mean value. Nor was it possible to observe any correlation with frequency. The cracking was found to originate at the smallest cross-section and, in the conical part, also at points where the stresses were up to 3-4 kp/mm2 lower.Notched and welded specimens of the resistant steel were found to have a long service life under static stress.In contrast, welded specimens subjected to fluctuating stresses failed comparatively early. Cracking occurred in the proximity of the weld and is likely to be due not so much to internal stresses but to the changes in the grain structure caused by the welding heat. Heat treatment within the range of 600 to 700° C was found to result in slight improvements only. It was only through annealing at high temperature (800° C) that it became possible to regenerate the welded specimens.
    Notes: Die mitgeteilten Untersuchungen mußten wegen des erforderlichen großen Prüfaufwandes ein Ansatz bleiben und sind zweckmäßig noch durch Kontrollen zu ergänzen. Trotzdem kann man folgende Schlüsse ziehen:Ein gegen interkristalline Spannungsrißkorrosion unter statischen Beanspruchungen beständiger, schwach legierter Stahl verliert seine Beständigkeit gegen CaNO3-Lösung auch bei schwingender Beanspruchung zwischen 0,7 und 0,9 σB nicht.Bei dem für Spannungsrißkorrosion anfälligen Stahl wurde ebenfalls die Lebensdauer durch eine um einen Mittelwert pendelnde Beanspruchung nicht beeinflußt. Desgleichen war eine Frequenzabhängigkeit nicht zu beobachten. Die Rißbildung setzte im kleinsten Querschnitt und im konischen Teil auch an Stellen ein, die eine bis zu 3 bis 4 kp/mm2 niedrigere Spannung aufwiesen.Gekerbte und geschweißte Proben des beständigen Stahles ergaben bei statischer Belastung eine hohe Lebensdauer.Bei der schwingenden Beanspruchung geschweißter Proben trat hingegen verhältnismäßig früh ein Bruch auf. Die Risse entstanden in der Nähe der Schweißnaht und dürften weniger auf die Eigenspannungen als auf die Veränderung des Korngefüges durch die Schweißwärme zurückzuführen sein. Durch eine Wärmebehandlung zwischen 600 und 700° C war zunächst nur eine geringe Verbesserung zu erzielen. Erst durch eine Glühung bei hoher Temperatur (800° C) konnten die geschweißten Proben regeneriert werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 511-517 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 609-628 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 721-730 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 756-761 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Method for testing inhibitors of chloride corrosion on unalloyed steelAn accelerated test for screening pitting inhibitors for steel fuel oil tanks. Time-potential curves for assessing the stable rest potential yield no reliable information as to the efficiency of inhibitor additions of various concentrations. Depending on inhibitor concentration a steep increase of current associated with pitting is observed at certain distances from the rest potential. The potentiostatic measurement of the break-down potential of chloride ions yields very accurate results but is very time consuming; this is why cinetic polarisation tests (2 mV/min) have been made. According to the results obtained the steel is protected against pitting only when polarisation can be continued to the point of oxygen evolution without a break-through of chloride ions. The test duration is only one day as compared to 3-5 months with normal immersion tests.
    Notes: Schnellversuch zur Prüfung eines Inhibitors gegen Lochfraß in stählernen Heizöltanks. Zeit/Potentialkurven zur Ermittlung des stabilen Ruhepotentials geben keine sichere Auskunft über die Wirkung verschieden starker Inhibitorzusätze. Je nach Inhibitordosierung tritt in gewissen Abständen vom Ruhepotential ein steiler, mit Lochfraß verbundener Stromanstieg auf. Die potentiostatische Messung des Durchbruchpotentials der Cl-Ionen ist zwar exakt, aber sehr zeitraubend, weshalb Versuche mit kinetischer Polarisation (2 mV/min) gemacht wurden. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ist der Stahl nur dann gegen Lochfraß geschützt, wenn die Polarisation bis zur Sauerstoffentwicklung getrieben werden kann, ohne daß es zum Durchbruch von Chlorionen kommt. Die Versuchsdauer beträgt hierbei nur einen Tag, im Gegensatz zu 3 bis 5 onaten bei Standversuchen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 769-772 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Current density-potential measurements on stainless steels in active mediaIn order to elucidate the susceptibility to selective corrosion of weld seams in stainless steels potentio-kinetic current density-potential measurements have been made. When the polarisation curve for the weld seam is more anodic in the vicinity of the rest potential than the curve corresponding to the base material the weld seam is selectively attacked; when, however, the weld seam is moer cathodic than the base metal there is almost no corrosion in the adjacent areas because of the large area ratio (large anode, small cathode). It is only in extreme cases (very high potential difference between cathodic weld seam and anodic plate) that local corrosion is found in the base metal. Tests with Hastelloy B in 20% hydrochloric acid show that this material cannot be welded successfully with identical material; it might, however, be feasible to weld it with cathodically alloyed weld fillers (alloyed with Pt or Pd).
    Notes: Zur Klärung der selektiven Korrosions-anfälligkeit von Schweißnähten in nicht-rostendem Stahl wurden potentiokinetische Stromdichte/Spanungsmessungen durchgeführt. Ist die Polarisationskurve für die Schweißnaht in der Nähe des Ruhepotentials anodischer als die Kurve für den Grundwerkstoff, so wird die Schweißnaht selektiv angegriffen; ist hingegen die Schweißnaht gegenüber dem Grundmetall kathodisch, so kommt es wegen des Flächenverhältnisses (große Anode, kleine Kathode) kaum zu Korrosion im Blech. Lediglich in Extremfällen (sehr hober Potentialunterschied zwischen kathodischer Schweißnaht und anodischem Blech) kommt es zu örtlicher Korrosion im Grundwerkstoff. Die Versuche mit Hastelloy in 20%iger Salzsäure zeigen, daß dieser Werkstoff nicht artgleich geschweißt werden darf; eine Möglichkeit hierfür können jedoch vielleicht kathodisch legierte (mit Pt oder Pd) Schweißzusatzwerkostffe darstellen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 805-808 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 825-831 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 816-824 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 834-834 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 845-848 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Connections between polarization resistance and corrosion rate of metalsThe validity of a simplified relation between measured polarization resistance and corrosion rte o some metals has been empirrically evaluated. In the relation K = c. Rkp (c, k = constants, Rp = polarization resistance, K = corrosion rate) the constants are satisfactiorily equal for steel, Cu Zn, Ag in there active states. However, the proposed alternating current method is suitable principally for technical measurement because the experimental error is ± 15%. One main application might be corrosion monitoring over extended periods of time; in such cases low frequencies (0, 25  -  1 Hz) are useful.
    Notes: Die Gültigkeit einer vereinfachten Beziehung zwischen gemessenem Polarisationswiderstand und Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit einiger Metalle wurde empirisch geprüft. In der Beziehung K = c. RKp (c, k = Konstante, Rp = Polarisationswiderstand, K = Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit) sind die Konstanten für Stahl, Cu, Zn, Ag im aktiven Zustand befriedigend gleich. Allerdings eignet sich die verwendete Wechselstrommethode vorwiegend für technische Messungen, da die Abweichungen ± 15% betragen. Die Methode eignet sich vor allem für Korrosionsüberwachung über Längere Zeiträume, wobei niedrige Frequenzen (0, 25 bis 1 Hz) von Vorteil sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 848-854 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The electron microscope as a tool in corrosion researchThe author explains possibiliies and limitations of the individual electron-optical methods of investigation, manely electron diffraction of corrosion products on he specimen, investigation of mechanically isolated corrosion products, direct irradiation of thin laers, and preparation of surface replicas. The interpretation of te electron microphotos is made difficult by certain factors, namely specimen alternation during preparation specimen deterioration by the electron beam, and mistakes connected with the replica method used. Potential and limitations of the technique are explained on the following examples: oxidation of pure iron, corrosion of Zn in bcarbonate solution and passivation of lead in concentrated sulfuric acid.
    Notes: Der Verfasser erläutert die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der einzelnen elektronenoptischen Untersuchungsmethoden, nämlich Elektronenbeugung der Korrosionsprodukte auf der Probe, Untersuchung der Mechanisch abgelösten Korrosionsprodukte, direkte Durchstrahlung dünner Schichten und Herstellung von Oberflächenabdrucken. Die Deutung der elektronenmikroskopischen Bilder wird durch einige Faktoren erschwert, nämlich Veränderung der Probe während des Präparierens, Schädigung des Präparates durch den Elektronenstrahl und Fehler der Abdruckmethode. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Technik werden am Beispiel der Oxydation von Reineisen, der Korrosion von Zink in Bicarbonatlösungen und der Passivierung von Blei in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure erläutert.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Potential testing metods for corrosion-induced changes of teh mechanical propeties of materialsThe well-known methods of strength testing enable relations to be established between corrosion and mechanical strength. The influence of a defined orrosion (defined corrosion system and conditions) on tensile strangth, notch-toughness, alternate bending srangth and Vickers hardness is presented with differet veriales being used as the parameters in each corrosive system. Testing the strength behaviour under conditions of corrosion with simultaneous mechanical stresses is made in concentrtion with corrosion fatigue, sress corrosion cracking and creep testing.
    Notes: Die bekannten Methoden der Festigkeitsprüfung ermöglichen die Feststellung von Beziehungen zwischen Korrosion und Festigkeit. Der Einfluß einer definierten Korrosion (bestimmtes Korrosionssystem und bestimmte Bedingungen) auf Zugfestigkeit, Schlagzähigkeit, Biegewechselfestigkeit und Vickers-Härte wird dargestellt, wobei für jedes Korrosionssystem verschiedene korrosionsgrößen als Parameter dienen. Die Prüfung des Festigkeitsverhaltnens bei Korrosion unter gleichzeitiger mechanischer Beanspruchung erfolgt im Rahmen der Untersuchung der Schwingungsrißkorrosion, Spanungsrißkorrosion und des Zeitstandverhaltnes.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 923-925 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 932-932 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 933-937 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Information yielded the relaxation methodThe high temperature oxidation of metals with formation of a covering oxide layer can be measured by isotope exchange and, experimentally in a more simple way, by relaxation measurements. The latter method is suitable in particular in those cases where electrical conductivity changes with oxide composition and where this composition is known as a function of the surrounding gas atmosphere. Experiments concerning the oxidation of Fe in CO2 + CO and H2O + H2, and of Cu and Ni in O2 + N2 confirm the results of isotope exchange experiments.
    Notes: Bei der Hochtemperaturoxydation von Metallen unter Bildung einer deckenden Oxidschicht kann neben der Austauschmessung mit Isotopen auch die experimentell einfachere Relaxationsmessung verwendet werden. Diese Methode eignet sich für die Fälle, bei denen sich die elektrische Leitfähigkeit mit der Zusammensetzung des Oxids ändert und die Zusammensetzung als Funktion der Gasatmosphäre bekannt ist. Versuche mit der Oxydation von Fe in CO2 + CO und H2O + H2, sowie Cu und Ni in O2 + N2 bestätigen die Ergebnisse von Austauschversuchen mit Isotopen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 784-793 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction-accelerating effect of fluorides during the pickling of scale-affected iron partsOn the strength of the knowledge: 1that the iron oxides Wüstite, Hematite and Magnetite are differently affected by normal pickling acids, and1that a very weak hydrofluoric acid dissolves bare iron exceptionally slowly, but magnetite exceptionally rapidly, the solubility of the magnetites difficult to dissolve in acid was systematically tested in inorganic acids (HCl, H 2 SO 4) and in organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid), with and without admixture of fluoric acid or bi-fluorides. The chemical reactions are represented in the form of reaction equations. Reference is made to the high inhibiting effect of commercial inhibitors and the useful technical application of highly diluted fluoric acid or fluor-activated acids in pickling technology.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der Erkenntnis: 1daß die Eisenoxyde Wüstit, Hämatit und Magnetit von den üblichen Beizsäuren unterschiedlich angegriffen werden und1daß sebr schwache Flußsäure blankes Eisen ungewöhnlich langsam, Magnetit aber auffallend schnell löst, wurde die Löslichkeit des schwer säurelöslichen Magnetits in anorganischen (HCl, H2SO4) und organischen Säuren (Ameisen-, Essig-, Citronensäure) mit und ohne Zusatz von Flußsäure bzw. Bifluoriden systematisch untersucht. Das ablaufende chemische Geschehen wurde in Form von Reaktionsgleichungen dargestellt. Auf die hohe Hemmwirkung handelsüblicher Inhibitoren und den nutzbringenden technischen Einsatz stark verdünnter Flußsäure bzw. fluoraktivierter Säuren in der Beiztechnik wird hingewiesen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 860-860 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 956-957 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 957-958 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 960-960 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1075-1075 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 137-140 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 246-266 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 276-279 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 269-274 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 285-285 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 298-301 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: A diagnosis of the corrosion resistance of CrNi and CrNiMo steels in citric acidThe electrochemical behaviour yields criteria concerning the corrosion reside stance in citric mid (5, 25, 50 und 90%). In pure acid there is no active dissolution, while in the presence of sulfates or chlorides active and transpassive regions are found. The stability of the polarization current, observed in the vicinity of its zero value, yields criteria concerning the stability of the passive state in a given range. The corrosion losses measured in citric acid (24%/100°C or 90%/60°C), with sulfate (0.3 and 1.2%) and chloride ions (0.014 and 0.031%) are as follows (mmly): Cr18Ni9 1.7; Cr18Ni9Mo2 0.3; Cr18Ni10Mo2Ti 0.03; Cr21Ni38 Mo5Ti 0.009.
    Notes: Das elektrochemische Verhalten liefert Kriterien für die Korrosionsbeständigkeit in Citronensäure (5,25, 50 und 90%). In der reinen Säure findet keine aktive Auflösung statt, während bei Anwesenheit von Sulfaten oder Chloriden aktive und transpassive Bereiche auftreten. Die Stabilität des Polarisationsstromes in der Nähe seines Nullwertes ermöglicht Aussagen über die Stabilität des passiven Zustandes in einem gegebenen Bereich. Die Korrosionsverluste in Citronensäure (25%/100°C oder 90%/600°C) mit Sulfationen (0,3 und 1,2%) und Chloridionen (0,014 und 0,031%) betranen (mml Jahr): Cr18Ni9 1,7; Cr18Ni9Mo2 0,3; Cr18Ni10Mo2Ti 0.03; Cr21Ni38Mo5Ti 0,009.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 360-366 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 457-457 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 469-471 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Internal cathodic protection of salt water pipelines with the aid of platinized titanium anodesIn petroleum production heavy corrosion occurs in the salt water injecting or flooding pipelines. This corrosion can be eliminated either with the aid of a passive protection (protective coating) or, better, by means of an active protection, i.e. cathodic protection with impressed current. While short pipelines can be protected economically with rod anodes, a continuous, partially platinized titanium wire anode has proven must successful for long pipelines. Particular attention must be devoted to the problem of the current feed. The current density required for the protection of bare pipeline surfaces is in the order of 150 mA/sq.m. It can be considerably reduced by combining the active protection with a passive protection by a coating. In connection with the problem of a suitable reference electrode for measuring the protective potential in high pressure pipelines, experiments have been carried out to determine the protective current requirements in a stagnant and a flowing electrolyte respectively. Finally the question of the economy of the process is shortly discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Erdölförderung treten in Salzwassereinpreß- und --flutungsleitungen starke Korrosionen auf. Dieser Korrosion kann man mit einem passiven Schutz (durch Aufbringen eines Schutzanstriches) oder besser mit einem aktiven Schutz, dem kathodischen Korrosionsschutz mit. Fremdstrom, begegnen. Während in kurzen Rohrleitungen einzelne Stabanoden eingesetzt werden können, hat sich bei langen Rohrleitungen eine partiell platinierte Titandrahtanode bewährt. Dabei ist der Stromeinspeisung besondere Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Bei blanker Rohroberfläche liegt der Schutzstrombedarf bei 150 mA/m2. Er kann durch Kombinieren des aktiven Schutzes mit einem passiven Schutz (Anstrich) stark reduziert werden. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem einer geeigneten Referenzelektrode für die Schutzpotentialmessung in Druckrohrleitungen wurde versucht, den Schutzstrombedarf bei ruhendem und fließendem Elektrolyten festzustellen. Zum Abschluß wird auf Fragen der Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens eingegangen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 523-533 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 716-718 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 735-735 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. XXVI 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 811-815 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 832-833 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 834-835 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1026-1031 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion of refractory ceramic materials in the plasma of combustion gasesThe paper describes the testing of the corrosion resistance of refractory ceramics based on Al2O2, MgO and ZrO2, as well as of phosphate cements, in flowing ionized gases as are present in the cornbustion products of conventional combustibles. A qualitative interpretation of the corrosion phenomena has been obtained experimentally using known test conditions and available thermodynamic and chechemical data.
    Notes: Die Arbeit beschreibt die Prufung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit feuerfester keramischer Werkstoffe auf der Basis von Al2,O3, MgO und ZrO2 sowie feuerfester phosphatitte in strömenden, ionisierten Gasen, die in den Verbrennungsprodukten konventioneller Brennstoffe vorhanden sind. Eine qualitative Erklärung der Korrosionserscheinungen wurde rnit Hilfe von bekannten Prüfungsbedingungen und verfügbaren thermodynamischen und chemischen Angaben experimentell ermittelt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 1063-1065 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 834-834 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. XLI 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 837-844 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermogravimetric method for investigating the solid/gas and melt/gas equilibria in sulphate systems of corrosion-chemical importanceThe authors describe a micro-thermogravimetric method which permits the determination of the phase zones of sulphate systems as a function of temperature and of the SO3-partial pressure. At the Me2SO4—SO3 (Me = Na, K) system, the existence limits of the bi-variant melt and the mono-variant equilibria Me2SO4(solid)-melt and Me2SO4(solid)-Me2S2O7(solid) are determined. Water vapour is dissolved in the melt phases investigated because the existence limits of the latter are modified by the vapour.
    Notes: Es wird eine mikro-thermogravimetrische Methode beschrieben, welche gestattet, die Phasenfelder von Sulfatsystemen als Funktion der Temperatur und des SO3-Partialdrucks zu ermitteln. Am System Me2SO4—SO3 (Me = Na, K) werden die Existenzgrenzen der bivarianten Schmelze und die monovarianten Gleichgewichte Me 2SO4 (fest)-Schmelze und Me2SO4 (fest)-Me2S2O7 (fest) bestimmt. Wasserdampf löst sich in den untersuchten Schmelzphasen, denn ihre Existenzgrenzen werden durch ihn verändert.
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  • 87
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 884-888 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Use of the Warburg technique to measure corrosion of nickel samples with and without passage of currentThe use of the Warburg technique in corrosion processes makes possible the determining of the kind and extent of gas participation in the reaction. Specially in the corrosion of pure nickel in aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid containing oxygen, it may be decided how muc of the oxygen present is reduced to hydrogen peroxide or water. The relationship of both reaction products is dependent on the passage of current through the nickel electrode. The experiments were carried out under stationary conditions, i.e. conditions similar to those in practice. Surface qualities therefore influenced the results. It could be shown that this influence mainly concerns the reduction of oxyge to water and the formation of absorbed hydrogen, whilst the extent of hydrogen peroxide formation is decisively dependent on the passage of current through the electode. The maximum formation of hydrogen peroxide lies in the steady state potetial of teh nickel sample.
    Notes: Die Anwendung der Warburg-Technik auf Korrosionsvorgänge ermöglicht es, Art und Ausmaß der Beteiligung eines gasförmige Reaktionten am Stoffumsatz zu bestimmen. Speziell bei der Konstrucktion von Reinickel in sauerstoffhaltiger, wäßriger Salzsäurelösung kann da durch entschieden werden, inwieweit anwesender Sauerstoff zu Wasserstoffperoxid bzw. Wasser reduziert wird. Das Verhältnis beider Reaktionsprodukte ist ahägig vom Stromdurchgang durch die Nickelelektrode. Die Versuche wurden unter stationären, d. h. praxisüblichen bedingungen durchgeführt. Oberflächeneigenschaften beeinflußte daher die Ergebnisse. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß dieser Einfluß vorwiegend die Reduktion des Sauerstoffs zum Wasser und die Bildung von absorbiertem Wasserstoff betriff, während das Ausmaß der Wasserstoffperoxidbildung entscheidend von dem Stromdurchgang durch die Elektrode abhängt. Das Maximum der Wasserftoffperoxidbildung liegt beim Rubepotential der Nickelprobe.
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  • 88
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 869-884 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of solid/gas systems with special reference to electrochemical methodsDiffusion and phase boundary reactions are involved in teh growth of the scale layer during high temperature oxidation. Reaction rates depend from thermodynamical and kinetic factors, e. g. free enthalpy of formation of the metal compound being formed, diffusion coefficients or partial conductivities in the reaction product. The free enthalpy of formation can be obtained from enthalpy or entropy values, dissociation and reaction equilibria or measurements of the emf. Diffusion coefficient and partial conductivities depend from the defect concentration and of mobilities of the latter. These considerations are presented on the example of recent experimental work with solid electrolytes.
    Notes: Am Wachsen der zunderschicht bei Hochtemperaturoxydation sind Diffusions- und Phasengrenzaktionen beteiligt. Für die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sind thermodynamische und kinetische Größen maßgebend, z. freie Bildungsenthalpie der entstehenden Metallverbindung, Diffusionskoeffizienten oder Teilleitfähigkeit im Reaktionsprodukt. Die freie Bildungsenthalpie kann aus Enthalpie- und entropiewerten, Dissoziations- und Reaktions-gleichgewichten oder EMK-Messungen bestimmt werden. Diffusionskoeffizient und Teilleitfähigkeit hägen von der Konzentration der Fehlordnugszentren und von deren Beweglichkeit ab. Als Beispiel werden neuere Untersuchungen mit festen Elektrolyten erörtert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 920-922 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 366-368 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 369-375 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 381-382 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion phenomena and their consequences encountered on dairy equipment made of plasticsTheorists will be reluctant to apply the term “corrosion” to the interrelations between plastics and food. But the author would like to point out that a food chemist must apply much more exacting scales of value. For instance, the intrinsically unimportant porosity of a tin of condensed milk may, because of the entry of a few milligrammes of iron, render the milk unusuable with coffee. Similarly, a few milligrammes of copper from a cream pump are sufficient for the butter to become rancid within a short time. In the author's opinion, the corrosion of plastics confronts the food chemist with a similar situation. Although the extent of corrosion encountered on plastics will generally, in the food industry be fairly small, the micro-biological and organoleptic consequences are apt to magnify the corrosion effect to such an extent that the foodstuff can no longer be sold.
    Notes: Die wiedergegebenen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Kunststoff und Lebensmittel wird der Theoretiker nur widerwillig unter den Begriff „Korrosion“ einreihen wollen. Der Verfasser möchte jedoch zu bedenken geben, daß der Lebensmittelchemiker einen wesentlich strengeren Maßstab anlegen muß. Beispielsweise macht die an sich geringfügige Porosität einer verzinnten Dose die darin aufbewahrte Kondensmilch auf Grund des Übertritts von wenigen mg Eisen als Weißungsmittel für Kaffee unbrauchbar; ebenso genügen wenige mg von Kupfer einer Rahmpumpe, daß die Butter in kurzer Zeit ranzig wird. Bei der Korrosion der Kunststoffe liegt für den Lebensmittelchemiker meines Erachtens nach die gleiche Situation vor. Das Ausmaß der Korrosion der Kunststoffe auf dem Lebensmittelsektor ist im allgemeinen zwar geringfügig, durch die ausgelösten mikrobiologischen und sinnesphysiologischen Folgeerscheinungen kann jedoch die Korrosionswirkung so potenziert werden, daß das Lebensmittel für den Verbraucher nicht mehr zumutbar wird.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 436-437 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alteration of plastics under the influence of the surrounding mediaPlastics are more susceptible than metallic materials to undergo alterations under external influences, these alterations having a bearing on the properties expected during the use of the plastic materials. The different external influences predominantly deteriorate the properties. Since such alterations in most cases occur in the course of an extended period of time only, there is a tendency to group them as “aging” phenomena. One part of such alterations, however, and at least those which are accompanied by chemical reactions initiated from outside, correspondessentially to corrosion phenomena as they are known to occurr on metals.In order to furnish a basis for an intended terminological standardization which should cover, if possible, all the groups of materials, and, simultaneously, in order to point out the limits set to the utilisation of plastics because of the influences due to the medium the author presents a survey showing the various influences and the property changes resulting therefrom.The classification currently used so far differentiates between physical, chemical, and biological effects. The physical effects would include the effects of beat, light, and high energy radiation, purely mechanical effects due to gases and liquids diffusing into the plastic material, and finally the mechanical stresses which are frequently added to the other effects mentioned. As to chemical action a classification involving oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction appears reasonable. The biological effects are  -  according to the present state of our knowledge  -  restricted to chemical attack by products of microbial metabolism and do not involve attack by the microorganisms as such.The alterations produced are discussed, taking into account individual as well as combined effects to be expected during the utilisation of plastics in practice. As far as possible, case histories are mentioned to support the ideas outlined above.
    Notes: Mebr als metallische Werkstoffe erfahren Kunststoffe unter äußeren Einflüssen Veränderungen, die sich auf die Gebrauchseigenschaften auswirken können. Vorwiegend sind es Eigenschaftsminde-rungen, die durch die verschiedenartigsten äußeren einwirkungen eintreten. Da diese Veränderungen meist im laufe einer längeren Zeitspanne auftreten, list man geneigt, sie als Alterungserscheinungen zusammenzufassen. Ein Teil der Veränderungen, zumindest solche, bei denen von außen her chemische Reaktionen ausgelöst werden, entsprechen jedoch weitgehend den Korrosionserscheinungen bei Metallen. Als Grundlage für eine angestrebte Vereinheitlichung der Begriffe, die möglichst alle Werkstoffgruppen berücksichtigt, zugleich aber auch, um die von seiten der Umgebungseinflüsse gesetzten Grenzen der Kunststoffanwendung aufzuzeigen, wird ein Überblick über die verschiedenen Einwirkungen und die dadurch ausgelösten Eigenschaftsänderungen gegeben.Das bisher meist angewandte Einteilungsschema unterscheidet zwischen physikalischen, chemischen und biologischen Einwirkungen. Im einzelnen wären dabei zu den physikalischen Einwirkungen zu rechnen der Einfluß von Wärme, von Lichtstrablung und energiereicher Strablung, der rein mechanischeische Einfluß von Wauml;rme, von Lichtstarahlung und energierereicher Strahlung, der rein mechanische Einfluß von Gasen und flüssigkeiten, die in den kunststoff eindiffundieren, und schließlich mechanische Spannungen, die vielfach mit anderen Einflüssen zusammen auftreten. Für die chemischen Einwirkungen scheint eine Aufgliederung in Oxydationseinflüsse, Hydrolyseerscheinungen und reduktive Abbauerscheinungen sinnvoll. Die biologischen Einwirkungen beschränken sich nach neuesten Erkenntnissen auf chemischen Angriff durch Ausscheidungen von Mikroben und nicht durch die Mikro-organismen selbst.Die ausgelösten Veränderungen werden für die einzelnen Einwirkungen bzw. für das kombinierte Auftreten solcher Einwirkungen im Hinblick auf die Anwendung des Kunststoffes in der Praxis behandelt. Soweit möglich, werden Beispiele von praktischen Schadensfällen angeführt.
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