ALBERT

Description: A survey of the literature in which species of Musci are reported for Colombia, amplified by unpublished identifications of recent collections, indicates a known flora of 750 species. About 600 published names are treated as synonyms. An annotated list of the collectors is also provided, as well as notes on critical localities and itineraries, especially those of Purdie, Lindig and Wallis. Moss collections of Moritz, Wagner and Osculati are not from Colombia. Two new combinations are proposed: Campylopus pittieri Williams var. congestum (Thér.) comb. nov. and C. pittieri var. latilimbatum (Thér.) comb. nov.

Description: In this first paper on the liverworts of the leeward islands of the Netherlands Antilles, a total of 16 species are being reported; 15 from Curasao (mainly Christoffelberg area) and 2 from Bonaire. All species are drought-tolerant and widespread in the neotropical lowlands. A key to the species and references to descriptions of each species are given as well as short notes on distribution and ecology.

Description: The present paper deals with the wood anatomy of the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae). Generic descriptions of the secondary xylem of Blakea, Topobea, and Huilaea are given and compared with data on 16 genera of the Miconieae. Numerical pattern detection was undertaken. The results confirm our preliminary ideas that Blakea and Topobea do not differ enough to enable the separation of these genera on the basis of their wood anatomy. Within the Miconieae it is not possible to separate the genera. However, some anatomical differences between the two tribes were found. The genus Huilaea seems to belong in the Blakeeae although it also shows similarities with the Miconieae. Wurdack’s suggestion (pers. comm.) that the Blakeeae are closest to the genera Loreya and Bellucia, and perhaps should be merged with the Miconieae, is supported to some degree.

Description: Morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of 6 species of Cladonia subgenus Cladina (Lichenes) from the Colombian paramos are described: C. arcuata Ahti, C. boliviano Ahti, C. confusa Sant., C. polia Sant., C. rangiferina (L.) Wigg. var. abbayesii Ahti, and C. colombiana spec. Nov. C. bicolor (Mull. Arg.) Ahti is reduced to synonymy under C. polia.

Description: Now that at the Jakarta Forestry Congress it was announced on the behalf of the Indonesian government that a target area has been set to conserve 5% of the land area, eventually to be increased to 10%, the time has come to indicate how these areas are to be allocated. Botanical arguments are available as a guidance; they are drawn from established sources, including experience from work at the Rijksherbarium. A number of points are here given. 1. In Malesia, it is usually possible, clearly to distinguish between primary forest: rich in species, balanced as an ecosystem, complex, fragile, different from place to place, in which rarity of species prevails, slow in regeneration, irreplaceable within any foreseeable amount of time, and secondary forest: poor in species, an ecosystem in succession, simple, aggressive, consisting of common, widespread species, quick in regeneration, and entirely renewable. From the botanical point of view, secondary forest has no conservation value, only primary forest has.

Description: ASHTON, P.S., Crown characteristics of tropical trees. In Tomlinson & Zimmermann (ed.), Tropical Trees as Living Systems (1978) p. 591-615, 8 fig. An important subject in relation to bioproduction. Approaches are through Leaf Area Index (the area of leaf surface above a unit area of ground) and Leaf Area Density (ditto per volume of space). Field work was done in Malaya by students; the simple methods are described. Macaranga gigantea is compared with Musanga cecropioides; other pioneer species are quite different, however. Two profile diagrams of secondary forest are given. Crowns are modified in competition, as reflected in LAI and LAD. Plagiotropic branching allows trees to broaden quickly. Light- or shadepreference is not clearly correlated to architectural model. Givnish & Vermey’s prediction of variation in leaf shape, size, and inclination in lianas as a result of transpirational costs against photosynthetic gains, is discussed and clarified. Dipterocarps may change their model in maturity. — M.J.

Description: In recent years considerable interest has been taken in the characteristics of seeds and seedlings, especially those of rainforest species. The rapid destruction of the world’s rainforests is the cause of great concern to many. Efforts at rehabilitation and reafforestation can be assisted considerably if seedlings can be readily recognised and their ecological requirements ascertained. Many botanists such as Duke (1965, 1969) and Burger (1972) are endeavouring to add information on this aspect of rainforest ecology. Systematic botanists also find characters of seedling morphology and anatomy useful as evidence of relationships at various levels of taxonomy, and also in some cases, Bailey (1956), as evidence in phylogenetic studies. One character which occurs in many rainforest species is the presence of domatia — small structures occurring on the lower surface of the leaf blade in or very close to the vein axils. They may be in the form of a pit in the leaf tissue, a pocket formed by a connection of tissue across a vein axil, a tuft of hairs or a dome of tissue elevated above the leaf surface with an opening in or near the centre. These four — pit, pocket, hair-tuft and dome — are, following Jacobs (1966a), the basic elemental types. In some cases, a domatium may have a structure in which elements are combined. Domatia occur only in woody dicotyledons, trees, shrubs or vines, and in the majority of cases, those species are of humid forest origin. Often they are quite distinctive and their presence has been used as a supporting character in systematic studies of tropical and subtropical floras. To date they have not been recorded in seedlings.

Description: Small or large resinous usually evergreen trees, usually buttressed, and often (if large trees) with flaky or fissured bark. Some or most parts with a tomentum of fascicled hairs, or sometimes single hairs, unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs, or multicellular, short or long lobed or peltate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, margin entire or sinuate, not crenate, terminating ± abruptly at the ± prominent geniculate petiole, penninerved (in Dryobalanops and some Hopea nerves ~, dense and slender), often with domatia in axils between nerves and midrib or along midrib and (rarely) nerves; tertiary nerves scalariform or reticulate. Stipules paired, large or small, persistent or fugaceous, leaving small to amplexicaul scars. Inflorescence paniculate, racemose, rarely cymose, ± regularly, rarely irregularly, branched, terminal or axillary; bracts and bracteoles paired, small or large, persistent or fugaceous. Flowers secund or distichous, bisexual, actinomorphic, scented, nodding. Calyx persistent, 5-merous; 2-5 sepals usually greatly enlarging into wing-like lobes in fruit; sepals either free to base, imbricate in bud, remaining so or becoming valvate in fruit, or fused at base, forming a cup or tube ± enclosing the fruit, adnate to or free from it. Corolla 5-merous, contorted, base connate or free, usually partially or entirely unicellular hairy. Stamens 5-110, 1-3 verticillate or irregular, hypogynous or subperigynous, centrifugal; filaments compressed or filiform, free or connate, frequently cohering with petals on falling; anthers erect, 2-celled with (2-)4 pollen sacs, introrse or laterally dehiscent; tapetal cells binucleate, pollen grains 2-celled at anthesis; connective with short or prominent appendage. Ovary superior or semi-inferior, 3-, rarely 2-, locular; style ± thickened at base into a stylopodium, entire or trifid towards apex; stigma obscure or prominent, 3- or 6-lobed. Ovules 2(-3) in each loculus, axile, pendulous or laterally anatropous, bitegmatic with ventral raphe and superior micropyle. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded; with woody pericarp and persistent ± aliform sepals. Embryo-sac development of Polygonum type: endosperm of the nuclear type, embryo development normal, ripe seeds with or more usually without endosperm; cotyledons equal or more usually unequal and with one more or less enclosing the other, laminar or fleshy, entire or lobed, enclosing the radical. Germination epigeal or hypogeal; pericarp splitting irregularly or along 3 sutures. Distribution. The newly described monotypic genus Pakaraimaea MAGUIRE & ASHTON (1977), locally found in the south of former British Guyana, makes the family pantropical, confined to the lowlands and hills of the tropics below 1800 m. Fig. 2. This genus represents a distinct subfamily Pakaraimoideae.

Description: All types of entolomatoid fungi available in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague have been studied. In this first report the types of 30 species described by Velenovský in Nolanea, Leptonia and Telamonia (one species) are described. Species accepted here have, if necessary, been transferred to Entoloma, which resulted in 18 new combinations and 4 new names. One described in Nolanea had to be transferred to Pluteus.

Description: This long expected second part of the British fungus flora covers the genus Coprinus. Each of the 90 species is described and illustrated. Information about cultures and genetics is added. Taxa, only differing in the number of spores formed on a basidium, are treated as separate species. A key is provided for the determination of sections, stirps, and species.

Description: As is explained in other papers in this jubilee volume (v. Steenis – Kruseman, Smit) it was not on purpose, but by coincidence that the Rijksherbarium came to Leiden. However, Leiden will have been the obvious alternative after Brussels, for Fischer as well as for Von Siebold. There Reinwardt, founder of the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg (now Bogor, Indonesia), was professor since 1821. There the State Museum of Natural History had been founded in 1820. There was also situated the old and famous Hortus Academicus with which also Von Siebold had his contacts while in Japan and which was the destination of a large shipment of live plants he had brought with him. Actually, shipping the collections to Leiden meant the return to an earlier plan, discussed at the Ministry in 1827. Possibly at Reinwardt’s suggestion the plan had been put forward to merge Blume’s collection with those in the possession of Leiden University, then still called the Hogeschool (= High School). The main components of the University herbarium were the Reinwardt collection and the herbarium Van Royen, other important collections (De Vriese, Teysmann, Junghuhn, Splitgerber) only later coming into the possession of the university. Although the Rijksherbarium came to Leiden after all, the combination was not completed before the last year of Miquel’s directorate (see the paper by Mrs. Van Steenis in this jubilee volume, p. 29).

Description: Seven Coleus species, of which six occur in Sri Lanka and one in East Africa, are transferred to Plectranthus. The following new names are published: P. grandis (Cramer) Willemse, P. inflatus (Benth.) Willemse, P. malabaricus ( (Benth.) Willemse, var. malabaricus and var. leptostachys (Benth.) Willemse, P. kanneliyensis (Cramer & Balasubramaniam) Willemse, P. crameri Willemse (nom. nov. for Coleus mollis Benth.), P. elongatus (Trim.) Willemse, and P. scandens (Guerke) Willemse.

Description: The important genus Agathis is well represented in the rich flora of the island of Borneo. In some places it forms nearly pure stands and has been heavily exploited for its resin and for lumber. Three species, one of which merely represents leaf variations from another, have been proposed previously for this genus in Borneo (Warburg, 1900; Meijer Drees, 1940). Several hundred collection numbers can be found in the major herbaria, much the majority of which belong to one species. This is particularly true for the non-Asian herbaria. During several field trips to Borneo, however, I identified three additional quite distinct unnamed species. The great variability of leaf size and shape even on individual plants in this genus together with difficulty in making good representative collections from these immense trees has surely hindered the recognition of the distinctions to be described here. None of these species has been totally overlooked, to be sure, inasmuch as a few specimens of each have previously reached the major herbaria. Furthermore, Whitmore (1979) concluded after seeing some of this material that it did not correspond to any of the species already described from Borneo but in fact represented Agathis dammara, a species not actually found in Borneo. I will describe all five Borneo species in order to clarify their distinctions. Only fully mature pollen cones and seed cone scales will be considered in this description along with as much as possible the normal foliage leaves as opposed to the poorly developed leaves of primary branches and seed cone bearing shoots.

Description: In the following the role of morphology, anatomy and palynology in systematics at the Rijksherbarium will be discussed, as far as flowering plants are concerned. It will be demonstrated that most of the research in this field is rooted in the interest of individual workers, and that no planning was involved until recently. The scope of it varied, as it was done either for pure taxonomic purposes, or for systematic and phylogenetic reasons, or for its own merit. Chiefly, I think, the study of morphology s.l. originated because Suringar, Hallier, Lotsy, and especially Lam, were interested in achieving a more natural or evolutionary system of the Angiosperms. Lotsy and Lam extended their interest to the other Cormophytes as well. In 1895 W. F. R. Suringar published a booklet which was intended as a summary of his lectures. His idea was that the tree of natural affinities could be a preparation and a guide to a real genealogical tree. He pictured this tree with a number of main branches, each of them bearing a number of ramification systems. He adorned this tree with a winding red line connecting groups of plants from different ramification systems. Formerly these groups had been arranged in a linear sequence of increasing complexity by A. P. de Candolle.

Description: Soon after the foundation of the Rijksherbarium in 1829 King Willem I of the Netherlands presented the herbarium of C. H. Persoon to this institute. The fungi in this famous herbarium, along with some other collections, among which the tropical fungi collected by F. W. Junghuhn and H. Zollinger, formed the basis for the mycological herbarium. But in the early period of the Rijksherbarium, owing to a shortage of funds and the absence of a curator for the cryptogams, the collections of fungi and lichens were badly neglected and remained in disorder for a long time. It was the third director of the Rijksherbarium, W. F. R. Suringar (director from 1871 to 1898) who became aware of the omissions in the collections of cryptogams and who took measures to fill the gaps. During his period several series of cryptogamic exsiccata were bought. He also acquired the cryptogamic collections of J. K. Hasskarl and L. H. Buse as well as the well-known lichen herbarium of G. W. Körber. But there still was no one to look after these collections.

Description: In 1977 hebban we in het gebied rond Ambleteuse amfibieën bestudeerd. Bij inventarisatie troffen we Triturus vulgaris, T. helveticus, T.alpestris, T.cristatus. Rana temporaria, Hyla arborea, Bufo bufo, B. calamita, Alytes obstetricans, Pelodytes punctatus en Salamandra salamandra aan. Verschillend van voorgaande jaren was dat T.helveticus midden in de duinen bij Ambleteuse werd gevonden en dat P.punctatus frequenter en ook iets noordelijker voorkwam. R.arvalis en R.esculenta zijn in tegenstelling tot ’74 en ’75 niet aangetroffen. De vangstresultaten over de afgelopen vier jaar in de poelen die wij bezocht hebben, zijn gerangschikt in een tabel. Met behulp van gemerkte dieren konden we in een klein gebied, met dicht bijelkaar gelegen poelen aantonen dat watersalamanders zich tussen de voortplantingspoelen verplaatsen, waarbij T.alpestris het meest actief is. Tevens kwam naar voren dat het hoogtepunt van de voortplantingstijd voor T.cristatus iets later valt dan voor de andere watersalamanders. Onderzoek naar eiafzet leverde op dat voorkeur voor bepaalde planten samenhangt met de morfologie en beschikbaarheid op het moment van eiafzet en dat er van specifieke relaties waarschijnlijk geen sprake is. Op plastic planten worden ook eieren afgezet, bij voorkeur vlak onder het wateroppervlak. De eieren op dit kunstmatig substraat ontwikkelen zich tot levenskrachtige larven.

Description: Twenty-seven species of Pycnogonida are recorded from the mediolittoral and infralittoral zones in the West Indies and of the north coast of South America, including two new species. Eurycyde acanthopus n. sp. was found on the shelf off the coast of Venezuela. Anoplodactylus monotrema n. sp. is widely distributed in the area; it has apparently been confused in the past with A. robustus (Dohrn, 1881). The morphology of the latter, and of the closely related A. virescens (Hodge, 1864), is discussed. Material from Amsterdam and St. Paul islands (Indian Ocean) attributed to A. virescens, is considered to belong to a separate species, A. dentimanus. – The range of several species is extended. Two species of Endeis, viz. E. meridionalis (Bohm, 1879) and E. biseriata Stock, 1968, were found for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean; formerly they were recorded from the Indo-West Pacific only. An Achelia is provisionally identified as A. langi (Dohrn, 1881), a species hitherto known from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. — The male of Tanystylum isthmiacum difficile Stock, 1966, is illustrated for the first time; it is concluded that T. isthmiacum and T. geminum Stock, 1954, do not form a pair of vicarious species. The male sex of Ammothella exornata Stock, 1975, is also recorded for the first time.

Description: Epinephelus (Cephalopholis) cruentatus (Lacépède, 1802) [Petrometopon cruentatum], the Graysby, is one of the most common groupers on the coral reef at the southwest coast of Curaçao. They are very abundant at a depth from 7½ to 9 m. A second, lower maximum in their vertical distribution is found at a depth of 30 m. Juveniles are found mainly at a depth of about 6 m in crevices of the coral species Montastrea annularis. The calculated number of fish actually present appeared to be 24 specimens in a transect of 240 m2 at a depth of 9 m. Measurements were made of the percentage of bottom cover and of the quantity of coral structure. A strong correlation was found between both. For the studied coral reef in Curaçao a high percentage of bottom cover means at the same time a high quantity of structure and thus of hiding places for the Graysbys. A strong correlation (p 〈 0.01) could be observed between the mean number of E. cruentatus and the mean percentage of bottom cover of the coral species M. annularis and Agaricia spp. These coral species have an important influence upon the vertical distribution of E. cruentatus by their growth form, which supplies hiding possibilities e.g. holes, overhangs, crevices. There is a suggestion of a movement in the population to shallower waters during the spawning season. In Curaçao the Graysbys appear to be diurnal. During the night they move deeper into caves and crevices of the reef. The most important food fish of the Graysby, Chromis multilineata, shows the same vertical distribution as its predator and seems also to be strongly determined by the percentage of cover of M. annularis and Agaricia. Otolith readings of E. cruentatus demonstrate that each year 3 growth rings are formed, the formation of which starts in September, January and June. Juveniles, however, form 7 growth rings a year. The translucent zones in the adults are formed in September, January and June, when food intake, condition factor and body growth is low. In the periods following these three months, the opaque zones are formed and this formation coincides with maxima in food intake, condition factor and body growth. Possibly a change in temperature is a factor in initiating a new growth ring. Growth in length and weight of the Graysbys occurs especially in February and to a lesser extent during July and October. The growth equation of Von Bertalanffy for E. cruentatus in Curaçao is: Lt = 41.5 (1 — e-0.13 (t + 0.94)). The total length-standard length relationship is expressed by the equation: y = 1.2091 x + 0.2326 and appears to be linear. The length-weight relationship found for the Graysbys is: W = 0.0121 x TL 3.0821, and is closely proportional to the cube of the length. The spawning season occurs from May to October. Mating takes place especially in August and September. Mature females are found mainly between 16 and 25 cm TL, at an age of 4 and 5 years, mature males between 21.5 and 27.4 cm TL in age group 6 and to a lesser extent in age groups 5 and 7, transitionals between 19.5 and 23.4 cm in age groups 4 and 5. For the transitionals in the length-range of 19.5-23.4 cm a transition rate of 10% was found. This relatively high rate is linked with a high increase of numbers of males in this length-range. Transition occurs usually in September, and to a lesser extent during July, August and October, immediately after spawning. A sex-ratio of 2.5 : 1 was observed for mature females and males. A significant correlation (p 〈 0.01) exists between transition rate and sex-ratio. In general a strong dominance of females coincides with a relatively low transition rate and vice versa. Females spawn only once a season, whereas males spawn more frequently and can mate with more than one female. E. cruentatus feeds mainly on fish (75%) and to a lesser extent on crustaceans (18%). Juveniles, however, feed more on shrimps (80%) than on fish. The equation found for the relation mean weight of stomach contents and size classes is: w = 0.00567 x TL3.5917, this indicates that the weight of the stomach contents is a function of about the third power of the length. Graysbys show preference for Chromis multilineata (± 55%). They feed especially at sunrise and sunset. Food intake varies considerably during the year and is in general high between February and August and lower in the rest of the year. In addition, minima in food intake can be observed in January, September, and possibly in June, and maxima in October-November, February-March and July. These minima and maxima in food intake correspond with time of ring formation in the otoliths. A significant correlation was found between food intake and condition factor during the year (p 〈 0.01).

Description: Statistical analyses of the interrelationships between body size, dry weight, and number of eggs per gravid female were carried out in Gammarus alinus, Bathyporeia sarsi, Microdeutopus gryllotalpa and Corophium insidiosum sampled in Kiel Bay (western Baltic Sea). In all cases closed correspondence between real andpredicted data was found, if the regressions were expressed as power functions (y = b'.xSUP-m or ln y = ln b'+ m.ln x = b + m.ln x). The exponent m seems to be rather constant in gammaridean amphipods: it is usuallyabout 2.4 to 2.8 in the size-weight regression, 2.7 to 3.6 in the size-egg-number regression, and 1.1. to 1.5 in the weight-egg-number regression. The parameter b is obviously more species-dependent and presumably also influenced to a higher degree by ecological factors.

Description: J. falcata, an unselective suspension feeder, was cultivated in standing, unaerated finger bowls, feeding on amixture of Brachionus plicatilis, Scrippsiella faeroense, Ulva sp., and natural detritus. This amphipod can also be maintained with diets composed of dead or live material of both plant and animal origin, but an addition ofliving zooplankton is necessary for long-term cultivation. Starvation resistance is higher in females than inmales, and it is increased by lower temperatures. The life span of J. falcata increases with decreasing temperature, and it is generally higher in females (maximum: 252 days at 10 °C) than in males. In laboratory culture, a bimodal mortality pattern is typical with high juvenile death rates, low mortality during thereproductive phase, and again increasingly high death rates toward the end of the life cycle. Growth rate depends on temperature, sex, and individual age. The temperature dependence of growth is particularly high inmales, and it is higher in adults than in juveniles. The total number of moults is lower in males (5 to 6) than infemales (7 to 9). Sexual maturity is attained at moult IV to V. The average incubation time of eggs is about 9 to 16 days (highest value at 10 °C). Three to 4 broods were observed, with largest numbers of offspring at 10 °C.

Description: Experiments have been carried out on the duration of larval development of H. araneus-, in relation to temperature, food quality, and individual variation. A graphical model is presented which predicts larval occurrence and settlement in the field (Helgoland waters, North Sea). Preliminary observations are reported on predator-prey interactions with larvae of the spionid polychaete Polydora ciliata-. Cannibalism and necrophagy during starvation experiments with zooplankton are considered: In larvae which are not kept in individual confinement, maximum survival time doubles due to feeding on living or dead sibling larvae. Analyses are presented revealing elemental and biochemical composition of starved and fed larvae as well as energy equivalents calculated from these data. During starvation, early larvae lose carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Their main metabolic substrate is protein; lipid is utilized to a much lesser extent. Exoskeleton formation is, apparently, independent of nutrition: Zoea-1 larvae starved for 8 days contain the same amount of chitin as larvae fed well over this period of time. Energy calculations suggest an extremely low respiration rate and a very effective reconstruction of body material in starved larvae.

Description: The life cycles of the three most frequent amphipod species of the shallow waters of Kiel Bay (western Baltic Sea) were studied by evaluating their length-frequency distributions and percentages of gravid females over a15-month period. B. sarsi has two generations per year. The first one hatches in late spring and reproduces insummer. Its offspring overwinters and closes the cycle by breeding in spring. The reproductive phase in the population lasts from May to November; the minimum temperature for reproduction is about 6 C. M. gryllotalpa has a life cycle similar to that of B. sarsi, but less pronounced breeding periods and a shorter reproductive phase (end of June to October). C. insidiosum produces three generations per year during theperiod from end of April to beginning of November. Reproduction culminates in late spring/mid-summer, and to a lesser degree, in autumn. In the last two species variation in sex ratio shows a relationship to thereproductive cycle.

Description: This amphipod is mainly a suspension feeder, but it can also switch to deposit feeding. It was cultivated instanding, unaerated finger bowls, feeding on detritus, living or dried algal matter, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), or large-sized phytoplankton. A mixture of these items gave best results and hence was used for long-termcultivation. Preliminary results are presented on ingestion rate (suspension feeding), digestion rate, starvationresistance, and elemental and biochemical composition. In the life cycle of C. insidiosum, several factors werefound to play an important role: temperature, individual age, sex, and in contrast to other amphipod speciesthus far studied also the age of the mother animal at the time of breeding. Increasing temperature reduces thetotal life span, the age and size at the time of attaining sexual maturity, and the duration of marsupial development. It increases growth and moulting rate. At increasing individual age, the growth rate, and in males also the moulting rate, decrease, while the number of offspring per brood and surprisingly also the duration ofits marsupial development increase. Females generally have a longer life span than males, and they show a higher number of moults, higher moulting frequency and growth rate, and a larger maximum body size. Body length and age at the time of reaching sexual maturity are smaller in males than in females. Furthermore the age of the mother animal at the time of breeding proved to be of particular importance: Individuals from early broods have an apparently longer life span than those originating from late broods, and they have more moults, mostly a higher growth rate, higher number of offspring and longer incubation of broods.

Description: Our 150th anniversary is commemorated in a rather modest way and it is not our intention to make it an important international event. However, we decided to dedicate part of Blumea to the jubilee, not only in order to bring our anniversary to the attention of our colleagues abroad, but also in order to bring the historiography of our institute more or less up to date.

Description: Bei einer Untersuchung in einer Anzahl von niederländischen „blauwgraslanden“ (d. h. „blaue Wiesen“, Cirsio-Molinietum, Junco-Molinion) wurde Ctenidium molluscum angetroffen, eine Art, welche in den Niederlanden mehr oder weniger zum Mesobromion gerechnet wird. Untersuchungen an altem Herbarmaterial ergaben, daß die Art im vorigen Jahrhundert auch mehrere Male in den Übergangsgebieten zwischen Pleistozän und Holocän gefunden worden ist, wo es früher u. a. ausgedehnte „blauwgraslanden“ gab, und hier und da auch Gesellschaften aus dem Caricion davallianae. Den alten Funden von Ctenidium molluscum waren oft andere Arten, überwiegend aus dem Caricion davallianae, beigemischt. Literaturangaben aus Grasländern, Mooren und Heiden von Irland bis Österreich brachten zutage, daß der soziologische Anschluß von Ctenidium molluscum sich geographisch verschiebt: im extrem atlantischen Klima findet sich das Moos in verschiedenen Milieutypen, von ziemlich trockenen bis zu nassen Böden, in Gegenden mit trockenerem Klima nur auf feuchten bis nassen Böden. Außer dieser naß/trocken-Verschiebung handelt es sich teilweise auch um eine basisch/sauer-Verschiebung: in Zentral-Europa kalkstet, in NW-Europa bodenvag. Man hat den Eindruck, daß solche Verschiebungen u.a. für die Gradientgrasländer (im Sinn von VAN LEEUWEN) charakteristisch sind. Hier findet sich Ctenidium molluscum mit Arten wie Linum catharticum, Briza media, Carex flacca und auch Fissidens adianthoides, wobei Ctenidium seltener ist. Wahrscheinlich erfordert Ctenidium einen stärkeren Gradienten als die anderen erwähnten Arten. Demzufolge wird Ctenidium molluscum im niederländischen „blauwgrasland“ heute nahezu nicht mehr angetroffen, da sich nicht nur das Areal vom „blauwgrasland“ sehr stark vermindert hat, sondern auch die noch erhaltenen Naturschutzgebiete stark von der allgemeinen Nivellierung (der Herabsetzung des Wasserstandes und der Eutrophierung, also der Abnahme der Gradientsituationen) betroffen sind. Den Herren Prof. Dr. J. J. Barkman, Drs. J. H. WILLEMS und Dr. H. J. During danke ich für kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts, Herrn Drs. E. A. MENNEGA für die Übersetzung.

Description: In the course of next year a revision of the surinam Musaceae will be published. A new Heliconia species recognized during this study, is described here.

Description: Flora Malesiana series i volume 8 instalment 3, pages (1)-(19) and 301- 577 came from the press in October 1978. Price Dfl. 190. It contains the Title page, Contents, Dedication to F.A.W. Miquel by F.A. Stafleu (a very full account of Miquel’s significance for Malesian botany), Abbreviations and signs, Revisions, Addenda (mainly in the Rhizophoraceae), and Index, by Mrs. M.J. van Steenis-Kruseman. The binding of volume 8 is also available. The revisions of this instalment are two. H. Keng, Labiatae (p. 301- 394, 32 fig.), deals with 88 wild and 25 cultivated species in 32 genera. Also mentioned are 11 cultivated species, in 9 other genera. Distribution is extensively discussed; J. Muller gave a palynological comment on the subdivision of the family. A long chapter on phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy, digesting many recent data, was contributed by R. Hegnauer. Ding Hou, Anacardiaceae (p. 395-548, 69 fig.), deals with 149 sp. in 22 genera. Seedlings are discussed by E.F. de Vogel, anatomy with many data by P. Baas, chemistry with many new compounds by R. Hegnauer.

Description: Fascicles of Flora of India. The first fascicle of this new Flora of India was issued by the Botanical Survey of India in 1978. It contains the treatment of Coriariaceae (2 sp.) and Paeoniaceae (1 sp.), both by Dr. M.A. Rau, in all 8 printed pages, each family illustrated by one full-page plate. The treatment is the usual one in a Flora, with descriptions and keys, synonymy etc., in a concise form, the descriptions occupying 6-9 lines of print. Headings under each species are: citation of the type, flowering and fruiting months, distribution, uses, chromosome numbers, and notes. There is a lamentable lack of any entry on ecology (except altitude and flowering & fruiting time).

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk: *.

Description: Banks, Joseph (1743-1820) J. Braybrooke Marshall, The handwriting of Joseph Banks, his scientific staff and amanuenses. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 6 (1978) 1-85, 62 fig. Introductory chapters precede many facsimile handwritings reproduced. Boschma, Hilbrand (22.iv.1893-22.7.1976) W. Vervoort, Zoöl. Bijdr. no. 22 (1977) 1-28, portr., bibliogr. During a short stay in Java in 1921 he collected plants on some islands in the Java Sea NW of Jakarta. See Fl. Males, vol. 1.

Description: Trees, shrubs, lianas, woody epiphytes or (extra-Mai.) more rarely herbs. Branches usually stout with leaves clustered at their ends; armed or unarmed; glabrous or with a tomentum of stellate or simple hairs; buds either covered by the stipular sheaths of leaves or by cataphylls. Leaves spiral or rarely opposite or in whorls; petiole usually clasping the stem; stipules either distinct or united into a ligule or absent (in Osmoxylon the petiole bears ± elaborate crests around its base); lamina digitately compound or pinnate, sometimes to the second or third degree, or simple, when either entire or pinnately or palmately lobed, margin entire or dentate. Inflorescence terminal or more rarely lateral; either simple or compound racemes or spikes, or more commonly of umbels or capitula, either solitary or arranged in compound umbels or panicles; bracts usually small and caducous; pedicel either articulated with the flower or continuous with it. Flowers hermaphrodite or heterosexual, sometimes dioecious; actinomorphic. Calyx lobes small, or reduced to a rim, or rarely absent. Petals 3 to numerous, often 5, sometimes fused into a calyptra, or forming a tube with spreading lobes (Osmoxylon), valvate or imbricate in bud, usually with a broad base but rarely narrowed below. Stamens usually as many as the petals and alternating with them, or twice as many, or indefinite; filaments inserted at the edge of the disk; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, pollen sacs 4 or rarely 8. Ovary inferior, half inferior, or very rarely (extra-Mai.) superior, 1- to many-celled, the top of the ovary usually a fleshy disk; styles and stigmas as many as the cells, either connate or wholly or partially free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, anatropous, with the raphe ventral. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, exocarp usually fleshy, endocarp forming cartilaginous or membranaceous pyrenes around the seeds. Seeds one per pyrene, with a small embryo within smooth or ruminate endosperm. Distribution. About 50 genera with a roughly estimated 1150 species, ranging mainly in the warmer parts of both hemispheres (especially in montane zones), a small number in or extending to cool-temperate regions. With the exception of SE. Asia, the family and its centres of distribution are largely found within the land masses derived from ancient Gondwanaland. In Malesia 17 genera with a total (excluding Schefflera) of 117 species in 16 genera. (The largest genus, Schefflera, with an estimated 250 species for the region, is omitted from this account.)

Description: Perennial herbs with tufted or creeping rhizome, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Stems arising centrally or laterally, erect or obliquely erect, mostly triquetrous or trigonous, rarely subterete, solid or sometimes hollow, often clothed at the base by persistent leaf-sheaths or their fibrous remains. Leaves tristichous, usually narrowly linear, sheathing at the base, with a ligule at the junction of blade and sheath, rarely lanceolate or elliptic with a more or less distinct petiole and eligulate, mostly basal and subbasal, 0-several higher on the stem, the lower ones often reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheaths of the stem-leaves and bracts closed. Inflorescence paniculiform, racemiform or spiciform, more rarely reduced to a single spikelet. Spikelets 1-very numerous, terete, sessile or peduncled, few- to many-flowered, wholly male, wholly female, or bisexual (androgynous when male flowers above, gynaecandrous when female flowers above). Bracts foliaceous or glume-like, often sheathing, sometimes wanting. Base of the branches of the inflorescence usually with a utriculiform or ocreiform bracteole (cladoprophyllum) surrounding it. Flowers unisexual, naked, solitary in the axils of the spirally arranged glumes; male flowers consisting of 3 free or rarely more or less connate stamens; anthers linear; female flowers consisting of a single pistil enclosed in a bottle-shaped prophyll (;utricle, perigynium). Style either continuous with the ovary and persistent, or articulated with it and deciduous, straight or flexuous, often incrassate at the base; stigmas 2 or 3, protruding through the small terminal orifice of the utricle. Vestigial rachilla (see Uncinia) rarely present. Utricles membranous, chartaceous, or coriaceous, bicarinate, sometimes winged, sessile or stipitate, beakless to strongly beaked, nerveless, nerved, or ribbed, glabrous, or pubescent or hispid, papillose or puncticulate or smooth, sometimes spongy at the base; beak truncate, obliquely cleft, bidentate, or bifurcate at the top. Nut trigonous (when stigmas 3), or lenticular (plano-convex or biconvex; when stigmas 2), enclosed within the utricle. Distr. A large genus with 600 to 1000 spp., the majority of them outside the tropics. However, the most primitive section, Vigneastra with a compound, paniculate inflorescence and androgynous spikelets, occurs mainly in the tropics of the Old World, from sea-level up to 3000 m. This section is represented in Malesia with 11 spp., and is there by far the largest section.

Description: Annonaceae. Dr. P.S. Ashton (A) has agreed to start a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana. Araceae. Dr. Josef Bogner (M) is completing work on the philodendroids of Borneo. He found that Bucephalandra was mis-described and illustrated with parietal instead of basal placentation. As a result he reduced Microcasia to it. See also the Bibliography.

Description: A dedication to ODOARDO BECCARI, the greatest botanist ever to study in Malesia, is long overdue. Although best known as a plant taxonomist, his versatile genius extended far beyond the basic field of this branch of Botany, his wide interest leading him to investigate the laws of evolution, the interrelations between plants and animals, the connection between vegetation and environment, plant distribution, the cultivated and useful plants of Malesia and many other problems of plant life. But, even if he devoted his studies to plants, in the depth of his mind he was primarily a naturalist, and in his long, lonely and dangerous explorations in Malesia he was attracted to all aspects of nature and human life, assembling, besides plants, an incredibly large number of collections and an invaluable wealth of drawings and observations in zoology, anthropology and ethnology. He was indeed a naturalist, and one of the greatest of his time; but never in his mind were the knowledge and beauty of Nature disjoined, and, as he was a true and complete naturalist, he was at the same time a poet and an artist. His Nelleforeste di Borneo, Viaggi e ricerche di un mturalista (1902), excellently translated into English (in a somewhat abbreviated form) by Prof. E. GioLiouand revised and edited by F.H.H. Guillemard as Wanderings in the great forests of Borneo (1904), is a treasure in tropical botany; it is in fact an unrivalled introduction to tropical plant life and animals, man included. It is a most readable book touching on all sorts of topics and we advise it to be studied by all young people whose ambition it is to devote their life to tropical research.

Description: On March 29 and 30, 1979, the Rijksherbarium at Leiden commemorated in a modest way its foundation by King William I, 150 years ago. On the first day of the celebration a large company, including several distinguished foreign botanists, gathered in the old central building of the University for a festive meeting during which a number of speakers dwelt upon past, present and future of the Rijksherbarium as well as on its role in botany.

Description: Mycena flocculentipes is reduced to the synonymy of M. hiemalis. Mycena metata is maintained as the correct name for M. vitrea var. tenella sensu Ricken, and M. phyllogena becomes a synonym. Mycena corticola is rejected as an ambiguous name, while M. meliigena seems a plausible choice as the correct name for M. corticola sensu Kühner.

Description: The aim of this study has been to compare the ontogenetic structures of as many species of Coprinus as possible in order to obtain a better insight into their mutual relationships. The sequence of development of the parts in the first phases of primordium development has been traced with greater precision here; several degrees of rupthymenial hymenophore development have been distinguished; the veil and pileipellis structures and the corresponding terminology have been critically discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to establish phylogenetic relationships between about 27 species, but to acheive a higher degree of accuracy in this field, ontogenetic information concerning still more species is required.

Description: The list of new localities of rare species and interesting records of more common species found in the Netherlands mainly during 1977, has been subdivided into three categories: A. Netherlands species; B. Adventitious species; C. Species escaped from cultivation. Category A includes the species — also naturalised ones — belonging to the Netherlands flora, as established by the Floristic Council in 1975 and inserted in the Standard List of the Netherlands Flora 1975 (ARNOLDS & VAN DER MEIJDEN, 1976). In list A comments have been added, where necessary; adventitious records of Netherlands species are indicated with adv., escapes from cultivation with verw. In list B and C the names of the species new for the Netherlands, are in bold type.

Description: Wilkiea macooraia (Bailey) Perkins is transferred into the genus Steganthera as Steganthera macooraia (Bailey) Endress. The flowers of the species are described for the first time.

Description: In modern handbooks the development of plant systematica is given as occurring in four overlapping phases: the pioneer (or exploratory) phase, the consolidation phase, the biosystematic phase, and the encyclopaedic phase. In systematic phycology research is still largely in the pioneer phase, with scattered attempts to reach the second, third, or even fourth phase. In many cases in phycology the biosystematic phase has to precede the consolidation phase. Knowledge of algae (growing mainly in marine or freshwater environments, but also occurring in soils or snow and on rocks or trees) is quite scanty in most parts of the world, and even for taxa that are supposed to be well known, the information is often but fragmentary. The encyclopaedic phase is for most groups of algae very remote and probably it will never be attained. Research on algae connected with the Rijksherbarium reflects the phases of systematic phycology.

Description: The first substantial contribution of the Rijksherbarium towards the plant geography of Malesia and the Pacific was made by the German born J. G. Hallier in his paper ‘Über frühere Landbrücken, Pflanzen- und Völkerwanderungen zwischen Australien und Amerika’. In this paper he suggested that recent land connections had existed in the tropical Pacific from Japan over Hawaii to California and south to Peru and another connection in the south Pacific. His arguments besides botanical were also ethnographical and linguistic. H.J. Lam was not only responsible for the promotion of taxonomic research. He added chapters on phytogeography to his revisions of the Sapotaceae and Burseraceae. His papers on the subject always had a philosophical quality. He once compared phylogeny with a stream of potentialities of the genoplasm drifting in time: the genorheithrum (1938). Lam also wrote plant-geographical essays on areas with special interest: Talaud, Celebes (1945) and especially New Guinea (1934). As regards his ideas about past connections between Borneo-Philippines-Celebes-Moluccas-New Guinea he owed much to Merrill. Lam was a follower of Wegener’s continental drift theory and he pleaded with fellow taxonomists to accept this as a working hypothesis to explain distribution patterns in the Malesian archipelago (1930). Many of his papers were in Dutch, especially of course those meant for a general (Dutch) public, such as his chapter on phytogeography in Weevers’ book (1939) ‘Het leven der planten’ (The life of plants). He took care, however, to publish his more important ideas in English as well. Among many things Lam will be remembered for initiating a series of distribution maps of Pacific plant taxa: ‘Pacific Plant Areas’, which was to contain critical annotated maps. These should be a valuable asset to botanists, paleontologists, ethnobotanists and others. This plan was first suggested in 1939 during the sixth Pacific Science Congress at Berkeley, but World War II held up execution of the project. As chairman of the ‘Standing Committee on Pacific Plant Areas’ Lam gave a progress report after the war (1953). Realization of the project was to be achieved by Van Steenis, his successor both as director of the Rijksherbarium and as chairman of the Standing Committee.

Description: In continuation of the revision of the Neotropical Costoideae (1972 and 1977), the Old World species of Costus were investigated. In the Old World 4 native species of Costus are recognized, whereas 6 additional species are known from cultivation. A key to the species is included.

Description: At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Netherlands lagged behind intellectually when compared with the surrounding countries. This was especially true in the field of natural history. If we wish to understand the reasons for this backwardness we must remember that during the second half of the eighteenth century the neighbouring countries had started to build and maintain an active trade, whilst the Dutch merchants had secured their capital by investing in those countries, especially in England. The fast decline of our trade with the colonies was one of the consequences of this development.

Description: During a recent trip to the Andaman I., together with Prof. Dr. K. U. Kramer, Zürich, a Hypolytrum was collected. It had leafless stems, and combined some characters of H. nemorum (Vahl) Spreng. and H. compaction Valck. Sur. ex Clarke, and it appeared to represent a new species.

Description: Since the foundation of the Rijksherbarium, pteridophytes have been an important part of the total collections. Blume, the first director, had a special interest in ferns. In 1826, when he returned to Europe from his stay in Java, he took with him large collections of well preserved pteridophytes which he had gathered there himself. These, together with the fern collections of Van Hasselt, Kuhl (both from Java), and Zippel (Java, Moluccas, New Guinea), were all deposited in the Rijksherbarium. Blume’s studies on the ferns of Java, both in the wild and in the herbarium, were published before the foundation of the Rijksherbarium in the second fascicle of the ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium minus cognitarum vel novarum’ (1828) in which the author enumerated 500 species of ferns and fern allies of which, apart from many new varieties 338 were new to science. Moreover, five new genera were proposed: Kaulfussia (a synonym of Christensenia), Gymnosphaera, Diacalpe, Arachniodes, and Stegnogramme. Although no keys are provided, the concise descriptions are diagnostic and meet the highest scientific standards. For nearly all the taxa, additional information on the habitat or the precise locality is given. No words can better illustrate the high quality of Blume’s work then by stating that most of the species at present recognized as being native to Java, are included in the ‘Enumeratio’. It was indeed the first critical fern flora for a tropical region, convincingly displaying the enormous diversity to be found in circumstances of a warm climate and high humidity. The ‘Enumeratio’ was followed by the Flora Javae(1828— 1851) in which Blume illustrated over a hundred fern species — nearly"""" all of them for the first time — on 96 hand coloured folio plates of which the typography, especially of the first fascicles, is superior.

Description: In the period 1973-1978 members of the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum) have sampled the non-marine fauna of 27 West Indian islands. The present report records the stations in which stygobionts (= groundwater organisms) were collected . The main purpose of the program was to test the value of various biogeographic models for explaining the insular fauna. Since in general the fauna of inland waters yields good results in biogeographic analyses, the program was mainly directed to this fauna.

Description: Ahermatypic Seleractinia are very common throughout the tropical western Atlantic, both in number of species and individuals. Of the Scleractinia known from the western Atlantic, there are over twice as many species of ahermatypes (species that do not have symbiotic zooxanthellae) as hermatypes (the shallow-water “reef corals,” all of which have zooxanthellae). This paper is a review of all known species of deep-water Scleractinia that occur in the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters, all of which are ahermatypic. The term “deep-water” is used here to designate depths equal to or greater than 200 meters; the 88 species treated all have bathymetric ranges that exceed 200 meters at their deepest points. Another 27 ahermatypic species are confined to the shallow water (0-200 m) of the Caribbean, and two species are known from off tropical Brazil but not the Caribbean, resulting in 117 species of tropical western Atlantic ahermatypes. The only person to have comprehensively studied the deep-water western Atlantic corals was POURTALÈS, whose last publication was in 1880. In the ensuing century, large collections have accumulated and Scleractinian classification has been greatly modified. This review is based primarily on the large collections at the University of Miami (RSMAS), USNM, and MCZ.

Description: A record of the freshwater shrimps of Jamaica has been provided by Hart (1961b). His study includes taxonomical comments and notes on the locations at which the various species were caught. Since then Holthuis (1963a) has described a new subterranean freshwater shrimp, Troglocubanus jamaicensis, still known only from its typelocality near Goshen, Jamaica, and Chace & Hobbs (1969) have listed all the freshwater shrimps recorded in Jamaica up to that time. Subsequently, Hunte (1975) reported the presence of Atya lanipes Holthuis in Jamaica for the first time. Macrobrachium crenulatum Holthuis (1950a) has not been reported from Jamaica since 1910, and both Hart (1961b) and Choudhury (1971a) considered it no longer extant in the island. Extensive collecting during the present study has produced a single male specimen of this species with post-orbital carapace length 12.9 mm. The purpose of the present paper is to update the faunal record of Jamaican freshwater shrimps by confirming the disputed presence of M. crenulatum in the island. There are therefore fourteen species of freshwater shrimps now considered extant in Jamaica, and these are listed in the following Table. Hunte (in press) has discussed the ecological factors affecting the distribution of the more common of these shrimps throughout Jamaica.

Description: A complete list of species and subspecies accepted as members of the genus Corydoras Lacépède, 1803, is given. They are arranged in chronological order. Invalid specific names are followed by their senior synonym. Nomina nuda are listed separately. A bibliography covering all publications containing original descriptions or proposals of new names is included.

Description: This study deals with the dorsalis group and the brevipennis group. The western palaearctic members of the dorsalis group are N. dorsalis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1781), N. quadristriata (Schummel, 1833), N. lunulicornis lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833), N. scurra (Meigen, 1818), N. austriaca (Mannheims & Theowald, 1959), and N. helvetica (Mannheims & Theowald, 1959). The eastern palaearctic subspecies dorsalis sachalina Alexander, 1924, and lunulicornis angustistria Alexander, 1925, are briefly discussed. A description is provided of N. profunda Alexander, 1935, formerly treated as a subspecies of scurra. The brevipennis group assembles the Nephrotoma species from Madeira, N. brevipennis (Wollaston, 1858), N. lucida (Schiner, 1868), and N. antithrix (Mannheims, 1962). N. lucida is taken out of synonymy with brevipennis.

Description: Part 4 is the final part of a revision of the western palaearctic Nephrotoma species. A key to these species is presented. Discussed are the species N. analis (Schummel, 1833), N. euchroma (Mik, 1874), N. subanalis (Mannheims, 1951), N. semiflava (Strobl, 1909), N. lamellata (Riedel, 1910), N. flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830), N. malickyi Martinovský, 1979, N. alluaudi (Pierre, 1921), N. eugeniae (Savchenko, 1957), N. lundbecki (Nielsen, 1907), and N. ramulifera Tjeder, 1955. Furthermore four species erroneously referred to Nephrotoma, or recorded thus from the western palaearctic are discussed.

Description: Arguments are presented to demonstrate that Lyon’s (1907) division of the Old World porcupines, family Flystricidae, into two subfamilies is superfluous and provides a distorted classification. Evidence is presented for the point of view that the generic status of Thecurus Lyon, 1907 has been based on quite insufficient arguments, and this taxon is not accorded a higher rank than that of a subgenus. Only three genera are recognized in this family: Trichys Günther, 1877, Atherurus F. Cuvier, 1829, and Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 with the subgenera Hystrix s.s., Acanthion F. Cuvier, 1823 and Thecurus Lyon, 1907. Data about some south-western Asiatic specimens of Hystrix indica Kerr, 1792 are presented. The main subject of the present paper is the specific distinction within the subgenus Acanthion. Two species are recognized in this taxon: Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 from the continent of Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipel, and Hystrix javanica (F. Cuvier, 1823) from Java and a number of the small Sunda Islands. Individual and geographic variation in these species is described. H. javanica is considered monotypic and in H. brachyura at least three subspecies can be recognized. However, a number of specimens cannot be assigned to one of these subspecies and the data available strongly suggest that many differences may be likely to be bridged by intergrading forms when specimens from intermediate localities become available.

Description: As an extension of De Wit’s competition theory a theoretical description has been developed of competition between plant populations with different rooting depths. This model shows that in mixtures of plants with different rooting depths the value of the Relative Yield Total can be expected to exceed one. Moreover, it predicts the frequency-dependence of the relative crowding coefficient of the deep rooting population with respect to the shallow rooting population. The relationship between properties of plant species and the environment required to establish a stable equilibrium turns out to be surprisingly simple. The shallow rooting species has to have a larger competitive ability sufficient to compensate for the extra nutrients that are exploited by the deeper rooting plants. The dependence of equilibrium plant frequencies on the properties of plant species and the characteristics of the environment is discussed.

Description: In the course of revision work on Triuridaceae for Flora Neotropica a new species of Sciaphila was recognized, which is described here, anticipating the appearance of the Flora Neotropica issue on certain saprophytic plant groups.

Description: This study deals with the genus Radula (Hepaticae) from the high Andean forests and paramos of Colombia, above 2500 m, and is based on the determination of Colombian collections gathered by H. Bischler and by A. M. Cleef and collaborators. A key to the 8 species known from the area is given and descriptions and ecological distribution data of R. ramulina Taylor, R. sonsonensis Stephani, R. nudicaulis Stephani, R. episcia Spruce and R. frondescens Stephani. R. ramulina Taylor var. microphylla Jans is described as new.

Description: □ The main purpose of this catalogue is to provide a complete listing of the species of liverworts hitherto known from Colombia and to summarize our present knowledge of species distribution within the country. It was prepared parallel to a catalogue of the mosses (Musci), which is being published elsewhere (Florschütz & Waard in press). The data were extracted from the available literature and from unpublished determinations of collections from U and COL, made in Colombia by A.M. Cleef (Utrecht), T. van der Hammen (Amsterdam), H. Bischler (Paris) and others. While the first author is responsible for the taxonomy and nomenclature of the taxa, the second author is responsible for the data on species distribution and collecting. □ The literature on Colombian liverworts is rather scattered and as a primary source of information the bibliography on Latin American liverworts by Fulford (1963) is indispensable. Additional references relevant to Colombia were listed by Robinson (1967a), who also provided a short survey of bryological collecting in the area. Apparently the oldest Colombian liverwort collections are from Mt. Quindío, where Humboldt & Bonpland in 1800-01 gathered a few specimens described by Hooker (1819-20) and Kunth (1822), e.g. Jungermannia crispata Hook. (=. Porella crispata (Hook.) Trevis. and J. subrotunda Kunth (= Symbiezidium subrotundum (Kunth) Trevis.). Most of the Colombian liverwort species listed by Kunth (l.c.) are now considered to be exclusively northern temperate in distribution, e.g. Jungermannia serpyllifolia Dicks. (= Lejeunea palens Lindb.) and J. tamarisci L. (=. Frullania tamarisci (L.) Raddi), but the specimens on which these questionable records were based have not yet been revised.

Description: Sri V.S. Agarwal became Editor of Publications, CAL Herbarium. Dr. P.S. Ashton of Aberdeen has taken up his duties as Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Arnold Professor of Botany and Professor of Dendrology, after some delay because it had been ascertained that while in Malaysia he had led a crimeless life. That Harvard thus strengthens its interest in the Malesian plant world is very welcome news. His MS on Dipterocarpaceae for Flora Malesiana is ready for the press except for the illustrations, which are now being prepared at Leiden.

Description: At times colleagues have asked me whether my effort to collect the Addenda, Corrigenda et Emendanda was worthwhile. The main purpose is to keep readers up to date with the plants of Malesia in one work and keep them aware of additions, name changes, etc.

Description: In Hydnocarpus the hard layers of the seed coat develop from the epidermides of both integuments where they are contiguous. This does not conform with the division of the Angiosperm seeds into testal or tegmic. Corner’s suggestion of two unallied groups in the Flacourtiaceae, namely an integumental and a pachychalazal one, cannot be corroborated. The seeds of Kiggelaria closely resemble those of Hydnocarpus. In Casearia the development of the fruit wall and its vascular bundles is different for the Asian and the American species studied. The three parietal placentae are confluent over the base of the ovary. The seeds are exotegmic, as described by Corner; the ovules are atropous. The berries and seeds of Berberidopsis are described for the first time. The seeds have a softly parenchymatic raphe. The embryo is small. The inner integument is absorbed during development. The inner epidermis of the outer integument forms a lignified crystalliferous layer. The affinity of Berberidopsis is discussed.

Description: A second species of Rhadinopus, R. kurivana, is described. The genus is placed in the tribe Coffeoideae.

Description: During a recent expedition to the Burgers Mountains and Mt. Kegum, Papua New Guinea, several collections were made of a Vaccinium that appeared to be undescribed. With Sleumer’s revision (1967) the new Vaccinium keys out to the section Oarianthe Schltr. and then to V. oranjense J. J. S. (p. 767, lead 41). It may be fitted in the key as follows: 41. Leaves coriaceous and ± stiff, margin markedly revolute. — Corolla ventricose-urceolate or ovoid-globose, (6 —)6.5— 10 by 5-8 mm Ø. 41a. Small epiphyte or terrestrial, then creeping and ascending to 10 cm with rooting branchlets. Leaves when dry white-glaucous above, veins and veinlets obscure. Calyx distinctly lobed to nearly its base. Corolla pale pink to red, ventricose-urceolate, 5 — 6 mm Ø. Filaments laxly long-hairy below. Anthers with an obliquely transverse pore. Mt. Wilhelmina. 58. V. oranjense var. oranjense 41a. Sizable sprawling shrub, epiphytic or terrestrial, c. 2 m high, branchlets not rooting. Leaves when dry glossy dark green above, beneath with raised midrib and less distinct veins. Calyx at first shortly lobed, soon salvershaped and inconspicuously dentate. Corolla pinkish purple to purple, ovoid-globose, 6 — 8 mm Ø. Filaments adaxially long-hairy over their entire length. Anthers with a transverse terminal pore. Burgers Mountains, Mt. Kegum V. altiterrae 41. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, margin flat or but slightly revolute. — Leaves beneath generally with visibly raised veins and veinlets. (to 42.).

Description: The role played by the Rijksherbarium in the progress of Asian botany is of course closely interwoven with the history of exploration and phytography, and its evaluation needs, therefore, a background setting in the development of scientific botany in the East. The Rijksherbarium was founded after a decade in which, for the second time, the knowledge of the Malesian flora made a big jump forward, this time on a large scale, and on a professional level, by many persons, in a definite and successful way.

Description: Seven species of Tubificidae and Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from Antillean coastal shallow waters have been studied. – The following new Tubificid taxa have been described: Marcusaedrilus hummelincki, gen. n., sp. n.; Kaketio ineri, gen. n., sp. n.; Limnodrilus bori sp. n., and Phallodrilus adriaticus caraibicus, subsp. n. Two new occurrences and some remarks have been added to Peloscolex gabriellae Marcus. Limnodriloides roseus Pierantoni, L. pectinatus Pierantoni, Spiridion scrobicularae Lastockin, L. gurwitschi Hrabe, and Thalassodrilus belli Cook have been transferred to Curacaodrilus; the transference of Bohadschia pierantonii Hrabe has been suggested. Intestinal glandular epithelia have been found in Curacaodrilus sinus and Kaketio ineri. Ventral glands (copulatory ?) have been described from the preclitellar segments of Kaketio ineri. – Of the Enchytraeidae a new subspecies, Marionina achaeta nevisensis, has been described.

Description: When studying samples from the Virgin Islands area, some new Foraminifera were found, together with other species of which little was known about their internal structure and taxonomic status. Most specimens came from samples W of St. Croix, collected by Th. Mortensen at about 17.5°N 64°W, depths about 200 and 300 m. These samples are very rich in benthonic Foraminifera, but relatively poor in planktonic species all of which are relatively small and with very thin tests. This material contained many specimens already described in previous publications (e.g. Hofker 1956, 1972 and 1976). The material studied has been deposited in the collections of the Netherlands Geological Survey at Haarlem, Netherlands.

Description: The life cycle of the gorgonian Eunicella singularis has been studied with emphasis on larval behaviour, metamorphosis and annual growth. Planulae are found to have a mobile phase lasting from several hours to several days. Once settled, they metamorphose into a complete primary polyp in approximately four days. In the first year, budding will yield colonies of a height between 10 and 30 mm. Subsequently, average growth rates range from 14 to 33 mm year¯¹. Death may be due to several causes. Predators may partly denude the gorgonian branches, thus facilitating the settlement of epibionts, which in turn may invade the entire skeleton, slowly pushing back the living tissue of the gorgonian. Colonies may also be torn off their substratum by wave or current action, this process sometimes being speeded up when tall epibionts such as fast growing bryozoans enhance resistance to water movement. Once toppled, the gorgonians die by necrosis of their living tissues, or by being buried under sediment. Colonies of E. singularis are estimated to reach an age of approximately 25 to 30 years. Some data have been obtained on growth rates and life spans of two other Mediterranean gorgonians, Lophogorgia ceratophyta and Paramuricea clavata.

Description: Part 2 of this study deals with the western palaearctic species of the crocata group: N. crocata (Linnaeus, 1758), N. scalaris (Meigen, 1818), N. rossica (Riedel, 1910), N. pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758), N. croceiventris (Strobl, 1909), and N. nox (Riedel, 1910). Subspecific ranking is undertaken in N. crocata (subsp. luteata Meigen, 1818, status nov.), N. scalaris (subsp. terminalis Wiedemann, 1830, as senior synonym of parvinotata Brunetti, 1918, and bispinosa Alexander, 1925), N. pratensis (eepi subsp. nov.), and N. croceiventris (subsp. lindneri Mannheims, 1951, status nov.).

Description: A new species from Venezuela has to be added to the genus Renealmia recently monographed by the author for Flora Neotropica.

Description: Included in this revision are; F. oediloma C. Muell. ex Broth, subsp. steyermarkii (Bartr. in Grout) Brugg.-Nann. nov. stat. from Central America, the widespread southern temperate F. rigidulus subsp. rigidulus Hook. f. et Wils., F. r. subsp. masatierrensis Brugg.-Nann. nov. subsp. from the Juan Fernandez Island Más á Tierra F. r. subsp. novaguineensis Brugg.-Nann. nov. subsp. from New Guinea and Guadalcanal, F. dietrichiae C. Muell. from Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island and F. vanzanteni Brugg.-Nann. nov. spec, from New Guinea.

Description: In cooperation with Dr. M.R. Crosby (MO), Professor W. Schultze-Motel (B) and his wife collected bryophytes in the Seychelles: Cerf, la Digue, Mahe, Moyenne, Praslin, in connection with a catalogue of the mosses of Madagascar, Comores, Seychelles, &c., which they are preparing.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4-9 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Herbs, usually glabrous, with perennial underground stems (corms, bulbs, tubers, or rhizomes) in all Mal. spp. Aerial stems usually herbaceous and annual, erect or climbing. Leaves simple, caespitose and basal, sometimes distichous, if cauline usually alternate, generally linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate especially when basal, but sometimes shorter and broader (to ovate) when cauline, usually sessile (in Asparagus and Petrosavia reduced to non-photosynthetic scales), usually with parallel venation. Stipules 0. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually racemose (less often at least partly umbellate) or flowers solitary, usually bracteate. Flowers bisexual (except, in Mal., Asparagus cochinchinensis and Astelia alpina), usually actinomorphic. Perianth segments almost invariably 6 in two more or less similar or less often distinctly dissimilar whorls of 3, petaloid, connate or free, the outer whorl sometimes saccate at the base. Stamens 6, inserted on receptacle or perianth; filaments connate or free, rarely forming a corona-like ring attached to the perianth; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed, rarely sessile, usually 2-celled, extrorse to introrse or rarely dehiscing by an apical pore. Ovary usually superior, of 3 (usually fused) carpels; styles 1 or 3, simple or 3-branched; locules usually 3 (1 in Tricalistra) ; ovules 1 to numerous, placentation axile, rarely basal or parietal, usually in 2 rows. Fruit usually a loculicidal or septicidal capsule or berry, rarely the ovary wall ruptured by the developing seed which develops unprotected by a fruit, perianth caducous or persistent. Seeds with copious fleshy or cartilaginous endosperm. Distribution. About 180 genera with approximately 3500 spp., distributed all over the world, especially in the temperate regions of Asia, Australasia and Africa, but relatively poorly represented in South America (13 genera).

Description: Jackia, published by Wallich, in 1824, is a well-known genus of uncertain tribal position within the Rubiaceae. Unfortunately there is an earlier, overlooked, genus published by Blume commemorating W. Jack (1795 – 1822). This has been cited in Index Kewensis 1 (1895) 1245 as being published in 1825, but the correct date is 1823 as indicated on the cards of the Index Nominum Genericorum. Blume (1823) consistently used the spelling Jakkia’; however, in 1825 he altered the spelling to ‘Jackia’ and added further species to the genus. Thus, it cannot be argued according to article 73 of the Code that Blume misspelled the latinized name of Jack. Jakkia and Jackia are to be treated as orthographic variants according to article 75 of the Code. Airy Shaw in Willis, Diet. Fl. Pl. & Ferns ed. 8 (1973) 602. also follows this interpretation. In all, the name Jackia has been used for three different genera of dicotyledonous plants; a new name is required for the Rubiaceous genus and that of Jackopsis is proposed. As stated the tribal position of Jackia Wall, is uncertain, but the genus is the type of the tribe Jackieae Korthals, an overlooked tribe in the Rubiaceae. This tribe is reinstated and tentatively placed in the subfamily Cinchoneae.

Description: In the first decades of its existence the interest of the Rijksherbarium was certainly not directed towards the study of the Dutch and European flora. The initiative to embark on research of the flora of the Netherlands was born outside the walls of the institute. In 1845, R. B. van den Bosch initiated — elsewhere in Leiden! — the foundation of the ‘Vereeniging voor de Nederlandsche Flora’ (Society for the Netherlands Flora), later the ‘Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging’ (N.B.V.), to promote the knowledge of the flora and encourage the collection of plants for a ‘Vereenigingsherbarium’. This herbarium would house the main research materials for the composition of a flora of the Netherlands, which was the original target of the N.B.V. The N.B.V. was to play a dominant role in the study of the Dutch flora. During the 150 years of its existence, the Rijksherbarium contributed significantly to studies of the Dutch and European flora in only three periods marked by the activities of, respectively, Suringar, Goethart (and Jongmans), and Van Ooststroom (and Reichgelt). Moreover it must be remembered that these botanists were also involved in other studies during their employment at the Rijksherbarium.

Description: Olea comprises six species in Malesia: two from Malaya. O. brachiata (Lour.) Merrill (formerly O. maritima Wall. ex G. Don) and O. dentata Wall. ex G. Don (formerly O. penangiana Ridley); two from Borneo, O. borneensis Boerl. and O. decussata (Heine) Kiew and two from Java, O. javanica (Bl.) Knobl. and O. paniculata R. Br., the latter extending to Australia.

Description: A revision with keys to and descriptions of the 5 Malesian species of Ochrosia Juss. (2 n. sp.) and 6 of Neisosperma Raf. Several species names are reduced. All types are mentioned. A selected number of specimens is cited; a full list of collectors will appear in the series Identification Lists of Malesian Specimens. Bleekeria Hassk. and Excavatia Markgr. are reduced to Ochrosia. In the note under Ochrosia there is a full discussion of the differences between this genus and Neisosperma, especially of the fruit for which some old types were microscopically examined. In Ochrosia the fruits are apocarpous, but in one species they are connate for one third, while in a new species from Flores they are united into a syncarpous, 2-celled drupe. In spite of the diversity of the fruit-structure in the two genera, they are very similar in flowers and vegetatively. For this reason, the key to the species in Ochrosia is preceded by a general (tentative) key to the species of both genera for practical purpose of identification of flowering material.

Description: The monotypic genus Sulitia Merr. containing S. obscurinervia (Merr.) Ridsdale is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Gardenieae.

Description: A full taxonomic treatment of Kajewskiella is given, including a key. A second species, K. polyantha is described as new. Systematic relationships, inflorescence morphology, and the nature of the zygomorphic flowers are discussed. A complete survey of this latter feature in the Rubiaceae is included. The genus is tentatively placed in the tribe Condamineeae.

Description: This appendix lists all persons who can be considered to belong or to have belonged to the scientific staff, from 1829 till now. Honorary collaborators are included, if their appointment was more or less official (this is sometimes not quite clear, however). Also included are the staff-members not paid by the university but by private foundations, by official bodies like the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.), etc. Student-assistants are not included. Technicalities of ranks and promotions have been omitted. Biographical data have been kept at a minimum, for many persons more material is available in the ‘Personalia’ file at the Rijksherbarium.

Description: All localities in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu can be found on the 1:250.000 maps, which are published by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys and are sold by Edward Stanford Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, London WC2E 9LP. Maps 1:50.00 of the Fiji Islands, contoured, are also sold by Edward Stanford Ltd. (a number of sheets in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu are not available). Based on these maps the Land Resources Division published 1:50.000 forest maps of the forested areas of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu with the Land Resource Study entitled Fiji Forest Inventory by M.J. Berry and W.J. Howard.

Description: Even a few years ago, the caddis-fly fauna of Cuba remained very poorly known. The situation notably improved, especially following the study of collections made throughout the Island, either by myself, or by Cuban entomologists (Botosaneanu & Sykora 1973, Botosaneanu 1977, Botosaneanu in press). At present, somewhat less than 80 species and subspecies are known from Cuba (2 Rhyacophilidae Hydrobiosinae, 8 Glossosomatidae Protoptilinae, 6 Philopotamidae, 1 Psychomyiidae Xyphocentroninae, 6 Polycentropodidae, 6 Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae and 3 Macronematinae, 31 Hydroptilidae, 3 Leptoceridae, 2 Odontoceridae, 4 Calamoceratidae, 5 Helicopsychidae). But we can expect some 10 additional species to be discovered. These figures are reasonably high when compared to those obtained for the other antillean Islands (see especially Flint 1964, 1968a, 1968b): for Jamaica and Puerto Rico, both well investigated and smaller than Cuba, the figures are 39 and 32 respectively; only 27 species were quoted from Hispaniola (Haiti, certainly having a rich fauna, is still very poorly known); 44 species have been reported on the whole for the Lesser Antilles. The percentage of endemical taxa is remarkably high: 61 from the 76 total. These are species of Atopsyche Bks., Cubanoptila Sykora (genus endemical in Cuba), Cariboptila Flint, Campsiophora Flint (2 purely Antillean genera), Polycentropus Curt., Hydropsyche Pict., Smicridea McL., Leptonema Guérin, Macronema Pict., Alisotrichia Flint, Ochrotrichia Mos., Metrichia Ross, Loxotrichia Mos., Oxyethira Eat., Hydroptila Dalman, Neotrichia Mort., Oecetis McL., Marilia F. Müller, Phylloicus F. Müller, Helicopsyche Siebold.