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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,227)
  • 1975-1979  (2,227)
  • 1
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    Ion production in the D region (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Ionization processes for the D region are reviewed. Levels of ionization range from the fairly steady rates produced through galactic cosmic rays to the large rates generated during solar flares and associated geomagnetic storms. The normal quiescent daytime D region is ionized by solar UV radiation available because of certain windows and solar X-rays, although this later source is generally weak. Cosmic rays are important roughly below 65 km. At night, stellar X-ray sources may be important along with precipitating electrons at high latitudes from the quiet magnetosphere. Solar flares can result in ionization rates due to X-rays, electrons, or nuclei which are greatly enhanced over quiet conditions. Typical ionization production rates from these various sources are illustrated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 599-616
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  • 2
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    D region predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Present knowledge of D region phenomena is briefly reviewed and the status of current methods of predicting their effects on radio propagation considered. The ELF, VLF and LF navigational and timing systems depend on the stability of the lower part of the D layer where these waves are reflected, whereas MF and HF waves are absorbed as they penetrate the region, in most cases mainly in the upper part of the layer. Possible methods of improving predictions, warnings, and real time operations are considered with particular stress on those which can be implemented in the near future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 573-598
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  • 3
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    Morphology and phenomenology of the high-latitude E and F regions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results obtained at high latitude observatories on the behavior of E and F region ionization are presented including a bibliography. Behavior of E and F region ionization during day and night for quiet and disturbed conditions in the auroral and polar regions is described. Daily, seasonal and sunspot variations are also outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 543-561
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  • 4
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    Report of the mid- and low-latitude E and F Region Working Group (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The formation and variation of the ionosphere is addressed with regard to the ability to understand, specify, and predict the low and mid latitude E and F regions. A brief survey of prediction methods and techniques is given for long and short term variability in the E and F regions. It is indicated that the usefulness of theoretical models to predict electron density distribution in the low and mid latitude ionospheric E and F regions is limited by the ability to predict the parameters which enter the relevant equations; i.e., neutral atmospheric constituents, neutral and charged particle temperatures, neutral wind, electric fields, and ionizing sources such as solar (E sub uv) radiation and energetic particles. It is recommended that areas for research include improving knowledge of the input parameters and how they respond to changing solar and geophysical conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 562-572
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  • 5
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    On the approach to forecasting polar ionospheric conditions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major properties of polar ionospheric main anomalous events are summarized. The monitoring of large scale features of the ionization distribution that are the projections of large scale structural characteristics of magnetospheric plasma on the upper ionosphere is suggested as a basic principle of polar ionospheric condition forecasting. It is concluded that the processes of the magnetosphere/ionosphere interaction appear to play a predominant role in the creation of the polar ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 528-542
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  • 6
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    High-latitude E and F region ionospheric predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical processes and morphology of the high latitude E and F layers are discussed. The existence and adequacy of models, and features to be included are examined, as well as reliability of ionospheric predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 513-527
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  • 7
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    Long term magnetospheric particle variations (1 day T infinity), appendix 2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Effects of solar variations on energetic particle propagation are discussed, as well as prediction techniques for such particles within the magnetosphere. Magnetic field models, magnetic energy stored in the tail, magnetic monitoring measurements in the geostationary orbit and at certain ground based stations are important elements concerning improving such techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 441-445
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  • 8
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    Ionospheric modeling at Air Force Global Weather Central (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The four Dimensional Ionospheric Model (4-D) is described. The 4-D integrates a wide variety of ionospheric data types into a consistent ionospheric specification. At each observing location, the 4-D reduces an entire electron density profile to four weighting coefficients. These weighting coefficients are interconnected in time and space by spectral analysis techniques. The resultant field of spectral coefficients can be used to reconstruct an electron density profile at any latitude, longitude and time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 367-377
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  • 9
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    Geophysical forecasting at AFGWC (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Methods for forecasting the state of the space environment, Sun, interplanetary field, magnetosphere, and ionosphere are discussed. Areas requiring scientific advancements to support the increasing operational requirements of systems that use or are affected by the environment above 50 km are identified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 350-366
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  • 10
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    A weekly ionospheric index (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The monthly and weekly T indices are discussed. Some possibilities for improving the reliability of the weekly T index are considered, including extending its applicability to daily variations of the global ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 279-287
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  • 11
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    A review of the operation of the IUWDS Regional Warning Centre at the Ionospheric Prediction Service, Sydney (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The operation of the Sydney Regional Warning Centre is reviewed. Routine data reports are issued daily, while disturbance warnings (short-term forecasts) are issued as necessary. An outline of the methods used in forecasting solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 229-238
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  • 12
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    A disturbance forecaster's view of the September 1977 events (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar-geophysical events of 1977 September 7-26 are presented. A variety of disturbance forecasting problems, viz, disc transit of a center of activity with high microwave flux but relatively low meter-wave flux, flares in this region near east limb, central meridian, and west limb with major radio events, and the presence of two coronal holes, were observed. The Sydney daily GEOSYD message and IPS Disturbance Warnings issued during this period are related to the solar geophysical data available, at the time, about these events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 239-248
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  • 13
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    Forecasting ionospheric and geomagnetic conditions at the IAG forecasting center (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A description of the Moscow Regional Warning Center activity in the field of geomagnetic and ionospheric forecasting is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 104-117
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  • 14
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    A simplified indexing of F-region geophysical noise at low latitudes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A simple method of deriving an F-region index that can warn the prediction users at low latitudes as to the specific months when they have to be more careful in using the long term predictions is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 134-139
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  • 15
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    A method of predictions geomagnetic activity based on a coronal model of relations between solar and geomagnetic activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method developed to predict both disturbed and quiet geomagnetic periods is described. The method uses solar situations along the CM with the key role of filaments, giving indirect evidence of types of directly unobservable coronal structures above them. The time lag, not to be interpreted in terms of propagation speed, between the CM activity and the commencement of the geomagnetic response is about one to two days. Solar phenomena serve as indicators within approximately 10 deg of the CM and up to the zone of high latitude filaments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 44-60
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  • 16
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    The communications industry's requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Of interest to the communications industry are the amplitude, waveshape, duration and frequency of lightning-originated voltage surges and transients on the communications network, including the distribution system and AC power supply circuits. The cloud-to-ground lightning discharge and its characteristics are thought to be most meaningful. Of specific interest are peak current, waveshape, number of flashes, strokes per flash, and zone of influence. Accurate and meaningful lightning data at the local level (telephone district office) is necessary for a decision on the appropriate protection level. In addition to lightning, the protection engineer must consider other factors such as: AC induction, switching surges, ground potential rise, soil resistivity, bonding and grounding techniques, shielding and isolation, and exposure of the telephone loop.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 115-125
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  • 17
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    The state of technology in electromagnetic (RF) sensors (for lightning detection) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief overview of the radio-frequency sensors which were applied to the detection, isolation, and/or identification of the transient electromagnetic energy (sferics) radiated from one or more lightning discharges in the atmosphere is presented. Radio frequency (RF) characteristics of lightning discharges, general RF sensor (antenna) characteristics, sensors and systems previously used for sferic detection, electromagnetic pulse sensors are discussed. References containing extensive bibliographies concerning lightning are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 88-109
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  • 18
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    Lightning hazards overview: Aviation requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A ten-year history of USAF lightning incidents is presented along with a discussion of the problems posed by lightning to current aircraft, and the hazards it constitutes to the electrical and electronic subsystems of new technology aircraft. Lightning technical protection technical needs, both engineering and operational, include: (1) in-flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) tech base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from general aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) pilot reports on lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 126-135
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  • 19
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    State of technology in optical systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of silicon photodiode sensors and locator systems for lightning experiments is discussed. Tables are presented on: (1) satellite optical lightning experiments (silicon detectors); (2) reticon photodiode linear arrays; and (3) locator systems (grey code and reticon). An illustration of a grey code locator system for a low altitude satellite is also given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 81-87
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  • 20
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    A review of satellite lightning experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Over the past five years a series of satellite optical experiments were conducted to investigate terrestrial lightning. These experiments were designed to gather statistical information about the optical waveform of lightning, measure occurrence rates, demonstrate the feasibility of detecting lightning from space platforms, and study possible applications for satellite lightning sensors. These experiments are reviewed. Some of the results are presented, and some ideas for future satellite systems are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 61-80
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  • 21
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    Areas where solar-terrestrial coupling may influence or be influenced by the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The nature of the wave interactions, particularly those induced by transient solar and geomagnetic phenomena is discussed. Solar activity which includes modulations of galactic cosmic ray flux reaching Earth is discussed. Coupling processes involving charged particles and atmospheric electric structure are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 219-249
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  • 22
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    Energy and mass transport in the thermosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Examples illustrating the effects of large scale energy and mass transport in the thermosphere discussed include: (1) The seasonal variations reveal temperature, composition, and ionospheric anomalies involving energy exchange between the thermosphere and mesosphere. (2) The midnight temperature maximum in the thermosphere is interpreted as a signature of tidal waves emanating from the mesosphere and momentum coupling associated with ion drag. (3) The ionospheric storm in the F region illustrates the intricate effects of large scale atmospheric winds driven by magnetospheric energization processes. (4) Atmospheric signatures of Joule heating and electric field momentum coupling are markedly different.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 169-202
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  • 23
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    Middle atmosphere electrodynamics: Report of the Workshop on the Role of the Electrodynamics of the Middle Atmosphere on Solar Terrestrial Coupling (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The middle atmosphere (MA), which is defined as the region bounded below by the tropopause near 10 km and above by the mesopause near 90 to 100 km, is regarded as a passive medium through which electric fields and currents are transmitted from sources above and below. A scientific background is given for: sources of MA electric fields; MA conductivity and currents; and MA plasma characteristics. Recommendations are given for research in MA electrodynamics in the following areas: (1) MA electrodynamical parameters; (2) models and supportive laboratory measurements; and (3) investigation of specific problems in the coupled systems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 1-25
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  • 24
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    Forecasts of geomagnetic activity by Ottawa Magnetic Observatory: Their reliabilty and application (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A 27 day forecast of geomagnetic activity based on the forecasts from two locations is presented. To evaluate the reliability of the forecasts, the predicted activity was compared with the actual geomagnetic activity at five geomagnetic observatories located in different magnetic zones: Ottawa (57.0N, 351.5E); Meanook (61.8N, 301.0E); Fort Churchill (68.8N, 322.5E); Cambridge Bay (76.7N, 294.0E); and Resolute Bay (83.1N, 287.7E). Results indicate that the percentage of correct predictions varies with the geomagnetic latitude of the observatory used for comparison. The percentage is on the average highest for lower latitude stations and lowest for the northern stations. The number of incorrect predictions ranges from 4.7% for Ottawa to 8.4% for Churchill.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 398-405
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  • 25
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    Prediction limits for foF2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the factors limiting the prediction of foF2 are investigated using median and hourly foF2 values recorded at stations in the Australian ionosonde network. Different time and spatial scales together with different levels of solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. All data used in the analysis are displayed in a series of scatter diagrams which provide an overall view of the accuracy limits for foF2 predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 259-278
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  • 26
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    The geographical distribution of lightning: Forestry and range requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In an attempt to reduce the response time of the initial attack forces to lightning-caused fire, a lightning detection system that effectively locates accurate directions to lightning discharges to over 200 miles from the detection equipment was developed. The system was first tested in Alaska in 1975. Since that time, further development and operational testing led to the implementation of wide area networks. For the 1979 fire season an eight station network in Alaska is to be implemented that will cover virtually all of the lightning-caused fire areas in the state. In the western United States, an eighteen station network that will cover approximately 85% of eleven states is to be implemented. For the first time, large scale ground discharge lightning distribution information is to be available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 110-114
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  • 27
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    Lightning properties and associated emissions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief overview of the lightning observables and environment is provided. A selective review is presented of those properties of lightning which might be useful as space observables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 25-60
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  • 28
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    Ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Difficulties in making in situ and laboratory measurements of the ion composition of the middle atmosphere are related. An approach is presented which extends theoretical and laboratory results for both negative and positive ions from the D-region down to the stratosphere. In each case, the extension of data from the D-region 'down' to the higher pressure stratosphere is primarily a matter of inquiring into the role of the minor constituents whose absolute concentrations become large enough to allow them to become involved in the ion chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 71-88
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  • 29
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    Solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: There are a number of measurements of electrical variations that suggest a solar-terrestrial influence on the global atmospheric electrical circuit. The measurements show variations associated with solar flares, solar magnetic sector boundary crossings, geomagnetic activity, aurorae, differences between ground current and potential gradients at high and low latitudes, and solar cycle variations. The evidence for each variation is examined. Both the experimental evidence and the calculations made with a global model of atmospheric electricity indicate that there is solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity which operates by altering the global electric current and field distribution. A global redistribution of currents and fields can be caused by large-scale changes in electrical conductivity, by alteration of the columnar resistance between thunderstorm cloud tops and the ionosphere, or by both. If the columnar resistance is altered above thunderstorms, more current will flow in the global circuit, changing the ionospheric potential and basic circuit variables such as current density and electric fields. The observed variations of currents and fields during solar-induced disturbances are generally less than 50% of mean values near the earth's surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 89-139
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  • 30
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    Direct energy inputs to the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: As a working definition of the extent of the middle atmosphere (MA), the height range from 30 to 100 km was adopted. The neutral and ionic composition and the dynamics within this height range are, for the most part, poorly understood. From available information, the importance of various particle and photon energy sources, including their variability, for ionization of the neutral atmosphere in this height range is assessed. The following topics are discussed: (1) penetration of the MA by particle and electromagnetic energy; (2) ionization sources for the MA; (3) galactic cosmic rays; (4) solar H Ly alpha, other EUV, and X-rays; (5) magnetospheric electrons and bremsstrahlung X-rays; and (6) solar cosmic rays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 43-70
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  • 31
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    Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The present understanding of magnetosphere ionosphere interactions is described, and present and future predictive capabilities are assessed. Ionospheric features directly coupled to the magnetosphere to a significant degree are considered, with emphasis given to those phenomena of major interest to forecasters and users.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 476-493
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  • 32
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    Energetic solar particle behaviour in the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The behavior of energetic solar flare particles in the magnetosphere is discussed. In the absence of magnetospheric motion, the problem of particle transport can be treated as simple propagation of charged particles in a stationary magnetic field configuration using, for instance, trajectory calculations in model fields. This single particle approach is the basis for the determination of intensity and anisotropy structures over the polar caps and in the geomagnetic tail from different interplanetary conditions. Particle transport on closed field lines is in addition strongly affected by resonant interaction processes as pitch angle scattering and radial diffusion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 446-463
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  • 33
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    Short term magnetospheric particle variations (1 minute T 1 day), appendix 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A schematic representation of the generation and propagation processes for energetic particles of concern in solar terrestrial predictions is given. Particle precipitation at low, mid, and high altitudes is discussed with emphasis on prediction techniques. Methods given for testing of such techniques include traditional collaborations, enhanced collaborations, simulated prediction schemes, and field tests.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 433-440
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  • 34
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    The prediction of AE, ap, and Dst at time lags between 0 and 30 hours (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnetic activity indexes AE, ap, and Dst are correlated with approximately 35,000 hours of interplanetary plasma and magnetic field measurements acquired near the Earth (assembled by NASA/NSSDC into a composite data sat). Lag times between the indexes and solar wind parameters ranged from 0 to 30 hours. Correlations at lags less than 6 hours yield results in agreement with previous studies. At greater lags, the correlation coefficients between the solar wind parameters and AE and ap approach these parameters' autocorrelation (persistence) values. For Dst the correlation with solar wind parameters is lower than that with AE and ap in the 3 to 4 hour lag range whereas the autocorrelation of Dst is significantly higher over the entire 0 to 30 hour lag range. The implications of these differences between AE, ap, and Dst are discussed in terms of persistence of solar wind structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 399-414
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  • 35
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    Dosimetry in the manned space program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Dosimetric results of the various U.S. manned spaceflight programs are presented along with a description of the instrumentation, trapped radiation environments, and spacecraft shielding models. Analytical dose calculations are included and composed with actual measurements. Future requirements of the solar-terrestrial data user who will support manned spaceflight operations during the space shuttle era are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 121-132
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    Predictability of upper-atmospheric density and composition (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Empirical models of upper-atmospheric density and composition are employed in a number of areas, ranging from basic research in atmospheric and ionospheric physics to practical applications in satellite ephemeris prediction. Such models are based on various kinds of data sets and have varying levels of complexity, strengths, and weaknesses. The characteristics of several of the widely used models are described and studies in which the predictions of these models were compared with observational data are reviewed. The relative advantages and limitations of the models in current use are discussed as well as ways in which the models might be improved.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 71-88
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    Low energy magnetospheric plasma interactions with space systems: The role of predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The present status of low energy magnetospheric plasma interactions with space systems is reviewed. The role of predictions in meeting user needs in assessing the impact of such interactions is described. In light of the perceived needs of the user community and of the current status of modeling and prediction efforts, it is suggested that for most user needs more detailed statistical models of the low energy environment are required. In order to meet current prediction requirements, real-time in situ measurements are proposed as a near-term solution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 36-70
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    Modeling the Earth's radiation belts. A review of quantitative data based electron and proton models (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The evolution of quantitative models of the trapped radiation belts is traced to show how the knowledge of the various features has developed, or been clarified, by performing the required analysis and synthesis. The Starfish electron injection introduced problems in the time behavior of the inner zone, but this residue decayed away, and a good model of this depletion now exists. The outer zone electrons were handled statistically by a log normal distribution such that above 5 Earth radii there are no long term changes over the solar cycle. The transition region between the two zones presents the most difficulty, therefore the behavior of individual substorms as well as long term changes must be studied. The latest corrections to the electron environment based on new data are outlined. The proton models have evolved to the point where the solar cycle effect at low altitudes is included. Trends for new models are discussed; the feasibility of predicting substorm injections and solar wind high-speed streams make the modeling of individual events a topical activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 21-35
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  • 39
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    Predictions of the Space Environment Services Center (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The types of users of the Space Environment Services Center are identified. All the data collected by the Center are listed and a short description of each primary index or activity summary is given. Each type of regularly produced forecast is described, along with the methods used to produce each prediction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 322-349
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  • 40
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    The use of ionospheric indices to make real- and near-real-time forecasts of foF2 around Australia (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Two computer programs are used to forecast foF2 at points around Australia from daily and hourly ionospheric indices. It is found that for forecasts one day ahead, the most accurate results are obtained using the past variations of foF2 at several stations to determine a latitudinal-average daily ionospheric index. Forecasts made with lead times of zero to three hours do not offer significant improvements over those made one day ahead.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Prediction Proc., Vol. 1; p 249-258
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    KAZIA: A computer system for solar-terrestrial data processing and objective prediction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A computer system for solar terrestrial data processing is described. The data base consists mainly of information contained in Ursigrams exchanged between the IUWDS Regional Warning Centers. The system structure and its functions are presented. Solar flare forecasting is described, as one of the prediction techniques incorporated in the system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 61-66
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  • 42
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    The atmospheric electric global circuit (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The hypothesis that world thunderstorm activity represents the generator for the atmospheric electric current flow in the earth atmosphere between ground and the ionosphere is based on a close correlation between the magnitude and the diurnal variation of the supply current (thunderstorm generator current) and the load current (fair weather air-earth current density integrated over the earth surface). The advantages of using lightning survey satellites to furnish a base for accepting or rejecting the thunderstorm generator hypothesis are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 136-147
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  • 43
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    Tropospheric electrification (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The solid Earth carried a negative charge of approximately 10 C to the 6 th power and the lower atmosphere an equal, opposite charge. While a number of charging processes in the lower atmosphere are involved, such as erupting volcanoes, snow, sand and dust storms, and the bubbles bursting from the oceans, the primary cause of the Earth's electrification is activity of thunderstorms. Although it is known that the electrification of these clouds is caused by the accumulation of regions of charged water particles, there is no general agreement concerning which process is the cause of the electrification within the cloud and what role this electrification plays in the meteorological processes that take place in the lower atmosphere. The development of thunderclouds and the electric fields and currents above them are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 157-168
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    Electric generators in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The nature and cause of electric fields in the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system and their effects in the middle atmosphere are discussed. Electric fields induced by the solar wind are reported. The equivalence between forces and electric currents and also between current closure and stress balance is described. The motions of the magnetospheric and ionospheric fluids and the electric fields of interest were determined by the balance of these forces, or equivalently by the closure of the currents. The physical nature of stresses and currents was examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 203-217
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  • 45
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    Tropospheric effects on the middle atmosphere and vice-versa (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The mechanisms by which phenomena occurring in the troposphere can affect that atmospheric region lying above the tropopause and below the mesopause are discussed as well as mechanisms by which middle atmospheric phenomena affect the tropospheric circulation, and how the middle atmosphere may act as a medium by which extraterrestrial effects may give rise to changes in tropospheric circulation. Energetics and external energy sources are considered. Aspects of vertical coupling examined include upward, downward, radiational, chemical, and electrical modes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 141-156
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    The middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A quick introduction to some of the important electrical properties, and to the factors that influence them and their variability are provided. The following topics are discussed: (1) production of ionization; (2) ion concentration; (3) ion composition; and (4) variability of the various sources of middle atmospheric ionization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 27-42
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    F-region dynamics (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The U.S. research efforts in the last four years, relating to an understanding of upper atmosphere or thermosphere and F-region dynamics are reported. Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric parameters from the Atmosphere Explorer satellites were used in photochemistry and photoenergetics studies. Studies of the magnetosphere as a major source of energy and momentum for the thermosphere are outlined. Time-dependent ionosphere models which describe the thermal structure, composition, photoelectron spectrum, and airglow emissions in F-regions are discussed. Solar tides, magnetic disturbances, and gravity waves in the thermosphere are considered. It is noted that planetary explorations will help to understand scientific problems of the space environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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    Neutral thermospheric composition and thermal structure (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of the published experimental works of the past four years is presented. Since 1975, satellite and ground based programs produced new data on the composition and structure of the thermosphere, including the first extensive measurements of a number of minor constituents. The new data were incorporated in a number of semiempirical models which provided an increasingly accurate picture of thermospheric variations. Empirical modelling is considered, followed by solar activity variations, daily variations, magnetic storm variations, measurements of molecular oxygen and minor species, and miscellaneous temperature and density determinations. The concepts of global circulation patterns driven by solar radiation, magnetospheric energy, and momentum sources, and wave sources in the lower atmosphere, and the accompanying redistribution of minor species are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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    The Moho as a magnetic boundary (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetism in the crust and the upper mantle and magnetic results indicating that the seismic Moho is a magnetic boundary are considered. Mantle derived rocks - peridotites from St. Pauls rocks, dunite xenoliths from the Kaupulehu flow, and peridotite, dunite, and eclogite xenoliths from Roberts Victor and San Carlos diatremes - are weakly magnetic with saturation magnetization values from 0.013 emu/gm to less than 0.001 emu/gm which is equivalent to 0.01 to 0.001 wt% Fe304. Literature on the minerals in mantle xenoliths shows that metals and primary Fe304 are absent, and that complex Cr, Mg, Al, and Fe spinels are dominant. These spinels are non-magnetic at mantle temperatures, and the crust/mantle boundary can be specified as a magnetic mineralogy discontinuity. The new magnetic results indicate that the seismic Moho is a magnetic boundary, the source of magnetization is in the crust, and the maximum Curie isotherm depends on magnetic mineralogy and is located at depths which vary with the regional geothermal gradient.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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    Base line estimation using single passes of laser data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The laser data of the GEOS 3 satellite passes observed by four stations at Greenbelt (Maryland), Bermuda, Grand Turk Island (Bahamas) and Patrick Air Force Base (Florida), were employed to determine precise interstation base lines and relative heights in short orbital arcs of no more than 12-min duration. No more than five arcs of data are required to define the interstation base lines to 30-cm precision. Base lines running parallel to the orbital motion can be defined to submeter precision from a single short arc of data. Combining arcs of different orbital geometry in a common adjustment of two or more stations relative to the base station helps to compensate for weak base line definition in any single arc. This technique can be used for tracking such spacecraft as Lageos, a high-altitude retroreflector-carrying satellite designed for precise laser ranging studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; July 30
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    Ozone and temperature trends associated with the 11-year solar cycle (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented which suggests that trends in the ozone concentration and stratospheric temperature, reported between the early 1960's and 1976, are to a large extent due to solar ultraviolet flux variability associated with the 11-year solar cycle. Radiative-convective-photochemical simulations of ozone and temperature variations have been made with a solar ultraviolet flux variability model. Results for temperatures and ozone concentrations, when compared with published data, show good agreement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 204; June 22
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    On the average configuration of the geomagnetic tail (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A statistical study of the geomagnetic tail has revealed large scale variations in the field configuration both in N-S and E-W directions. The largest value of the B(z) component of the field was observed near the midplane of the tail. Results, such as the discovery of more depolar fields near the flanks of the tail can be incorporated into more realistic models, which should lead to a better understanding of tail behavior. The observed dependence of the tail on interplanetary sector structure may be interpreted in terms of models linking interplanetary field lines to those of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 1
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    Auroral origin of medium scale gravity waves in neutral composition and temperature (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The kinetic temperature and neutral composition data obtained from the Aeros B neutral atmosphere temperature experiment and the neutral and ion mass spectrometer show spatial structures characteristic of medium scale gravity waves with a wavelength in the range of several hundred kilometers. These waves are associated with auroral activity, and their spatial structure reflects the time history of the auroral electrojet. The medium scale gravity waves tend to propagate to mid-latitudes on the nightside. On the dayside their range is limited to high latitudes. Gravity waves are carriers of auroral energy to middle and low latitudes where they may cause irreversible changes in temperature via viscous dissipation. Since auroral activity occurs frequently, it is suggested that this energy reaches the mid-latitude region of the thermosphere much more frequently than is indicated by planetary magnetic indices.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 1
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    Magnetic fields in flowing magnetotail plasmas and their significance for magnetic reconnection (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A statistical study is made of the magnetic field components that occur in the presence of high-velocity flows. Results are reported for a statistical analysis of 324 intervals of intense bulk plasma flows in the plasma sheet of the geomagnetic tail, measured by the Imp 6 spacecraft. A pronounced tendency for southward fields to be associated with tailward flow more often than with earthward flow yields support for the merging concept, though not in its simplest form. Histograms of 15.36-s averages of vector magnetic field measurements during plasma flows reveal no significant changes in the distribution of beta-y between earthward or tailward plasma flow directions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 1
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    Inversion of satellite magnetic anomaly data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method of finding a first approximation to a crustal magnetization distribution from inversion of satellite magnetic anomaly data is described. Magnetization is expressed as a Fourier series in a segment of spherical shell. Input to this procedure is an equivalent source representation of the observed anomaly field. Instability of the inversion occurs when high frequency noise is present in the input data, or when the series is carried to an excessively high wave number. Preliminary results are given for the United States and adjacent areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysics - Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 45; 2, 19; 1979
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    Comparison of backscatter ultraviolet /BUV/ and ground-based total ozone fields for December 1970 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: For the period December 1970, comparison is made between the monthly average analyses (mapped fields) of the backscatter ultraviolet (BUV) total ozone data and the ground-based observations. In particular, significant differences of over 50 Dobson units are noted over the region of the North Atlantic Ocean with the BUV of greater magnitude than the ground-based data. As part of the overall verification program, both analyses are compared against the 100 mb height fields. The results indicate that the BUV analysis in the region of question is the more consistent of the two.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 117; 3, 19; 1978-197
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    An evaluation of recent internal field models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the current status of internal field models and evaluates several recently published models by comparing their predictions with annual means of the magnetic field measured at 140 magnetic observatories from 1973 to 1977. Three of the four models studied, viz. AWC/75, IGS/75, and Pogo 8/71, were nearly equal in their ability to predict the magnitude and direction of the current field. The fourth model, IGRF 1975, was significantly poorer in its ability to predict the current field. All models seemed to be able to extrapolate predictions quite well several years outside the data range used to construct the models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    A method of evaluating quantitative magnetospheric field models by an angular parameter alpha (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper introduces an angular parameter, termed alpha, which represents the angular difference between the observed, or model, field and the internal model field. The study discusses why this parameter is chosen and demonstrates its usefulness by applying it to both observations and models. In certain areas alpha is more sensitive than delta-B (the difference between the magnitude of the observed magnetic field and that of the earth's internal field calculated from a spherical harmonic expansion) in expressing magnetospheric field distortions. It is recommended to use both alpha and delta-B in comparing models with observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Analysis of star pair latitudes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Star pair latitude observations form the basis for the pole positions reported by the International Polar Motion Service (IMPS). The IPMS processes these observations to produce a mean pole position. However, the time series of observations contains high-frequency information which is lost in the calculation of the mean pole. In this study, 2931 star pair observations are analyzed. A possible large excitation at one cycle per solar day is observed. The average power level in the frequency band of the tesseral tides is seen to be high, although the peaks cannot be conclusively identified as tidal phenomena.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 10
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    Dynamic satellite geodesy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes operation of the GEOS-3 and Lageos spacecraft launched by NASA as part of the Earth and Ocean Dynamic Program. The investigations conducted by using GEOS-3 include the determination of tracking station coordinates, polar motion, and the use of altimetry in orbit determination. Lageos was designed as a precision target for making geodetic measurements with ground laser systems. Consideration is given to the progress made in the investigation and determination of tidal parameters by means of satellite perturbation methods. Satellite geodetic methods based on the ability to determine precise satellite orbits and orbit determination are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the future studies employing Spaceborne Laser and Global Positioning System concepts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Earth's magnetosphere - Global problems in magnetospheric plasma physics (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetospheric physics is presently in a transition from the exploratory stage to one in which satellite missions and ground-based observations are planned with the specific object of achieving a global understanding and self-consistent quantitative description of the cause-and-effect relationship among the principal dynamic processes involved. Measurements turn to lower and lower energies and to higher ion mass species, in order to encompass the entire particle population, and to a broader range of the frequency spectrum of magnetic and electric field variations. In the present paper, the current status of our knowledge on magnetospheric plasma physics is reviewed, with particular reference of such fundamental advances as the discovery of layers of streaming plasma in the magnetosphere beneath its boundary surface, the identification of the terrestrial magnetosphere as a celestial source of kilometric radiation and relativistic particles, the identification of parallel electric field regions within the magnetosphere and their role in auroral particle acceleration, and the discovery of large fluxes of energetic heavy ions trapped in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential climatological and environmental importance of the stratospheric aerosol layer has prompted interest in measuring the properties of this aerosol. This paper reports on two recently deployed NASA satellite systems (SAM II and SAGE) that are monitoring the stratospheric aerosol. The satellite orbits obtain nearly global coverage. The instruments mounted in the spacecraft are sun photometers that measure solar intensity at specific wavelengths as it is moderated by atmospheric particulates and gases during each sunrise and sunset encountered by the satellites. Latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal variations in the aerosol layer are evaluated. The satellite systems are being validated by a series of ground truth experiments using airborne and ground lidar, balloon-borne dustsondes, aircraft-mounted impactors, and other correlative sensors. The SAM II and SAGE satellite systems, instrument characteristics, and mode of operation are described; the methodology of the experiments is outlined; and the ground truth experiments are discussed. Preliminary results from these measurements are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    Internal magnetospheric plasma flow (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental evidence indicates that there exist at least two separate circulation patterns within the magnetosphere which allow cold heavy plasmaspheric ions, which drift toward the dayside magnetopause, to be transported to the plasma sheet for acceleration and reinjection into the inner magnetosphere. The first of these results in the ions being transported over the polar regions in the plasma mantle. The mantle ultimately joins the plasma sheet at great distance in the tail via the lobe electric field. The second circulation pattern is embodied in the low latitude boundary layer. Recent data show that the extension of the low latitude boundary layer in the tail at 60 Earth radii turns inward to directly feed the plasma sheet. A means of estimating the fractional role played by each is to compare the electric potential drop across the low latitude boundary layer with the total cross tail convection electric potential. This was done for a set of tail crossings using ALSEP/SIDE data. The result is that the boundary layer contains about 20% of the potential drop across the tail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 351-355
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    Plasma electron observations in the vicinity of magnetic holes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present study, 14 events of interplanetary magnetic field dips are identified. Eleven of these are found to be associated with significant enhancements in the flux of electrons of energies of approximately 100 eV. Five (of the eleven) are characterized by significant changes in the magnetic field direction, and six are not. Thus, even though an electron enhancement is usually seen at a dip, the enhancement need not be always associated with magnetic reconnection, for which a directional change is essential. It appears that some events involve local acceleration, possibly the results of reconnection, while others may involve electrons injected onto the field line at a remote point.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 1
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    Analysis of daily latitude variations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The daily latitude measurements of the International Polar Motion Service are analyzed. The annual oscillation in the data was modeled by separate oscillations in each observatory's latitude data. The separate oscillations varied in amplitude from 0.05 sec to 0.15 sec with standard deviations of about 0.007 sec. Within the resolution of the latitude residuals (150 cm), there is no indication of the sharp changes which might be associated with earthquake effects. Then, applying Schuster's test to a periodogram of the residuals indicates that there are probably several processes occurring at amplitudes between 0.007 sec and 0.03 sec whose solution awaits a more precise measurement technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 10
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    The photochemistry of N/+/ ions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The photochemistry of N(+) ions in the daytime thermosphere is studied using the data base of the Atmosphere Explorer C Satellite. The reaction O(+) + N(2D) yields O + N(+) is considered a major source of N(+) ions at altitudes between 250 and 500 km. At altitudes below 300 km, N(+) is removed by reactions with O2, but at higher altitudes the reactions of N(+) with O and with H are the most important loss mechanisms. The empirical rate coefficients for reactions N(+) + O yields N and O(+) and N(+) + H yields N + H(+) are derived.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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    The response of stratospheric constituents to a solar eclipse, sunrise, and sunset (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of measurements combined with detailed stratospheric modeling of time dependent events, to confirm chemical mechanisms and their laboratory rate constants, is examined. Careful simultaneous solutions of these equations have shown a significant daytime variation of ozone down to altitudes of about 30 km that can affect the interpretation of spectral absorption type experiments. The calculated sunset variations of NO and HO show a log linear concentration decay for limited time periods that can be readily converted into atmospheric temperatures by using known reaction rates up to about 70-km altitude. Proposed measurements of the time dependent behavior of NO and NO2 to be made by U2 aircraft at 20-km altitude are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; July 20
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  • 68
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    Gravity model improvement using GEOS 3 /GEM 9 and 10/ (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although errors in previous gravity models have produced large uncertainties in the orbital position of GEOS 3, significant improvement has been obtained with new geopotential solutions, Goddard Earth Model (GEM) 9 and 10. The GEM 9 and 10 solutions for the potential coefficients and station coordinates are presented along with a discussion of the new techniques employed. Also presented and discussed are solutions for three fundamental geodetic reference parameters, viz. the mean radius of the earth, the gravitational constant, and mean equatorial gravity. Evaluation of the gravity field is examined together with evaluation of GEM 9 and 10 for orbit determination accuracy. The major objectives of GEM 9 and 10 are achieved. GEOS 3 orbital accuracies from these models are about 1 m in their radial components for 5-day arc lengths. Both models yield significantly improved results over GEM solutions when compared to surface gravimetry, Skylab and GEOS 3 altimetry, and highly accurate BE-C (Beacon Explorer-C) laser ranges. The new values of the parameters discussed are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; July 30
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    The midnight temperature maximum in the earth's equatorial thermosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports in situ direct measurements of regularly observed thermosphere neutral particle (i.e., N2) temperature maxima that occur predominantly after midnight. The measurements were made using the Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Instrument aboard Atmosphere Explorer-E in circular orbit (inclination 19 deg) at about 275 km. Hundreds of midnight temperature maxima were observed, some having values exceeding the well-known afternoon maximum. Simultaneous in situ direct measurements of the wind component normal to the orbit plane have also been obtained and observed to correlate in a systematic way with the temperature maxima.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; June 197
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  • 70
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    Predissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Absorption of solar photons by nitric oxide in the wavelength ranges 181.3-183.5 and 189.4-191.6 nm leads to predissociation of the molecule in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. Molecular oxygen controls the penetration of the required solar irradiance via absorption in the Schumann-Runge bands, while attenuation due to ozone becomes significant in the upper stratosphere. The calculation of the nitric oxide dissociation rate is complicated by the need to include all rotational fine structure in both the NO and O2 cross sections. The dissociation rate computed here for the upper mesosphere is a factor of 3.6 less than that reported in past work when currently accepted values of the oscillator strengths and solar irradiance are used. In addition, improved molecular parameters describing the O2 cross section predict less attenuation of the dissociation rate with decreasing altitude than results previously available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 71
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    Concentrations of condensation nuclei in the vicinity of jetstream maxima (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ozone and condensation nuclei were measured on March 29, 1977 (and March 30, GMT) from a Sabreliner in a frontal zone south of Denver, Colo. The ozone served as a tracer for stratospheric air and the condensation nuclei as a tracer for tropospheric air. Both the Langer condensation nucleus counter and the Rich-100 counter can be used to measure condensation nucleus concentrations in the vicinity of the tropopause. However, the former counter is more sensitive to low concentrations. The nuclei measured were found to be almost entirely larger than 0.005 micron in radius, consisting of thousands of molecules. The mesostructure of the ozone and condensation nucleus concentrations agreed well with a double structure of the frontal zone that became apparent from a detailed analysis of radiosonde data.
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  • 72
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    Ice elevation map of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, from balloon altimetry (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 278; Apr. 26
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  • 73
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    Numerical and laboratory simulation of fault motion and earthquake occurrence (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reviews the simulation of earthquake occurrence by numerical and laboratory mechanical block models. Simple linear rheological elements are used with elastic forces driving the main events and viscoelastic forces being important for aftershock and creep occurrence. Friction and its dependence on velocity, stress, and displacement also play a key role in determining how, when, and where fault motion occurs. The discussion of the qualitative behavior of the simulators focuses on the manner in which energy is stored in the system and released by the unstable and stable sliding processes. The numerical results emphasize the statistics of earthquake occurrence and the correlations among source parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; Feb. 197
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  • 74
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    Possible effects of volcanic eruptions on stratospheric minor constituent chemistry (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although stratosphere penetrating volcanic eruptions have been infrequent during the last half century, periods have existed in the last several hundred years when such eruptions were significantly more frequent. Several mechanisms exist for these injections to affect stratospheric minor constituent chemistry, both on the long-term average and for short-term perturbations. These mechanisms are reviewed and, because of the sensitivity of current models of stratospheric ozone to chlorine perturbations, quantitative estimates are made of chlorine injection rates. It is found that, if chlorine makes up as much as 0.5 to 1% of the gases released and if the total gases released are about the same magnitude as the fine ash, then a major stratosphere penetrating eruption could deplete the ozone column by several percent. The estimate for the Agung eruption of 1963 is just under 1% an amount not excluded by the ozone record but complicated by the peak in atmospheric nuclear explosions at about the same time.
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  • 75
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    Input sensitivity study of a stratospheric photochemistry model (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general technique for calculating the sensitivities, uncertainties and overall imprecision of a model to a set of input parameters is described and applied to the calculation of CFM (chlorofluoromethane) induced stratospheric ozone depletion. The input data set used is reaction rates and the technique highlights those that most need further study in the laboratory. The convolution of individual uncertainties to obtain an overall imprecision gives good agreement with the results of Monte-Carlo calculations using the same model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 76
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    Seasonal and interannual variations in total ozone revealed by the Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet experiment (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first 2 years of backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) ozone data from the Nimbus 4 spacecraft have been processed to a more refined level. The seasonal variations of total ozone for the period April 1970 to April 1972 are described using daily means for 10 deg latitude zones and a time-latitude cross section. In addition, the BUV data are compared with analyzed Dobson data and with infrared interferometer spectrometer data also obtained from the Nimbus 4 spacecraft. A harmonic analysis was performed on the daily zonal means. Amplitudes, days of peak ozone values, and percentage of variance have been computed for the annual and semiannual waves and for higher harmonics of an annual period for the 2 years. Asymmetries are found in the annual waves in the two hemispheres, with a subtle interannual difference which may be due to changes in the general circulation. A significant semiannual component is detected in the tropics for the first year. This component appears to result from influences of the annual waves in the two hemispheres. A search for shorter periods using the harmonic analysis revealed no periodicity whose amplitude was higher than the noise level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 20
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  • 77
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    F layer positive response to a geomagnetic storm - June 1972 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A circulation model of neutral thermosphere-ionosphere coupling is used to interpret in situ spacecraft measurements taken during a topside midlatitude ionospheric storm. The data are measurements of electron density taken along the circular polar orbit of Ariel 4 at 550 km during the geomagnetically disturbed period June 17-18, 1972. It is inferred that collisional momentum transfer from the disturbed neutral thermosphere to the ionosphere was the dominant midday process generating the positive F-layer storm phase in the summer hemisphere. In the winter hemisphere the positive storm phase drifted poleward in the apparent response to magnetospheric E x B drifts. A summer F-layer positive phase developed at the sudden commencement and again during the geomagnetic main phase; a winter F-layer positive phase developed only during the geomagnetic main phase. The observed seasonal differences in both the onsets and the magnitudes of the positive phases are attributed to the interhemispheric asymmetry in thermospheric dynamics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 78
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    The simultaneous inference of stratospheric NO2-H2O and HNO3-CF2Cl2 using limb sounding radiometry (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An inversion algorithm has been developed to simultaneously infer the concentrations of two gases with overlapping spectral signatures using limb emission measurements. The algorithm provides a solution in two or three iterations and has been tested in a simulation study for the inference of stratospheric NO2-H2O and HNO3-CF2Cl2. Existing satellite instrumentation was the basis for errors used in the calculations. These included noise, scale and bias errors, angular registration errors, spacecraft motion effects, and effects due to a finite instrument field of view. It is estimated that concentrations of all four gases can be measured globally from a satellite with errors of less than 20%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Nov. 197
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  • 79
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    Methodology for error analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A methodology is presented for objective and automated determination of the uncertainty in lidar aerosol measurements. This methodology is based on standard error-propagation procedures, a large data base on atmospheric behavior, and long experience in lidar data processing. Algebraic expressions for probable error are derived as a function of the relevant parameters. The validity of these expressions is then tested by making simulated measurements and analyses in which random errors of appropriate size are injected at proper steps of the measurement and analysis process. An illustrative example is given where the methodology is applied to a new lidar system now being used for airborne measurements of the stratospheric aerosol.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Nov. 15
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  • 80
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    Ionosphere scintillations associated with features of equatorial ionosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Amplitude scintillations of radio beacons aboard the ATS-6 satellite on 40 MHz, 140 MHz and 360 MHz recorded during the ATS-6 phase II at an equatorial station Ootacamund (dip 4 deg N) and the ionograms at a nearby station Kodaikanal (dip 3.5 deg N) are examined for scintillation activity. Only sporadic E events, other than Es-q, Es-c or normal E are found to be associated with intense daytime scintillations. Scintillations are also observed during night Es conditions. The amplitude spread is associated with strong scintillations on all frequencies while frequency spread causes weaker scintillations and that mainly at 40 MHz.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 35; July-Sep
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    Influence of gravity wave activity on lower thermospheric photochemistry and composition (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The wind and temperature oscillations of internal gravity waves can cause horizontal variations of a factor of two in minor gas number densities in the lower thermosphere over length scales of several hundred kilometers. The variations are due both to vertical transport of constituents whose lifetimes are long compared to the wave period and to chemical activity driven by temperature dependent reaction rate coefficients. The nightglow emission of the hydroxyl radical provides a remote sensor of wave activity between 80 and 90 km. Theoretical calculations show that the horizontal variations in the atomic hydrogen distribution are the largest single contributor to wave structure in the nightglow followed by the effects of temperature fluctuations on the rate coefficient of the reaction H + O3 yields O2 + OH (nu prime is greater than 0).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 27; Dec. 197
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  • 82
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    Tropospheric UV flux calculations and photolysis rates for use with zonally and diurnally averaged models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computationally fast and efficient method for calculating solar UV fluxes in the troposphere is developed. Calculated fluxes compare favorably with more rigorous multiple scattering results, and qualitatively correct behavior of the direct and diffuse flux components is maintained. In view of the relatively large uncertainties in other aspects of tropospheric photochemical models, the use of approximate UV flux calculations appears warranted. The technique is applied to the calculation of photolysis rates for twelve significant photolytic reactions of nine species.
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  • 83
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    Remote measurement of tropospheric ozone (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that a differential absorption lidar employing a pulsed CO2 laser and a direct detection receiver is capable of significantly improving the existing data base on the tropospheric ozone burden. As a ground-based system, the lidar could obtain urban to regional scale O3 measurements with a vertical or horizontal resolution of at least 1 km in the troposphere. As a space-based system, it could obtain global scale coverage of the O3 burden below the stratospheric maximum of O3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Oct. 15
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  • 84
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    Artificial stimulation of auroral electron acceleration by intense field aligned currents (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A cesium-doped high explosion was detonated at 165 km altitude in the auroral ionosphere during quiet conditions. An Alfven wave pulse with a 200-mV/m electric field was observed, with the peak occurring 135 ms after the explosion at a distance of about 1 km. The count rate of fixed energy 2-keV electron detectors abruptly increased at 140 ms, peaked at 415 ms, and indicated a downward field-aligned beam of accelerated electrons. An anomalously high-field aligned beam of backscattered electrons was also detected. The acceleration is interpreted as due to production of an electrostatic shock or double layer between 300 and 800 km altitude. The structure was probably formed by an instability of the intense field-aligned currents in the Alfven wave launched by the charge-separation electric field due to the explosion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 85
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    Stratospheric distribution of ClONO2 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Balloon-borne infrared solar spectra in the 1292/cm region, at 0.02/cm resolution, obtained during sunset, are used to derive a mixing ratio altitude profile of ClONO2. Portions of the spectra covering the 1292/cm region are shown together with a laboratory spectrum of ClONO2 and HNO3 taken with a flight interferometer. The agreement of the atmospheric absorption feature in shape and position with the ClONO2 spectrum, along with the fact that the feature is not due to other known atmospheric compounds, results in the identification of the atmospheric absorption as being due to ClONO2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 86
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    The probability distribution of the predicted CFM-induced ozone depletion (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued from the central limit theorem that the uncertainty in model predicted changes of the ozone column density is best represented by a normal probability density distribution. This conclusion is validated by comparison with a probability distribution generated by a Monte Carlo technique. In the case of the CFM-induced ozone depletion, and based on the estimated uncertainties in the reaction rate coefficients alone the relative mean standard deviation of this normal distribution is estimated to be 0.29.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 20
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    Sulfur and halogen chemistry of the stratosphere and of volcanic eruption plumes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The major eruption of Volcan de Fuego caused an enhancement of 1.6 x 10 to the 9 kg of SO4(-) in the stratosphere 6 months after the eruption. Measurable changes in nitric acid vapor and particulate chloride were not observed. Subsequent data suggests that HCl was not injected into the stratosphere. The first simultaneous measurement of halogen and sulfur content of gases and particles in explosive eruption plumes is reported. The average percents of elements in particles were sulfur, 2.5 + or - 2.1; chlorine, 18 + or - 12; and fluorine, 38 + or - 29. The average molecular ratio of HCl/SO2 and HCl/HF were 0.41 + or - 0.26 and 14 + or - 12 in the Guatemalan eruption plumes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 20
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  • 88
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    The effect of the sea breeze circulation on surface ozone levels at Wallops Island, Virginia (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Surface measurements of windspeed, direction, and ozone concentration collected at Wallops Island, Virginia, during the summers of 1977 and 1978 are analyzed to study the effects of the dominant mesoscale sea breeze circulation on the local photochemical oxidant levels. A bimodality in the atmospheric dynamics is linked to systematic variations in ozone concentration. It is concluded that during certain phases of the two circulation modes, increased wind speed reduces the resistance of the earth's surface to the deposition of ozone, and decreased ozone concentration levels result. For other phases, light winds occur, signifying high resistance to deposition and high ozone levels. This modulation by the local dynamics is a major impediment for pollutant studies in coastal environments, especially those centering on transport, because it tends to mask other processes that may be occurring.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 20
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  • 89
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    Geomagnetopause surface fluctuations observed by Voyager 1 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the geomagnetopause surface fluctuations observed by Voyager 1. Normals to the magnetopause were determined for the crossings of Voyager 1 by minimum variance analysis of the internal magnetic field; the oscillating nature of the ecliptic plane component of these normals indicates that the multiple crossings were due to a wavelike surface disturbance moving tailward along the magnetopause. The estimated amplitude of these waves was small compared to their wavelengths; this conclusion is independent of any bulk normal motion of the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 90
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    Quenching rates and fluorescence efficiency in the A 2 Sigma + state of OH (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Direct lifetime measurements at pressures up to 25 torr are used to determine the quenching rates for the A 2 Sigma + (v = 0) state of OH due to N2, O2, H2O, and air. The results are found to corroborate quenching values obtained in a similar manner in the millitorr pressure range and show that the quenching cross sections of N2 is pressure independent at least up to 25 torr, that the quenching cross section of O2 is also likely to be pressure independent, and that the quenching values deduced from low-pressure experiments can be safely employed for atmospheric measurements of OH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 71; Nov. 1
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  • 91
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    Motions of charged particles in the magnetosphere under the influence of a time-varying large scale convection electric field (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The motions of charged particles under the influence of the geomagnetic and electric fields are quite complex in the region of the inner magnetosphere. The Volland-Stern type large-scale convection electric field with gamma = 2 has been used successfully to predict both the plasmapause location and particle enhancements determined from Explorer 45 (S3-A) measurements. Recently introduced into the trajectory calculations of Ejiri et al. (1978) is a time dependence in this electric field based on the variation in Kp for actual magnetic storm conditions. The particle trajectories are computed as they change in this time-varying electric field. Several storm fronts of particles of different magnetic moments are allowed to be injected into the inner magnetosphere from L = 10 in the equatorial plane. The motions of these fronts are presented in a movie format. The local time of injection, the particle magnetic moments and the subsequent temporal history of the magnetospheric electric field play important roles in determining whether the injected particles are trapped within the ring current region or whether they are convected to regions outside the inner magnetosphere.
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  • 92
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    Atmospheric implications of studies of Central American volcanic eruption clouds (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 20
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    Solar and terrestrial noble gases in magnetospheric precipitation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Metal-foil collectors were installed on the external structure of Skylab to entrap precipitating magnetospheric particles. The foils were retrieved, and the entrapped helium, neon, and argon were isotopically analyzed in a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Solar and terrestrial helium and neon and terrestrial argon were detected. As expected, the isotopic composition of neon and argon in the high atmosphere was found to be strongly fractionated. Special techniques were used to estimate the initial particle energy of He-3. The measured He-3 flux is consistent with the assumption that precipitating solar He-3 is the major source of terrestrial He-3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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    Magnetospheric electrostatic emissions and cold plasma densities (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A synoptic study of electric wave, magnetometer, and plasma data from Imp 6 has been carried out for times when banded electrostatic waves are observed between harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency in the earth's outer magnetosphere. Four separate classes of such waves have previously been identified by us. The spatial and temporal occurrences of waves in each class are summarized here, as are correlations of occurrence with geomagnetic activity. Most importantly, associations between the observations of waves of different classes and the relative portions of cold and hot electrons present at the position of the spacecraft are established. The cold to hot ratio varies in accordance with the predictions of our previous theoretical work, which models the emission as arising unstably from a hot loss cone distribution existing simultaneously with a cold isotropic electron component. Finally, evidence for the signature of the loss cone is sought in the plasma data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 1
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  • 95
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    Gravitational potential energy of the earth - A spherical harmonic approach (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A spherical harmonic equation for the gravitational potential energy of the earth is derived for an arbitrary density distribution by conceptually bringing in mass-elements from infinity and building up the earth shell upon spherical shell. The zeroth degree term in the spherical harmonic expansion agrees with the usual expression for the energy of a radial density distribution. The second degree terms give a maximum nonhydrostatic energy in the crust and mantle of -2.77 x 10 to the 29th ergs, an order of magnitude below McKenzie's (1966) estimate. McKenzie's result stems from mathematical error. Our figure is almost identical with Kaula's (1963) estimate of the minimum shear strain energy in the mantle, a not unexpected result on the basis of the virial theorem. If the earth is assumed to be a homogeneous viscous oblate spheroid relaxing to an equilibrium shape, then a lower limit to the mantle viscosity of 1.3 x 10 to the 20th P is found by assuming that the total geothermal flux is due to viscous dissipation of energy. This number is almost six orders of magnitude below MacDonald's (1966) estimate of the viscosity and removes his objection to convection. If the nonequilibrium figure is dynamically maintained by the earth acting as a heat engine at 1% efficiency, then the viscosity is 10 to the 22nd P, a number preferred by Cathles (1975) and Peltier and Andrew (1976) as the viscosity of the mantle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 10
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    Gravitational spectra from direct measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple rapid method is described for determining the spectrum of a surface field (in spherical harmonics) from harmonic analysis of direct (in situ) measurements along great circle arcs. The method is shown to give excellent overall trends (smoothed spectra) to very high degree from even a few short arcs of satellite data. Three examples are taken with perfect measurements of satellite tracking over a planet made up of hundreds of point masses using (1) altimetric heights from a low-orbiting spacecraft, (2) velocity (range rate) residuals between a low and a high satellite in circular orbits, and (3) range rate data between a station at infinity and a satellite in a highly eccentric orbit. In particular, the smoothed spectrum of the earth's gravitational field is determined to about degree 400(50-km half wavelength) from 1 x 1 deg gravimetry and the equivalent of 11 revolutions of GEOS 3 and Skylab altimetry. This measurement shows that there is about 46 cm of geoid height (rms worldwide) remaining in the field beyond degree 180.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 10
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  • 97
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    Simulation of auroral double layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some basic properties of plasma double layers are deduced from a particle-in-cell computer simulation and related to parallel electric-field structures above the auroral regions. The simulation results on the processes leading to double-layer formation are examined, particularly in relation to the transient stage and double-layer structure and stability. It is concluded that: (1) a large potential difference applied to a finite-length plasma will be concentrated in a shocklike localized region instead of occurring over the entire length of the system; (2) the initial stage in double-layer formation is dominated by a large-potential pulse propagating in the direction of the induced electrostatic drift; (3) the entire potential is dropped over a specific scale length once the double layer has formed; and (4) this scale length is expected to be of the order of 1 km for a double layer above a discrete auroral arc with a potential of 10 kV and the electric-field vector parallel to the magnetic-field vector.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 1
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  • 98
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    Nonlinear Landau damping in the ionosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A model which explains the nonresonant waves which produce the diffuse resonance observed near 3/2 f(H) by the Alouette and Isis topside sounders, where f(H) is the ambient electron cyclotron frequency, is presented. These waves are the result of plasma wave instabilities driven by anisotropic electron velocity distributions initiated by the high-power short-duration sounder pulse. Calculations of the nonlinear wave-particle coupling coefficients show that the diffuse resonance wave can be maintained by nonlinear Landau damping of the sounder-stimulated 2f(H) wave which is observed with a time duration longer than that of the diffuse resonance wave. The time duration of the diffuse resonance is determined by the transit time of the instability-generated and nonlinearly maintained diffuse resonance wave from the remote short-lived hot region back to the antenna. The model is consistent with the Alouette/Isis observations and it demonstrates the existence of nonlinear wave-particle interactions in the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 1
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  • 99
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    The effect of paleoatmospheric ozone on surface temperature (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photochemical and radiative-convective calculations are performed to evaluate the influence of ozone in determining the surface temperature of the paleoatmosphere prior to the buildup of molecular oxygen to its present atmospheric level. Possible effects of atmospheric dynamics on the photochemistry and thermal structure of the paleoatmosphere are neglected, and the present atmospheric values are assumed for the tropospheric water-vapor relative-humidity distribution and lapse rate as well as for the fractional cloud amount and cloud reflectivity. It is found that the radiative effects (at IR and solar wavelengths) of ozone for a molecular oxygen level of one-tenth the present atmospheric level resulted in a globally averaged surface-temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant. Implications of the results for paleoclimate are briefly considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 100
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    The evolution and variability of atmospheric ozone over geological time (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The rise of atmospheric O3 as a function of the evolution of O2 has been investigated using a one-dimensional steady-state photochemical model based on the chemistry and photochemistry of Ox(O3, O, O(1D)), N2O, NOx(NO, NO2, HNO3), H2O, and HOx(H, OH, HO2, H2O2) including the effect of vertical eddy transport on the species distribution. The total O3 column density was found to maximize for an O2 level of 0.1 present atmospheric level (PAL) and exceeded the present total O3 column by about 40%. For that level of O2, surface and tropospheric O3 densities exceeded those of the present atmosphere by about an order of magnitude. Surface and tropospheric OH densities of the paleoatmosphere exceeded those of the present atmosphere by orders of magnitude. It was also found that in the O2-deficient paleoatmosphere, N2O (even at present atmospheric levels) produces much less NOx than it does in the present atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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