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  • Other Sources  (56,490)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (56,490)
  • 1970-1974  (55,811)
  • 1930-1934  (679)
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  • Other Sources  (56,490)
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  • 1
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    Safety and the American space program (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview is presented of the continuing evolution and enhancement of the principal factors involved in maintaining the highest standards of safety in the U.S. space program. Attention is given to the complexity and the myriad details of assuring maximum safety for each individual component before any unit is joined to the whole. Consideration is given to safety experiments carried out at the School of Aerospace Medicine that focus on fire hazards.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Aerospace Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 45; 8, Au
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  • 2
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    The pendant drop: Theory and experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drop and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 304-321
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  • 3
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    Analysis of cross beam runs taken at Haswell Field site, October 1969 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: A series of cross beam experiments was conducted at the ESSA field site at Haswell, Colorado. Both the optical visual and infrared units were operated on a comparison basis. A data report of the initial auto- and cross-correlation evaluation of these tests is presented. The original test data from the Haswell tests were recorded on F M magnetic tape. A copy of the original tapes was made and employed for the present analysis. The tapes were played back at 60 inches per second for analysis. Some of the infrared units runs (Run Nos. 8,25,40,41,42,43,44,45) were played back at 30 inches per second in order to gain sufficient averaging time. The averaging time was nominally 3200 seconds real time at 60 inches per second and 1600 seconds real time at 30 inches per second. These averaging times correspond to 100 seconds of averaging time of the correlator.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Weather Watch Studies by Means of an Optical Tech.; p 138-171
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  • 4
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    Simulation of traffic control signal systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: In recent years there has been considerable interest in the development and testing of control strategies for networks of urban traffic signal systems by simulation. Simulation is an inexpensive and timely method for evaluating the effect of these traffic control strategies since traffic phenomena are too complex to be defined by analytical models and since a controlled experiment may be hazardous, expensive, and slow in producing meaningful results. This paper describes the application of an urban traffic corridor program, to evaluate the effectiveness of different traffic control strategies for the Massachusetts Avenue TOPICS Project.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 335-351
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  • 5
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    The tracking system analytic calibration activity for Mariner Mars 1971: Its function and scope (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The functions of the Tracking System Analytic Calibration activity for Mariner Mars 1971 (MM'71), its objectives for this and future missions, and the support provided to the MM'71 Navigation Team during operations are described. Support functions encompass calibration of tracking data by estimating physical parameters whose uncertainties represent limitations to navigational accuracy, and detailed analysis of the tracking data to uncover and resolve any anomalies. Separate articles treat the activities and results of producing calibrations for the various error sources: Deep Space Station Locations, timing and polar motion, charged particles, and the troposphere. Two other articles are also included discussing the effects of the media error sources on orbit determination and the merits of the smoothing technique used for DRIVID.
    Keywords: FACILITIES, RESEARCH, AND SUPPORT
    Type: Tracking System Analytic Calibration Activities for the Mariner Mars 1971 Mission; p 1-12
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  • 6
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    Pressure waves in bubbly liquids (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 405-413
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  • 7
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    Deformation and burst of single drops in a viscous fluid (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 390-464
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  • 8
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    Liquid drop behavior in weightlessness from Skylab (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 629-631
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  • 9
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    Nonlinear effects on droplet deformation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 372-389
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  • 10
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    On the production of bubbles by focused laser light (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 322-337
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  • 11
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    The motion of bubbles and drops in liquids (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 300-303
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  • 12
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    Some aspects on dynamics of nonspherical bubbles and liquid drops (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 338-356
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  • 13
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    On the growth and collapse of vapor bubbles at liquid/liquid interfaces (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 606-616
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  • 14
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    Growth mechanisms for urban aerosol particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 553-570
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  • 15
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    Water drop interactions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 487-505
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  • 16
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    Models of spherical cap bubbles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 414-426
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  • 17
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    On the oscillations of drops and bubbles in viscous liquids (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 2; p 357-371
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  • 18
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    Space technology in remote health care (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A program for an earth-based remote health service system is discussed as a necessary step for the development and verification of a remote health services spacecraft capability. This demonstration program is described to provide data for developing health care for future manned space missions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 321-333
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  • 19
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    Image processing of angiograms: A pilot study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The technology transfer application this report describes is the result of a pilot study of image-processing methods applied to the image enhancement, coding, and analysis of arteriograms. Angiography is a subspecialty of radiology that employs the introduction of media with high X-ray absorption into arteries in order to study vessel pathology as well as to infer disease of the organs supplied by the vessel in question.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 287-291
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  • 20
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    The processing and transmission of EEG data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Interest in sleep research was stimulated by the discovery of a number of physiological changes that occur during sleep and by the observed effects of sleep on physical and mental performance and status. The use of the relatively new methods of EEG measurement, transmission, and automatic scoring makes sleep analysis and categorization feasible. Sleep research involving the use of the EEG as a fundamental input has the potential of answering many unanswered questions involving physical and mental behavior, drug effects, circadian rhythm, and anesthesia.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 267-272
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  • 21
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    Economic modeling and energy policy planning (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A structural economic model is presented for estimating the demand functions for natural gas and crude oil in industry and in steam electric power generation. Extensions of the model to other commodities are indicated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 239-243
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  • 22
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    Image data processing of earth resources management (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 23
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    Sneak circuit analysis of instrumentation and control systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The evolvement and implementation is presented of a systematic means for detecting the sneak prone designs of an electrical system which could result in such unplanned modes so that they can be prevented prior to occurrence. Sneak circuit analysis is shown to be a formalized approach based upon topological techniques. The trees employed are produced from manufacturing detail data processed by a computer to orderly completion. The analysis techniques applied on a variety of NASA programs are shown to be particularly applicable to industrial instrumentation and control systems.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 167-180
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  • 24
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    Locating underwater objects (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Underwater search operations are considered to be engineering and operational problems. A process for proper definition of the problem and selection of instrumentation and operational procedures is described. An outline of underwater search instrumentation and techniques is given.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 143-152
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  • 25
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    Integrated utility system design concept (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Conceptual design studies are performed to investigate the feasibility of the MIUS concept as an alternate method of providing utility services to communities and/or community facilities having advantages over current practices. Procured and operated is a large scale testbed of the MIUS concept in order to evaluate and test those integrated system technical details that do not lend themselves to analysis. These include materials compatibility, process instrumentation and control, predictability of water and air effluents, techniques of heat recovery, method of thermal distribution, etc.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 97-106
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  • 26
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    Rocket engine heat transfer and material technology for commercial applications (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Liquid fueled rocket engine combustion, heat transfer, and material technology have been utilized in the design and development of compact combustion and heat exchange equipment intended for application in the commercial field. An initial application of the concepts to the design of a compact steam generator to be utilized by electrical utilities for the production of peaking power is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 61-88
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  • 27
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    Applications of aerospace technology in the electric power industry (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Existing applications of NASA contributions to disciplines such as combustion engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, quality assurance and computer control are outlined to illustrate how space technology is used in the electric power industry. Corporate strategies to acquire relevant space technology are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 89-96
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  • 28
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    The technology application process as applied to a firefighter's breathing system (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The FBS Program indicated that applications of advanced technology can result in an improved FBS that will satisfy the requirements defined by municipal fire departments. To accomplish this technology transfer, a substantial commitment of resources over an extended period of time has been required. This program has indicated that the ability of NASA in terms of program management such as requirement definition, system analysis, and industry coordination may play as important a role as specific sources of hardware technology. As a result of the FBS program, a sequence of milestones was passed that may have applications as generalized milestones and objectives for any technical application program.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 391-402
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  • 29
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    Interdisciplinary studies on the development of nuclear-fueled circulatory support systems: Collaboration of industry and academe (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The purpose of this report is to acquaint the Houston community with specific areas of available technology, both public and private, to demonstrate to industry how this technology may be acquired and put to use to provide new and useful services for man. Much of the technology utilized in the development of nuclear-fueled circulatory support systems in our laboratories has evolved from industry, NASA, and AEC; our projects involve radiation biology, thermodynamics, energy transfers, hemodynamics, hematology, pathology, and surgery.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 293-319
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  • 30
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    Medical benefits from the NASA biomedical applications program (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: To achieve its goals the NASA Biomedical Applications Program performs four basic tasks: (1) identification of major medical problems which lend themselves to solution by relevant aerospace technology; (2) identification of relevant aerospace technology which can be applied to those problems; (3) application of that technology to demonstrate the feasibility as real solutions to the identified problems; and, (4) motivation of the industrial community to manufacture and market the identified solution to maximize the utilization of aerospace solutions to the biomedical community.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 273-280
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  • 31
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    Adaptations of advanced safety and reliability techniques to petroleum and other industries (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The underlying philosophy of the general approach to failure reduction and control is presented. Safety and reliability management techniques developed in the industries which have participated in the U.S. space and defense programs are described along with adaptations to nonaerospace activities. The examples given illustrate the scope of applicability of these techniques. It is indicated that any activity treated as a 'system' is a potential user of aerospace safety and reliability management techniques.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 133-142
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  • 32
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    The MIST (Minus Integration and Subsystems Test) Laboratory: A testbed for the MIUS (Modular Integrated Utility System) program (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The MIUS program develops an economically feasible integrated utility system. The MIUS concept integrates utility services in order to achieve resource, energy and environmental benefits. A testbed integrated utility system, called the MIST laboratory, was completed early in 1974 and has begun a long term program to develop data for MIUS. A description of the MIST is presented and the critical design issues which can only be verified by test, are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 107-120
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  • 33
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    The role of the Technology Application Center in the technology transfer program (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The need for and use of an active technology dissemination program by the Environmental Protection Agency is elaborated. The complexities associated with arriving at an acceptable solution to an environmental problem are addressed, and the mechanisms and associated products used by the technology transfer program to transfer the latest viable technological alternatives to the potential user are explained.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 43-50
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  • 34
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    Computers and terminals as an aid to international technology transfer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: As technology transfer becomes more popular and proves to be an economical method for companies of all sizes to take advantage of a tremendous amount of new and available technology from sources all over the world, the introduction of computers and terminals into the international technology transfer process is proving to be a successful method for companies to take part in this beneficial approach to new business opportunities.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 23-26
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  • 35
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    Maximizing profits in international technology transfer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Maximum profit can be introduced into international technology transfer by observing the following: (1) ethical and open dealing between the parties; (2) maximum knowledge of all facts concerning the technology, the use of the technology, the market, competition, prices, and alternatives; (3) ability to coordinate exports, service, support activities, licensing and cross licensing; and (4) knowledgeable people which put these factors together.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 27-34
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  • 36
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    Hypobaric chamber for the study of oral health problems in a simulated spacecraft environment (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A hypobaric chamber was constructed to house two marmo-sets simultaneously in a space-simulated environment for periods of 14, 28 and 56 days which coincided with the anticipated Skylab missions. This report details the fabrication, operation, and performance of the chamber and very briefly reviews the scientific data from nine chamber trials involving 18 animals. The possible application of this model system to studies unrelated to oral health or space missions is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 281-286
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  • 37
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    The challenges of technology transfer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Observations of challenges of technology transfer are presented with emphasis placed on the position of industry seeking technology through the media of technology searches. Factors considered are: (1) not-invented-here syndrome; (2) penetration of technological literature; (3) gap between origin and industry use; (4) large aerospace manufacturer vs. the small manufacturer; (5) link between the technology disseminator and the potential user; (6) feasibility of substitutions in terms of production costs; and (7) role of patents. It is shown that industry, government agencies, and others having technology to disseminate or use, must mutually understand the technology tools and translate to one another's capabilities, in order to profit from this national resource.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 259-264
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  • 38
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    National economic models of industrial water use and waste treatment (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The effects of air emission and solid waste restrictions on production costs and resource use by industry is investigated. A linear program is developed to analyze how resource use, production cost, and waste discharges in different types of production may be affected by resource limiting policies of the government. The method is applied to modeling ethylene and ammonia plants at the design stage. Results show that the effects of increasingly restrictive wastewater effluent standards on increased energy use were small in both plants. Plant models were developed for other industries and the program estimated effects of wastewater discharge policies on production costs of industry.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 229-237
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  • 39
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    Automated analysis of video data (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A software/hardware system designed and developed to perform automated video imagery analysis is described. Major elements included in the analysis system are: (1) sampling oscilloscope; (2) programmable trigger unit; (3) central computer; and (4) software processing library. The function of the scope and trigger unit, in conjunction with the control computer, is to digitize the selected portion of the video image and store as amplitude and time data in computer memory. Evaluation of the video data, analogus to interpretation of a visual image, is accomplished by the processing software. It is indicated that this technique of video image analysis is applicable to a wide variety of nonaerospace applications involving video data and image analysis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 181-188
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    The initiatives of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the transfer of a new excavation technology (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A system for making vertical or horizontal holes in rock or soil by progressive local melting is described. In one operation the three major tasks of excavation are performed with the Subterrene concept: (1) rock fracturing; (2) debris removal; and (3) wall stabilization. Potential applications of the Subterrene system are indicated, with emphasis on extraction of geothermal energy and development of superconduction transmission lines for electrical power. A program in technology dissemination implemented by the staff members is described. It is indicated that a large scale commercial utilization of the technology is required to complete the transfer of technology.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 153-166
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  • 41
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    Energy recovery from solid waste (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A recent group study on the problem of solid waste disposal provided a decision making model for a community to use in determining the future for its solid waste. The model is a combination of the following factors: technology, legal, social, political, economic and environmental. An assessment of local or community needs determines what form of energy recovery is desirable. A market for low pressure steam or hot water would direct a community to recover energy from solid waste by incineration to generate steam. A fuel gas could be produced by a process known as pyrolysis if there is a local market for a low heating value gaseous fuel. Solid waste can also be used directly as a fuel supplemental to coal in a steam generator. An evaluation of these various processes is made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 121-132
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  • 42
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    Dynamics computation methodology applied to railcar vibrations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The analytical models discussed present typical examples of analyses performed to optimize vehicle parameters and solve specific engineering problems. Subjects investigated include: (1) car body structural dynamics, (2) vehicle dynamic motions and loads, and (3) truck equalization.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 363-390
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  • 43
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    Flair-fleet location and information reporting (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The FLAIR system, as now produced, automatically updates each vehicle's location and corresponding officer's status once each two seconds and presents this information to police dispatchers in the command and control center. The position of all vehicles available for assignment is displayed on a color video map at each dispatcher's console to an accuracy of 50 feet. This gives the dispatcher a continuous picture of the deployment of the total available force and thus complete command and control of all police under his responsibility.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 353-361
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  • 44
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    The Environmental protection agency industrial technology transfer program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Today TAC consists of a full service information center and five programs, which are: (1) our industrial program; (2) the energy information center; (3) the business and industry extension program; (4) the remote sensing program; and (5) the center for environmental research and development.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 35-42
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  • 45
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    Technology application at Rockwell International (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Technology diffusion at Rockwell International has progressed from the application of special skills to solve specific problems to the transfer of the required people and skills to allow the commercial divisions to solve their own problems and develop or improve their own products. Our prime effort is concentrated on commercial industrial applications. Rockwell's major emphasis on advanced technology utilization is directed through three operational modes, namely, transfer from technologically developed to underdeveloped organizations within the company; transfer between technologically developed organizations to form new operations within the company; and formation of high technology spin-off organizations beyond the corporate entity.
    Keywords: URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 9-14
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  • 46
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    Fire-resistant aircraft materials development and evaluation program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The overall objectives of this program are to provide a more fire-resistant commercial aircraft interior and to improve the fuselage insulation barrier between the cabin interior and an exterior fuel fire. Significant secondary objectives are to reduce the smoke and toxic gas production of the materials and to meet the end item use requirements pertaining to wearability, color fastness, and aesthetic appeal. It is shown that the fuselage insulation materials must meet stringent requirements pertaining to acoustic attenuation, low density, and water repellency.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 445-491
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  • 47
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    Aerospace materials for nonaerospace applications (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Many of the flame-resistant nonmetallic materials that were developed for the Apollo and Skylab programs are discussed for commercial and military applications. Interchanges of information are taking place with the government agencies, industries, and educational institutions, which are interested in applications of fire-safe nonmetallic materials. These materials are particularly applicable to the design of aircraft, mass transit interiors, residential and public building constructions, nursing homes and hospitals, and to other fields of fire safety applications. Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the potential nonaerospace applications of flame-resistant aerospace materials are shown.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 403-444
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  • 48
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    A method for determining optimum re-entry trajectories (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: The Pontryagin Maximum Principle is used to formulate the problem of finding optimum atmospheric vehicular reentry trajectories. The optimization problem is that of minimizing an integral which is a function of the state and control variables. The vehicle's motion is assumed to be influenced by a gravitational force and an aerodynamic force. The problem is formulated and the necessary equations are developed simultaneously for three sets of Euler angles. Computational procedures are suggested so that numerical trajectories may be generated.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 93 p
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  • 49
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    Vehicle control for fuel optimization (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: The problem of predicting the minimum fuel trajectory for a six degree of freedom vehicle which has a motion characterized by the first order differential equations of translational and rotational dynamics is considered. The thrust direction and center of gravity of the vehicle are assumed to be fixed with respect to the vehicle. Thrust magnitude and the control moment are used as control variables and appear linearly in the equation of motion. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is used to solve the variational problem. With this formulation, the extremal controls are bang-bang with the exception of the singular case.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 18 p
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  • 50
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    The lunar quarantine program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The lunar quarantine program was designed to ensure that return of lunar material represented no threat to the public health, to agriculture, or to other living resources. It established definitely that no life exists on the moon. The crews of the three lunar quarantine missions, Apollo 11, 12, and 14, experienced no health problems as a result of their exposure to lunar samples. Plants and animals also showed no adverse effects. Stringent quarantine was terminated after Apollo 14, but lunar samples continued to be protected to guarantee that scientists would receive uncontaminated materials for study.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 407-424
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  • 51
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    A decision and control multi-axis pilot model based on an urgency for action concept (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An all digital multiple axis, multiple input, multiple output pilot model flies five different tasks in aircraft of different classes while encountering turbulence represented by the Dryden spectral model. Six degree of freedom linearized aircraft equations of motion are used together with a generalized stability augmentation system. The pilot model consists of two parts: (1) a decision maker, and (2) a control action implementer. This decision maker selects the critical variable and predicts the error at action implementation. The control action implementer decides the magnitude of control to be applied and applies it. This system has been successfully compared with hybrid/analog man in the loop simulations of the F-5, A-7, T-33, and 707 aircraft, thus validating the all digital simulation and the decision and control pilot model.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 11th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 107-118
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  • 52
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    Apparatus for calibration of on-board instruments and laboratory modelling of rarefied plasma flows past models (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Problems of laboratory simulation of artificial earth satellite flight conditions in the ionosphere are examined, and a setup capable of reproducing the basic parameters of ion flows (with energies of 5-10 eV, energy spectrum width approximately 2x5 eV, and an intensity of 10 to the minus 8th power a/cm/2) past measurement instruments and satellite models is described. Possibilities for further improvement of the apparatus are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 282-291
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  • 53
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    Short-range repulsive forces between atoms and molecules of atmospheric gases (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental determination of the paired interaction potential of atoms and molecules composing the atmospheres of the earth and the planets is described.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 275-281
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  • 54
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    Transport of charged particles in the earth's magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A review of recent data on and conceptions of processes in which high energy particles are transported across magnetic shells in the earth's magnetosphere is presented. The processes discussed include adiabatic processes (with conservation of all three adiabatic invariants of charged particle motion in the magnetic field), diffusion processes (with violation of only the third or third and second invariants), and the so-called fast nonadiabatic processes, which appear to result from the action of strong electric fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 247-265
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  • 55
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    Vibrations of the earth's magnetic tail (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The natural vibration period of the tail (regarded as bundle of magnetic line-of-force strings) and the characteristic time of recurrence of magnetospheric substorms are of the same order, suggesting the possibility of a relation between these phenomena. A model of the tail in the form of a plasma cylinder whose free boundary is immersed in the interplanetary plasma is examined. The nature of the natural oscillations of the tail excited by variations of the solar wind pressure is studied in this model. These vibrations have a total energy of approximately 10 to the 22nd power erg, which is sufficient to generate magnetospheric substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 267-273
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  • 56
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    Calculation of the shape of the boundary of the magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The possibilities of calculating the shape and dimensions of the magnetopause are discussed. Initial equations are proposed. A review of existing methods is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 224-246
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  • 57
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    Thermal instability and energy relations in the convective envelopes of slowly rotating stars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The nonstationary convection that arises due to thermal instability in the envelopes of lower Main Sequence stars (and the sun in particular) is investigated. The convection that arises in the envelopes as a result of thermal instability is of nonstationary turbulent nature. It is shown that construction of a consistent model of the zones of turbulent convection in the stars requires the use of the complete heat flux equation with consideration of the terms that appear because of turbulence. Expressions for these additional terms in terms of averaged characteristics of the motion and eddy viscosity coefficients are derived on the basis of the Prandtl-Wasiutinsky theory.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 203-223
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  • 58
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    Low-energy protons of solar origin and investigation of the interplanetary medium (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental data on low energy solar protons are presented. A phenomenological classification of the fluxes of these particles is suggested. Contemporary model conceptions of the propagation of low energy proton fluxes are examined, along with information that has been obtained on the properties of the interplanetary medium from study of solar proton fluxes.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 175-202
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  • 59
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    An investigation of the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the moon on the Luna 10, 11, and 12 artificial lunar satellites (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Research on the primary cosmic radiation and solar cosmic rays from the Luna 10, 11, and 12 artificial lunar satellites is reviewed. Data on the vertical distribution of cosmic rays above the moon's surface are presented, and the albedo for the primary radiation is determined. The fluxes of electrons with energies from 30 to 300 keV were registered in the solar cosmic rays. Rapid variations of the electron flux were observed. The angular distributions of 0.5-10 MeV protons moving together with the corpuscular streams responsible for Forbush decreases were investigated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 151-173
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  • 60
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    The internal structure of the convective envelope of the sun (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An axisymmetric hydrodynamic model of the sun consisting of a core at radiant equilibrium and a convective envelope is studied with consideration of gravitational forces, rotation, turbulence effects, and electromagnetic forces. The dimensionless parameters that control the equations of plasma motion within the sun and the boundary conditions are investigated; estimates are given for these parameters on the basis of experimental data and the existing theoretical models. Stability conditions are derived for convective equilibrium, developed cellular convection, and developed turbulent convection with consideration of rotation and turbulent Reynolds stresses. These conditions characterize the possible physical state of the matter in the convective envelope. Using estimates of the dimensionless parameters and models of some of them, a method of successive approximations is proposed for solution of the problem as a whole.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 124-150
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  • 61
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    Structural formations in the interplanetary medium (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Research on the fine structure of the interplanetary medium is reviewed. The characteristics of shock waves, filaments, and contact surfaces according to space probe measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 103-123
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  • 62
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    High-frequency turbulence in the cosmic plasma (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The problem of quasistationary high frequency Langmuir turbulence, which is one of the types of turbulence encountered in the cosmic plasma, is examined theoretically.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 83-102
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  • 63
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    Analysis of methods of measuring electric-field strength in the magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Various methods of electric field strength measurements are examined and evaluated as to accuracy, and the requirements made of instrumentation for satellite measurements of electric field strength in the magnetosphere are indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 68-82
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  • 64
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    Dissipation of energy in model experiments (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Interaction studies of a plasma stream with a magnetic dipole have shown that the thickness of the plasma/field interlayer is considerably greater than the characteristic plasma dimension c/omega sub 0. Broadening of the layer is due to the formation of a collisionless shock wave. To demonstrate collisionless dissipation, the Joulean losses were calculated using the conductivity value obtained from the skin layer thickness. Analysis of the various physical processes showed that the hypothesis of collisionless dissipation of the directional plasma flow is justified.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 59-67
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  • 65
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    Hydromagnetic waves guided by the geomagnetic field (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Properties of hydromagnetic waves propagating in the magnetosphere from a source of limited dimensions are considered. It is shown that they are closely related to electric currents flowing along geomagnetic lines of force. The notions developed form a theoretical basis for interpretation of fluctuations and polar bays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 34-44
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  • 66
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    Magnetic measurements in model experiments (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Plasma parameters for modeling of the interaction between the solar wind and the earth's magnetic field are selected on the limited modeling principle (plasma velocity 3 x 10 to the 7th power cm/sec, density 10 to the 13th power cm/3, electron temperature approximately 15 eV). Measurements were made with magnetic probes capable of developing all 3 components inside the magnetic field. The resulting magnetic field charts indicate that a neutral layer forms on the night side in the model experiments. A magnetosphere free of plasma streams is established on the daytime side. A shock wave forms on the boundary of the magnetosphere, its width c/omega sub 0 in accordance with theory, where omega sub 0 is the total Langmuir width.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 45-58
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  • 67
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    Certain problems in the physics of the magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A review of experimental and theoretical studies devoted to analysis of physical processes in the magnetosphere is presented. Attention is focused on the interrelationships among the most important geophysical phenomena in the magnetosphere: magnetic storms, auroras, the radiation belts, and processes in the geomagnetic tail. Recommendations are submitted for future experiments that are needed for development of a theory of magnetospheric phenomena.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 1-33
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  • 68
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    Effect of lunar surface material on radiation damage in mice (investigation of biological action of lunar surface material returned to earth by Luna 16 automatic station) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effect was studied of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility on the radiation reaction (damage) in mice caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. The material was administered to the organism in three ways -- aerogenically, through the esophagus, or peritoneally. It was shown that administering the lunar surface material did not appreciably affect the death of the animals and the reaction of the peripheral blood caused by the action of radiation. In mice which prior to irradiation had been administered inhalationally or peritoneally the lunar surface material, a lag in the increment of bodyweight was observed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 613-626
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  • 69
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    Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 597-605
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  • 70
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    Study of friction properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A description is given of instruments for determining the friction properties of the surficial layer of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic lunar station, as well as the friction properties of its analogs: andesite-basaltic sand and basalts. The experimental method and results are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 590-596
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  • 71
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    Results of investigating the physicomechanical properties of a sample of lunar surface material in a research chamber in nitrogen (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are reported on an investigation of the mechanical properties of the lunar surface material sample returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study included determination of the specific weight of the surface material, the nature of its disintegration, and the determination of its compressibility characteristics, shear resistance, and bearing capacity. Quantitative data are presented on mechanical properties for the lunar surface material, many of which are determined for the first time. The instruments and experimental techniques are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 556-569
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  • 72
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    Results of investigating thermal and electrical properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermal and electrical properties are reported of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the Luna 16 automatic station and its terrestrial analogs studied in a vacuum and in a helium atmosphere. Study of the lunar surface material and its analogs showed that their specific heat capacity and electrical properties are similar in value but the coefficients of thermal conductivity differ. The results are compared with data on thermal and electrical properties of the surficial layer of the Moon obtained by indirect radiometric methods, and with results obtained for samples of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 549-555
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  • 73
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    Heat-physical properties of lunar surface material returned to earth by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Density, specific heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity were studied on a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study was carried out in a helium-filled chamber. The density of the surface material when freely heaped was 1.2 g/cu cm, and when shaken down -- 1.7 g/cu cm. The specific heat capacity was 0.177 + or - 0.010 cal x g/1 x deg/1. The coefficient of thermal conductivity in the material was 4.8 x 10/6 + or - 1.2 x 10/6 cal x cm/1 x sec/1 x deg/1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F15881); p 538-548
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  • 74
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    Temperature emission spectrum of exoelectrons of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of eight fragments of regolith returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station was studied. The nature of the exoemission glove-curves was determined by particle type. Fragments of breccia, sinter, slag, anorthosite, glass plate, and leucocratic gabbro after the first heating disclosed a single exoemission maximum, whose temperature position is in the range 115 to 200 C. The data obtained indicate the complex and inhomogeneous energy structure of some regolith fragments. The presence of surface states capable of forming sorptive bonds can be assumed for most particles. The exoemission of anorthosite, olivine, and the glass spherule is due to the presence of formation defects at their surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 528-537
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  • 75
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    Exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A secondary electron multiplier was used to study the thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station. The natural exoemission from fragments of slag, glass, anorthosite, and a metallic particle was recorded in the isochronic and isothermal thermostimulation regimes. The temperature of emission onset depended on the type of regolith fragment. For the first three particles the isothermal drop in emission is described by first-order kinetic equations. For the anorthosite fragment, exoemission at constant temperature is characterized by a symmetric curve with a maximum. These data indicate the presence of active surface defects, whose nature can be due to the prehistory of the particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 521-527
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  • 76
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    Magnetic properties of lunar samples returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of measuring the specific magnetic susceptibility of regolith are presented. The data indicate that regolith samples from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Fertility are similar in order of magnitude of the specific magnetic susceptibility. Several stony meteorites of subgroup L have a similar value of this quantity. After comparison with artificial analogs, it can be concluded that the bulk content of ferromagnetic minerals in regolith samples is 3 to 4 percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 502-511
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  • 77
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    Metallographic study of metallic fragment of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A high precision investigation of a metallic fragment from the lunar material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station revealed three characteristic temperature intervals with different kinetics of solid solution decomposition. The following were found in the structure of the iron-nickel-cobalt alloy: (1) delta-phase and alpha-ferrite of diffusional, displacement origin in the grain boundary and acicular forms; and (2) martensite of isothermal and athermal nature, acicular, lamellar, massive, and dendritic. The diversity of the shapes of structural constituents is associated with the effect on their formation of elastic distortions and various mechanisms of deformation relaxation processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 512-520
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  • 78
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    Cathodoluminescence of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Observations of local variations in the intensity and spectral composition of the cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith are described. These variations are caused by structural features, by the kind and quantity of the material, and by the admixtures. In addition, cathodoluminescent emission is also associated with a change in the temperature of the lunar surface. Periodic diurnal illumination and darkening of the moon is responsible for a temperature gradient normal to the lines of longitude. These observations made of regolith, using a scanning electron microscope with an attachment for temperature variation, simulate the indicated thermal changes of the cathodoluminescent properties of lunar material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 496-501
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  • 79
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    Infrared transmission spectra of Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Transmission spectra in the 2-25 micrometer region were obtained for samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. A comparison of the Luna 16, Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 samples showed that the infrared transmission spectra of regolith samples from the mare regions are similar and characteristic of basic basaltic rocks. The absorption bands show up in the vibration region of the SiO4 groups. No water and OH groups were found in the samples based on the spectrum. Spectra of regolith samples calcined at 1000C showed changes that can be interpreted as changes in the spectra of irradiated crystals (especially distinctly for the Luna 16 samples).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 486-495
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  • 80
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    Photo-polarization study of lunar samples: Negative branch (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarization measurements with a telescope for the degree of polarization of light reflected by planetary surfaces, and comparative measurement of terrestrial minerals, meteorites, and returned lunar samples are reported. The polarization curve plots of the dependence of the degree of polarization on the phase angle V are plotted and compared with each other to determine the optical characteristics of the planetary surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 477-485
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  • 81
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    Photometric and polarimetric analysis of samples of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarimetric properties were determined for the L-16-19-1-116 samples, weighing 0.087 g. The measurements were made for five wavelengths between 3540 and 5850 AU. In addition, the normal albedo was determined for each of these wavelengths. The albedo for the measured sample was slightly lower than for the typical material of the dark lunar maria and in addition, there was a well developed branch of negative polarization, which resembles the branch obtained for carbonaceous chondrites crushed into powder, and the branch obtained for the powders of several terrestrial basaltic and ultrabasic rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 468-476
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  • 82
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    Light scattering indicatrices of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurements are made of the indicatrix of scattering of lunar surface material with an indicatometer that has a spread of the illuminating beam of less than 0.5 deg and of the detected beam of about 1.5 deg. The results are compared with the indicatrices for the lunar mean obtained by terrestrial telescopic measurements. It is concluded that the main features of the reflection of light by the moon) (rapid rise in brightness with approach to the full moon) are accounted for by the microrelief caused principally by grains smaller than a millimeter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 449-452
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  • 83
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    Infrared spectroscopy of lunar mare regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Spectra of reflection, emission, and transmission of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated in the 1.8-13 micrometers region. A reflection maximum was shown to be present in the region 3 to 5 micrometer, along with a corresponding minimum in the emission coefficient. The spectra were interpreted based on a comparison of the optical properties with the chemical and structural properties of the regolith. The regolith in the entire array of properties in the infrared region differs appreciably from terrestrial objects. Spectra of diffuse reflection and the spectra at angles of incidence 0 deg and angles of reflection 15 and 30 deg with samples of the regolith returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions revealed a similarity of the infrared reflection characteristics of the regolith from different lunar mare regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 453-467
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  • 84
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    Optical characteristics of regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A diffuse reflection spectra analysis is reported for regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 expeditions. The spectra of the specular reflection of Sea of Fertility regolith, as well as the spectra of diffuse reflection from polished sections of lunar rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms have no well-defined structures and are close to each other. The lowest reflectivity is exhibited by the Sea of Tranquillity regolith, and the highest -- by the Ocean of Storms regolith. A weak absorption band with a maximum near 1 nm is noted in the spectra, corresponding to the Fe-2(+) ion in the octahedral position in the lattice of regolith mineral constituents. When the indicatrix of scattering of the regolith was recorded, a specular component was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 441-448
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  • 85
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    Rb-Sr age and content of potassium, rubidium strontium, barium, and rare earths in surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Luna 16 automatic station returned from the Sea of Fertility a 35 cm long column of lunar surface material. 1 g of the Luna 16 lunar surface material, taken at a depth of 22 cm, consists of fine material: surface material and fine fragments of rocks from 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Analyses made on 17 mg of the fine lunar surface material are presented. The results obtained for the Luna 16 surface material are plotted on the diagram of the isotopic evolution of strontium and show that this surface material is most depleted of radiogenic Sr-87 of all the known lunar surface materials and that the point characterizing Lunar 16 lies somewhat to the right of the line corresponding to an age of 4.6 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 436-440
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  • 86
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    Absolute age of lunar regolith material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: By averaging the absolute age of lunar regolith materials from the Sea of Fertility for the fine regolith fraction from the core zone V, an age of 4.65 10 to the 9th power + 0.4 10 to the 9th power years was obtained, employing as the primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio 0.69884 (ADOR). Also close to this age value is the age estimate based on the Pb-207/Pb-206 ratio. Using the value 0.69898 (BABI) as a primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio reduces the calculated age of the fine regolith fraction to 4.25 X 10 to the 9th power years. The fine fraction of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility is also characterized by a minimum addition of radiogenic Sr-87, a minimum Rb/Sr ratio, and a maximum K/Rb ratio compared with analogous lunar material from other points.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 410-435
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  • 87
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    Study of radiation damage and structure of Luna 16 sample particles using high-resolution electron microscopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using an electron scanning microscope and a high voltage microscope, a study was made of the radiation damage and structure of micron sized grains and grains separated from the 200-mesh fraction of the L-16-19 surface material sample. Then the structural features were compared with those found by studying with the same techniques grains separated from 20 different samples of lunar dust taken from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 collections. The L-16-19 sample is similar to the most intensely irradiated samples returned to earth by Apollo craft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 404-409
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  • 88
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    Study of sample of Sea of Fertility lunar surface material by the track method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Tracks in crystals of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and in several fragments of basalts from a sample of Luna 16 lunar surface material were studied. A high track density, exceeding 10 to the 8th power cm/2 was found. The tracks were produced mainly by iron group nuclei of cosmic galactic and solar rays.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 400-403
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  • 89
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    Radiation damage and structure recorded at high resolution in grains from fine fractions of Luna 16 surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples returned to earth by Luna 16, were studied with a high voltage electron microscope for ultramicroscopic features. The following amazing features were noted in particles of surface material returned in all the lunar trips: A very high density of tracks of nuclear particles, ultrathin amorphous shells, highly rounded forms, and amazingly good ordering of crystal lattice. These features were used along with calibration experiments in solving the following problems: (1) determining the energy spectrum and chemical abundances of the very heavy nuclei in the solar wind and in the solar cosmic rays; (2) studying the past activity of the sun; (3) obtaining data on lunar dynamic processes affecting dust particles; (4) analyzing composite effects caused by penetration of solar wind into the lunar surface material; and (5) establishing the existence of the ancient lunar atmosphere and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 388-399
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  • 90
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    Some results of track method of investigating Luna 16 lunar material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary data from an investigation of tracks in olivine crystals, separated from the five zones of a lunar surface material core, are reported. The gradients of track densities, their lengths, and their angular distribution were measured with an optical microscope. Throughout the core depth (35 cm) crystals bearing traces of exposure to low energy solar cosmic rays were found, indicating the occurrence of mixing processes in the surficial layer of lunar surface material. The age of the occurrence of the samples investigated on the lunar surface, calculated from the track density, is in the interval 0.7 to 16 million years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 379-387
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  • 91
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    Gamma-spectrometric analysis of Luna 16 sample of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using a scintillation gamma spectrometer with shielding against anticoincidences, the content of the natural radioelements (K, U, and Th) and long-lived cosmogenic radioisotopes (Al-26, Na-22, and Mn-54) in a sample of Sea of Fertility regolith was determined. Based on the content data of natural radioelements, an attempt was made to classify this sample in the scale of petrochemical types of terrestrial rocks arranged in accordance with their silicic content and alkalinity. Within the frame of reference of calcium-uranium systematics of lunar samples, a comparison was made of the K/U ratio obtained for the Sea of Fertility sample with analogous data for other regions of the moon. Also discussed are problems on the depthwise distribution of cosmogenic radioisotopes along the regolith profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 92
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    Cosmogenic Al-26 and Na-22 in Luna-16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of cosmogenic isotopes Al-26 and Na-22 in two samples taken from different depths of the lunar regolith core returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were measured by scintillation gamma spectrometer. The measured activities, when recalculated to the time of sampling of the lunar surface material, are: Al-26 - 62 + or - 8 and 54 + or - 9; Na-22 - 42 + or - 8 and 48 + or - 9. Depthwise distributions of the activities of these isotopes in lunar rocks of different types indicate the presence of a considerable depth gradient of activity near the surface caused by the fall off in the fluxes of primary and secondary cosmic radiation. The absence of this gradient in the measured samples, along with data on the tracks and content of inert gases, as well as the granulometric characteristics of the regolith indicate that the surficial layer of the regolith at the sampling site underwent mixing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 358-369
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  • 93
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    Problem of nature of inert gases in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The origin of isotopes of inert gases in lunar surface material was investigated from the standpoint of the isotopic two-component status of inert gases in the solar system. Helium and neon represent the solar wind component, while krypton and xenon are planetary gases. Type A gases are trapped by the material of the regolith in the early stages of the existence of the solar system and were brought to the lunar surface together with dust. The material of the regolith therefore cannot be considered as the product of the erosion of the crystalline rocks of the moon and in this sense are extralunar. The regolith material containing type A gases must be identified with the high temperature minerals of the carbonaceous chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 348-357
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  • 94
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    Inert gases in Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content and isotopic composition were studied of inert gases -- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe -- in samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The samples were taken from depths of about 12 and 30 cm. The high concentrations of inert gases exceed by several orders their concentrations observed in ordinary stony meteorites. The gases in lunar regolith were a complex mixture of gases of different origins: Solar, cosmogenic, radiogenic, and so on. Solar wind gases predominated, distributed in the thin surficial layer of the regolith grains. The concentrations of these gases in the surficial layer is several cubic centimeters per gram. The isotopic composition of the inert gases of solar origin approaches their composition measured in gas-rich meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 334-347
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  • 95
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    Neutron activation determination of the oxygen content in the Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The O2 content in the No. 16/078 sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station was determined by activation using 14 MeV neutrons. The O2 content in the sample is 42.1 + or - 1.2 weight percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 330-333
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  • 96
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    Content of lithium, beryllium, boron, and titanium, and the isotopic composition of lithium, boron, and magnesium in Luna 16 regolith sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The abundance of the following elements in the L 16-19 No. 118 regolith sample, zone V was determined by isotopic dilution using a mass spectrometer equipped with a scattering ion source: Li -- 9.8, Be -- 1.2, Be -- 2.6, and Ti -- 1.92 percent. For comparison, these same elements were measured in samples of surface material returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, and in the terrestrial reference standard diabase W-1. The content of Li, Be, and B in the Luna 16 sample is nearly the same as in the Apollo 11 surface material. The surface material returned by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 contains two to four times more of these elements. However, the abundance ratios of Li, Be, and B are remarkably similar in the surface materials from the four different lunar regions. With respect to basaltic achondrites and especially with respect to chondrites, the lunar basalts are enriched in Li, Be, and B up to 100 times.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 320-329
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  • 97
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    Isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The isotopic composition of alkali and alkaline earth elements in the Luna 16 regolith was investigated by the method of thermionic emission, without chemical separation. The isotopic composition of the lithium in two regolith samples did not differ (within the limits 0.5 percent) from the mean of the terrestrial reference standard. At the same time, the observed difference (1 percent) in the isotopic composition of lithium between the samples requires further investigation and confirmation. The isotopic compositions of K and Rb did not differ within the limits of experimental error from the isotopic composition of the reference standard.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 306-310
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  • 98
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    Study of isotopic composition of helium in the fine fraction of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of He isotopes is measured in two samples of the lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. Both samples consist of a fine fraction of lunar surface material and were samples from zone A (sample 3-2k) and from zone V (sample 9-1r). The value of He4/He3 and the concentration of the He isotopes are identical for both samples, within the limits of experimental error.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 99
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    Results of investigating gases from inclusions in lunar glasses (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Common gases from inclusions in glass fragments and spherules of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated by the adsorption volumometric method. Inclusions from eight particles were analyzed. A gas mixture from the inclusions had two- (CO2 and H2), three- (CO2, H2 and N2 + inert gases), and (H2S, SO2, and NH3), H2,N2 + inert gases, and four component (H2S, SO2, and NH3), CO2, H2, and N2 + inert gases, compositions. Hydrogen in all analyses was 10 to 95 volume percent. Diffusional exchange with the terrestrial atmosphere was absent. An unexpectedly high density of gases in the vacuoles was obtained. The initial volume of the bubbles when the vacuoles were breached even rose 2.5 times and decreased in the limits of 2.3 to 54.5 times. Various possibilities for the formation in the lunar surface material of glass fragments and spherules are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 293-305
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  • 100
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    Genesis of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: From comparing the mineral and chemical composition of regoliths with the compositions of primary magmatic lunar rocks, it is shown that mare regolith is enriched in aluminum and depleted in iron, titanium, and chromium. This effect cannot be accounted for only by the admixture of highland anorthositic material. The entire array of geochemical data points to the considerable role of depth-wise differentiation of the magmatic material in forming the composition of the primary lunar rocks and, naturally, the composition of the regolith. During regolith formation, processes of the effervescing of magma as it outflowed at the lunar surface were of primary importance. Impacts by micrometeorites represent another important factor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 277-292
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