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  • Articles  (4,927,053)
  • 2015-2019  (4,108,137)
  • 1970-1974  (692,018)
  • 1945-1949  (126,898)
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  • 1
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    Limits (2015)
    Stamford : Cengage Learning
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 2
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    EU-Klimapolitik : der unvollständige 2030-Beschluss (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 3
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    Wasserstoff : Baustein der Energieversorgung von morgen? (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 4
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    Nachhaltige Politik, politische Nachhaltigkeit (2015)
    Wiesbaden : Springer VS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Transition Enabling auf nationaler und Unternehmensebene : ein Überblick unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bedeutung des Deutschen Nachhaltigkeitspreises (2015)
    Wiesbaden : Springer Gabler
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Politikinstrumente zur Umsetzung von Rücknahmesystemen im Bereich Elektroaltgeräte : Kurzanalyse (2015)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 7
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    The role of gender concerns in the planning of small-scale energy projects in developing countries (2015)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Nexus Ressourceneffizienz und Energiewende : eine Analyse der Wechselwirkungen (2015)
    Berlin : Freie Univ. Berlin
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Raus aus der Wabe (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 10
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    E-mobility as a sustainable system innovation : insights from a captured niche (2015)
    Aachen : Shaker-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: In 2009, the German government launched its "National Development Plan for Electric Mobility" which set the concrete target of having 1 million electric vehicles on the road by 2020. However, there have been hypes around e-mobility before and even if this goal were to be reached, a merely quantitative aim of a certain number of electric vehicles will not suffice to contribute to a more sustainable development in transport. This requires a more comprehensive vision of sustainable e-mobility as a system innovation. Thus, the question addressed in this thesis is: How can we assess - at this critical early stage - whether there is potential for e-mobility developing as a sustainable system innovation? A theoretical framework will be developed for assessing the potential of a wider transition at an early stage by analyzing current patterns of socio-technical co-evolution and embedding these in a wider framework of the structural dynamics involved in transitions. The aim of the analysis is to identify whether 'system-innovative' projects do emerge in the case of Germany/Baden-Württemberg and what patterns (e.g. in terms of specific actor constellations, institutional adjustments etc.) can explain this. It will be shown that the system-innovative potential of this e-mobility niche remains limited, due to the powerful influence of incumbents, conflicting political goals and traditional science approaches. A few more system-innovative activities emerge where powerful actors from outside are involved, who are capable of viewing mobility in a more systemic way (e.g. actors from the public transport or housing sector). It is argued that the role of large demonstration projects is important, but they need to be designed as transdisciplinary research projects from the beginning.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 11
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    PATHWAYS project : exploring transition pathways to sustainable, low carbon societies ; deliverable D3.1: Criteria for analysis of case studies according to the different approaches of analysis (2015)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 12
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    Innovative öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme : Ergebnisse der Evaluation und Empfehlungen aus den Modellprojekten (2015)
    Berlin : Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 13
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    Possible target corridor for sustainable use of global material resources (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Many countries have started to develop policy programs for the sustainable use of natural resources. Indicators and targets can cover both a territorial and a life-cycle-wide global perspective. This article focuses on how a safe operating space for global material resource use can be outlined based on existing economy-wide material flow indicators. It reflects on issues such as scale and systems perspective, as the choice of indicators determines the target "valves" of the socio-industrial metabolism. It considers environmental pressures and social aspects of safe and fair resource use. Existing proposals for resource consumption targets are reviewed, partially revisited, and taken as a basis to outline potential target values for a safe operating space for the extraction and use of minerals and biomass by final consumption. A potential sustainability corridor is derived with the Total Material Consumption of abiotic resources ranging from 6 to 12 t/person, the Total Material Consumption of biotic resources not exceeding 2 t/person, and the Raw Material Consumption of used biotic and abiotic materials ranging from 3 to 6 t/person until 2050. For policy, a "10-2-5 target triplet" can provide orientation, when the three indicators are assigned values of 10, 2, and 5 t/person, respectively.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Waste prevention in a "leasing society" (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: A future-oriented and sustainable "Leasing Society" is based on a combination of new and innovative serviceoriented business models, changed product and material ownership structures, increased and improved eco-design efforts, and reverse logistic structures. Together these elements have the potential to change the relationship between producers and consumers, and thereby create a new incentive structure in the economy regarding the use and re-use of resources. While the consumer in a leasing society buys a service (instead of a product), the producer in a leasing society retains the ownership of the product (instead of selling it) and sells the service of using the product. This creates producer incentives to re-use, remanufacture, and recycle products and materials and could become a cornerstone of the circular economy, depending on how the leasing society is implemented. While a predominantly positive picture of the success of a leasing society model and related business cases emerges from the bigger part of the available literature, this paper argues that the resource efficiency of respective business cases is highly dependent on the specific business case design. This paper develops a more cautious and differentiated definition of the leasing society by discussing relevant mechanisms and success factors of leasing society business cases. The leasing society is discussed from a micro business-oriented and a macro environment-oriented perspective complemented by a discussion of conditions for successful business models that reduce environmental impacts and resource footprints.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Zum Beispiel Energieschulden (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 16
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    Perspectives of renewable energy in the Danube region (2015)
    Pécs : Hungarian Acad. of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Erneuerbare Energien im Wärmesektor : Aufgaben, Empfehlungen und Perspektiven : Positionspapier (2015)
    Berlin : Forschungsverbund Erneuerbare Energien
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 18
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    The power sector : pioneer and workhouse of decarbonization (2015)
    Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Sustainable energy systems (2016)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    The German Energiewende : a transition towards an efficient, sufficient green energy economy (2015)
    Lund : Internat. Inst. for Industrial Environmental Economics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: The German "Energiewende" (energy transition) is meant to be a contract between generations. The rebuilding of the whole energy system is designed and financed today in order to safeguard our children and grandchildren against fundamental risks: the enormous economic, social and environmental costs of a fossil-nuclear energy system, the risks of the nuclear fuel-cycle and the impacts of climate change, as well as energy import dependency, price shocks and geopolitical disputes over scarce resources. In contrast, a successful Energiewende creates new business areas and qualified jobs and increases competitiveness in the "green race" - in particular on the lead markets for efficiency technology and renewable energy. Accordingly, the Energiewende is described in this book as the collective effort of post-war German history and as a unique learning arena for a positive socio-economic transformation with international relevance. The book covers the formation of both the social and scientific Energiewende consensus, quantitative scenarios, the state of the Energiewende in 2015, the need for further policy intervention - in particular with respect to energy efficiency, and not least the integration of efficiency, sufficiency and renewable energy policies.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Agent-based assessment framework for behavior-changing feedback devices : spreading of devices and heating behavior (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-02
    Description: Heating behavior of households is key for reducing domestic energy demand and mitigating climate change. Recently, various technical devices have been developed, providing households with feedback on their heating behavior and supporting energy conservation behavior. The impact of such devices on overall energy consumption depends on (1) the impact of a device within a household, (2) the diffusion of devices to other households and the number of adopters, and (3) the diffusion of the induced behavioral change beyond these households. While the first two processes are currently established in assessments of sustainable household devices, we suggest that adding behavior diffusion is essential when assessing devices that explicitly target behavioral change. We therefore propose an assessment framework that includes all three processes. We implement this framework in an agent-based model by combining two existing simulation models to explore the effect of adding behavior diffusion. In three simulation experiments, we identify two mechanisms by which behavior diffusion (1) spreads the effect of such devices from adopters to non-adopters and (2) increases the average speed of behavioral change of households. From these results we conclude that behavior diffusion should be included in assessments of behavior-changing feedback devices.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    MRV blueprints for transport NAMAs : 3rd MRV Expert Group meeting, Bonn, 20 March 2015 ; workshop report (2016)
    Eschborn : Dt. Ges. für Internat. Zusammenarbeit
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    Evaluation des CDM Sustainable Development Tool : Vorbild für zukünftige Marktmechanismen? (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 24
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    Governance and action : design criteria for transformational climate finance (2015)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    Prospects of modelling societal transitions : position paper of an emerging community (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-02
    Description: Societal transitions involve multiple actors, changes in institutions, values and technologies, and interactions across multiple sectors and scales. Given this complexity, this paper takes on the view that the societal transitions research field would benefit from the further maturation and broader uptake of modelling approaches. This paper shows how modelling can enhance the understanding of and support stakeholders to steer societal transitions. It discusses the benefits modelling provides for studying large societal systems and elaborates on different ways models can be used for transitions studies. Two model applications are presented in some detail to illustrate the benefits. Then, limitations of modelling societal transitions are discussed, which leads to an agenda for future activities: (1) better cooperation in the development of dynamic models, (2) stronger interaction with other transition scholars and stakeholders, and (3) use of additional modelling approaches that we think are relevant to and largely unexplored in transitions studies.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Klimapolitik : Synergie mit Strompolitik? (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    Carbon as investment risk : the influence of fossil fuel divestment on decision making at Germany's main power providers (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: German electricity giants have recently taken high-level decisions to remove selected fossil fuel operations from their company portfolio. This new corporate strategy could be seen as a direct response to the growing global influence of the fossil fuel divestment campaign. In this paper we ask whether the divestment movement currently exerts significant influence on decision-making at the top four German energy giants - E.On, RWE, Vattenfall and EnBW. We find that this is not yet the case. After describing the trajectory of the global fossil fuel divestment campaign, we outline four alternative influences on corporate strategy that, currently, are having a greater impact than the divestment movement on Germany's power sector. In time, however, clear political decisions and strong civil support may increase the significance of climate change concerns in the strategic management of the German electricity giants.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Wenn Arbeit nicht ist, was wir dachten, kann Grundsicherung nicht bleiben, was sie ist : Grundsätze, Ziele und Kriterien einer nachhaltigen Grundsicherung (2015)
    Potsdam : Univ.-Verl.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
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    Industry (2015)
    Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    Transformation towards a sustainable society : key intervention areas (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: Social innovations, which transform resource intensive routines and practices into low-resource ones, combined with socio-technically designed transition paths, which are created around sustainability and environmental criteria, are milestones for implementation and diffusion of SCP (Sustainable Consumption and Production). This paper analyses such processes based on eight key components in order to evaluate and explain transformation and transition towards a sustainable lifestyle. Actors on all levels of society are included in this approach, creating a whole framework. Global megatrends, such as climate change, demographic change or resource scarcity will be put into relation with current policies and production trends, which play an important role for the development of transition pathways and future scenarios. This will enable us to work out guidelines and ideas on how to create a more sustainable society specifically.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 31
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    The potential of heat and grid orientated block CHP on the minute reserve market and its impacts on CO2 emissions : prospects for the German energy market up to 2030 (2015)
    Copenhagen : Aalborg Univ.
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 32
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    Sustainability science : towards an evaluation methodology for research programmes (2015)
    Amsterdam : Global Governance Project
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 33
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    Ein Kartell des Schweigens : Konzessionen (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 34
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    Kartierung des anthropogenen Lagers : eine neue Planungsgrundlage zur Optimierung der Sekundärrohstoffwirtschaft in Deutschland wurde erarbeitet (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 35
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    Selling solar services as a contribution to a circular economy (2016)
    Brussels : Joint Inst. for Innovation Policy
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 36
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    Suffizienz (2015)
    Bielefeld : Transcript-Verl.
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 37
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    Three schools of transformation thinking : the impact of ideas, institutions, and technological innovation on transformation processes (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: To identify the main drivers of transformation, it is helpful to identify the transformation perspectives of three specific schools of thought: idealist, institutional, and technological innovation. By differentiating among these schools of thought, a more informed transformation debate becomes possible, thereby increasing transformative literacy in academia and society.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 38
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    Guter Gedanke : "Wie kann eine suffiziente Logistik aussehen?" (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 39
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    High-resolution boundary conditions of an old ice target near Dome C, Antarctica (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: A high-resolution (1 km line spacing) aerogeophysical survey was conducted over a region near the East Antarctic Ice Sheet’s Dome C that may hold a 1.5 Myr climate record. We combined new ice thickness data derived from an airborne coherent radar sounder with unpublished data that was in part unavailable for earlier compilations, and we were able to remove older data with high positional uncertainties. We generated a revised high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) to investigate the potential for an old ice record in this region, and used laser altimetry to confirm a Cryosat-2 derived DEM for inferring the glaciological state of the candidate area. By measuring the specularity content of the bed, we were able to find an additional 50 subglacial lakes near the candidate site, and by Doppler focusing the radar data, we were able to map out the roughness of the bed at length scales of hundreds of meters. We find that the primary candidate region contains elevated rough topography interspersed with scattered subglacial lakes and some regions of smoother bed. Free subglacial water appears to be restricted from bed overlain by ice thicknesses of less than 3000 m. A site near the ice divide was selected for further investigation. The high resolution of this ice thickness data set also allows us to explore the nature of ice thickness uncertainties in the context of radar geometry and processing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1897-1911
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Influence of seismogenic source geometrical accuracy on PTHA: a test case for the Calabrian subduction interface (2017)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-22
    Description: Exploring different degrees of complexities in the geometry of seismic tsunami sources is a key point to optimize Probabilistc Tsunami Hazard Analyis (PTHA), as fault geometry can have an impact on the generated tsunami. In this regard, one major difficulty is represented by the potentially tsunamigenic offshore faults that are generally poorly constrained and consequently the geometry is often oversimplified as a planar fault. We present compared scenarios of PTHA for ruptures located in the Calabrian subduction interface using different source models. The Calabrian subduction, located in the Mediterranean Sea, has occasionally be blamed to have generated some past large earthquakes and tsunamis, despite it shows no sign of significant seismic activity on the shallow portion of the interface. Significant in-slab seismicity is recorded below 40 km depth and a rate of 1-5 mm/yr characterize the convergence between the two plates involved, Africa and Europe. A 3D model of the subduction interface was obtained from the original interpretation of a grid of ca. 60 (9000 km length) seismic reflection profiles (Spectrum – INGV collaborative framework CA-60) coupled with the detailed analysis of the seismicity, providing a highly detailed 3D surface geometry for the first 100 km depth. This model includes both the first order information on the curvature and changes in strike and an accurate reconstruction of the 3D subduction interface, and can be scaled to different levels of detail. We compare simplified planar vs 3D models with different degrees of geometrical complexities in order to estimate the effect of the source geometry on the tsunami generation and propagation pattern.
    Description: TSUMAPS-NEAM Project, co-financed by the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism, Agreement Number: ECHO/SUB/2015/718568/PREV26; Italian Flagship Project RITMARE
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Wien
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Keywords: Tsunami ; PTHA ; Seismogenic source ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 41
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    Geochemistry of the mantle source and magma feeding system beneath Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: Turrialba volcano lies in the southern sector of the Central American Volcanic Front (CAVF) in Costa Rica. The geochemistry of major and trace elements, and Sr and Nd isotopes of a selected suite of volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basaltic andesite to dacite and belonging to the last 10 ka of activity of Turrialba volcano is described, together with the He-, Ne-, and Ar-isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in olivine and pyroxene crystals. Most of the variability in the rock chemistry is consistentwith typical trends of fractional crystallization, but there is an outlying group of andesites that displays an adakite-like composition (with a consistent depletion in high-field-strength elements and a marked enrichment in Sr) and low 3He/4He ratios (7.0–7.2 Ra). The trace-element composition of these rocks is typical of subduction-related magmas influenced by an OIB-like component at the source associated with the subduction of the Galapagos seamounts. The 87Sr/86Sr (0.703612–0.703678) and 143Nd/144Nd (0.512960–0.512984) ratios of the bulk rocks vary within narrowranges, and are among the least-radiogenic isotope signatures of the CAVF volcanoes. The 3He/4He ratios measured in fluid inclusions hosted in olivine crystals (up to 8.1 Ra) are among the highest for the CAVF, and indicate that radiogenic 4He from fluids derived fromthe subducting slab contribute negligibly to the mantle wedge. The difference in He isotopes between most of studied rocks and those showing adakite-like features reasonably reflects two distinct components in the local mantle: (1) a MORB-like component, characterized by the highest He-isotope ratios (7.8–8.1 Ra), and (2) an OIB-like component, characterized by lower He-isotope ratios (7.0–7.2 Ra), coming from the subduction of the Galapagos seamounts. An overview at the regional scale indicates that high He-isotope ratios are peculiar to the two extreme sectors of the CAVF (Costa Rica to the south and Guatemala to the north), whereas in the central sector (Nicaragua) the magma source is probably contaminated by slab fluids. For the past few years Turrialba volcano has been in a volcanic unrest phase that has included a series of explosions, the most recent of which occurred between October 2014 and May 2015. The volcano is subject to an ongoing safety alert due to the possibility of a magmatic eruption. One of the crucial questions to be addressed is the kind of eruption that can be expected, and hence what type of magma is likely to be involved. The high 3He/4He ratios (7.8–8.0 Ra) measured during 2011 at high-temperature fumaroles of Turrialba craters are comparable to those measured in fluid inclusions of basaltic andesites that erupted in 1864–1866, suggesting that the magma currently feeding the shallow plumbing system has similar geochemical characteristics to the most recently erupted magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 319-335
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Turrialba ; 3He/4He ratio ; Fluid inclusions ; Adakite ; MORB mantle ; OIB mantle ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Renewal models and coseismic stress transfer in the Corinth Gulf, Greece, fault system (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: We model interevent times and Coulomb static stress transfer on the rupture segments along the Corinth Gulf extension zone, a region with a wealth of observations on strong-earthquake recurrence behavior. From the available information on past seismic activity, we have identified eight segments without significant overlapping that are aligned along the southern boundary of the Corinth rift. We aim to test if strong earthquakes on these segments are characterized by some kind of time-predictable behavior, rather than by complete randomness. The rationale for time-predictable behavior is based on the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, the necessary ingredients of which are a known faulting geometry and slip rate. The tectonic loading rate is characterized by slip of 6 mm/yr on the westernmost fault segment, diminishing to 4 mm/yr on the easternmost segment, based on the most reliable geodetic data. In this study, we employ statistical and physical modeling to account for stress transfer among these fault segments. The statistical modeling is based on the definition of a probability density distribution of the interevent times for each segment. Both the Brownian Passage-Time (BPT) and Weibull distributions are tested. The time-dependent hazard rate thus obtained is then modified by the inclusion of a permanent physical effect due to the Coulomb static stress change caused by failure of neighboring faults since the latest characteristic earthquake on the fault of interest. The validity of the renewal model is assessed retrospectively, using the data of the last 300 years, by comparison with a plain time-independent Poisson model, by means of statistical tools including the Relative Operating Characteristic diagram, the R-score, the probability gain and the log-likelihood ratio. We treat the uncertainties in the parameters of each examined fault source, such as linear dimensions, depth of the fault center, focal mechanism, recurrence time, coseismic slip, and aperiodicity of the statistical distribution, by a Monte Carlo technique. The Monte Carlo samples for all these parameters are drawn from a uniform distribution within their uncertainty limits. We find that the BPT and the Weibull renewal models yield comparable results, and both of them perform significantly better than the Poisson hypothesis. No clear performance enhancement is achieved by the introduction of the Coulomb static stress change into the renewal model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3655–3673
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 6T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
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  • 43
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    Linear versus non-linear earthquake location and seismogenic fault detection in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: We compare the performances of linear and non-linear hypocentre location methods working in 3-D velocity structures, a not-fully explored subject of main interest in the regions where the location problem is ill-conditioned. Comparisons are made between the linear location method known as SIMUL and the non-linear probabilistic algorithm named BAYLOC, using the data sets of the two main seismic sequences which occurred in the last decade in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. We find that in the suboptimal network conditions of these sequences the SIMUL and BAYLOC algorithms furnish hypocentre coordinates of comparable accuracy leading to similar hypocentre spatial trends, while the location error estimates from SIMUL are, in general, less accurate than BAYLOC's. These findings are further supported by locations of synthetic events performed in the same network-model conditions of the real sequences. We conclude that linearized methods produce lower quality location error estimates but no overall bias in the hypocentral coordinates compared to non-linear methods. Therefore, we extend to 3-D location a conclusion drawn by previous investigators for 1-D location. Because location error estimates may be crucial to establish whether the hypocentre trend of a sequence does really mark the seismogenic structure or simply reflects ill-conditioning of the location process, we based on the BAYLOC probabilistic algorithm our approach to hypocentre trend evaluation for seismogenic fault detection. This procedure, named ISO-TEST, works through isotropic generation of synthetic hypocentres inside the sequence volume (simulations) and comparison by misfit variables of the location probability function of the sequence with probability functions from simulations. The application of ISO-TEST showed that while the NE–SW trend of one of the study sequences can only in minor part be ascribed to ill-conditioning of the location process, and then it may reasonably be proposed as the signature of the source, the NW–SE trend of the other is contaminated in a greater percentage by the location process, and we are led to conclude that source detection is doubtful in this case.
    Description: Published
    Description: 607–618
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Probability distributions ; Theoretical seismology ; Seismicity and tectonics ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Landforms and landscapes of Mount Etna (Sicily): relationships between a volcano, its environment and human activity (2018)
    Springer | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: Mount Etna is the highest relief in Sicily and represents a unique environment because of its long established and almost continuous eruptive activity, that has moulded its landforms and which has produced distinctive landscapes. Over the past 60 ka both destructive and constructive geological processes have produced the principal morphological features of the volcano such as the wide Valle del Bove depression, monogenic scoria cones and extensive lava flow fields. Relationships between Etna, its environment and human activity began in the Neolithic Period within the mountain foot region and have developed over millennia. Even though there has been a rapid rate of resurfacing by lava during historic times, the impact on human activity has been short-lived, recovery has been rapid and society has adjusted to the ever present hazard in distinctive ways.
    Description: Published
    Description: 467-478
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 45
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    Investigating the architecture of the Paganica Fault (2009Mw6.1 earthquake, central Italy) by integrating high-resolution multiscale refraction tomography and detailed geological mapping (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal Internationa ©: 2017 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: We present a 2-D subsurface image of the Paganica Fault from a high-resolution refraction tomography and detailed geological investigation carried out across part of the northwestern segment of the 20-km-long Paganica–San Demetrio fault-system, and which was responsible of the 2009 April 6 Mw 6.1 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy). We acquired two seismic profiles crossing the Paganica basin with a dense-wide aperture configuration. More than 30 000 P wave first-arrival traveltimes were input to a non-linear tomographic inversion. The obtained 250–300 m deep 2-D Vp images illuminate the shallow portion of the Paganica Fault, and depict additional unreported splays defining a complex half-graben structure. We interpret local thickening of low-Vp (〈2400 m s−1) and intermediate-Vp (2600–3400 m s−1) regions as syn-tectonic clasticwedges above a high-Vp (3800–5000ms−1) carbonate basement. These results are condensed in a 4.2-km-long section across the Paganica basin, clearly indicating that the Paganica Fault is a mature normal fault cutting the whole upper ∼10 km of the crust. We evaluate a minimum cumulative net displacement of 650 ± 90 m and a total heave of 530 ± 65 m accomplished by the Paganica Fault, respectively. In the conservative hypothesis that the extension started during the Gelasian (1.80–2.59 Ma),we obtain a minimum long-term slip-rate of 0.30 ± 0.07 mm yr−1 and an extension-rate of 0.25 ± 0.06 mm yr−1, respectively. Considering the regional averaged extensional field of ∼1 mm yr−1 obtained from geodetic and geological analyses at 104 yr timescale, we infer that the Paganica Fault accounts for ∼20 per cent of the NE-extension affecting this zone of the central Apennines axis due to the concurrent activity of other parallel normal fault-systems nearby (e.g. the Liri, Velino-Magnola, L’Aquila-Celano and Gran Sasso fault-systems).
    Description: Published
    Description: 403-423
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 46
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    Classification of Mount Etna (Italy) Volcanic Activity by Machine Learning Approaches (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-15
    Description: Assessment of the ongoing activity of volcanoes is one of the key factors to reduce volcanic risks. In this paper, two Machine Learning (ML) approaches are presented to classify volcanic activity using multivariate geophysical data, namely the Decision Tree (DT) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN). The models were implemented using a data set recorded at Mount Etna (Italy), in the period 01 January 2011 – 31 December 2015, encompassing lava fountain events and intense Strombolian activity. Here a data set consisting of five geophysical features, namely the root-mean-square of seismic tremor (RMS) and its source depth, counts of clustered infrasonic events, radar RMS backscattering power and tilt derivative, was considered. Model performances were assessed by using a set of statistical indices commonly considered for classification approaches. Results show that between the investigated approaches the DT model is the most appropriate for classification of volcano activity and is suitable for early warning systems applications. Furthermore, the comparison with a different classifier approach, reported in literature, based on Bayesian Network (BN), is performed.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO231
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 47
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    Earthquake Nucleation Size: Evidence of Loading Rate Dependence in Laboratory Faults (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Recent Global Positioning System observations of major earthquakes such as the 2014 Chile megathrust show a slow preslip phase releasing a significant portion of the total moment (Ruiz et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256074). Despite advances from theoretical stability analysis (Rubin & Ampuero, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686; Ruina, 1983, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb088ib12p10359) and modeling (Kaneko et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071569), it is not fully understood what controls the prevalence and the amount of slip in the nucleation process. Here we present laboratory observations of slow slip preceding dynamic rupture, where we observe a dependence of nucleation size and position on the loading rate (laboratory equivalent of tectonic loading rate). The setup is composed of two polycarbonate plates under direct shear with a 30‐cm long slip interface. The results of our laboratory experiments are in agreement with the preslip model outlined by Ellsworth and Beroza (1995, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.851) and observed in laboratory experiments (Latour et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50974; Nielsen et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04444.x; Ohnaka & Kuwahara, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90138-X), which show a slow slip followed by an acceleration up to dynamic rupture velocity. However, further complexity arises from the effect of (1) rate of shear loading and (2) inhomogeneities on the fault surface. In particular, we show that when the loading rate is increased from 10−2 to 6 MPa/s, the nucleation length can shrink by a factor of 3, and the rupture nucleates consistently on higher shear stress areas. The nucleation lengths measured fall within the range of the theoretical limits Lb and urn:x-wiley:jgrb:media:jgrb53198:jgrb53198-math-0001 derived by Rubin and Ampuero (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686) for rate‐and‐state friction laws.
    Description: Published
    Description: 689-708
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.01. Earth Interior
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    The CO 2 flux from hydrothermal systems of the Karymsky volcanic Centre, Kamchatka (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The CO2 flux provided by the hydrothermal activity within the Karymsky Volcanic Centre, Kamchatka, was measured, and the CO2 balance of the Karymsky caldera lake was estimated in the framework of a Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) project. The Karymsky Volcanic Centre located in the SE of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the middle of the modern volcanic front, consists of two calderas, hosts a caldera lake and is characterized by hydrothermal activity that is manifested at several thermal fields. Within the Akademii Nauk (AN) caldera which is filled by a caldera lake, the Akademii Nauk springs discharge boiling water into the lake. The lake is drained by the Karymsky River that then crosses the caldera of the Karymsky volcano (Karymsky caldera) and drains the thermal field of CO2-rich Karymsky springs. The lake after the 1996 sublimnic eruption is in a steady-state condition with the total dynamic CO2 budget of about 4 t/day, and has a total amount of CO2 stored inside of the lake of around 8000 t. The thermal springs of the Karymsky caldera drained by the Karymsky River enrich the river in dissolved carbon species. A total CO2 output of 320 t/day from both Karymsky Centre calderas was estimated, carrying around 130 t/day carbon species (expressed as CO2) as dissolved species (HCO3 and CO2(aq)), and emitting to the atmosphere around 190 t/day of CO2 as the diffusion flux fromthe soil and bubbling emanations from the springs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-9
    Description: 3V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    The response of high latitude ionosphere to the 2015 June 22 storm (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: This work investigates physical mechanisms triggering phase scintillations on L-band signals under strong stormy conditions. Thanks to selected ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, located both in Antarctica and in the Arctic, an interhemispheric comparison between high latitude ionospheric observations in response to the peculiar solar wind conditions occurred on June 22, 2015 is here shown. To trace back the observed phase scintillations to the physical mechanisms driving it, we combine measurements from GNSS receivers with in-situ and ground-based observations. Our study highlights the ionospheric scenario in which irregularities causing scintillation form and move, leveraging on a multi-observation approach. Such approach allows deducing that scintillations are caused by the presence of fast-moving electron density gradients originated by particle precipitation induced by solar wind variations. In addition, we show how the numerous and fast oscillations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz,IMF) result to be less effective in producing moderate/intense scintillation events than during period of long lasting negative values. Finally, we also demonstrate how the in-situ electron density data can be used to reconstruct the evolution of the ionospheric dynamics, both locally and globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: GM454
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    The pan-European Engineering Strong Motion (ESM) flatfile: comparison with NGA-West2 database (2019)
    OGS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: In the first months of 2018, a parametric table (flatfile) related to the Engineering Strong Motion (ESM) database was released and disseminated through a website (http:// esm.mi.ingv.it/flatfile-2018). The flatfile contains intensity measures of engineering interest and associated metadata of three-components manually processed waveforms. The uniform collection of strong motion data and the compiling of quality-checked metadata allow the users among practitioners and seismologists, to test and calibrate Ground Motion Models (GMMs) for hazard assessment purposes or for the analysis of the seismic structural response. In 2013, a database used for similar purposes was constructed in the framework of the NGA-West2 project, whose main objective is to update and improve the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models for active tectonic regions, such as California. In this framework, a flatfile containing several parameters, such as peak parameters and ordinates of the pseudo-acceleration elastic response spectra, along with metadata of events and stations was released. The scope of this paper is to highlight the main differences between the two tables in terms of structure, data statistics and qualification of metadata.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343-356
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Toward a possible next geomagnetic transition ? (2015)
    EGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The geomagnetic field is subject to possible reversals or excursions of polarity during its temporal evolution. Considering that: (a) in the last 83 million yr the typical average time between one reversal and the next (the so-called chron) is around 400 000 yr, (b) the last reversal occurred around 780 000 yr ago, (c) more excursions (rapid changes in polarity) can occur within the same chron and (d) the geomagnetic field dipole is currently decreasing, a possible imminent geomagnetic reversal or excursion would not be completely unexpected. In that case, such a phenomenon would represent one of the very few natural hazards that are really global. The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a great depression of the geomagnetic field strength at the Earth’s surface, caused by a reverse magnetic flux in the terrestrial outer core. In analogy with critical point phenomena characterized by some cumulative quantity, we fit the surface extent of this anomaly over the last 400 yr with power law or logarithmic functions in reverse time, also decorated by logperiodic oscillations, whose final singularity (a critical point tc) reveals a great change in the near future (2034±3 yr), when the SAA area reaches almost a hemisphere. An interesting aspect that has recently been found is the possible direct connection between the SAA and the global mean sea level (GSL). That the GSL is somehow connected with SAA is also confirmed by the similar result when an analogous critical-like fit is performed over GSL: the corresponding critical point (2033±11 yr) agrees, within the estimated errors, with the value found for the SAA. From this result, we point out the intriguing conjecture that tc would be the time of no return, after which the geomagnetic field could fall into an irreversible process of a global geomagnetic transition that could be a reversal or excursion of polarity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3395-3403
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: geomagnetic transitions ; geomagnetic reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals
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    Observational evidence for buffeting-induced kink waves in solar magnetic elements (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: The role of diffuse photospheric magnetic elements in the energy budget of the upper layers of the Sun’s atmosphere has been the recent subject of many studies. This was made possible by the availability of high temporal and spatial resolution observations of the solar photosphere, allowing large numbers of magnetic elements to be tracked to study their dynamics. In this work we exploit a long temporal series of seeing-free magnetograms of the solar photosphere to study the effect of the turbulent convection on the excitation of kink oscillations in magnetic elements. We make use of the empirical mode decomposition technique in order to study the transverse oscillations of several magnetic flux tubes. This technique permits analysis of non-stationary time series like those associated to the horizontal velocities of these flux tubes, which are continuously advected and dispersed by granular flows. Our primary findings reveal the excitation of low frequency modes of kink oscillations, which are subharmonics of a fundamental mode with a 7.6 ± 0.2 min periodicity. These results constitute observational proof of the excitation of kink waves by the buffeting of the convection cells in the solar photosphere, and they are discussed in light of their possible role in the energy budget of the upper Sun’s atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: A102
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Sun: photosphere ; Sun: magnetic fields ; Sun: oscillations ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.05. Solar variability and solar wind
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  • 53
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    Tephra hazard assessment at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: In this paper we present a probabilistic hazard assessment for tephra fallout at Mt. Etna (Italy) associated with both short- and long-lived eruptions. Eruptive scenarios and eruption source parameters were defined based on the geological record, while an advection–diffusion–sedimentation model was used to capture the variation in wind speed and direction with time after calibration with the field data. Two different types of eruptions were considered in our analysis: eruptions associated with strong short-lived plumes and eruptions associated with weak long-lived plumes. Our probabilistic approach was based on one eruption scenario for both types and on an eruption range scenario for eruptions producing weak long-lived plumes. Due to the prevailing wind direction, the eastern flanks are the most affected by tephra deposition, with the 122 BC Plinian and 2002–2003 eruptions showing the highest impact both on infrastructures and agriculture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3221– 3233
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: tephra hazard assessment ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Ongoing Seismic Sequence at the Pollino Mountains, Italy (2015)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: A sequence of thousands of small to moderate earthquakes has been occurring since spring 2010 in the Pollino Mountains area, southern Italy, where a seismic gap was previously hypothesized by paleoseismological evidence associated with the lack of major earthquakes in historical catalogs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 955-962
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic sequence ; earthquake location ; focal mechanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
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    Seismic monitoring by piezoelectric accelerometers of a damaged historical monument in downtown L’Aquila (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: We show the preliminary seismic monitoring of a historical church in L’Aquila (central Italy), which was strongly damaged by the 2009 seismic sequence. This structure, S. Maria del Suffragio church, suffered the collapse of a great part of the dome during the April 6th 2009 Mw 6.1 earthquake. In this paper, recordings of ambient noise and local earthquakes have been analyzed. The seismic data were recorded by means of a dynamic monitoring system (19 mono-directional and 3 tri-directional piezoelectric accelerometers) and of two velocimeters, with all the instruments installed into the church. The aim of this re- search is the evaluation of the performance of the accelerometers of the monitoring system in case of low-amplitude vibrations. Simple techniques of analysis commonly employed in the seismic characterization of buildings have been applied. The reliability of the in-situ data was evaluated and the main modal parameters (natural frequencies and damping ratio) of the church were presented
    Description: Published
    Description: S0654
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: waves and wave analysis, instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods
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    First assessment of the local seismic amplification susceptibility of the Isernia Province (Molise Region, Southern Italy) by the integration of geological and geomorphological studies related to the first level seismic microzonation project (2018)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: This paper presents the results of the geological and geomorphological investigation carried out during the first level seismic microzonation project in the Isernia Province territory. The study area falls in one of the most seismically active areas of the Apennine chain and it has been struck, in historical times, by destructive earthquakes that caused several causalities and diffuse damages to the buildings. The analysis points out the occurrence of geological features that can determine possible site amplification phenomena related to areas with extensive outcrops of thick continental deposits or to unstable areas (both covering about 48% of the investigated areas). The latter are sometimes combined with geomorphological features such as scarps, isolated peaks, and ridges that are also responsible for possible site amplification. In addition, a susceptibility to local seismic amplification index has been introduced which highlights that more than 64% of the investigated area, along with a significant percentage of buildings, fall within the highest categories of susceptibility to local seismic amplification.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic microzonation ; Susceptibility to local seismic amplification ; GIS analysis ; Site effects ; Southern Italy ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
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    Coseismic recrystallization during shallow earthquake slip (2015)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Solidified frictional melts, or pseudotachylytes, remain the only unambiguous indicator of seismic slip in the geological record. However, pseudotachylytes form at 〉5 km depth, and there are many rock types in which they do not form at all. We performed low- to high-velocity rock friction experiments designed to impose realistic coseismic slip pulses on calcite fault gouges, and report that localized dynamic recrystallization may be an easy-to-recognize microstructural indicator of seismic slip in shallow, otherwise brittle fault zones. Calcite gouges with starting grain size 〈250 μm were confined up to 26 MPa normal stress using a purpose-built sample holder. Slip velocities were between 0.01 and 3.4 m s−1, and total displacements between 1 and 4 m. At coseismic slip velocities ≥0.1 m s−1, the gouges were cut by reflective principal slip surfaces lined by polygonal grains 〈1 μm in size. The principal slip surfaces were flanked by 〈300 μm thick layers of dynamically recrystallized calcite (grain size 1–10 μm) containing well-defined shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations. Dynamic recrystallization was accompanied by fault weakening and thermal decomposition of calcite to CO2 + CaO. The recrystallized calcite aggregates resemble those found along the principal slip surface of the Garam thrust, South Korea, exhumed from 〈5 km depth. We suggest that intense frictional heating along the experimental and natural principal slip surfaces resulted in localized dynamic recrystallization, a microstructure that may be diagnostic of seismic slip in the shallow crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-66
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; shallow earthquales ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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    Night–side effects on the polar ionospheric convection due to a solar wind pressure impulse (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: The Sudden Impulse (SI) of solar wind dynamic pressure of 20 february 2000, 21:03 UT, is investigated by making use of data from WIND, GEOTAIL, POLAR and GOES; ground magnetometer chains (Greenland, IMAGE, CANOPUS); SuperDARN HF radars in both Northern and Southern hemispheres. The main effect of the SI described herein is an enhancement of the ionospheric convection around midnight MLT. We suggest that such an enhancement be due to an increase of the dawn–dusk electric field caused by the SI compression of the magnetospheric tail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 91-93
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Comparisons among the five ground-motion models developed using RESORCE for the prediction of response spectral accelerations due to earthquakes in Europe and the Middle East (2015)
    Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: This article presents comparisons among the five ground-motion models described in other articles within this special issue, in terms of data selection criteria, characteristics of the models and predicted peak ground and response spectral accelerations. Comparisons are also made with predictions from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models to which the models presented here have similarities (e.g. a common master database has been used) but also differences (e.g. some models in this issue are nonparametric). As a result of the differing data selection criteria and derivation techniques the predicted median ground motions show considerable differences (up to a factor of two for certain scenarios), particularly for magnitudes and distances close to or beyond the range of the available observations. The predicted influence of style-of-faulting shows much variation among models whereas site amplification factors are more similar, with peak amplification at around 1s. These differences are greater than those among predictions from the NGA models. The models for aleatory variability (sigma), however, are similar and suggest that ground-motion variability from this region is slightly higher than that predicted by the NGA models, based primarily on data from California and Taiwan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 341-358
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground motion prediction equation ; europe ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
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    Supporting the Development of Procedures for Communications During Volcanic Emergencies: Lessons Learnt from the Canary Islands (Spain) and Etna and Stromboli (Italy) (2017)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: Volcanic crises are complex and especially challenging to manage. Volcanic unrest is characterised by uncertainty about whether an eruption will or will not take place, as well as its possible location, size and evolution. Planning is further complicated by the range of potential hazards and the variety of disciplines involved in forecasting and responding to volcanic emergencies. Effective management is favoured at frequently active volcanoes, owing to the experience gained through the repeated ‘testing’ of systems of communication. Even when plans have not been officially put in place, the groups involved tend to have an understanding of their roles and responsibilities and those of others. Such experience is rarely available at volcanoes that have been quiescent for several generations. Emergency responses are less effective, not only because of uncertainties about the volcanic system itself, but also because scientists, crisis directors, managers and the public are inexperienced in volcanic unrest. In such situations, tensions and misunderstandings result in poor communication and have the potential to affect decision making and delay vital operations. Here we compare experiences on communi- cating information during crises on volcanoes reawakening after long repose (El Hierro in the Canary Islands) and in frequent eruption (Etna and Stromboli in Sicily). The results provide a basis for enhancing commu- nication protocols during volcanic emergencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-17
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Etna volcano ; Stromboli volcano ; Canary Islands ; volcanic emergencies ; communication ; volcanic crisis ; Procedures for Communications During Volcanic Emergencies ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations for Region‐Specific Probabilistic Seismic‐Hazard Analysis (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: The goal of this article is to investigate the possibility of reducing the uncertainty of the ground motion predicted for a specific target area (Po Plain and northeastern Italy), by calibrating a set of ad hoc ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The derived GMPEs account for peculiarities that are not generally consid- ered by standard predictive models, such as (1) an attenuation rate dependent on dis- tance ranges and geological domains; (2) enhancement of short-period spectral ordinates, due to the reflection of S waves at the Moho discontinuity; and (3) gener- ation of surface waves inside an alluvial basin. The analyzed strong-motion dataset was compiled by selecting events in the 4.0– 6.4 magnitude range, records with distances shorter than 200 km, and focal depths shallower than 30 km; the major contribution comes from the recent 2012 Emilia sequence (first mainshock, 20 May 2012 Mw 6.1; second mainshock, 29 May 2015 Mw 6.0). The GMPEs are derived for the geometrical mean of horizontal com- ponents of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and 5% damped spectral acceleration in the 0.04–4 s period range. The derived region-specific models led to a reduction of the hazard levels for several intensity measures, with respect to the values obtained by considering the reference Italian attenuation model (Bindi et al., 2011), as exemplified by the com- parison of the hazard curves computed for two specific sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73-92
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Assessing the GNSS scintillation climate over Brazil under increasing solar activity (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: We study ionospheric scintillation on GNSS signals at equatorial latitudes to draw a climatological picture of the low latitude ionosphere in the Brazilian sector during the ascending phase of the upcoming 2013 solar maximum. Such data have been acquired during the early stage of the CIGALA project (http://cigala. galileoic.org/), funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Program and the outcome of this work is part of the scientific achievements of the project itself. The considered network is based on the novel PolaRxS receivers, developed and deployed specifically to comply with the aims of the FP7 project. The PolaRxS is able to monitor ionospheric scintillation for all operational and upcoming GNSS constellations (GPS, GLONASS, Compass, GALILEO) and corresponding frequencies in the L-band. The ionosphere over the Brazilian territory, being close to the southern crest of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA), is heavily affected by intense scintillation conditions. The sector under investigation is also very peculiar with respect to other low latitude regions, because of its proximity to the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). The application of the Ground Based Scintillation Climatology (GBSC) technique, for the first time simultaneously on GPS and GLONASS data and on both L1 and L2 frequencies, highlights the joint effect of the EIA and of the SAMA in producing the irregularities leading to scintillation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 199-206
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    GNSS station characterisation for ionospheric scintillation applications (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Ionospheric scintillations are fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of the signals from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) occurring when they cross regions of electron density irregularities in the ionosphere. Such disturbances can cause serious degradation of several aspects of GNSS system performance, including integrity, accuracy and availability. The two indices adopted worldwide to characterise ionospheric scintillations are: the amplitude scintillation index, S4, which is the standard deviation of the received power normalised by its mean value, and the phase scintillation index, rU, which is the standard deviation of the de-trended carrier phase. Collaborative work between NGI and INGV supports a permanent network of GISTM (GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor) receivers that covers a wide range of latitudes in the northern European sector. Data from this network has contributed significantly to several papers during the past few years (see e.g. De Franceschi et al., 2008; Aquino et al., 2009; Spogli et al., 2009, 2010; Alfonsi et al., 2011). In these investigations multipath effects and noise that contaminate the scintillation measurements are largely filtered by applying an elevation angle threshold. A deeper analysis of the data quality and the development of a more complex filtering technique can improve the results obtained so far. The structures in the environment of each receiver in the network which contaminate scintillation measurements should be identified in order to improve the quality of the scintillation and TEC data by removing error sources due to the local environment. The analysis in this paper considers a data set characterised by quiet ionospheric conditions of the mid-latitude station located in Nottingham (UK), followed by a case study of the severe geomagnetic storm, which occurred in late 2003, known generally as the “Halloween Storm”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1237-1246
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    An ensemble of eddy-permitting global ocean reanalyses from the MyOcean project (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-20
    Description: A set of four eddy-permitting global ocean reanalyses produced in the framework of the MyOcean project have been compared over the altimetry period 1993–2011. The main differences among the reanalyses used here come from the data assimilation scheme implemented to control the ocean state by inserting reprocessed observations of sea surface temperature (SST), in situ temperature and salinity profiles, sea level anomaly and sea-ice concentration. A first objective of this work includes assessing the interannual variability and trends for a series of parameters, usually considered in the community as essential ocean variables: SST, sea surface salinity, temperature and salinity averaged over meaningful layers of the water column, sea level, transports across pre-defined sections, and sea ice parameters. The eddy-permitting nature of the global reanalyses allows also to estimate eddy kinetic energy. The results show that in general there is a good consistency between the different reanalyses. An intercomparison against experiments without data assimilation was done during the MyOcean project and we conclude that data assimilation is crucial for correctly simulating some quantities such as regional trends of sea level as well as the eddy kinetic energy. A second objective is to show that the ensemble mean of reanalyses can be evaluated as one single system regarding its reliability in reproducing the climate signals, where both variability and uncertainties are assessed through the ensemble spread and signal-to-noise ratio. The main advantage of having access to several reanalyses differing in the way data assimilation is performed is that it becomes possible to assess part of the total uncertainty. Given the fact that we use very similar ocean models and atmospheric forcing, we can conclude that the spread of the ensemble of reanalyses is mainly representative of our ability to gauge uncertainty in the assimilation methods. This uncertainty changes a lot from one ocean parameter to another, especially in global indices. However, despite several caveats in the design of the multi-system ensemble, the main conclusion from this study is that an eddy-permitting multi-system ensemble approach has become mature and our results provide a first step towards a systematic comparison of eddy-permitting global ocean reanalyses aimed at providing robust conclusions on the recent evolution of the oceanic state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 813–841
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ocean reanalyses, data assimilation, ocean modelling
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    Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on GNSS Positioning at Low Latitudes (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Ionospheric conditions at low latitudes are extremely harsh due to the frequent occurrence ofscintillation and the presence of strong TEC gradients. For this study, the São Paulo state region in Brazil is chosenas a test area. This study presents a strategy to mitigate the ionospheric impact on RTK positioning with anexperimental result. The proposed strategy explores two approaches that can be applied simultaneously: a) tomitigate the scintillation effect on the GNSS signals by refining the stochastic model of the correspondingobservations and b) to precisely estimate the residual double difference ionospheric delay by exploiting an accurateTEC map.The strategy was tested on a long baseline kinematic processing under strong scintillation conditions (DOY21 in2014). Significant improvements were observed when the combined use of the two mitigation approaches describedabove was compared with the use of conventional state-of-the-art approaches. Copyright # 2017 Institute ofNavigation
    Description: Published
    Description: 67-74
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Clues on the origin of post-2000 earthquakes at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: The inter-arrival times of the post 2000 seismicity at Campi Flegrei caldera are statistically distributed into different populations. The low inter-arrival times population represents swarm events, while the high inter-arrival times population marks background seismicity. Here, we show that the background seismicity is increasing at the same rate of (1) the ground uplift and (2) the concentration of the fumarolic gas specie more sensitive to temperature. The seismic temporal increase is strongly correlated with the results of recent simulations, modelling injection of magmatic fluids in the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system. These concurrent variations point to a unique process of temperature-pressure increase of the hydrothermal system controlling geophysical and geochemical signals at the caldera. Our results thus show that the occurrence of background seismicity is an excellent parameter to monitor the current unrest of the caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4472
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Evaluation of hand-held gamma spectrometry instrument as confirm technique for environmental analysis of thorium in soil (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Gamma spectrometry hand-held instrument may show considerable analytical performances and even if they are not specifically taught for quantitative environmental analysis, in this work we evaluate the performance of one of them in this field comparing the results with ICP-MS, the reference technique in this field. In our work we want to evaluate the possibility to use the analytical performances offered by a portable gamma spectrometer as confirmatory technique. We used for this test soils contaminated with thorium, an increasing interest pollutant, widely present in natural sediments and also emitted in environment by several anthropogenic processes such modern agricultural practices, industrial and military application. Thorium is expected also to increase in interest, for its possible exploitation as nuclear fuel instead of uranium by some countries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3SR. AMBIENTE - Servizi e ricerca per la Società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Cluster analysis of downscaled and explicitly simulated North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks (2015)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: A realistic representation of the North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks is crucial as it allows, for example, explaining potential changes in U.S. landfalling systems. Here, the authors present a tentative study that examines the ability of recent climate models to represent North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks. Tracks from two types of climate models are evaluated: explicit tracks are obtained from tropical cyclones simulated in regional or global climate models with moderate to high horizontal resolution (1°–0.25°), and downscaled tracks are obtained using a downscaling technique with large-scale environmental fields from a subset of these models. For both configurations, tracks are objectively separated into four groups using a cluster technique, leading to a zonal and a meridional separation of the tracks. The meridional separation largely captures the separation between deep tropical and subtropical, hybrid or baroclinic cyclones, while the zonal separation segregates Gulf of Mexico and Cape Verde storms. The properties of the tracks’ seasonality, intensity, and power dissipation index in each cluster are documented for both configurations. The authors’ results show that, except for the seasonality, the downscaled tracks better capture the observed characteristics of the clusters. The authors also use three different idealized scenarios to examine the possible future changes of tropical cyclone tracks under 1) warming sea surface temperature, 2) increasing carbon dioxide, and 3) a combination of the two. The response to each scenario is highly variable depending on the simulation considered. Finally, the authors examine the role of each cluster in these future changes and find no preponderant contribution of any single cluster over the others.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1333–1361
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: tropical cyclones ; atlantic basin ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
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    Oblique Ionograms Automatic Scaling Algorithm OIASA application to the ionograms recorded by Ebro observatory ionosonde (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: The oblique ionograms automatic scaling algorithm (OIASA), developed at the INGV for the identification of trace of oblique ionograms, allows the determination of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for communication between the transmitter and receiver, automatically rejecting poor quality ionograms. A test of the algorithm using data from a campaign of oblique soundings between Dourbes (50.1°N, 4.6°E) and Roquetes (40.8°N, 0.5°E) has been performed. Oblique soundings from three different campaigns have been studied, covering different geomagnetic conditions, in order to study the behavior of the autoscaling algorithm under quiet and perturbed geomagnetic periods. The reported results demonstrate that OIASA performance is not influenced by geomagnetic or ionospheric activity conditions. This demonstrates a satisfactory performance of the automatic scaling algorithm, even under different geomagnetic conditions, the potential application of OIASA as a near-real-time tool for ionospheric monitoring purposes, and its performance for tracking ionospheric effects caused by space weather events.
    Description: Published
    Description: A10
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 70
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    Making a Better Magnetic Map (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: A new version of the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map, released last summer, gives greater insight into the structure and history of Earth's crust and upper mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-20
    Description: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on expert analysis and provides a 3-D view (through reanalysis systems), a view from above (through remote-sensing data) and a direct view of the interior (through in situ measurements) of the global ocean and the European regional seas. The report is based on the unique CMEMS monitoring capabilities of the blue (hydrography, currents), white (sea ice) and green (e.g. Chlorophyll) marine environment. This first issue of the CMEMS OSR provides guidance on Essential Variables, large-scale changes and specific events related to the physical ocean state over the period 1993–2015. Principal findings of this first CMEMS OSR show a significant increase in global and regional sea levels, thermosteric expansion, ocean heat content, sea surface temperature and Antarctic sea ice extent and conversely a decrease in Arctic sea ice extent during the 1993–2015 period. During the year 2015 exceptionally strong large-scale changes were monitored such as, for example, a strong El Niño Southern Oscillation, a high frequency of extreme storms and sea level events in specific regions in addition to areas of high sea level and harmful algae blooms. At the same time, some areas in the Arctic Ocean experienced exceptionally low sea ice extent and temperatures below average were observed in the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: Published
    Description: s235–s320
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Dynamics and effects of the Vesuvius Pomici di Avellino Plinian eruption and related phenomena on the Bronze Age landscape of Campania region (Southern Italy) (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The Pomici di Avellino eruption is the Plinian event of Vesuvius with the highest territorial impact. It affected an area densely inhabited by Early Bronze Age human communities and resulted in the long- term abandonment of an extensive zone surrounding the volcano. Traces of human life beneath the eruption products are very common throughout the Campania Region. A systematic review of the available archaeological data, the study of geological and archaeological sequences exposed in excava- tions, and the reconstruction of the volcanic phenomena affecting single sites has yielded an under- standing of local effects and their duration. The archaeological and volcanological analyses have shown that the territory was rapidly abandoned before and during the eruption, with rare post-eruption at- tempts at resettlement of the same sites inhabited previously. The definition of the distribution and stratigraphy of alluvial deposits in many of the studied sequences leads us to hypothesise that the scarce presence of humans during phases 1 and 2 of the Middle Bronze Age in the wide area affected by the eruption was due to diffuse phenomena of remobilisation of the eruption products, generating long- lasting alluvial processes. These were favoured by the deposition of loose fine pyroclastic material on the slopes of the volcano and the Apennines, and by climatic conditions. A significant resettlement of the territory occurred only hundreds of years after the Pomici di Avellino eruption, during phase 3 of the Middle Bronze Age. This study show the role of volcanic and related phenomena from a Plinian event in the settlement dynamics of a complex territory like Campania.
    Description: Published
    Description: 231-244
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Plinian eruption Eruption impact ; Volcanoclastic mass flow ; Vesuvius ; Bronze Age ; Eruption impact
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    Twenty-first century projected summer mean climate in the Mediterranean interpreted through the monsoon-desert mechanism (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: The term “monsoon-desert mechanism” indicates the relationship between the diabatic heating associated with the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall and the remote response in the western sub-tropics where long Rossby waves anchor strong descent with high subsidence. In CMIP5 twenty-first century climate scenarios, the precipitation over South Asia is projected to increase. This study investigates how this change could affect the summer climate projections in the Mediterranean region. In a linear framework the monsoon-desert mechanism in the context of climate change would imply that the change in subsidence over the Mediterranean should be strongly linked with the changes in South Asian monsoon precipitation. The steady-state solution from a linear model forced with CMIP5 model projected precipitation change over South Asia shows a broad region of descent in the Mediterranean, while the results from CMIP5 projections differ having increased descent mostly in the western sector but also decreased descent in parts of the eastern sector. Local changes in circulation, particularly the meridional wind, promote cold air advection that anchors the descent but the barotropic Rossby wave nature of the wind anomalies consisting of alternating northerlies/southerlies favors alternating descent/ascent locations. In fact, the local mid-tropospheric meridional wind changes have the strongest correlation with the regions where the difference in subsidence is largest. There decreased rainfall is mostly balanced by changes in moisture, omega and in the horizontal advection of moisture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2361–2371
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 74
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    Volcano-hydrothermal system and activity of Sirung volcano (Pantar Island, Indonesia) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Sirung is a frequently active volcano located in the remote parts of Western Timor (Indonesia). Sirung has a crater with several hydrothermal features including a crater lake. We present a timeseries of satellite images of the lake and chemical and isotope data from the hyperacid hydrothermal system. The fluids sampled in the crater present the typical features of hyperacidic systems with high TDS, low pH and d34SHSO4 –d34SS0 among the highest for such lakes. The cations concentrations are predominantly controlled by the precipitation of alunite, jarosite, silica phases, native sulfur and pyrite which dominate the shallow portions of the hydrothermal system. These minerals may control shallow sealing processes thought to trigger phreatic eruptions elsewhere. Sparse Mg/Cl and SO4/Cl ratios and lake parameters derived from satellite images suggest gradual increase in heat and gas flux, most likely SO2-rich, prior to the 2012 phreatic eruption. An acidic river was sampled 8 km far from the crater and is genetically linked with the fluids rising toward the active crater. This river would therefore be a relevant target for future remote monitoring purposes. Finally, several wells and springs largely exceeded the World Health Organization toxicity limits in total arsenic and fluoride.
    Description: Published
    Description: 186-199
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A statistical approach to estimate Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver signal tracking performance in the presence of ionospheric scintillation (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Ionospheric scintillation can seriously impair the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver signal tracking performance, thus affecting the required levels of availability, accuracy and integrity of positioning that supports modern day GNSS based applications. We present results from the research work carried out under the Horizon 2020 European Commission (EC) funded Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS) project. The statistical models developed to estimate the standard deviation of the receiver Phase Locked Loop (PLL) tracking jitter on the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency as a function of scintillation levels are presented. The models were developed following the statistical approach of generalized linear modelling on data recorded by networks in operation at high and low latitudes during the years of 2012–2015. The developed models were validated using data from different stations over varying latitudes, which yielded promising results. In the case of mid-latitudes, as the occurrence of strong scintillation is absent, an attempt to develop a dedicated model proved fruitless and, therefore, the models developed for the high and low latitudes were tested for two mid-latitude stations. The developed statistical models can be used to generate receiver tracking jitter maps over a region, providing users with the expected tracking conditions. The approach followed for the development of these models for the GPS L1 frequency can be used as a blueprint for the development of similar models for other GNSS frequencies, which will be the subject of follow on research.
    Description: Published
    Description: A51
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 76
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    Preliminary validation of lava benchmark tests on the GPUSPH particle engine (2019)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Lava flow modeling is important in many practical applications, such as the simulation of potential hazard scenarios and the planning of risk mitigation measures, as well as in scientific research to improve our understanding of the physical processes governing the dynamics of lava flow emplacement. Existing predictive models of lava flow behavior include various methods and solvers, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Codes differ in their physical implementations, numerical accuracy, and computational efficiency. In order to validate their efficiency and accuracy, several benchmark test cases for computational lava flow modeling have been established. Despite the popularity gained by the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), very few validations against lava flows have been successfully conducted. At the Tecnolab of INGVCatania we designed GPUSPH, an implementation of the weakly-compressible SPH method running fully on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). GPUSPH is a particle engine capable of modeling both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, solving the three-dimensional Navier– Stokes equations, using either a fully explicit integration scheme, or a semi-implicit scheme in the case of highly viscous fluids. Thanks to the full coupling with the thermal equation, and its support for radiation, convection and phase transition, GPUSPH can be used to faithfully simulate lava flows. Here we present the preliminary results obtained with GPUSPH for a benchmark series for computational lava-flow modeling, including analytical, semi-analytical and experimental problems. The results are reported in terms of correctness and performance, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks deriving from the use of SPH to simulate lava flows.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO224
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 77
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    Crystallization and partial melting of rhyolite and felsite rocks at Krafla volcano: A comparative approach based on mineral and glass chemistry of natural and experimental products (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-20
    Description: Rhyolite and felsite cuttings were collected at Krafla volcano during the perforation of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project Well 1 (IDDP-1). The perforation was stopped at a depth of 2100m due to intersection with a rhyolite magma that intruded the felsite host rock. Rhyolite cuttings are vitrophiric (glass ~95%, RHL) and exhibit a mineral assemblage made of plagioclase+augite+pigeonite+titanomagnetite. Felsite cuttings display evidences of partial melting, responding to variable degrees of quartz+plagioclase+alkali feldspar+augite+ titanomagnetite dissolution. The interstitial glass analyzed close to (i.e., FLS1) and far from (i.e., FLS2) the reaction surface of pyroxene from felsite cuttings shows continuous changes between the two end-members. FLS1 is compositionally similar to RHL, showing Na2O+K2O+REE depletions, counterbalanced by MgO+CaO enrichments. Conversely, FLS2 exhibits opposite chemical features. REE-exchange thermobarometric calculations reveal that plagioclase and augite cores from rhyolite and felsite formed under identical conditions, along a thermal path of 940–960 °C. However, in terms of major and trace element concentrations, plagioclase and augite crystal cores are not in equilibrium with the rhyolite magma, suggesting the incorporation of these minerals directly from the host felsite. To better understand the petrogenetic relationship between rhyolite and felsite, two sets of crystallization and partial melting experiments have been carried out at P=150 MPa and T=700–950 °C. Rhyolite crystallization experiments (RCE) reproduce the two-pyroxene assemblage of IDDP-1 rhyolite cuttings only at T≤800 °C, when the crystal content (≥19%) is higher than that observed in the natural rhyolite (~5%). Under such conditions, the RCE glass is much more differentiated (i.e., marked CaO depletion and Eu anomaly) than RHL. On the other hand, felsite partial melting (FPM) experiments show interstitial glass with a bimodal composition (i.e., FPM1 and FPM2) comparable to FLS1 (≈RHL) and to FLS2, only at T=950 °C. This effect has been quantified by fractional crystallization and batch melting modeling, denoting that FLS1 (≈RHL) and FLS2 reflect high (≥70%) and low (≤8%) degrees of felsite partialmelting, respectively. In contrast, modeling RHL by crystal fractionation requires the removal of an amount (~22%) of solid material that is inconsistent with the low crystal content of the natural IDDP-1 rhyolite. It is therefore concluded that natural rhyolite and felsite represent, respectively, the near-liquidus and sub-solidus states of a virtually identical silicic magma, either feeding aphyric to subaphiric rhyolitic eruptions, or solidifying at depth as phaneritic quartzofeldspathic rocks. Felsite lenses from the Krafla substrate may explore variable degrees of remelting and remobilization processes. The intrusion into felsite of a fresh silicic magma from depth may lead to low degrees of partial melting, whereas the persistent heat release from intense basaltic intrusive events at Krafla may be the source of high degrees of felsite partial melting and consequent rejuvenation of the previously solidified silicic magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 603-618
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Genesis and mechanisms controlling tornillo seismo-volcanic events in volcanic areas (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Volcanic activity is often preceded or accompanied by different types of seismo-volcanic signals. Among these signals, the so-called tornillo (Spanish for "screw") events are considered to belong to a unique class of volcano-seismicity characterised by a long-duration coda, amplitude modulation and high-quality factor. These data constitute important evidence for the gas fraction inside magmatic fluids. However, the mechanism behind this unique signal remains not fully understood. Here we report new laboratory evidence showing that two different processes have either scale-invariant or scale-dependent effects in generating tornillo-like events. These processes are respectively the gas pressure gradient, which triggers the event and regulates the slow decaying coda, and the fluid resonance into small scale structures which, in turn, control the frequency content of the signal. Considering that the gas pressure gradient is proportional to the fluid flow, these new findings, as applied to volcanoes, provide new information to better quantify both gas rate and volume, and the dimension of the resonator.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 7338
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
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    High-resolution geological investigations to reconstruct the long-term ground movements in the last 15 kyr at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Ground deformations are among the main volcanic phenomena occurring within the caldera system and pres- ently recorded at different volcanoes worldwide including the Campi Flegrei active caldera (southern Italy). A new stratigraphic, sedimentological and paleontological survey carried out in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera both along the already known La Starza succession and through a new excavated tunnel provided new insights into the ground movement episodes occurred in the last 15 kyr. This study, which has also benefited of unpublished boreholes stratigraphic data, shows that the most uplifted sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera, presently marked by the morphological structure of the La Starza cliff close to the Pozzuoli coastline, was charac- terized by a complex sedimentary evolution. It results from different phases of alternating marine transgressions and regressions, the latter marked by both continental volcanic and/or palustrine/lacustrine sediments. These al- ternations result from the interplay between (i) subsidence and uplift episodes of the caldera floor and (ii) sea level variations during the Holocene. A rest period of volcanism accompanied by a sea level rise determined a sig- nificant submersion phase in about 3000 years between 8.59 and 5.5 ka. This phase was defined by a sea level with a maximum water depth value of 60–80 m and a late stage recording significant episodes of ground move- ments. Subsequently, between 5.5 and 3.5 ka, a ground uplift of about 100 m occurred, with short subsidence around 4.5 ka following the Plinian Agnano-Monte Spina eruption. The net vertical displacement represents the recorded deformation linked with a volcanism period in which ~2.5 km3 of magma were erupted by different vents within the caldera. It is worth to note as the general trend of ground movement through the time indicates a similarity in the pattern, beyond its scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 143-158
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ground deformation ; Campi Flegrei ; Paleoenvironment ; Coastal marine sediments ; Volcanism ; Unrest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 80
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    Holocene benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages in a paleo-hydrothermal vent system of Campi Flegrei (Campania, South Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: The succession of the Late Quaternary La Starza terrace, located within the Campi Flegrei caldera, on the Tyrrhenian side of southern Italy, represents a wellknown example of deposition under the combined influence of bathymetric and physico- chemical variations due to volcanic activities. One hundred and seven samples collected in six outcrops and some tunnel excavation fronts, with an age between ~12 and ~4 k.y.a, comprise both barren and fossiliferous sediments. The latter contain siliceous and/or calcareous microfossil remains, including benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages indicative of a marine paleodepth ranging from the upper infralittoral to the upper circalittoral zone, with phases of intense environmental stress typical of a hydrothermal system. A detailed reconstruction of the Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of the succession is presented. The majority of foraminiferal and ostracod species is illustrated and brief taxonomic and ecological notes are given for each of them.
    Description: Published
    Description: 41A
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 81
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    Array tecniques and spectral ratios applied to seismic noise to investigate subsoil structures in Campi Flegrei (Italy) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: The purpose of this work is to study the subsoil structure (from shallow to deep layers) of the Campi Flegrei area using both spectral ratios and array techniques applied to seismic noise. The dataset consists of seismic noise recorded in the underground by the seismic Array “ARF” and the broadband stations of the mobile network. We estimated the dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves propagating through the array by applying the Frequency–Wavenumber (f-k) technique and the MSPAC method. The phase velocity dispersion curve of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves was obtained by plotting the inverse of slowness, as a function of frequency, and selecting the part of the curve bounded by the resolution limits defined through kmin and kmax. For the MSPAC method we divided the array in semi-circular sub arrays called Rings, which radius are defined by the sensor’s spacing, and we calculated the spatial autocorrelation coefficients for all the possible pairs of sensors. Further constrains on the dispersion curves are obtained from the estimate of the phase velocity of transient coherent signals recorded by the array. We used the DINVER computer code to perform a joint inversion of the autocorrelation coefficients, the dispersion curves, the single coherent noise values and the mean HVSR of the mobile network station to obtain a shallow shear wave velocity model for the first 200 m, which is in a good agreement with the stratigraphic information of the wells available in the area. The study of the velocity models is crucial to recognize anomalies due to the presence of fluids connected to the volcanic activity and a high quality characterization of the medium allows us to correctly identify, in the geophysical observables, the contribution of the volcanic source.
    Description: Published
    Description: Naples
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; velocity structure
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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    Landslides and Subsidence Assessment in the Crati Valley (Southern Italy) Using InSAR Data (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: In this work, we map surficial ground deformations that occurred during the years 2004–2010 in the Crati Valley (Southern Italy). The valley is in one of the most seismically active regions of the Italian peninsula, and presents slope instability and widespread landslide phenomena. We measured ground deformations by applying the small baseline subset (SBAS) technique, a multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) methodology that is used to process datasets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Ground displacements are only partially visible with the InSAR technique. Visibility depends on the geometry of the acquisition layout, such as the radar acquisition angle view, and the land use. These two factors determine the backscattering of the reflected signal. Most of the ground deformation detected by InSAR can be attributed to the gravitational mass movements of the hillslopes (i.e., landslides), and the subsidence of the quaternary deposits filling the valley. The movements observed along the valley slopes were compared with the available landslide catalog. We also identified another cause of movement in this area, i.e., ground subsidence due to the compaction of the quaternary deposits filling the valley. This compaction can be ascribed to various sources, such as urban population growth and sprawl, industrial water withdrawal, and tectonic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 67
    Description: 1VV. Altro
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 83
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    Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: Methane has the second-largest global radiative forcing impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gases after carbon dioxide, but our understanding of the global atmospheric methane budget is incomplete. The global fossil fuel industry (production and usage of natural gas, oil and coal) is thought to contribute 15 to 22 per cent of methane emissions to the total atmospheric methane budget. However, questions remain regarding methane emission trends as a result of fossil fuel industrial activity and the contribution to total methane emissions of sources from the fossil fuel industry and from natural geological seepage, which are often co-located. Here we re-evaluate the global methane budget and the contribution of the fossil fuel industry to methane emissions based on long-term global methane and methane carbon isotope records. We compile the largest isotopic methane source signature database so far, including fossil fuel, microbial and biomass-burning methane emission sources. We find that total fossil fuel methane emissions (fossil fuel industry plus natural geological seepage) are not increasing over time, but are 60 to 110 per cent greater than current estimates owing to large revisions in isotope source signatures. We show that this is consistent with the observed global latitudinal methane gradient. After accounting for natural geological methane seepage, we find that methane emissions from natural gas, oil and coal production and their usage are 20 to 60 per cent greater than inventories. Our findings imply a greater potential for the fossil fuel industry to mitigate anthropogenic climate forcing, but we also find that methane emissions from natural gas as a fraction of production have declined from approximately 8 per cent to approximately 2 per cent over the past three decades.
    Description: Published
    Description: 88-91
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
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    High-resolution geochemistry of volcanic ash highlights complex magma dynamics during the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: The April to May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) volcano was characterized by a large compositional variability of erupted products. To contribute to the understanding of the plumbing system dynamics of this volcano, we present new EMPA and LA-ICP-MS data on groundmass glasses of ash particles and minerals erupted between April 15 and 22. The occurrence of disequilibrium textures in minerals, such as resorption and inverse zoning, indicate that open system processes were involved in determining the observed compositional variability. The variation of major and trace element data of glasses corroborates this hypothesis indicating that mixing between magma batches with different compositions interacted throughout the whole duration of the eruption. In particular, the arrival of new basaltic magma into the plumbing system of the volcano destabilized and remobilized magma batches of trachyandesite and rhyolite compositions that, according to geophysical data, might have intruded as sills over the past 20 years beneath the Eyjafjallajökull edifice. Two mixing processes are envisaged to explain the time variation of the compositions recorded by the erupted tephra. The first occurred between basaltic and trachyandesitic end-members. The second occurred between trachyandesite and rhyolites. Least-squares modeling of major elements supports this hypothesis. Furthermore, investigation of compositional histograms of trace elements allows us to estimate the initial proportions of melts that interacted to generate the compositional variability triggered by mixing of trachyandesites and rhyolites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1173-1186
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Eyjafjallajökull ; volcanic ash ; magma mixing ; plumbing system dynamics.
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
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    Static vs Real-Time Coseismic Offset Comparison: The test case of 30 October, 2016 Central Italy earthquake (2018)
    AUTh - School of Rural and Surveying Engineering
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: The knowledge of coseismic deformations due to earthquakes represents the fundamentals on which studies on seismic cycle and fault source mechanism are based on. Geodetic methods, in particular the recent developments of GNSS monitoring, are the only onescapable of providing the displacements of reference sites due to the occurrence of significant seismic events. Usually the detection of seismic offsets is done by comparing coordinates estimated before and after the earthquake. Here, considering the test case of the 30 October, 2016 central Italy seismic event, we show that it is possible to achieve such offsets also in real-time through the application of the new functionalities of the VADASE (Variometric Approach for Displacements Analysis Stand-alone Engine) approach. The comparison between the seismic offsets coming from the two approaches (static and realtime) is shown and discussed; the mean overall agreement is at the level of about half centimetre.
    Description: Published
    Description: 189-198
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: Coseismic Offset ; VADASE ; Tectonic deformation ; Central Italy 2016 earthquakes ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 86
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    Indian monsoon and the elevated-heat-pump mechanism in a coupled aerosol-climate model (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: A coupled aerosol‐atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice climate model is used to explore the interaction between aerosols and the Indian summer monsoon precipitation on seasonal‐to‐interannual time scales. Results show that when increased aerosol loading is found on the Himalayas slopes in the premonsoon period (April–May), intensification of early monsoon rainfall over India and increased low‐level westerly flow follow, in agreement with the elevated‐heat‐pump mechanism. The increase in rainfall during the early monsoon season has a cooling effect on the land surface. In the same period, enhanced surface cooling may also be amplified through solar dimming by more cloudiness and aerosol loading, via increased dust transported by low‐level westerly flow. The surface cooling causes subsequent reduction in monsoon rainfall in July–August over India. The time‐lagged nature of the reasonably realistic response of the model to aerosol forcing suggests that absorbing aerosols, besides their potential key roles in impacting monsoon water cycle and climate, may influence the seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8712-8723
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 87
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    Evolution of the magma feeding system during a Plinian eruption: The case of Pomici di Avellino eruption of Somma–Vesuvius, Italy (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: The current paradigm for volcanic eruptions is that magma erupts from a deep magma reservoir through a volcanic conduit, typically modelled with fixed rigid geometries such as cylinders. This simplistic view of a volcanic eruption does not account for the complex dynamics that usually characterise a large explosive event. Numerical simulations of magma flow in a conduit combined with volcanological and geological data, allow for the first description of a physics-based model of the feeding system evolution during a sustained phase of an explosive eruption. The method was applied to the Plinian phase of the Pomici di Avellino eruption (PdA, 3945 ±10 cal yr BP) from Somma–Vesuvius (Italy). Information available from volcanology, petrology, and lithology studies was used as input data and as constraints for the model. In particular, Mass Discharge Rates (MDRs) assessed from volcanological methods were used as target values for numerical simulations. The model solutions, which are non-unique, were constrained using geological and volcanological data, such as volume estimates and types of lithic components in the fall deposits. Three stable geometric configurations of the feeding system (described assuming elliptical cross-section of variable dimensions) were assessed for the Eruptive Units 2 and 3 (EU2, EU3), which form the magmatic Plinian phase of PdA eruption. They describe the conduit system geometry at time of deposition of EU2 base, EU2 top, and EU3. A 7-km deep dyke (length , width ), connecting the magma chamber to the surface, characterised the feeding system at the onset of the Plinian phase (EU2 base). The feeding system rapidly evolved into hybrid geometric configuration, with a deeper dyke (length , width ) and a shallower cylindrical conduit (diameter , dyke-to-cylinder transition depth ∼2100 m), during the eruption of the EU2 top. The deeper dyke reached the dimensions of and at EU3 peak MDR, when the shallower cylinder had enlarged to a diameter of 60 m and a transition depth of 3000 m. The changes in feeding system geometry indicate a partitioning of the driving pressure of the eruption, which affected both magma movement to the surface and dyke growth. This implies that a significant portion of the magma injected from the magma chamber filled the enlarging dyke before it erupted to the surface. In this model, the lower dyke acted as a sort of magma “capacitor” in which the magma was stored briefly before accelerating to the cylindrical conduit and erupting. The capacitor effect of the lower dyke implies longer times of transit for the erupting magma, which also underwent several steps of decompression. On the other hand, the decompression of magma within the capacitor provided the driving pressure to maintain the flow into the upper cylindrical conduit, even as the base of the dyke started to close due to the drop in driving pressure from progressive emptying of the magma chamber. The shallower cylindrical conduit was shaped through the erosion of conduit wall rocks at and above the fragmentation level. Using the lithic volume and duration of EU3, the erosion rate of shallower cylindrical conduit was calculated at ∼5 × 103 m3/s. The outcomes of this work represent an important baseline for further petrologic and geophysical studies devoted to the comprehension of processes driving volcanic eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 545-555
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
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    Education and earthquake hazard preparedness: How do they fit together? (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: In the context of natural disasters, education is a method to achieve mitigating actions in case of severe damage caused by different sources. In regions prone to seismic activity, education is only a part of what can be defined as "earthquake hazard preparedness". Nevertheless, it is a significant part indeed, as it involves the building of awareness, the establishment of a culture of prevention, and even the increase of safety when it acts on the process of making future decisions. Bearing this in mind, the UPStrat-MAFA (Urban disasters Prevention Strategies using MAcroseismic Faults) projects relied on education to promote risk mitigation. Throughout the two-year long project (from 2012 to 2013), we analysed the weight that seismic-related topics have in the current education system within four European countries prone to seismic hazards (Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). Highlighting the major weaknesses we found, we developed strategies to cope with the urge of a culture of safety.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Istambul, Turkey
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic risk, disasters prevention, education ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 89
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    High-speed imaging of Strombolian explosions: The ejection velocity of pyroclasts (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: Explosive volcanic eruptions are defined as the violent ejection of gas and hot fragments from a vent in the Earth's crust. Knowledge of ejection velocity is crucial for understanding and modeling relevant physical processes of an eruption, and yet direct measurements are still a difficult task with largely variable results. Here we apply pioneering high-speed imaging to measure the ejection velocity of pyroclasts from Strombolian explosive eruptions with an unparalleled temporal resolution. Measured supersonic velocities, up to 405 m/s, are twice higher than previously reported for such eruptions. Individual Strombolian explosions include multiple, sub-second-lasting ejection pulses characterized by an exponential decay of velocity. When fitted with an empirical model from shock-tube experiments literature, this decay allows constraining the length of the pressurized gas pockets responsible for the ejection pulses. These results directly impact eruption modeling and related hazard assessment, as well as the interpretation of geophysical signals from monitoring networks.
    Description: INGV-DPC “V2” and “Paroxysm”, FIRB-MIUR “Research and Development of New Technologies for Protection and Defense of Territory from Natural Risks”, and FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008 – 235328 Projects
    Description: Published
    Description: L02301
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: strombolian ; ejection velocity ; explosive eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 90
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    Informal Education for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015)
    Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: Education is a long-term defence against disasters that enables societies to better cope with seismic hazard in different ways. It can directly influence risk perception, skills and knowledge, and promote access to information and resources. The ‘Urban Disasters Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Faults’ (UPStrat-MAFA) project investigated disaster mitigation strategies, including education. Risk reduction efforts implemented in schools were measured through surveys conducted mostly in Iceland, but also in major urban areas of Italy and Portugal that are all exposed to various levels of seismic hazard. The survey included an evaluation of how active local authorities were in the dissemination of information, and how this information was channelled to schools. Vulnerability mitigation for building interiors and efforts towards educating pupils towards a culture of safety were also measured. The study indicates that the authorities and scientists need to take actions for the introduction of hazard education into school curricula, and to provide better information on the hazard at the local level. However, above all, they owe children better tools towards a more efficient preparedness.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2105–2116
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: earthquake risk, preventive measures, preparedness, risk reduction, risk awareness ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 91
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    Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the unexploited geothermal field of the Vicano-Cimino volcanic district (central Italy) (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: The Vicano–Cimino Volcanic District (VCVD) is related to the post-orogenic magmatic activity of the peri- Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy. The chemical and isotopic compositions of 333 water discharges and 25 gas emissions indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) cold Ca-HCO3 to Ca(Na, K)-HCO3 type waters from relatively shallow aquifers hosted in volcanic and sedimentary formations; and 2) thermal Ca-SO4(HCO3) type waters located in a deep CO2-pressurized reservoir, hosted in carbonate–evaporite rocks and separated from the shallow aquifers by thick sequences of low-permeability formations. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by thermal metamorphic decarbonation within the deepest and hottest parts of the carbonate–evaporite reservoir (δ13C–CO2 from−3.1 to+2.2‰vs. VPDB), likely affected by a mantle-rooted CO2. ReleaseofCO2-rich gases from the deep aquifer into the overlying shallow aquifers produces high-CO2 springs and bubbling pools. The spatial distribution of thermal waters and CO2-rich cold discharges is strongly controlled by fractures and faults located in correspondencewith buried structural highs. Stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) suggest thatmeteoric water feeds both the shallowand deep reservoirs. The relatively lowR/Ra values (0.27–1.19) indicate that He ismainly deriving from a crustal source, with minor component from the mantle affected by crustal contamination related to the subduction of the Adriatic plate. Consistently, relatively high N2/Ar and N2/3He ratios and positive δ15N–N2 values (from0.91 to 5.7‰vs. air) characterize the VCVD gas discharges, suggesting the occurrence of a significant “excess” nitrogen. Isotopic compositions of CH4 (δ13C–CH4 and δD–CH4 values from−28.9 to−22.1‰vs. VPDB and from −176 to −138‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively), and composition of light alkanes are indicative of prevalent thermogenic CH4, although the occurrence of abiogenic CH4 production cannot be excluded. The δ34S–H2S values (from+9.3 to+11.4‰vs. VCDT) are consistentwith the hypothesis of H2S production fromthermogenic reduction of Triassic anhydrites. Gas geothermometry in the H2O–H2–Ar–H2S system suggests that the VCVD gases equilibrated in a liquid phase at redox conditions controlled by interactions of fluids with the local mineral assemblage at temperatures lower (b200 °C) than that andmeasured in deep (N2000 m) geothermalwells. This confirms that secondary processes, i.e. steam condensation, gas dissolution in shallow aquifers, re-equilibration at lower temperature, and microbial activity, significantly affect the chemistry of the uprising fluids. Thermal water chemistry supports the occurrence in this area of an anomalous heat flowthat, coupledwith the recent demographic growth, makes this site suitable for direct and indirect exploitation of the geothermal resource, in agreement with the preliminary surveys carried out in the 1970's–1990's for geothermal exploration purposes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 96-114
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geothermal resources ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
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  • 92
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    Multisensor Satellite Monitoring of the 2011 Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Eruption (2015)
    IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: This paper shows the main outcomes of the Puyehue volcano (Chile) eruption monitoring by means of multisensor remote sensing instruments working from thermal infrared (TIR) to microwave (MW) spectral range. Thanks to the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the eruption evolution was observed, capturing the deformations of volcano edifice, the lava extension, as well as the information on ash and gas emitted. On the one hand, SAR Interferometry applied to ENVISAT-ASAR data allowed the estimation of the deformation occurred just before the beginning of the eruption and the subsequent deflation, with monthly sampling. On the other hand, with the combined use of the very high resolution (VHR) images taken by COSMO-SkyMed X-band SAR, and ENVISAT-ASAR ones, we were able to follow the lava deposition during the most intense phase of the eruption. Additionally, the joined exploitation of SAR and optical MODIS images allowed ash detection, also in cloudy sky conditions. Finally, the information gathered by both types of sensors allowed to highlight some volcanological features of the eruption and the relationship between surface deformation and the amount of ash and gases emitted by the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2786 - 2796
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: SAR interferometry ; Ash ; surface deformation ; lava field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 93
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    Methane in serpentinized ultramafic rocks in mainland Portugal (2015)
    Elsevier Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: We report a new case of methane (CH4) of apparent abiotic origin in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Multiple analytical techniques, on-site and in the laboratory, revealed methane and ethane degassing from hyperalkaline (pH 〉 11) Ca2þ eOH mineral waters in boreholes drilled in the Alter-do- Chão igneous intrusion, at Cabeço de Vide, in mainland Portugal. The C and H isotopic composition of CH4 (d13C w 20&; d2H: 283&) suggests a dominant abiotic origin, although minor thermogenic contributions cannot be excluded. Similarly, low methane-to-ethane ratios suggest a predominantly nonmicrobial source, consistent with previous microbiological data showing the lack of methanogenic archaea in these waters. Heavier hydrocarbons, CO2 and H2 are below detection limits. This case study confirms that CH4 from serpentinized ultramafic rocks can be transported by hyperalkaline fluids linked to deep circulation of meteoric waters. Maximum depth of Cabeço de Vide serpentinized rocks is less than 1 km, and present temperatures are likely lower than 50 C. Serpentinization and related gas formation may have occurred at any time during thermal evolution of the igneous intrusion, so gas formation temperature cannot be easily determined. This case is an opportunity to test thermometry provided by CH4 isotopologue analyses. The existence of methane in continental serpentinized igneous rocks is more widespread than previously thought and petroleum systems with similar serpentinized ultramafics in reservoir rocks may have traces of the observed 13C-enriched CH4
    Description: Published
    Description: 12-16
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Abiotic methane, serpentinization ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
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    A new EMAG metrological approach for submarine detection: fundamentals of the numerical protocols and preliminary field performance (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: The characteristics of the geomagnetic field and its artificial components make the capability of reading and classifying large underwater cinematic sources (e.g. submarines) somewhat random. As an example the “ASW far detection procedure” is also affected by the induced magnetic field produced by man-made telluric currents. This could generate some dangerous false alarm. The problem is not an instrumental issue related to the instrument precision of the sensor (commercial magnetometers have precisions greater than the one required by the application) but a classical metrological matter that could be overcome with a correct measurement procedure. This moves the problem from technological to phenomenological aspects. By applying the C.A.I.MA.N. (Coastal Anti-Intruder MAgnetometric Network) experience, inter-nodal distances in the observation chain were calculated so as to correlate the noise and de-correlate the target signal (source type SU.S. "SUbmarine Standard"). By means of C.A.I.MA.N. protocols, targets signal contained in the “detection magnetogram” F(target) was isolated from F(noise+target) magnetogram using F(noise) (that includes also natural variations) as Time-Domain filter, and then submitted to standard LP procedure to increase the information capability. Finally, to overcome metrological problems related to the low incremental ratio [∂F/∂s]ds of the detected signal, we propose a power domain analysis of the detection magnetogram. Also without a dedicated technology, in a preliminary experiment for SU.S. detection the C.A.I.MA.N. anti-intruder system has been occasionally modified: the first results obtained in this study were found encouraging and further detailed investigations within this framework should be undertaken in a future study.
    Description: Published
    Description: IFA, Spain
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: underwater detection systems, port protection, magnetic signal processing, underwater magnetometers array
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 95
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    JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: We present a new surface-atmospheric dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis (JRA-55), referred to here as JRA55-do. The JRA55-do dataset aims to replace the CORE interannual forcing version 2 (hereafter called the CORE dataset), which is currently used in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs) and the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP). A major improvement in JRA55-do is the refined horizontal grid spacing (∼ 55 km) and temporal interval (3 hr). The data production method for JRA55-do essentially follows that of the CORE dataset, whereby the surface fields from an atmospheric reanalysis are adjusted relative to reference datasets. To improve the adjustment method, we use high-quality products derived from satellites and from several other atmospheric reanalysis projects, as well as feedback on the CORE dataset from the ocean modelling community. Notably, the surface air temperature and specific humidity are adjusted using multi-reanalysis ensemble means. In JRA55-do, the downwelling radiative fluxes and precipitation, which are affected by an ambiguous cloud parameterisation employed in the atmospheric model used for the reanalysis, are based on the reanalysis products. This approach represents a notable change from the CORE dataset, which imported independent observational products. Consequently, the JRA55-do dataset is more self-contained than the CORE dataset, and thus can be continually updated in near real-time. The JRA55-do dataset extends from 1958 to the present, with updates expected at least annually. This paper details the adjustments to the original JRA-55 fields, the scientific rationale for these adjustments, and the evaluation of JRA55-do. The adjustments successfully corrected the biases in the original JRA-55 fields. The globally averaged features are similar between the JRA55-do and CORE datasets, implying that JRA55-do can suitably replace the CORE dataset for use in driving global ocean–sea-ice models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-139
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
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    A GIS-based procedure for preliminary mapping of pluvial flood risk at metropolitan scale (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: A GIS-based procedure for mapping pluvial flood risk in urban areas is proposed; risk is expressed through an index calculated as the sum of susceptibility and potential impact, combined in a matrix. The susceptibility is defined as the probability of a flooding to occur, because of the ground morphology and the spatial probability density of historical floodings. The potential impact was evaluated by considering the consequences of damages on human health, environment, cultural heritages and economic activities, and accounts for the potential cost of damage. Both the susceptibility and the potential impact are calculated by elaborations of base-data in GIS environment. Despite many limitations, the methodology furnishes a tool for a preliminary screening of areas potentially subjected to pluvial flood, useful for a municipal scale mapping. It permits comparative analysis for detecting areas higher at risk, helping prioritizing the emergency management and the planning of mitigation actions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-84
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 97
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    On some features characterizing the plasmasphere-magnetosphere-ionosphere system during the geomagnetic storm of 27 May 2017 (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: This paper presents how the magnetosphere-plasmasphere-ionosphere system was affected as a whole during the geomagnetic storm peaking on 27 May 2017. The interplanetary conditions, the magnetospheric response in terms of the magnetopause motion, and the ionospheric current flow pattern were investigated using data, respectively, from the WIND spacecraft, from GOES15, GOES13, THEMIS E, THEMIS D and THEMIS A satellites and from the INTERMAGNET magnetometer array. The main objective of the work is to investigate the plasmaspheric dynamics under disturbed conditions and its possible relation to the ionospheric one; to reach this goal, the equatorial plasma mass densities derived from geomagnetic field line resonance observations at the European quasi-Meridional Magnetometer Array (EMMA) and total electron content values obtained through three GPS receivers close to EMMA were jointly considered. Despite the complexity of physical mechanisms behind them, we found a similarity between the ionospheric and plasmaspheric characteristic recovery times. Specifically, the ionospheric characteristic time turned out to be ~ 1.5 days, ~ 2 days and ~ 3.1 days, respectively, at L ~ 3, L ~ 4 and L ~ 5, while the plasmaspheric one, for similar L values, ranged from ~ 1 day to more than 4 days.
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 77
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 98
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    Coarse grained parameters for detection of volcano-tectonic activity inferred by CICA (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: The main aim of this work is to recognize the occurrence of seismic VT activity and its discrimination among other active and persistent natural and/or artificial sources, such as meteo-marine and anthropogenic noise. This task is of interest because it would support the routine practices of the observatories, considering that on the hourly scale events of very small energy are often completely hidden and not even the tedious work of operators can be resolved. To achieve that goal we adopt a robust automatic method, namely the Convolutive Independent Component Analysis (CICA), which in involves higher-order statistics in frequency domain. This technique is successful in seismological framework in the case of seismic signals, which can be considered as the convolution of time delayed source signals. In this work, we focus on Volcano Tectonic (VT) activity at Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) during the 2006 ground uplift. The activity is characterized approximately by 300 low-magnitude (Md 〈 2; for the definition of duration magnitude, see Petrosino et al., [2008]) VT earthquakes. Most of them were concentrated in distinct seismic sequences with hypocentres mainly clustered beneath the Solfatara-Accademia area, at depths ranging between 1 and 4 km b.s.l.. CICA is fruitfully applied to massive data on hourly scale obtaining a separation among different independent sources. Specifically, the identification of meteo-marine (〈 1 Hz), anthropogenic noise (mainly affecting [8-14] Hz frequency range), and hydrothermal tremor (at about 0.8 Hz) is achieved in absence of VT activity, defining the background level. Variations of that underlying condition appear in approaching to the period of intense low-energy VT activity. Namely, a further component in 13-15 Hz compatible with the typical corner frequency of VTs is extracted. We propose a coarse-grained procedure directly applied to massive data separated through CICA, which would provide fast alert on the occurrence of even very-small VTs representing a suitable “observable” to monitor in the observatory practice.
    Description: Published
    Description: Naples
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; ICA
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
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    The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: The GSSP for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) is defined at meter level 197 in the Monte Cagnero section, which belongs to the pelagic succession of the Umbria–Marche basin (Urbania, central Italy: 43°38′47.81″N–12°28′03.83″E). This level with an astronomical age of 27.82 Ma coincides with the highest common occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina cubensis at the base of planktonic foraminiferal O5 Zone and falls in the upper part of calcareous nannofossil NP24 Zone, in the lower part of dinocyst Dbi Zone, and in the lower Chron C9n. The proposal was approved by the International Subcommission of Paleogene Stratigraphy in July 2015, approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy in August 2016, and ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences in September 2016.
    Description: Published
    Description: 17-32
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stratigraphy ; Oligocene ; Stratigraphy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
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    Landslides, volcanism and volcano-tectonics: the fragility of the Neapolitan territory. Cities on Volcanoes 10 Meeting – Napoli 2018 (2019)
    Servizio Geologico d’Italia - ISPRA e della Società Geologica Italiana
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: Small landslides to large debris flows and debris avalanches affected the Neapolitan territory surrounding the active volcanoes of the area: Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia. Their variable intensity explosive eruptions produced significant quantities of loose pyroclastic material on the slopes of the volcanoes and of the surrounding reliefs. Remobilization processes of this material occurred during and soon after large explosive eruptions, although their intensity and frequency decreased during inter-eruptive periods. The intensity of these processes varies with the different eruptions and is strongly dependent on availability of fine ash in proximal and distal areas. The areas involved varies from hundreds to millions square meters. The syn-eruptive debris flows of the Vesuvius 472 AD eruption are described in detail. Huge ground uplift of the central part of the Ischia resurgent caldera generated debris/rock avalanches, which likely caused tsunamis. Archaeological sites affected by syn-eruptive debris flows have been selected to show the effects of their deposition. Hydraulic risk and risk mitigation actions, emergency management and preparedness measures will be discussed in one of the areas mostly affected by recent debris flows. At Ischia the characteristics of debris/rock avalanches and lahars related to the resurgence and to the reactivation of volcanism will be discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-53
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanism ; landslides ; debris flows ; debris avalanches ; hydraulic risk ; risk mitigation ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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