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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (10,782)
  • General Chemistry  (4,740)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (16,983)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 21-39 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described which is designed for preparative freeze concentration experiments by the technique of normal freezing. It has a capacity of approximately 22 liters distributed over twelve vessels. The influence of various geometrical and chemical parameters such as stirring speed, crystallization rate, and sample composition on the normal freezing of protein solutions are discussed. For dilute protein solutions (〈0.1%) the concentration factor generally was 8- to 10-fold with recoveries of 90-100 percent. With higher protein concentrations and at ionic strengths higher than approximately 0.05, the recovery was decreased. No loss of activity was detected when concentrating enzyme solutions.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 135-147 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An α-galactosidase which will hydrolyze the oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose has been immobilized on nylon microfibrils suitable for use in large flow-through reactors. This catalyst system is stable for many months, both under use and storage conditions. The immobilized enzyme behaves similarly to the enzyme in solution, characteristically exhibiting both product and substrate inhibition. The catalyst is prepared in situ and a large, 8-liter reactor has been made. The catalyst has been used to reduce the raffinose concentration in beet sugar molasses.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 209-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formose syrup was studied as a carbon source for growth of a series of microorganisms obtained from various collections. Approximately 80 strains of bacteria, yeasts, and molds were inoculated into a medium containing formose syrup and mineral salts supplemented with small amounts of yeast extract and casein hydrolysate to supply accessory growth factors. Two preparations of formose syrup, produced by two different laboratories, were employed. Formose syrup I, characterized by a low sugar content, was poorly utilized; syrup II, containing a higher sugar concentration, was utilized to a greater extent. Two strains of Aerobacter acrogenes yielded 1.3 g dry cell mass from an initial charge of 10 g of formose II solids, whereas growth on 10 g of D-glucose amounted to 3.7 g.Klebsiella aerogenes MIT-B44, the best microbial strain isolated from soil by an enrichment technique, produced 1.3 g cells from 10 g fromose syrup II solids in supplemented medium; in direct comparisons, it produced 10-15% more cell 0.7-0.9 g cells per 10 g formose and grew with a doubling time of 55-70 min. Under such conditions, its macromolecular composition was 52% protein, 22% RNA, and 2% DNA. Although the apparent yield of cells from formose was only 8-11%, the actual yield based on formose utilized was 30%, the same as observed with glucose.A second strain was isolated from soil by enrichment with spent broth from K. aerogenes. This unidentified gram-negative, short rod-shaped bacterium grew in mixed culture with strain MIT-B44; in unsupplemented media they produced 1.55 g cells from 10 g formose II solids and 2.9 g cells from 10 g glucose.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 385-396 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) was immobilized in low yield on aminoalkylsilylated magnetite (Fe3O4). Better results were obtained when trypsin was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde on magnetite. The preparation contained 36 mg protein/g magnetite and the enzyme retained 46% and 11% of esterase and proteolytic activity. Immobilized trypsin was more heat stable than trypsin. Invertase (β-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was cross-linked on magnetite with glutaraldehyde in low yield due to the inactivation of the enzyme. However in the presence of 1% sucrose, the total activity recovered was 79% of the initial activity and the preparation contained 4.4 mg/g of active invertase. Immobilized invertase was less active than invertase when acting on oligosaccharides of the raffinose family. The immobilized enzymes could be easily recovered, from solutions or suspensions, magnetically.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 475-484 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter has been developed to automatically and continuously assay the cell concentration in a fermentor by measuring the turbidity of the solution as a function of the light scattered at 180° to the incident light. The output signal is nearly directly proportional to the cell concentration in a fermentor when the sample stream contains from 0 to more than 50 g of cells per liter (wet weight). The device consists of a bifurcated fiber-optics light pipe with its distal end inserted into a flow cell through which the material to be analyzed passes. A light source on one proximal branch of the light pipe illuminates the sample stream; light that is back-scattered from participates in the stream re-enters the light pipe and is returned to a photodetector on the other proximal branch of the light pipe. A signal conditioning system connected to the optical head by a cable provides gain and zero adjustment.
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  • 9
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 551-553 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 567-577 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), obtained from barley, was chemically attached to a crosslinked copolymer of acrylamide-acrylic acid using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The derivative showed 23% β-amylase activity in relation to that of free enzyme with a coupling yield of 40% based on the amount of added β-amylase. In order to find optimal coupling conditions, the effect of pH and different carbodiimide concentrations was investigated. The enzymic activity associated with different β-amylase concentrations was further outlined. A slightly increased operational stability for the enzyme upon immobilization was observed. Markedly improved operational stability has been obtained by coupling in the presence of reduced glutathione of bovine serum albumin.
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  • 11
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 623-634 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Maltase, phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the supernatant of brewer's yeast cells from samples taken at various intervals during a 90 min treatment in a Dyno-Mill disintegrator.In an attempt to find optimum operating conditions, the following parameters were varied: speed of rotation of the agitator, flow rate, yeast concentration in the slurry and bead diameter, and the specific rate of extraction was determined for each such variation. Analysis of the data showed that, superimposed upon extraction, there was a progressive but slow loss of total activities. Enzyme release could be expressed as an approximately first-order chemical reaction. The results compared well with those of Follows et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng.), 13, 549 (1971) and showed that the Dyno-Mill can be operated under proper conditions without significant loss of enzyme activity and with high yields.
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 689-696 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soluble fungal lactase (lactase-W) of greater activity that the previously available fungal lactase (lactase-M) has been covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass particles and 1 mm diameter porous TiO2 particles. The immobilized lactase-W appears to give results similar to the lactase-M except for the operational half-life. At 30°C the half-life of the lactase-M appears to exceed that of the lactase-W by approximately 100 days under operational conditions.
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 703-722 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The complete mixing activated sludge (CMAS) system is gaining in popularity for treating both domestic and industrial wastewaters. Experience over the past 20 years has produced a simple mathematical model which can be used in both the design and the operational evaluation of CMAS systems. Laboratory pilot plants and full scale field units have furnished the basic data needed to confirm the validity of the mathematical model. The basic concepts of the model are discussed in light of field evaluations. Areas of conflict and confusion which have arisen in the past will be presented and discussed. Design examples and operational evaluations are presented for several different wastewater systems.
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 771-787 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic fermentation of organic solid waste can provide a significant source of fuel gas (methane). Application of this process requires a better understanding of the kinetics of the biological system. The literature is replete with kinetic studies of this process as applied to waste solids from water pollution control systems. Much of this work has been conducted in the mesophilic temperature range. Increased temperatures yield higher reaction rates that will improve the economics of the process. The rate limiting step in the fermentation of refuse is the hydrolysis of the complex organic solids, in particular cellulose. Cellulose is a major component of the refuse. A laboratory study employing domestic refuse has shown the effect of temperature on the rate of methane fermentation. The optimum mesophilic temperature was found to be 42°C, while the optimum thermophilic temperature was at least 60°C. No data was obtained beyond the 60°C temperature. Reaction rate constants are presented for anaerobic fermentation of domestic refuse. Because of the characteristics of the substrate it-was not possible to obtain the necessary measurements for evaluation of constants in the Monod model. An overall system constant was developed.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 847-851 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacterial RNA virus, Qβ, has been purified in gram amounts by differential centrifugation. Final separation of the virus from host E. coli rRNA was based on the density differential in the pellet. The method provided a simplified alternative to the more conventional rate zonal or isopycnic zonal centrifugation techniques.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 909-923 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intrusion of diffusion in heterogeneous enzyme reactions, which follow. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is quantitatively characterized by dimensionless parameters that are independent of the substrate concentration. The effects of these parameters on the overall rate of reaction is illustrated on plots commonly employed in enzyme kinetics. The departure from Michaelis-Menten kinetics due to diffusion limitations can be best assessed by using Hofstee plots which are also suitable to distinguish between internal and external transport effects. A graphical method is described for the evaluation of the reaction rate as a function of the surface concentration of the substrate from measured data.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1025-1044 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out on the production of Sindbis, influenza and vesicular stomatitis viruses in suspensions of chicken embryo and rat embryo cells. The yield of Sindbis virus in chicken embryo cell suspensions was independent of the multiplicity of infection over the range 0.0001 to 0.01 although reduction in multiplicity caused a delay in virus production. With influenza virus the use of higher multiplicities gave increased virus yields possibly due to the very slow production at low multiplicities. In both monolayer and suspension cultures of chicken embryo cells addition of serum or use of media richer than minimum essential medium (Eagle) had little effect on Sindbis virus production, but if the glucose were omitted the virus yield was markedly reduced. In cell suspensions, a marked reduction in virus yield occurred if infection were delayed more than 24 hr after cell preparation whereas in monolayers the delay of infection allowed cell propagation and hence a higher yield of virus. It was also shown that vesicular stomatitis virus can be produced in chicken embryo cell suspensions, and that rat embryo primary cell suspensions can be used to prepare both Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Sindbis virus obtained from chicken embryo cell suspensions was purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation and shown to contain only those proteins previously identified as viral, without any contamination from chicken cell proteins. The relative ease and economics of virus production by cell suspension and monolayer methods is compared.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1045-1053 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies exploring the effect of two nonaqueous solvents on enzyme activity were done using chloroperoxidase as a model system. Chloroperoxidase produced by Caldariomyces fumago is a bifunctional enzyme with halogenating activity at pH 3 and peroxidation activity at pH 5 to 6. Methanol affected both of these activities similarly. Furthermore, methanol and the halogen acceptor, monochlorodimedon, competitively inhibit the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action of methanol. At 10% methanol concentration, the enzyme retained up to 33% of its activity depending on the monochlorodimedon concentration. Dimethylsulfoxide at 10% concentration permitted up to 47% retention of activity. Its effects on the enzyme are more complex than methanol and are discussed in terms of a transitory inactivation of the enzyme.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1081-1093 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions to the equations describing simultaneous mass transfer and enzymic reaction within porous spherical particles have been used to examine the effect of enzyme content and other parameters on the kinetic behavior of immobilized enzymes. These solutions have also been compared with experimental data for enzymes immobilized to DEAE-cellulose particles. The influence of particle size and enzyme content on catalyst design is discussed.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1123-1133 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Degradation of UNA by endogenous RNase in cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be achieved by mechanical disintegration followed by incubation in the presence of NaCl. The incubation parameters pH, temperature, time, and concentration of NaCl were investigated. Protein concentrates with a low content of RNA were obtained by precipitation of the incubated suspensions and separation of the degradation products.On a pilot plant scale the incubation was performed at 50°C and pH 5.6 in the presence of 3% NaCl for 20 min. Kilogram quantities of protein concentrates containing 1.4% RNA and 8.2% nitrogen were obtained. The RNA reduction and the nitrogen yield was 85 and 60%, respectively. The yield of amino acids was about 75%. The process described can probably be applied for large-scale production.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The consideration of fermentation principles in the treatment of industrial and sanitary waste waters leads to substantial process improvements. In particular, the rate of reaction can be improved by several fold by establishing the proper environmental conditions for microbial growth in a fermentation system. Recent work on the concentric cylinder air lift has shown it to be an economical fermentor with many advantages over conventional fermentors. An attempt to improve the economical performance of this system led to the development of the thin channel rectangular air lift fermentor. This was based upon a theoretical analysis of performance parameters. The analysis indicates decreased bubble coalescence, increased bubble entrainment, decreased power costs, increased mass transfer coefficients, and decrease capital costs. Experience using a prototype thin channel rectangular air lift system with sanitary and industrial waste-water treatment systems has demonstrated exceptionally high rates of BOD removal at low operating and capital costs.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1261-1272 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A tubular loop batch fermentor has been designed and constructed, and was found to behave in a similar manner to a conventional stirred tank reactor. It appeared that foaming could be greatly reduced as no air ever encountered the impeller. The fluid mechanics of pipe flow are considerably simpler than tank flow patterns. On this basis a design procedure for a large scale tubular fermentor was outlined, which had considerable advantages over the more complex scale-up problems of a tank fermentor.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1245-1259 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The death kinetics of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied in an industrial scale spray drier. In solution studies, the death kinetics of yeast was found to be comparable to pathogen destruction. From the studies in drying of yeast a prediction of a 4 log cycle decrease in viable cells of pathogens could be made for normal processing conditions. This should insure the safety of spray-dried foods unless after contamination occurs. It was found that during drying, although the rate of death is high, the activation energy is greatly decreased over that of death in aqueous solution (reduction from 130 kcal/mole to 5 kcal/mole). The reduction in Ea may be attributed to the thermodynamic compensation phenomenon in which the resulting negative entropy of reaction acts to protect the cells through a water-protein interaction. However, the possibility of a change in death mechanism cannot be precluded. Overall, these results suggest the danger in extrapolating death kinetics to high temperature.
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1393-1398 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1419-1423 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1449-1458 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside-5′-monophosphates from purineriboside, 6-mercapto-purine riboside, 6-methylmercapto-purine riboside, 6-chloro-purine riboside, tubercidin, 8-aza-adenosine, and 3′-deoxy-adenosine is described in gram scale. The synthesis is catalyzed by a phosphotransferase from carrots and uses phenylphosphate as phosphate donor. The reaction products are purified on QAE-Sephadex A25 columns. The large scale preparation of the enzyme is also reported.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1507-1516 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from spinach has been bound to arylamine porous glass with a diazo linkage and to alklamine porous glass with glutaraldehyde. Stability at elevated temperatures and responses to changes of pH and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and dithiothreitol concentrations were not significantly different from the soluble enzyme, though stability at 4°C was somewhat improved.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1557-1564 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1567-1587 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the parameters influencing the potential industrial application of an immobilized two-enzyme system of β-amylase and pullulanase for conversion of starch to a product with high maltose content, have been performed. The apparent Michaelis constant, the apparent product inhibitor constant, and the activation energy have been determined for the immobilized preparation and compared to the values for the corresponding soluble enzyme system. The catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes was studied in a plug-flow reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for these reactors have been formulated and adapted to fit the experimental data. Comparisons of the reactor efficiencies were made and the conditions were found to be such as to favor the plug-flow reactor. Results on operational stability tests at different temperatures and substrate concentrations are given.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1611-1631 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous fermentation of grape juice was studied in three basic kinds of nonmechanically stirred fermentors, classified according to the direction in which flow is applied against settling: upward-flow, slant-flow, and horizontal-flow.Fermentation kinetics were found to be zero-order, thus rate was directly proportional to cell density.Completeness of fermentation depends upon yeast characteristics (growth rate flocculation), fermentor geometry (settling depth, flow path length), and upon flow velocity.Fermentor analysis demonstrated that to achieve complete fermentation in the minimum juice holding time, efficient cell retention as well as rapid yeast growth and fermentation rates are required. Fermentor design and operation are discussed in the light of this analysis.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1659-1673 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized beef liver catalase has been used in a flow reactor to decompose hydrogen peroxide; at the same time the catalase is inactivated by its substrate. A model has been developed which predicts this rate of decomposition of peroxide and inactivation of catalase. First order dependence on peroxide concentration is assumed. The model was verified by experiment for a range of operating conditions and then used to predict the effects of a change in operating variables.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1645-1657 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Automated sampling device was designed to permit determination of rates of biological transport of metabolites into cells. The substrate was automatically introduced into a stirred cell suspension at 37°C. The first sample was automatically taken after a mixing interval of 1 sec and nine subsequent samples were taken at programmable intervals (1 to 100 sec). The samples were forced by pressure differential (vacuum) through 0.4 μ pore size membranes and approximately 50 μl were collected in disposable cups. The duration of the sampling interval was controllable down to 0.1 sec. The samples preserved records of the substrate concentrations in solution at the time of filtration. With the use of suitable radioactive labeled isotopes, the changes in substrate concentrations may be conveniently measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry, but other analytical procedures of suitable sensitivity may be used. Initial and steady-state transport rates of succinate and glucose in Escherichia coli were obtained using the device.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 32-39 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical behaviour of iron-chromium alloys GX 40 Cr 30 and GX 120 Cr 30 in sulfate and chloride containing electrolytesWhen iron-chromium alloys of the types given above are exposed to 1 N sulfuric acid the grain faces are attaqued, and this attack depends from the previous thermal treatment. The result obtained show, however, that the measurement method has a pronounced effect, too. With potentiodynamic polarisation a second maximum is found in the current density/potential curves; this second maximum is not connected with an intercrystalline corrosion and is not found when the experiments are made in quasistationary conditions with fresh electrodes. In chloride containing electrolytes potentiodynamic polarisation gives rise to pitting corrosion while under stationary conditions a grain face corrosion starting from the phase boundaries is observed.
    Notes: Werden Eisen-Chrom-Legierungen der oben genannten Arten der Einwirkung von 1 n Schwefelsäure ausgesetzt, so werden die Kornflächen angegriffen; das Ausmaß des Angriffs ist dabei abhängig von der vorherigen Wärmebehandlung. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen indessen, daß auch die verwendete Meßmethode eine ausgeprägte Wirkung besitzt. Bei potentiodynamischer Polarisation finder man in den Stromdichte-Potential-Kurven ein zweites Maximum, das nicht mit interkristalliner Korrosion verbunden ist und nicht auftritt, wenn bei den Versuchen quasistationär, mit jeweils frischen Elektroden gearbeitet wird. In chloridhaltigen Lösungen führt die potentiodynamische Polarisation zu Lochfraß, während unter stationären Bedingungen Kornflächenkorrosion, ausgehend von den Phasengrenzen, beobachtet wird.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 47-47 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 76-79 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 80-80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 80-80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. I 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. XIII 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beobachtungen zur Spannungsrißkorrosion in austenitisch-ferritischen nichtrostenden StählenStähle mit austenitisch-ferritischem Gefüge besitzen sowohl im geschweißten als auch im ungeschweißten Zustand hohe Beständig keit gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion. Bei Laboratoriumsversuchen-Calciumchloridlösung bei 100 °C, mit und ohne anodische Polarisation sowie chloridhaltige Medien bei 225 °C- war es nicht möglich, Ri°bildung zu erzeugen. Die Ri°bildung im geschweißten Zustand, die in Ausnahmefällen auftreten kann, läßt sich unterdrücken durch Verwendung von Elektroden, die ein Schweißgefüge der gleichen Zusammensetzung wie der Grundwerkstoff ergeben.
    Notes: Steels having austeno-ferritic structure are highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking in the welded as well in the nonwelded condition. It has not been possible in laboratory experiments-calcium chloride solution at 100 °C, with and without anodic polarisation, and chloride containing media at 225 °C - to produce cracking. Crack formation which in exceptional cases may occur in the welded condition may be suppressed by the use of electrodes yielding a weld seam having the same composition as the base material.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 86-92 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the metal substructure on the anodic dissolution mecanism of ironThe electrochemical behaviour of iron shows a pronounced dependence on the metal substructure. The surfaces formed at the rupture of the specimens are dissolved according to a non-catalytic mecanism while a heat treatment of these rupture surfaces produces a change in the mechanism so that the dissolution occurs according to a catalytic mechanism. The two mechanisms are characterized by a rather different dissolution potentials; these differences can be attributed to the state of deformation of the crystal latice.
    Notes: Das elektrochemische Verhalten von Eisen ist in ausgeprägtem Maße vom Metallsubgefüge abhängig. Die beim Bruch der Proben entstandenen Flächen werden nach einem nichtkatalytischen Mechanismus aufgelöst während eine Wärmebehandlung dieser Bruch-flächen zu einer Anderung des Mechanismus führt und die Auflösung dann katalytisch erfolgt. Die beiden Mechanismen sind durch stark unterschiedliche Auflösungspotentiale charakterisiert; diese Unterschiede können dem Verzerrungszustand des Kristallgitters zugeschrieben werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 159-160 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 160-160 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. VII 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 160-160 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 161-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion in wäßrigen Lösungen und in Gasen hoher Temperatur - Analogien und DisparitätenAuf Grundlage einige Beispiele der Korrosion in den beiden obengenannten Medien wird gezeigt, daß man sowohl für wäßrige Lösungen als auch für heiße Gase und Salzschmelzen elektrochemische Korrosionsmechanismen definieren kann. In zahlreichen Korrosionsfällen zeigt sich nämlich die Wirkung von Lokalelementen. Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse ist man in der Lage. Parallelen zwischen der Oxidation bei hoher Temperature und der Passivierung in Lösungen zu ziehen. Disparitäten bestehen jedoch hinsichtlich der Kinetik dieser Prozesse, denn die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit kann durch verschiedene Vorgänge kontrolliert werden. Analogien findet man ebenso im Falle der Inhibierung, denn manche anorganischen Stoffe besitzen auch bei ziemlich hohen Temperaturen inhibierende Wirkungen. Die untersuchten Analogien und Disparitäten beschränken sich nicht auf reine Metalle, sondern sind auch anwendbar auf Legierungen, wo man gewisse Analogien feststellen kann, z. B. hinsichtlich der Verzunderungsbeständigkeit und der Säurebeständigkeit legierter Stähle.
    Notes: On the basis of some examples of corrosion in the two media mentioned above the author shows that electrochemical mechanisms of corrosion can be postulated with aqueous solutions as well as with hot gases and salt melts. In quite a number of corrosions the action of local cells comes to bear. On the basis of these data it is possible to define analogies between high temperature oxidation and passivation in solutions. Disparities exist, however, with respect to the kinetics of these processes because the rate can be controlled by very different reactions. Analogies are equally found in the case of inhibition where certain inorganic substances act as inhibitors even at rather high temperatures. The analogies and disparities considered here, are not restricted to pure metals but are equally applicable to alloys where it is possible to find analogies e.g. in the case of the scaling and acid resistance of alloyed steels.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 172-174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Aspekte des Einflusses von Mangan in austenitischen nichtrostenden StählenDer Einfluß von Mangan auf die Lochfraßbeständigkeit der18 8-Stähle beruht auf seiner Neigung zur Bildung von Sulfiden, die dann als nichtmetallische Einschlüsse vorliegen. Wie die Verfasser zeigen, führt die Verringerung des Mangangehalts dieser Stähle (1,8%) auf Werte um 0,2% zu einer beträchtlichen Verbesserung des Korrosionsverhaltens. Das Lochfraßpotential verschiebt sich dann nach beträchtlich höheren Werten, ohne daß die Schweißbarkeit beeinträchtigt oder der Ferritgehalt im Guß-oder Walzzustanderhöht würde.
    Notes: The effect of Mn on the pitting corrosion resistance of 18 8 steels is due to its sulphide forming ability, because the sulphides are then present as non-metallic inclusions. As is shown by the authors that reduction of the manganese content of these steels (from normally 1.8% to values around 0.2) gives rise to a considerable improvement of the corrosion behaviour. The pitting potential is then displaced toward considerably higher values while no negative aspect is noted on a weldability and no increase of the ferrite content in the ascast and as-rolled conditions is experienced.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 179-181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent investigations into inorganic and organic coatings on steel, galvanized steel and aluminium, using an accelerated cor- rosion test according to Machu-SchiffmanThe method constitutes the improvement with respect to the salt spray method. It is based on a weakly acid solution i. e. specifically 5% NaCl solution with addition of a small quantity of hydrogen peroxide. This solution is used for immersion tests and, as to aggressivity, is comparable to industrial and marine atmospheres; the duration of the test, however, is considerably reduced (about I5 hours). A typical and optimum composition is 50 g/l NaCl, 10 millglacial acetic acid and 5 81130% HzOz, pH = 3.0. In the case of galvanized steel or zinc it is of advantage to use a solution containing 50 g/l NaCl and 10 mlJl30% HzOz. pH = 6.0. As to alumini- um both solutions can be used, depending on the aggressivity to be simulated. Duration of immersion of 16 hours at 23 OC in the solu- tion of pH 3.0 would correspond in the case of coated aluminium to 336 hours exposure to salt spray.
    Notes: Die Methode stellt gegenüber der Salzprüfung eine Verbesserung dar; man arbeitet mit einem schwachsauren Medium, nämlich einer Lösung von 5% NaCl mit einer geringen Menge Wasserstoffsuperoxid. Diese Lösung wird im Tauchversuch eingesetzt und ist hinsichtlich ihrer Aggressivität vergleichbar mit Industrie- und Meeresatmosphäre, wobei die Versuchsdauer ziemlich stark verkürzt ist (etwa 15 Stunden). Die optimale typische Zusammensetzung ist 50 g/l NaCl, 10 ml/1 Eisessig, 5 g/l 30%iges Wasserstoffsuperoxid, pH = 3,0. Im Falle von verzinktem Stahl oder Zink verwendet man vorteilhafterweise eine Lösung aus 50 g/l NaCl und 10 ml/l 30%iges Wasserstoffsuperoxid (pH = 6.0). Bezüglich Aluminium können je nach der zu simulierenden Aggressivität beide Lösungen verwendet werden. Im Falle von beschichtetem Aluminium entspricht eine Tauchdauer von 16 Stunden bei 23°C in der Lösung mit pH 3,0 einem Salzsprühnebelversuch von336 Std. Dauer.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 166-171 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and properties of special metal coatings applied by thermal sprayingThermal spraying of metals of groups IVa, Va and VI a is difficult because of the fast oxidation of these metals (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W, Mo). It is consequently of vital importance that the atmosphere be oxygen-free, it is that the spray process is carried in an inert atmosphere. In view of the high cost involved in such a system it is necessary to provide for recirculation of an inert gas. The coatings obtained in pure argon are characterized by very high adhesion strength which is due to diffusion phenomena at the base metal/coating interphase. This diffusion takes place at high velocities and the thickness of the diffusion layer depends from the state of perturbation of the superficial zone of the base metal (e. g. perturbation due to sand blasting) and of the perturbation of the atomic structure of the liquid particles at the high temperature. Titanium coatings thus obtained are completely free from inclusions when obrained in argon, while they are severly embrittled when applied under nitrogen. The properties of coatings from all the metals considered (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6A14V) are perfectly comparable to those of the solid metals.
    Notes: Thermisches Spritzen von Metallen der Gruppen 1 Va, Va und VIa ist wegen der leichten Oxidierbarkeit dieser Metalle (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W und Mo) schwierig. Infolgedessen muß die Atmosphäre sauerstoffrei sein, d. h. man muß in inerter Atmosphäre spritzen. Da hierbei die Kosten ziemlich hoch liegen, muß das Schutzgas in Umlauf geführt werden. Die beim Spritzen in reinem Argon erhaltenen Überzüge besitzen sehr hohe Haftfestigkeit, da es zwischen Grundmetall und Überzug zu Diffusionsvorgängen in der Grenzschicht kommt. Diese Diffusion erfolgt mit sehr hoher Geschwindigkeit; die Dicke der Diffusionsschicht ist abhängig vom Störungszustand der Oberflächenzone des Grundmetalls (Störungen hervorgerufen durch Sandstrahlen z. B.) und von der Störung tur der flüssigen Metallteilchen infolge der hohen Temperatur. Die nach den Schutzgas- verfahren erhaltenen Titanüberzüge sind beim Spritzen in Argon vollkommen frei von Ein- flü,ssen, wahrend beim Spritzen unter Stickstoff starke Versprödung auftritt. Bei allen verwendeten Metallen (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6AI4 V) sind die Überzüge mit den massiven Metal- len vergleichbar.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 190-192 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 193-194 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 276-287 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 325-326 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The oxide layer of aluminiumThe oxide layer formed by the atmospheric oxidation of aluminium contains rather different oxides, namely AlO, Al2O2 and Al2O3. The presence of these suboxides and for their mixed crystals is responsible for the adhesion of the oxide layers to the metal because the suboxides are still able by their residual valancy electrons to react with a metal. It is consequently advisable to carry out chemical treatments in such a way as to yield suboxides, too.
    Notes: Die bei der atmosphärischen Oxidation von Aluminium entstehende Oxidschicht enthält ziemlich verschiedene Oxide, und zwar AlO, Al2o2und Al2O3. Die Anwesenheit dieser Suboxide und ihrer Mischkristalle ist ursächlich für die Haftung der Oxidschichten am Metall, da diese Suboxide noch fähig sind, mit ihren restlichen Valenzelektronen mit dem Metall zu reagieren. Es ist daher zweckmäßig, wenn bei der chemischen Behandlung von Aluminium die Bildung der Suboxide angestrebt wird.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 330-340 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Problem of intercrystalline corrosion susceptibility of an inadequately stabilized steel 1Cr18Ni9TiA study of the relations between carbide precipitation and the corrosion susceptibility has revealed that the steel under study (0.11 % C, 0.42 % Ti) after dissolution treatment is comparable to a non-stabilized steel containing about 0.06% C. Increasing the carbon content gives rise to an ultimate displacement of the sensitivity range to extended durations and lower temperatures of the thermal treatment. From a practical point of view it is, however, permissible to consider thickness without giving rise to the danger of intercrystalline corrosion in moderate oxidants.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Beziehungen zwischen der Carbidausscheidung und der Korrosionsanfälligkeit hat gezeigt, daß der untersuchte Stahl (0,11 % C,0,42 % ti) nach Lösungsglühen sich wie ein nicht stabilisierter Stahl mit etwa 0,06 % C verhält. Die Erhöhung des Gehalts an gebundenem Kohlenstoff führt zu einer weiteren Verschiebung des Anfälligkeitsbereiches nach längeren Zeiten und niedrigeren Temperaturen der Wärmebehandlung. Von der Praxis her kann jedoch dieser Stahl als bis zu einer gewissen Dicke schweißbar angesehen werden, ohne daß es in Gegenwart von mäßig starken Oxidationsmitteln zu interkristaliner Korrosion kommt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 398-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 403-405 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 403-403 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 406-409 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 410-410 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. XXV 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 411-420 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of copper-aluminium alloys in sulfuric acid containing pickling solutionsWrought copper aluminium alloys (aluminium contents between 5 and 10 weight-%, additions of Fe, Ni and Mn) have been studied by continous and alternating immersion tests in a solution containing 20% H2SO4 and 10% FeSO4 at 40°C. In the as-extruded state the corrosion of monophasic alpha alloys increases with aluminium content. Larger quantities of ß' martensite exercise a negative effect. Addition of 2 weight-% Ni do not improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys with 5 and 8% Al. Cold reduction of alpha alloys give rise to a pronounced intensification of corrosion. No positive effect can be obtained by a thermal treatment of the alloys CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn Ni and CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5. The corrosion takes place under the following forms: uniform corrosion (CuAl 5), preferred corrosion of grain boundaries (CuAl*, Cual 9, Mn 2 FeNi and CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 after thermal treatment) and dealuminisation (CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni). With a view to corrosion resistance the alloys CuAl 5, CuAl8 CuAl 9 Mn and - probably - CuAl 8 Fe seem to be superior to the others.
    Notes: Kupfer-Aluminium-Knetlegierungen (Al-Gehalte zwischen 5 and 10%), Zusätze von (Fe, Ni und Mn) wurden im Dauer- und im Wechseltauchversuch in einer Lösung mit 20% H2SO4 and 10% FeSO4 bei 40 °C untersucht. Im stranggepreßten Zustand nimmt die Korrosion der einphasigen alpha-Legierungen mit dem Al-Gehalt zu. Größere Menge and ß' - Martensit wirken sich negativ aus. Zusätze von 2 Gew.-% Ni verbessern die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Legierungen mit 5 und 8% Al nicht. Kaltverformung der alpha-Legierungen führt zu einer beträchtlichen Verstärkung der Korrosion. Wärmebehandlung der Legierungen CuAl 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni und CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 hat keine positive Wirkung. Die korrosion tritt unter den folgenden Formen auf: Flächenkorrosion (CuAl 5); bevorzugte Korrosion der Korngrenzen (CuAl 8, CuAl 8, CuAl9 Mn 5 FeNi und CuAl 10 Fe 4 Ni 5 nach Wärmebehandlung); Entaluminierung (Cual 10 Fe 4 Mn 3 Ni). Bezüglich der Korrosionsbeständigkeit sind die Legierungen CuAl 5, CuAl 8, CuAl 9 Mn und - wahrscheinlich - CuAl 8 Fe am günstigsten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 420-424 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Analyse einiger für die atmosphärische Korrosion von Eisen in Gegenwart von SO2 vorgeschlagener MechanismenDie geltenden Theorien der atmosphärischen Korrosion von Eisen in Gegenwart von Schwefeldioxid - nämlich der Säure-Regenerationszyklus und ein elektrochemisches Modell - werden aufgrund neuerer experimenteller Ergebnisse überprüft. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß zwischen diesen neuen Ergebnissen und der Annahme des elektrochemischen Modells als des wichtigsten Korrosionsmechanismus kein Widerspruch entsteht. Theoretische Analysen der vorgeschlagenen elektrochemischen Mechanismen werden erörtert und die Ergebnisse auf einen früher vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus sowie auf einen neuen Mechanismus angewandt, der hier als Erweiterung aufgrund der neueren Ergebnisse vorgeschlagen wird.
    Notes: Two established theories of SO2/atmospheric corrosion of iron, viz. the Acid Regeneration Cycle and an electrochemical model, are reviewed in terms of recently reported experimental results and acceptance of the electrochemical model as the main corrosion path.Theoretical analyses of proposed electrochemical mechanism are discussed and applied to a previously suggested mechanism, and a new one suggested here as an extension of recently reported results.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 424-429 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Lochfraßkorrosion im FlußstahlAufgrund von optischen und elektro-optischen Beobachtungen von Lochkeimen und ganz ausgebildeten Löchern, die in alkalischen Lösungen auf Flußstahl entstanden waren, werden Folgerungen über Entstehen und Wachstum des Lochfraßes gezogen. Die Bilder zeigen einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen den Lochfraßmikroschädigungen beim Angriffsanfang und Gefügefehlern im Metall. Nach Beginn der Lochbildung werden die Kristallflächen je nach ihrer Energie unterschiedlich gelöst. Dadurch werden vier- und sechseckige Löcher begrenzt von den (001) und (011) Flächen des α-Eisens gebildet.
    Notes: Conclusions on the initiation and growth of pits are drawn from optical and electrooptical research of the starting points and well developed pits formed in alkaline solutions in low carbon steel. The pictures show that the first attack is closely connected with dislocations in the metal. After growth of the micro-pits, the different crystals planes are dissolved in accordance with their energy. Consequently, pits with square-and hexagonal shape which are bounded by (001) and (011) planes of the α-iron are created.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 435-437 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of microgeometry on corrosion - (III)Atmospheric corrosion with capillary condensationWhile there is no condensation on a smooth surface, such a condensation can take place even at relative humidities below 100% in the case of complex and in particular capillary surface. The conditions existing on such a surface can be approximated by a model involving hemi-spherical elevation in contact with each other. On the basis of this model it is possible to calculate the rate to be expected in terms of the geometrical parameter. It is shown that the corrosion effect at the contact points increases as the radius of the hemi-spheres is increased, while the overall corrosion is reduced since the overall number of hemispheres per unit surface is reduced in this case.
    Notes: Während in Luft mit weniger als 100% Feuchtigkeit an glatten Oberflächen keine Kondensation auftritt, kann eine solche Kondensation an komplex geformten und speziell kapillaren Oberflächen wohl erfolgen. Die an einer solchen Oberfläche herrschenden Bedingungen können näherungsweise durch ein Modell mit halbkugelförmigen Erhebungen dargestellt werden, wobei die einzelnen Halbkugeln miteinander in Kontakt stehen. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells läßt sich die zu erwartende Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom geometrischen Faktor berechnen. Demnach nimmt die Intensität der Korrosion an den Kontaktstellen mit zunehmendem Radius der Halbkugeln zu, während die Gesamtkorrosion abnimmt, da dann die Zahl der Halbkugeln pro Flächeneinheit zurückgeht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 475-476 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 473-475 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 476-476 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 476-478 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 479-479 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 478-478 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 564-564 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 565-570 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of cold reduction of steel on hydrogen absorption and embrittlement during electrolytic chargingThe influence of cold work on hydrogen absorption in steel was studied using cold drawn wires. Hydrogen was electrolytically evolved at the steel surface and the absorbed amount analytically determined (hot extraction and gaschromatographic determination) The correlation between absorption time amount of absorbed hydrogen is shown in diagrams for different degrees of deformation by cold work. From these a mean diffusion coefficient is calculated. At low degrees of deformation (10-20% reduction by cold work) the saturation concentration of absorbed hydrogen (after 25 hours) is about 3 ppm. With increasing reduction the saturation concentration increases to a maximum of ca. 11 ppm (at 50%reduction). At still higher degrees of deformation (more than 60%reduction) the saturation concentration decreases again to about 4 PPm.For interpretation of these experimental results two different model hypotheses are discussed.
    Notes: An kaltgezogenen Stahldrähten mit Verformungsgraden von 10 bis 90% wurde der Einfluß der Verformung auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme studiert. Dazu bediente man sich der Methode der elektrolytischen Beladung mit nachfolgender Bestimmung der aufgenommenen Wasserstoffmenge durch Heißextraktion im Vakuum und gaschromatographische Analyse. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Beladungszeit und der Wasserstoffkonzentration in den Proben wird für alle Verformungsgrade in Diagrammen dargestellt und daraus nach bekannten Verfahren ein mittlerer Diffusionskoeffizient berechnet. Bei geringen Verformungsgraden (10-20%) beträgt die Sättigungskonzentration (nach 25 Stunden) etwa 3 ppm, steigt bei zunehmenden Verformungsgraden zu einem Maximum (etwa 11 ppm) bei ca. 50% Verformung, um bei noch höheren Verformungsgraden (über 60%)wieder auf ca. 3 ppm abzusinken. Abschließend werden zwei Möglichkeiten der Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse zur Diskussion gestellt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 587-592 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the structure of zinc alloys on the protective capacity of zinc anodes in sea waterThe use of zinc for cathodic protection duties in sea water is restricted because of the considerable polarisation of zinc. The behaviour is due in particular to cathodically active additions of lead, copper and iron. The microcouples then formed give rise to considerable zinc dissolution and to the formation of a thick and dense passivation layer. Since, however, any reduction of the iron content in zinc involves high cost it is more economical to add small quantities of Al, Cd, Si, Hg, Sn or Mn. These additions produce a considerable grain refinement and thus reduce the tendency to form microcouples even in the presence of iron.
    Notes: Die Verwendbarkeit von Zink füf den kathodischen Schutz in Meerwasser ist wegen der beträchtlichen Polarisation des Zinks begrenzt. Die Ursache liegt vor allem bei den kathodisch wirkenden Beimengungen von Blei, Kupfer und Eisen. Die dann entstehenden Mikroelemente führen zu einer beträchtlichen Auflösung des Zinks und zur Bildung einer dicken und dichten Passivierungsschicht. Die Verringerung des Eisengehalts im Zink ist jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden, weshalb es wirtschaftlicher ist, das Zink mit geringen Mengen von Al, Cd, Si, Hg, Sn oder Mn zu legieren. Hierdurch wird das Gefüge wesentlich feinkörniger und die Tendenz zur Bildung der Mikroelemente wird auch bei Anwesenheit von Eisen verringert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 604-605 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 593-602 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Spaltkorrosion von Titan und Stahl AISI 304 in sauren Lösungen. Vergleich von experimentellen und berechneten WertenDer Anfang der Spaltkorrosion der beiden Metalle wurde experimentell untersucht. Dabei wurden zusätzlich die Strom- und die Potentialverteilung über die Spalten durch numerische Integration der entsprechenden Differentialgleichung bestimmt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse stimmen befriedigend mit den berechneten Werten überein und bestätigen die bei der schematischen Modellierung der Spaltkorrosion eingeführten Annahmen. Bei längerer Versuchsdauer ergaben sich jedoch starke Abweichungen der experimentellen von den berechneten Werten; der Trend war dabei für die beiden Versuchs- werkstoffe entgegengesetzt. So wird im Falle des Stahls nach einer Zeit (die anscheinend unabhängig von dem an die freie Oberfläche angelegten Potential ist) die gesamte Oberfläche innerhalb des Spalts allmählich passiv, während im Gegensatz dazu im Falle von Titan das Korrosionsverhalten der innerhalb des Spalts befindlichen Fläche einen stationären Zustand erreicht.
    Notes: The beginning of crevice corrosion of titanium and AISI 304 in acid solution was investigated experimentally. In addition, the current and potential distributions along the crevices were determined by numerical integration of the differential equation that describes the phenomenon. The experimental results agree satisfactorily with those obtained by calculation and confirm the assumptions introduced in the schematization of the phenomenon. However, long time experiments revealed a progressive deviation of the experimental results from the calculated ones, in the opposite direction for AISI 304 and titanium. Thus, in the first case, following a time that seems to be independent of the potential imposed upon the free surface, the entire surface within the crevice becomes gradually passivated. In contrast, in the case of Titanium the corrosion behaviour of the area within the crevice reaches a steady state.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 635-635 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 635-635 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 94
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 646-652 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the corrosion reaction of iron in hydrochloric, sulfuric and perchloric acidsAt pH values between 0 and 4, even under circulation, a linear relationship results between log jcorr and the pH value, the slope of the corrosion straight line being between -0.23 and -0.27. The dissolution process is predominantly under cathodic control by hydrogen ion discharge; at pH values above 3 the diffusion inhibition of the hydrated proton is the rate controlling step. The corrosion potential in sulfuric and perchloric acids decreases by about 50 mV as the pH is increased, while a different behaviour is observed in hydrochloric acid; this behaviour may be explained in terms of the chloride ion adsorption. In the acids of higher concentration the activation energy is higher than in those of lower concentrations; this phenomenon may eventually be ascribed to a change in the mechanism of the corrosion reaction.
    Notes: Bei pH-Werten zwischen 0 und 4, auch unter Durchströmung, ergibt sich eine lineare Beziehung zwischen log jkorrund dem pH-Wert, wobei die Steigerung der Korrosionsgeraden zwischen -0,23 und -0,27 liegt. Der Auflösungsvorgang ist überwiegend kathodisch gesteuert durch Wasserstoffionenentladung; bei pH-Werten oberhalb 3 ist die Diffusionshemmung des hydratisierten Protons geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. Das Korrosionspotential nimmt in Schwefel- und Perchlorsäure mit steigendem pH um etwa 50 mV ab, während sich für Salzsäure Abweichungen ergeben, die durch die Chloridion-Adsorption zu erklären sind. In den Säuren mit höherer Konzentration liegt die Aktivierungsenergie höher als bei niederen Konzentrationen; das kann eventuell einer Änderung im Mechanismus der Korrosionsreaktion zugeschrieben werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 643-646 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of unalloyed steel in oxygen-free carbonic acid solutionThe investigation into the influence of dissolved carbon dioxide on the anodic partial reaction of iron dissolution in 0.5 M sodium sulfate solution has revealed, in agreement with data published in literature, 1) that the transfer of acid molecules to the cathode is the step controlling the rate of cathodic hydrogen evolution in oxygen-free solutions of little dissociated weak acids. The cathodic limiting current density is, consequently, a direct function of acid concentration and not of the pH value as in the case of strong acids.2) that the anodic dissolution of iron in sulfate solution is catalyzed by carbonic acid which gives rise to a change of the dissolution mechanism, although this change is not reflected by a change of the cathodic protection potential (-0.85 VCU/CuSo4) which, consequently aplies to waters rich in carbonic acid, too.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung des Einflusses von gelöstem Kohlendioxid auf die anodische Teilreaktion der Eisenauflösung in 0,5 m Natriumsulfatlösung hat -in Übereinstimmung mit Literaturangaben - gezeigt, 1) daß der Transport der Säuremoleküle zur Kathode in sauerstoffreien Lösungen wenig dissoziierter schwacher Säuren der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt für die kathodische Wasserstoffentwicklung ist. Die kathodische Grenzstromdichte ist daher eine direkte Funktion der Säurekonzentration und nicht wie im Falle starker Säuren des pH-Wertes,2) daß die anodische Auflösung von Eisen in Sulfatlösung durch die Kohlensäure katalysiert wird, wobei es zu einer Änderung des Auflösungsmechanismus kommt; diese Änderung äußert sich jedoch nicht in einer Verschiebung des kathodischen Schutzpotentials (-0.85 VCu/CuSO4), das daher auch in kohlensäurereichen Wässern gültig ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über die Auslösung des Lochfraßes auf austenitischen nichtrostenden Stählen in ChioridlösungenEine Literaturübersicht hat gezeigt, daß eine Theorie, welche eine erhöhte anodische Reaktionsfähigkeit an einzelnen Punkten eines Passivfilms postuliert, mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zutreffend sein dürfte. Auf Grund dieser Vermutungen wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde mit der Elektronenmikrosonde gezeigt, daß Chlorionen an einzelnen Punkten der Metalloberfäche bevorzugt adsorbiert werden, bevor noch Lochfraßstellen zu beobachten sind. Ferner wurde gezeigt, daß während der Induktionsperiode örtlich pH-Änderungen auftreten. Diese beiden Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß schon während der Induktionsperiode Korrosion auftritt. Messungen haben jedoch gezeigt, daß die Induktionsperiode nicht gut reproduzierbar ist; besser reproduzierbar ist die pro entstehende Lochfraßstelle ubertragene Ladungsmenge vor dem Passivschichtdurchbruch. Daraus läßt sich dann die Menge der Chlorionen ermitteln, die zur Schaffung einer aktiven Stelle erforderlich ist. Messungen nach der statischen Potentialbandmethode zeigen, daß derartige Lochfraßstellen bei jedem oberhalb des Lochfraßpotentials liegenden Potentialwert entstehen können. Die entstehenden Löcher können sich jedoch auch bei jedem Potential repassivieren. Der Lochfraß beginnt danach mit der Chloridionadsorption an einzelnen Punkten, vor allem an Punkten mit örtlichen Spannungen. Die örtliche anodische Stromdichte wird dann erhöht, so daß Bedingungen (niedriger pH, hohe Chloridkonzentration) entstehen, welche die Bildung passivschichtfreier Stellen auf der Metalloberfläche begünstigen. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen autokatalytischen Prozeß. Die zur Bildung dieser Bedingungen erforderliche Zeit entspricht der beobachteten Induktionsperiode. Die Migration der aktivierenden ionen und die dadurch bedingte pH-Änderung an einem Punkt müssen einen kritischen Wert übersteigen, da sonst die den Passivfilm stabilisierenden Wirkungen überwiegen. Die hier vorgelegte Modellvorstellung stützt die Sure-Theorie und verbindet sie mit der Peptisierungstheurie.
    Notes: A literature survey has lead to the conclusion that a theory which postulates an increased anodic reactivity on a local site in the passive film is very probable. Experiments have been set up to confirm these suggestions. By means of the electron-microanalyser, it is shown that CI-ions are preferentially adsorbed at singular points at the metal surface before the stage that pits can be observed. It has also been demonstrated that pH changes occur at local areas during the induction period. These two observations indicate that corrosion already occurs during the induction period. Induction time measurements have shown that the induction time is not very reproducible. The quantity of transferred charge per initiated pit before the breakdown of the film is redly a better re- producible figure. From this, the quantity of Cl-ions necessary to create an active site is calculated. Experiments with the static potential band method reveal that pits can initiate at any potential higher than the pitting potential. Growing pits can repassivate at any potential. A model for the initiation is given. The pitting corrosion process starts with adsorption of chloride ion at singular points, mainly local stress points. The local anodic current density will be higher and in this way favourable conditions (low pH, high Cl-concentration) are created for the formation of a local site in the metal surface free of a passivating film The creation of those conditions is an autocatalytic process. The time required to form those favourable electrochemical conditions corresponds with the observed induction period. The migration of activating ions and the occurring pH change at a singular point must exceed a critical rate, otherwise passive film stabilizing effects will dominate. This model for the pitting corrosion supports the acid theory and links this theory with the peptization theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 676-686 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 98
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 687-688 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 688-689 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 689-694 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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