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  • Springer  (211,911)
  • 1975-1979  (211,911)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possibilites de scissions multiples pour des colonies de dorylinesAnomma nigricans illiger hymenopteres formicidae, en Cote d'Ivoire (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During 45 months we have followed daily manyAnomma nigricans Ill. colonies in the Lamto area and we noticed that one society can divide and produce several times a new colony at short notice. For example the colonies ES and YT have respectively founded 3 and 2 new societies in 134 and 65 days. Other societies remained undivided for long periods. Two to four emigrations occuring at short intervals are observed between the statary phases necessary to the breeding of the sexual brood. A comparison between the different scissions and the time required for breeding mâles indicates that colonies can proceed to a secund cycle of foundation even before the end of the first one. Dans deux colonies, les fréquences de scissions paraissent exceptionnelles. Sur 46 autres colonies régulièrement suivies, nous n'avons, en effet, observé que 14 scissions. On peut s'interroger sur la cause d'une telle disparité? L'âge des reines serait-il en jeu? Il est bien difficile de répondre pour l'instant, la longévité et, en même temps, la grande mobilité des colonies d'Anomma rendant cette étude particulièrement difficile.
    Notes: Resume Nous avons suivi quotidiennement et pendant 45 mois de nombreuses colonies d'Animma nigricans Ill., dans la région de Lamto, en Côte d'Ivoire. Ceci nous a permis de constater qu'une même fourmilière pouvait se scinder et donner naissance à une nouvelle colonie plusieurs fois de suite en peu de temps. Nous citons le cas de deux colonies, ES et YT, qui ont produit respectivement 3 et 2 sociétés nouvelles en 134 et 65 jours. Par contre d'autres sociétés restent sans se reproduire pendant des périodes très longues. Entre les temps d'immobilisation des colonies, nécessaires à l'élevage du couvain sexué, on a observé de 2 à 4 déménagements très rapprochés. L'étude de la chronologie des scissions, comparée au temps nécessaire pour le développement du couvain mâle, permet d'affirmer qu'un processus de scission peut succéder à un autre avant même que le premier ne soit complètement achevé.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283909
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field observations and experiments (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223502
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soldier production and maintenance of soldier proportions in laboratory experimental groups ofCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 69-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des groupes expérimentaux, entièrement constitués de pseudergates deCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki, se sont différenciés librement au laboratoire pendant 4, 8 ou 12 semaines. Les pourcentages moyens de pseudergates qui se sont différenciés en soldats ou en soldats blancs ont été de 3,8 pour cent au bout de 4 semaines, 14,2 pour cent au bout de 8 semaines et 21,9 pour cent au bout de 12 semaines. La différenciation en soldat a été influencée par la taille initiale du groupe et le lieu d'origine de la colonie. Des groupes composés initialement de 100 pseudergates ont produit significativement une proportion plus faible de soldats que des groupes de 300, 500 ou 1000. Des colonies qui venaient d'être récoltées dans la nature ont fourni des taux significativement plus élevés de soldats qu'une colonie qui était gardée au laboratoire depuis 8 ans. Le nombre de soldats obtenu était en corrélation hautement positive avec le nombre total d'individus au bout de 4, 8 et 12 semaines. Ceci indique qu'il existe un mécanisme physiologique précis dans la régulation des proportions de soldats dans les colonies. Nous avons aussi constitué des groupes expérimentaux qui comprenaient des proportions «normales» (24%), «en dessous de la normale» et «au dessus de la normale» de soldats par rapport aux pseudergates. Lorsque la proportion de soldats était «en dessous de la normale», il y a eu inhibition de la production de présoldats de sorte que le développement en présoldats a progressivement diminué à mesure que la proportion de soldats par rapport aux pseudergates approchait de la «normale».Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki peut tolérer et maintenir une proportion remarquablement élevée de soldats (environ 38%), ce qui est bien au dessus de la proportion considérée comme «normale». Un grand nombre (mais pas tous) des soldats en surnombre ont été probablement éliminés par cannibalisme. Des groupes suchargés en soldats ont succombé à la contamination microbienne après que les soldats en surnombre fussent morts de faim. Je conclus de ces résultats que les colonies deCoptotermes formosanus gardent des soldats en proportion constante.
    Notes: Summary Experimental groups of 100 percent pseudergates ofCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki were set up in the laboratory and allowed to differentiate for either 4, 8 or 12 weeks. The average percentage of pseudergates differentiating into presoldiers and soldiers at these time intervals was 3.8, 14.2, and 21.9 percent, respectively. Differentiation to the soldier caste was affected both by initial group size and colony origin. Groups initially composed of 100 pseudergates produced a significantly smaller proportion of soldiers than did groups of 300, 500, or 1000. Recently collected field colonies produced soldiers at significantly higher rates than one which had been maintained in the laboratory for 8 years. The number of soldiers produced was highly correlated with the total number of all individuals at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, which indicates a precise physiological mechanism for regulating soldier proportions. Experimental groups were also set up with “normal” (24 percent), “below normal”, and “above normal” initial proportions of soldiers with pseudergates. ‘When soldiers were present in “below normal” proportions they inhibited the presoldier production, approached the norm. This species can tolerate and will maintain an exceptionally high proportion of soldiers (ca. 38 percent) which is far above the assumed “normal” proportion. Many, but not all, of the excess soldiers were probably eliminated by cannibalism. Groups severely overloaded with soldiers succumbed to microbial contamination after the excess soldiers starved to death. From these results I conclude that colonies ofC. formosanus do maintain numerically constant proportions of soldiers within broad limits. Thus, colonies might be controlled by chemically inducing the production of superfluous soldiers. Successful control would require the proportion of soldiers be so great that the pseudergates could not effectively reduce the numbers of soldiers by cannibalizing the excess individuals before their death by starvation resulted in microbial contamination of the entire colony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283914
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comb building abilities ofVespa orientalis L queenless workers (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les travaux précédents ont montré que les ouvrières deVespa orientalis sont capables de bâtir un rayon en l'absence de la reine (Ishay, 1973, 1975, 1976). Le présent travail examine d'une manière plus approfondie la construction du rayon par des ouvrières sans reine en groupes de taille différente (2, 12–17, 44–50 ouvrières). Les résultats ont montré que l'augmentation de la taille du groupe avait un effet défavorable sur le nombre de cellules du rayon ainsi que sur la structure de la construction. Les capacités de construction varient selon les individus: quelques-uns seulement construisent correctement, quelques autres incorrectement, et la grande majorité ne construit pas du tout. La durée du séjour des ouvrières à l'intérieur d'un groupe de construction est importante: les ouvrières qui ont été isolées après avoir séjourné à l'intérieur d'un groupe montrent une diminution de la tendance à bâtir; mais, parmi celles qui sont capables de construire, un plus grand nombre construit correctement.
    Notes: Summary In previous papers (Ishay, 1973; 1975; 1976) it was reported thatVespa orientalis workers are capable of building a comb in the absence of a queen. The present paper investigates further the comb building behaviour of queenless workers, arranged in groups of various sizes (2, 12–17, 44–50 workers), and of single isolated workers. Increasing group size was found to have an adverse effect on the amount and nature of the comb construction. The building abilities of various workers varied considerably. When isolated singly, only few workers built correctly, some built incorrectly and many failed to build altogether. Workers isolated immediately after emergence showed a greater tendency to build than workers isolated 3 or 4 days after emergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223508
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding behaviour in young societies of the antTapinoma Erraticum L.: Trophallaxis and polyethism (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 19-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'observation des jeunes sociétés de FourmisTapinoma erraticum (Dolichoderinae) a permis de classer les individus en fonction de leur activité dans l'approvisionnement du nid, celui-ci est effectué par des ouvrières spécialisées: les pourvoyeuses. On reconnaît 3 catégories d'ouvrières:les pourvoyeusss permanentes; elles sont pourvoyeuses dans plus de 80 % des observations et ne sont jamais nourrices, lespourvoyeuses intermittentes (de 20 % à 80 %) qui peuvent être simultanément pourvoyeuses et nourrices de larves, enfin les nourrices strictes (moins de 20 % des observations) qui s'occupent presque exclusivement du couvain. Le comportement est en relation avec l'âge: les ouvrières sont d'abord nourrices, ensuite pourvoyeuses intermédiaires et enfin pourvoyeuses permanentes. Les fourmis âgées de moins d'un mois sont en grande majorité nourrices (65 %), quelques-unes sont pourvoyeuses intermittentes (35 %). Parmi les ouvrières âgées de plus d'un mois 60% sont pourvoyeuses intermittentes, 30% pouroyeuses permanentes et 10 % restent nourrices. Les jeunes ouvrières deviennent en quelques jours de bonnes nourrices et soignent activement les larves alors qu'elles sont très mauvaises donneuses envers les autres ouvrières. A partir d'un mois, la majeure partie des ouvrières entre dans un pool d'individus disponibles selon les besoins de la colonie, ils sont pourvoyeurs mais peuvent aussi nourrir les larves ou la reine. La plus grande partie de l'approvisionnement est assurée par les pourvoyeuses permanentes qui sont de vieilles ouvrières et peuvent présenter une préférence alimentaire marquée vers des aliments de type sucré ou protéique L'évolution individuelle est très variable, elle peut être influencée par la pression sociale: s'il manque des pourvoyeuses âgées et c'est le cas lorsque le nombre de jeunes ouvrières est supérieur à celui des ouvrières âgées, les jeunes de moins d'un mois peuvent devenir momentanément pourvoyeuses.
    Notes: Summary The study of alimentary behaviour in newly founded societies of antsTapinoma erraticum (Dolichoderinae) with marks on the gaster enabled us to classify the individuals in terms of foraging and brood care. There are 3 different groups: permanent foragers (foragers in more than 80% observations), intermittent foragers (between 20 to 80%) and nurses (less than 20%). The behaviour of ants changes with age: young ants are nurses at first, them they are intermittent foragers, and permanent foragers at last. Ants less than one month old are calledyoung (under laboratory conditions): 65% of them are nurses, some are intermitent foragers (35%). Ants more than one month old are calledold: 60% are intermittent foragers, 30% permanent foragers and 10% only nurses. Young workers become nurses very quickly (in a few days) but they are not active donors to other workers. After one month most of them become members of a pool of unemployed ants able to forage and give food to the queen or larvae. Most of the foraging is done by permanent foragers, older workers. Individual development is very variable, according to social pressure, if there are not enough old foragers, young ants become foragers. This phenomenon can be reversible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283910
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  • 6
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    Functional monogyny in the American guest antFormicoxenus hirticornis (Emery) (=Leptothorax hirticornis), (Hym., Form.) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 12 Proben vonFormicoxenus hirticornis (Emery) wurden im August 1977 im Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, aus 4 Nestern vonFormica obscuripes entnommen. Die entflügelten Weibchen und Intermorphen sowie einige Arbeiterinnen wurden seziert. Alle 16 Weibchen und 13 der Intermorphen waren begattet, doch legten nur 10 Weibchen und 4 Intermorphe Eier. des Volk scheint normalerweise nur ein voll fertiles und daneben einige zusätzliche, begattete, aber sterile Weibchen oder Intermorphe zu enthalten. Diese Ergebnisse sind unseren Beobachtungen an der europäischen GastameiseFormicoxenus nitidulus (Nyl.) sehr ähnlich. Wir schließen daraus, daßF. hirticornis (und vielleicht auch der nahe verwandteF. diversipilosus) wieF. nitidulus undLeptothorax gredleri Mayr funktionell monogyn ist, das heißt, daß überzählige begattete Weibchen und Intermorphe in weiselrichtigen Sozietäten zwar akzeptiert, aber durch einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus steril gehalten werden. Leptothorax hirticornis Emery undL. diversipilosus M.R. Smith gehören meines Erachtens in die GattungFormicoxenus, da sie eine Anzahl einzigartiger Merkmale mitF. nitidulus gemeinsam haben: Die Männchen aller drei Arten sind flügellos und arbeiterinähnlich, alle drei leben als Gastameisen in Hügelnestern vonFormica-Arten, und sie haben einen merkwürdigen Polymorphismus mit entflügelten und intermorphen königinnen neben normalen Arbeiterinnen.
    Notes: Summary 12 samples ofFormicoxenus hirticornis (Emery) were collected from 4Formica obscuripes nests in the Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, in August, 1977. The dealate females and intermorphs, and some workers were dissected. All 16 females and 13 of the 16 intermorphs were inseminated, but only 10 females and 4 intermorphs were egg-laying. It seems that each colony normally contains only one fully fertile specimen, and a few additional, inseminated but sterile females or intermorphs. These results are very similar to our observations on the European guest-antFormicoxenus nitidulus (Nyl.). We conclude thatF. hirticornis (and maybe the closely relatedF. diversipilosus, too) is functionally monogynous likeF. nitidulus andLeptothorax gredleri Mayr, which means that supernumerary inseminated females and intermorphs are accepted in queenright colonies, but they are kept sterile by a mechanism which is not yet known. Leptothorax hirticonis Emery andL. diversipilosus M.R. Smith in my opinion belong to the genusFormicoxenus, since they have, together withF. nitidulus, a number of unique, common characters: The males of all three species are wingless and workerlike, they all live as guest ants in the mound nests ofFormica species, and they have a peculiar female polymorphism with both dealate and intermorphic queens besides normal workers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283913
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  • 7
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    Spur- und Alarmstoffe bei der Gefleckten BrutwanzeElasmucha grisea Trail and Alarm Pheromones inElasmucha Grisea (Heteroptera: Acanthosomidæ) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 101-111 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Females and immatureElasmucha grisea form an association in which the mother protects its offsprings at longest to the fourth instar. The cohesion of the protective association is assured by a trail substance which is released by the larvae when moving over the surface. Both larvae (with exception of the first instar) and mother can follow such trails. A definitively perceptible trail is first produced after the passage of several larvae (with instar 3 five larvae). A trail laid by twenty larvae (instar 3 and 4) can still be followed by larvae after half an hour. The defensive secretion ofElasmucha grisea larvae and adults has an additional alarm function. It releases attack reactions in the protecting female, i.e. a directed movement toward the source of odor and wing fanning. With exception of the first instar the larvae react to the alarm secretion with a well organized group flight. Young adults can also react to the alarm substance by falling. The larval defensive secretion is a complex mixture of substances. The 2-hexenal contained in the secretion causes a larval unrest but no typical flight reaction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Weibchen und Jungtiere vonElasmucha grisea bilden eine Brutpflegegemeinschaft, in der das Muttertier seine Nachkommenschaft maximal bis zum vierten Larvenstadium beschützt. Der Zusammenhalt der Schutzgemeinschaft wird durch einen Spurstoff gewährleistet, den die Jungtiere beim Laufen auf die Unterlage abgeben. Sowohl Larven (mit Ausnahme des L 1 Stadiums) als auch die Mutterwanze können dieser Spur folgen. Eine gesichert wahrnehmbare Spur entsteht erst, wenn mehrer Larven hintereinander laufen (bei L 3 fünf Larven). Einer von 20 Larven (L 3+L 4) gelegten Spur konnten die Jungtiere noch nach einer halben Stunde sicherbar folgen. Das bei Bedrohung freiwerdende Wehrsekret von adulten und larvalen Wanzen hat zusätzlich Alarmfunktion. Es veranlaßt die brutpflegende Mutterwanze zum Angriff, d.h. zu gerichtetem Anlauf der Duftquelle und zu Flügelschwirren. Mit Ausnahme des L 1 Stadiums reagieren Jungwanzen auf das Wehrsekret mit geordneter Gruppenflucht. Junge Adultwanzen können sich bei Alarmsekretgabe fallen lassen. Das larvale Wehrsekret ist ein komplex zusammengesetztes Substanzgemisch. Das darin enthaltene 2-Hexenal löst bei Larven Unruhe aber keine typischen Fluchtreaktionen aus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223504
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  • 8
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    Some social and dietary prerequisites of oocyte development inVespa orientalis L. workers (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le fait d'enlever la reine entraîne le développement des ovaires des ouvrières chez le Frelon orientalVespa orientalis L., surtout dans les cinq jours suivants. Le refroidissement des ouvrières ou la fourniture à celles-ci d'un régime sans protéines inhibent leur développement ovarien, mais, dans les deux cas, l'inhibition disparait dès que ces conditions artificielles sont levées. Dans les groupes d'ouvrières, le developpement des ovaires apparait seulement chez les ouvrières du haut de la hiérarchie. Cependant, on l'observe chez toutes les ouvrières qui ont été isolées après qu'elles aient vécu en groupe. Par ailleurs, l'inhibition du développement ovarien se produit chez 50% environ des ouvrières qui ont été isolées depuis leur éclosion imaginale, ce qui suggère que les contacts sociaux stimulent de développement ovarien des ouvrières orphelines. Le développement ovarien a été aussi observé chez les ouvrières qu'on empêchait de construire: nous discutons la relation entre l'activité de construction et le développement ovarien.
    Notes: Summary Removal of the queen induced ovarial development in workers of the Oriental hornet,Vespa orientalis L. This occurred in workers kept in groups and mainly during the first five days after removal of the queen. Cooling of the workers or their subjection to a protein-free diet inhibited their ovarial development, but in either case, the inhibition disappeared once normal conditions were restored. For workers living in a group, ovarial development occurred only in workers of high hierarchal rank. However, the ovaries developed in all workers which were isolated singlyafter having lived in a group. On the other hand, inhibition of ovarial development occurred in about 50% of workers isolated singly from the moment of emergence, which suggests that social contact acts as a releasing stimulus for ovarial development in queenless hornet workers. Development of the ovaries was observed also in worker groups prevented from building, and the connection between building and ovarial development is discussed.
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  • 9
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    Doronomyrmex pocahontas n. sp., a parasitic ant from Alberta, Canada (Hym. Formicidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Doronomyrmex pocahontas n.sp. wird beschrieben. Die neue Ameise sieht der europäischenDoronomyrmex pacis Kutter sehr ähnlich. Königinnen und geflügelte Jungweibchen wurden in 3 Völkern einerLeptothorax muscorum (Nyl.) nahestehenden Wirtsart gefunden. Locus typicus ist der Maligne Canyon bei Jasper, Alberta, Kanada. Die neue Art ist offenbar wieD. pacis ein arbeiterinloser, permanenter Sozialparasit. Männchen konnten nicht mit Sicherheit identifiziert und von den Männchen der Wirtsart unterschieden werden. Auch ist unbekannt, obD. pocahontas die Wirtsköniginnen tötet oder wieD. pacis mit ihnen zusammenlebt.
    Notes: Summary Doronomyrmex pocahontas n. sp. is described. The new ant closely resembles the European species,Doronomyrmex pacis Kutter. Queens and alate young females were found in 3 colonies of a host species which is or is closely related toLeptothorax muscorum (Nyl.). The type locality is Maligne Canyon, near Jasper, Alberta, Canada. The new species is an apparently workerless, permanent social parasite like its congener,D. pacis. No males could be identified or distinguished from host species males with certainty. WhetherD. pocahontas kills the host colony queens or lives alongside them (likeD. pacis) could not be decided.
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  • 10
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    La nutrition des Fourmis granivores III. Cycle d'activité et régime alimentaire en saison des pluies deBrachyponera senaarensis (Hym. Formicidae Ponerinae) fluctuations saisonnières (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 232-239 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cycle of activity and diet ofBrachyponera senaarensis were studied in the rainy season (june 77) in order to compare them with observations onducted in a Sudan Savannah of the north eastern part of the Ivory Coast near Ferkessedougou. As in dry season, the cycle of activity is, in june, bimodal but the daily fluctuations appear to be more important and some workers of this typically diurnal species even try to hunt in the first half of the night. Ants hunting on the soil surface are, at that period, in a ratio of one to three compared to those collecting in the dry season. In same way, the surfaces of the prospected areas are smaller in the ratio of one to three. Between 20° and 44°C soil surface temperature, the abundance of seeds seems to exert a major influence on the local distribution of the above ground activities. In the rainy season, in the absence of seeds,Brachyponera acts as a predator of termites and small spiders. Thus, the species seems to be particularly well adapted to that climatically contrasted region.
    Notes: Resume Le cycle d'activité de récolte et le régime alimentaire deBrachyponera senaarensis (Ponerinae) ont été étudiés en saison des pluies (juin 1977) dans une savane de type soudanien près de Ferkéssédougou (Nord-Est de la Côte d'Ivoire). Ce cycle d'activité, typiquement bimodal, se déroule essentiellement de jour. Les fluctuations journalières peuvent être notables, provoquant le déplacement dans la soirée d'une partie de l'activité diurne. En saison des pluies l'espèce est, au total, moins active en surface qu'en saison sèche. La disponibilité en graines semble être le facteur exerçant l'influence la plus grande sur le déroulement du cycle. En l'absence de graines, l'espèce est prédatrice, son action s'exerçant surtout aux dépens des Termites et Araignées de petite taille.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223801
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  • 11
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    Is caste determination inMelipona quadrifasciata, a stingless bee, influenced by 9-oxo-decenoic acid? (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Il y a deux théories différentes sur les mécanismes d'action de la substance royale de l'Abeille domestique (Apis mellifera) sur le développement ovarien des ouvrières. L'une de ces théories propose un mécanisme humoral direct, l'autre une modulation du système neuro-endocrinien par la chémoréception. Nous avons donné aux larves de Mélipones de l'acide 9-oxo-décène oïque, seul ou en association avec l'hormone juvénile, puis nous avons étudié l'effet éventuel de ces traitements sur la détermination des castes. Nous n'avons trouvé de modifications ni dans le pourcentage des reines par rapport aux ouvrières, ni dans la biométrie des caractères morphologiques. Nos résultats ne plaident donc pas en faveur d'un effet humoral de l'acide 9-oxo-décène oïque sur le déterminisme des castes chez les Mélipones. Ceci rend plus probable l'hypothèse d'un mécanisme neuro-endocrinien modulé par les organes des sens.
    Notes: Summary Two different theories exist concerning the way in which the honeybee “queen substance” affects the ovaries of worker honeybees. One theory involves a humoral mechanism, the other an indirect effect through the neuro-endocrine system after chemoperception. 9-Oxo-decenoic acid, one of the components of the “queen substance”, was administered to stingless bee larvae, alone or in combination with juvenile hormone. The effect of this treatment on caste determination was studied. Since no effect was found on the worker/queen ratio nor on morphometric characteristics, these experiments do not favour a humoral effect of 9-oxo-decenoic acid on stingless bee caste determination. This makes a sensory mechanism in the honeybee itself more probable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223547
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    Expansion of the nest ofNasutitermes costalis (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 322-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les mécanismes d'acroissement du nid deNasutitermes costalis, ont été analysés par l'observation directe et par la photographie d'une colonie prospère, élevée au laboratoire pendant plus de 45 mois. Nous avons enregistré 52 périodes d'accroissement, chacune entraînant une augmentation de 10% du volume du nid. On peut diviser le processus d'accroissement du nid en 3 phases: la phase initiale, la phase de construction, la phase finale. La phase finale aboutit à une surface dont la forme traduit la convergence des premiers efforts de construction pendant la phase initiale d'accroissement. La construction est basée presque entièrement sur des répétitions multiples d'un petit nombre d'éléments architecturaux simples, essentiellement la division, d'un mur en deux embranchements et la réunion de murs voisins au moyen d'un pont. Tout cela se passe sur une “surface active” lisse qui demeure ainsi tout le temps de chaque période d'accroissement. Les intéressantes similitudes entre certains traits architecturaux de l'accroissement du nid deN. costalis, et certaines structures construites «de novo» par des groupes de termites avec une reine et appartenant à trois sous-familles de Termitidae suggèrent que le mode d'accroissement du nid deN. costalis est relativement primitif.
    Notes: Summary The nest expansion behavior ofNasutitermes costalis, a common Neotropical arboreal termite, was analyzed by means of direct and photographic observation of a thriving laboratory colony over a 45-month period. 52 expansion episodes were recorded, each resulting in the addition of as much as 10% to the nest volume. The expansion process can be divided into 3 phases Initiation, Building, and Termination. Termination results in a nest surface whose shape focuses initial building efforts during the Initiation of subsequent expansion. Building consists almost entirely of multiple repetitions of a few simple architectural elements — primarily the branching of one wall into two and the joining of neighboring walls via a bridge — all occurring on a smooth “active surface” which persist throughout each expansion episode. Interesting similarities between certainN. costalis nest expansion architectural features and structures builtde novo by queened termite groups from 3 subfamilies of the Termitidae suggest that this is a relatively primitive mode of nest expansion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223552
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    Foraging activity of the Mexican leafcutting antAtta mexicana (F. Smith), in a sonoran desert habitat (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 364-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die grössten Ameisenkolonien in der nordamerikanischen Sonora Wüste bildet die mexikanische BlattschneiderameiseAtta mexicana, deren Futtersammelaktivitäten erstmalig beschrieben werden. Zum Futtersammeln benutzen diese Ameisen ein System aus Tunneln und Strassen, das vom Nest zu der Vegetation führt. Die Hauptbeobachtungskolonie wurde während mehrerer Jahre in den Monaten Dezember, Januar, März und Juli/August insgesamt 24 Tage lang kontrolliert. Sie sammelte während dieser Zeit Pflanzenmaterial auf einer Grundfläche von etwa 8000 m2. Die Ameisen schnitten bevorzugt zwei annuale Pflanzenarten, nahmen aber, wen diese fehlten, auch mehrere Arten von perennierenden Pflanzen an. Zusätzlich zu frischen wurden auch trockene Pflazenteile eingetragen. Das Schneideverhalten der Ameisen war variabel und hing von Grösse und Form der Pflanzen ab. Die Ameisen sammelten in Winter und Frühling tagsüber und gingen im Sommer weitgehend zu nächtlicher Sammelaktivität über.
    Notes: Summary The largest ant colonies in the North American desert are produced by the Mexican leafcutting ant,Atta mexicana (F. Smith), in northern Sonora. The foraging behavior ofA. mexicana is described for the first time. The ants use a system of tunnels and trails extending outward from the nest to reach target vegetation. Over the combined study periods from 1974 to 19777, one colony collected material from a total surface area of about 8,000 m2. The ants selectively attacked two species of winter annual plants and repeatedly utilized four perennials, twoCercidium spp.,Sapium biloculare (S. Wats.), and Larrea tridentata Coville when the annuals were absent. In addition to fresh vegetation, they also collected dry material. The leafcutting behavior of the ants is variable, depending on the size and form of the plant material utilized. The ants foraged during the daytime in winter and spring but became largely nocturnal in summer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223555
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    Events following queen removal in colonies of Africanized honeybees in South America (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous décrivons le «timing» de l'élevage des reines et de l'essaimage après avoir enlevé la reine dans des colonies d'abeilles «africanisées». De nouvelles reines ont été élevées à partir de larves de moins de 3 jours; beaucoup de celles-ci et beucoup d'œufs ont été déplacés par les ouvrières dans des cellules de reines nouvellement construites. Le taux de mortalité les ouvrières dans des cellules de reines nouvellement ouvrières a été élevé, en moyenne de 50%, après l'orphelinage expérimental. A l'éclosion des nouvelles reines, 2/3 des colonies ont essaimé. Ces processus de remplacement de la reine et d'essaimage après la perte de celle-ci diffèrent de ceux des essaimages de reproduction par le manque de préparation avant la perte de la reine, un intervalle de temps sans rene plus long, et une absence de l'essaimage. Par ailleurs il n'y a pas de corrélation entre le nombre d'essaims et la surface occupée par le couvain operculé ou le nombre de cellules royales.
    Notes: Summary The timing of queen rearing and swarming are described after queens were removed from colonies of Africanized bees. New queens were reared from newly hatched to three day old worker larvae, many of which were moved in the egg or newly eclosed larval stages by workers into newly constructed queen cells. Mortality of worker eggs and larvae following dequeening was high, averaging 50%. When new queens emerged, swarms issued from two-thirds of the colonies. This process of queen replacement and queen-loss swarming differs from that of reproductive swarming in the lack of preparation before queen loss, longer queenless interval, lack of correlation between number of swarms and sealed brood area or number of queen cells, and lack of Congestion in colonies when swarms issued.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223556
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    A comparison of concentrations of fission products, radon 222, and cloud condensation nuclei over the North Atlantic (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 874-882 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloud condensation nuclei ; Nuclear fission products ; -concentration of in air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of airborne fission products were observed to be air mass dependent during a cruise of the USNSHayes from Norfolk, Va to Athens, Greece in May–June 1977. Minimum concentrations of fission products, radon, and CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) were measured in maritime air which had previously transited northern North America. Higher fission products, radon, and CCN concentrations were measured in recent, continental air traceable to mid North America or central Europe. These data are consistent with either entrainment by strong winds of previously precipitated fission products (the ‘continental effect’) or greater transfer of fission products from the stratosphere to low levels by tropospheric folding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876071
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    A study of energetics during an active monsoon over Indian region (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 865-873 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Energetics ; Monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The various forms of energy and energy conversions have been computed over a part of the Indian region during an active monsoon period, using the quasigeostrophic baroclinic model. The energetics of the monsoon depression have been discussed on the basis of these results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876070
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    Seasonal variations of hydrographic conditions of estuarine and oceanic waters adjoining the old Mangalore port (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 935-942 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Estuary ; Hydrographic conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the various processes responsible for siltation in the entrance channel and in the sand bar area near the old Mangalore port, variations in temperature, salinity, suspended sediment load, currents and extinction coefficient in the Netravathi-Gurpur Estuary and in the sea near the sand bar were studied in relation to tides during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. The hydrographic characteristics in the estuary showed marked seasonal changes and were influenced by tides to a considerable extent. In the sea, seasonal variations of these parameters were less marked, and the effect of tides was not significant. Salinity and temperature values in the estuary and in the sea were maximum during the pre-monsoon season in general. The suspended sediment load values were always higher in the estuary than in the sea and they were found to be maximum in the monsoon season. Currents in the estuary were controlled by tides as well as by the river flow, particularly in the monsoon season, whereas currents in the sea mostly followed the general circulation pattern. Extinction coefficient values were higher in the monsoon season both in the estuary and in the sea due to increase in the particulate matter from inland drainage.
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    Behavior of electric potential fields over random conductivity, layered earth models (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 988-1000 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Electric potential ; resistivity structure with scatter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solutions are derived for the potential distributions over one-layer and two-layer random conductivity earth models for the direct current resistivity method. Monopole and Wenner arrays are considered. It is shown that the random potential due to a spatially stationary Gaussian random conductivity is also Gaussian but not spatially stationary. The ensemble and sample statistics of the random kernel and apparent resistivity are examined. Representative curves of these functions are presented to show the effects of a random conductivity profile on them. It is shown that the effect of the random nature of the conductivity profile on an apparent resistivity sounding curve is greatest for small electrode spacings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876080
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    Eine Verbesserung von Alsops Methode zur Bestimmung der Reflexions- und Transmissionskoeffizienten von Oberflächenwellen (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1045-1049 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Alsop's method (1966) for the non-normal passage of surface waves through a vertical discontinuity is improved by using a new functional to be made stationary on the plane of discontinuity. The modified functional has the dimension of an energy flux and is characterized by the discontinuous surface wave displacements and stresses on the vertical discontinuity. Model calculations which were carried out for SV-waves and Love waves show that the new version of Alsop's method yields in all respects more consistent results than the old one.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Methode von Alsop (1966) für den Durchgang von schräg einfallenden Oberflächenwellen durch eine vertikale Diskontinuität wird durch Verwendung eines neuen Funktionals, das auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche stationär sein soll, verbessert Das modifizierte Funktional hat die Dimension eines Energieflusses und wird durch diejenige Spannungs- und Verschiebungsdiskontinuität charakterisiert, die durch das Oberflächenwellenfeld auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche erzeugt wird. Modellrechnungen für SV-Wellen und Lovewellen zeigen, daß die neue Version von Alsoos Verfahren in jeder Hinsicht konsistentere Ergebnisse als die bisherige liefert.
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    Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian fault zone and seismic gaps (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1258-1270 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Seismicity migration ; Tectonics of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The North Anatolian fault is a well-defined tectonic feature extending for 1400 km across Northern Turkey. The space-time distribution of seismicity and faulting of this zone has been examined with a particular emphasis on the identification of possible seismic gaps. Results suggest several conclusions with respect to the temporal and spatial distribution of seismicity. First, the earthquake activity appears not to be stationary over time. Periods of high activity in 1850–1900 and 1940 to the present bracket a period of relatively low activity in 1910–39. Second, there appears to have been a two-directional migration of earthquake epicenters away from a central region located at about 39°E longitude. The migration to the west has a higher velocity (〉50 km/yr) than the migration to the east (≤10km/yr). The faulting associated with successive earthquakes generally abuts the previous rupture. Some existing gaps were filled by later earthquakes. At present there are two possible seismic gaps along the North Anatolian fault zone. One is at the western end of the fault, from about 29° to 30°E. Unless this is a region of ongoing aseismic creep, it could be the site of a magnitude 6 or greater earthquake. The other possible gap is at the eastern end, from about 42° to 43°E, to the west of the unexpected M=7.3 event of 24 November 1976.
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    A preliminary study on the relationship between precipitation and large earthquakes in Southern California (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1286-1300 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Seismicity and rainfall ; Tectonics California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By comparing seasonal rainfall data from the past 90 years with the occurrence of large (M≥6) earthquakes along an arid stretch of the San Andreas fault system in southern California, certain correlations have been observed. Most large earthquakes are preceded by a pattern consisting of a few years of below normal precipitation (drought) terminated by one or more consecutive seasons of heavy (above normal) rainfall. While this drought-above normal rainfall cycle can be seen at times other than prior to major earthquakes, it precedes, to varying degrees, all of the twelve M≥6 events. This new precursor evidence, when combined with other premonitory signals, may offer a helpful diagnostic measure that could be useful in earthquake prediction in arid regions.
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    Three-dimensional models of chick embryo somites obtained by mathematical methods applied to ultrastructural data (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphometrics ; Somite ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using the same methods as for the reconstruction of the thoracolumbar somite (Part I) the three-dimensional models of the lumbo-caudal and caudal somites of chick embryo (53 h of incubation) were obtained. The variations in volume, morphology, spatial position of the whole somites and of their components were studied and the development of the paraxial mesodermal structures is discussed.
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    Pattern specification in imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Leg imaginal disc ; Pattern duplication ; Genetic mosaics ; Compartments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary l(1)su(f)mad-ts (mad) is a new temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster which produces duplicated legs after temperature pulse treatment during larval development. The ts-lethality was studied in temperature experiments and genetic mosaics. Temperature pulses given during two distinct TSPs of larval development result in two different types of leg pattern duplication. “Total” differ from “partial” duplications with respect to the affected leg compartments and the orientation of the planes of symmetry which are perpendicular to the dorso-ventral and the proximo-distal leg axes in total and partial duplications, respectively. Genetic mosaic studies indicate (i) disc autonomy of leg pattern duplication, (ii) clonal separation of the anlagen of the two pattern copies, and (iii) clonal restriction along the antero-posterior compartment border in the two pattern copies of totally duplicated legs. The results suggest thatmad leg pattern duplication is caused by a change in positional information rather than by cell death and subsequent regeneration. Our data are compatible with the assumption that during normal development the leg disc cells acquire information about their position within the disc with respect to the different leg axes independently and at different times.
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    Amplified ribosomal DNA in meiotic prophase oocyte nuclei of acipenserid fishes (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: rDNA ; Oocytes ; Acipenser ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In situ hybridization has been performed in sections through ovaries ofAcipenser ruthenus andAcipenser güldenstädti in order to detect the rDNA sequences. Hybridization resulted in specific labelling of the “caps” of extrachromosomal DNA present in pachytene oocyte nuclei and of the chromatin granules distributed beneath the nuclear envelope in early diplotene nuclei. In the same sections, the nuclei of all ovarian cells in both species (oogonia, leptotene, and zygotene stage oocytes, follicular cells, connective tissue cells) showed a very low, but similar labelling. Amplification of genes for rRNA thus occurs at the pachytene stage in early oogenesis ofAcipenseridae. No rDNA amplification could be detected in the previous stages.
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    Cinematographic observation of an “activation wave” (AW) on the locally inseminated egg ofXenopus laevis (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus egg ; Fertilization ; Surface wave ; Time-lapse cinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Shortly after local artificial insemination, but well before egg rotation,Xenopus eggs show a wave-like propagation of dark-light-dark zones from the site of sperm entrance. This presumably reflects the movement of the front of cortical granule breakdown.
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    Commitment to vegetalized development in sea urchin embryos (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vegetalization ; Determination ; Electrophoresis ; Protein systhesis ; Sea urchin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos were reared in 0.025 M LiCl, which causes commitment to vegetalized development within 5 h after treatment begun at fertilization. Treated and control embryos were labelled with35S-methionine for 3 h intervals from 2–14 h, solubilized, and subjected to 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of autoradiographs of the gels, in which over 400 proteins can be detected, indicate that while LiCl treatment causes a short delay in the initiation or cessation of synthesis of a few proteins, no qualitative or major quantitative differences can be detected between control and treated embryos. Normal gastrulae and vegetalized exogastrulae labelled 38 h after fertilization have several differences in patterns of protein synthesis. We conclude that the early determinative events involved in vegetalization are not reflected in detectable differences in the pattern of protein synthesis.
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    Induction of multiple embryos with NaHCO3 or calcium free sea water in the horseshoe crab (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Multiple monster ; Cell dissociation ; Horseshoe crab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When horseshoe crab embryos were treated with NaHCO3 at the developmental stage when the germ disc appears, multiple embryos were formed. NaHCO3 may effect the formation of multiple embryos by binding Ca2+ ions of the embryo since multiple embryos were also formed by treatment with Ca2+ free sea water. The treatment caused the blastoderm layer to tear. When the embryos were returned to normal sea water after the treatment, the blastoderm recovered. Some cell masses, probably derived from the germ disc or its prospective cells, formed during the process of the recovery. Each cell mass developed into an embryo.
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    Quantitative aspects of RNA synthesis in normal and lithium-treated embryos ofXenopus laevis (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 269-282 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus laevis ; Early embryo ; RNA synthesis ; Lithium ; Polysomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The treatment ofXenopus early embryos with lithium chloride produces exogastruale — embryos which fail to gastrulate normally and in which the rates of cell division are reduced. In the present study estimations of incorporations of (5-3H) uridine and the specific activities of the 5′-ribonucleotide precursor pools showed that exogastrulae have higher rates of RNA synthesis per cell than control neurulae. Sub-cellular fractionations showed that a greater proportion of labelled RNA was retained in the nuclei of exogastrulae than of neurulae, while neurulae showed a greater incorporation into polysomes.
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    Autonomous yolk protein synthesis in ovaries ofDrosophila cultured in vivo (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 255-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk proteins ; Hormonal control ; Electrophoresis ; In vivo culture ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature ovaries ofDrosophila mercatorum were injected into young larvae and into adult males ofD. mercatorum, D. melanogaster, D. hydei, D. virilis, andZaprionius vittiger. These homo- and heteroplastic transplantations allow normal vitellogenesis to occur in the donor ovary. By SDS gel electrophoresis, we identified the major species-specific yolk proteins of mature eggs (stage 14) which were exclusively of donor-specific origin. Other experiments withD. hydei andZ. vittiger showed that, when females were used as hosts, the host-specific yolk proteins became incorporated into the donor eggs. When two immature ovaries, one ofD. mercatorum and one ofD. hydei, were co-cultured in males, again only the donor-specific yolk proteins were found in the mature eggs implying that these yolk proteins were not released into the host hemolymph. A parthenogenetic strain ofD. mercatorum was used to demonstrate the ability of transplanted immature ovaries to produce viable eggs which can give rise to fertile adults. The role of the species-specific yolk proteins is discussed with respect to the dual origin of these proteins during normal vitellogenesis, i.e., an autonomous synthesis within the ovary itself in addition to the well-known production by the fat body. Further experiments with pupae as hosts indicate that even in the absence of juvenile hormone and in the presence of high doses of ecdysone, vitellogenesis can proceed within the donor ovary. Based on these experiments, a new hyopthesis on the hormonal control of vitellogenesis inDrosophila is presented. We propose that yolk proteins derived from the fat body are controlled by juvenile hormone, whereas the independent and autonomous vitellogenesis within the ovary itself is controlled by endogenously synthesized ecdysone.
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    Assessment of cell proportions during regeneration ofDileptus anser (Ciliata) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 307-321 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ciliate ; Morphallactic regeneration ; Shape regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Following transection ofDileptus regulation of cell shape and cortical pattern was studied during regeneration in an attempt to understand the interrelations of these two regulation processes. The cell ofDileptus consists of two regions, proboscis and trunk, with the oral structures marking the border between them. The isolated proboscis is able to reorganize into a complete and correctly proportioned organism and the course of this reorganisation has been observed. Correct cell proportions take more than 24h to be established. Three hours after the operation the new border between proboscis and trunk is formed. Initially, the proportions of the cell are far from normal; moreover, they can temporarily change towards a more abnormal state. This indicates that the localisation of the border between the two cell regions and the assessment of final cell proportions are separate phenomena possibly controlled by different mechanisms.
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    RNA and protein synthesis in developing embryos ofSmittia spec. (Chironomidae, Diptera) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 283-305 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Inhibitors ; Insect embryogenesis ; Oogenesis ; Permeabilisation ; Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of the chironomid midgeSmittia spec. were permeabilized with sodium hypochlorite and octane. Uptake of labeled uridine and amino acids suggested that these compounds are actively transported across the plasma membrane. Before blastoderm formation, uridine was incorporated at low levels into nuclear DNA and mitochondrial RNA. After blastoderm formation, uridine was incorporated rapidly, mostly into cytoplasmic RNA including both ribosomal RNA precursors and poly(A)-containing RNA. Protein synthesis was observed throughout early embryogenesis. By measuring incorporation of labeled amino acids and internal amino acid pool sizes, we found that the rate of protein synthesis increased with development. Experiments with inhibitors of transcription indicated that proteins synthesized before blastoderm formation were translated from maternal mRNA. During blastoderm stages, embryonic mRNAs seemed to replace maternal mRNAs. Proteins synthesized during short incubation periods in vivo were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. After blastoderm formation, several new proteins were found that could not be detected at earlier stages.
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    Morphogenetic substances in nerve-depletedhydra (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 323-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nerve-depletedhydra ; Morphogenetic substances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By a double colchicine treatment the nerve-cell population ofhydra was reduced to less than 1% of the normal complement. Such severely nerve-depletedhydra contained normal or higher than normal concentrations of head activator, head inhibitor, foot activator and foot inhibitor which in normal animals are produced by nerve cells. According to typical chromatographic properties all four morphogenetic substances were chemically identical to those found in normal animals. It is suggested that in nervedepletedhydra the epithelial cells, as the only remaining cell type, have taken over the morphogen-producing function of nerve cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848467
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    A comparative ultrastructural study of ‘glue’ production and secretion of the salivary glands in different species of theDrosophila melanogaster group (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 329-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Glue proteins ; Secretory proteins ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Salivary gland cells of members of theDrosophila melanogaster group (from four different subgroups) were examined electron microscopically and histochemically during the late larval period of development. The secretory product, which is supposed to be utilized as ‘glue’ at the time of puparium formation, appears, by analogy to Palade and Jamieson's results, to be synthesized partially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and partially in the Golgi complex. The latter is also the usual site of the packaging of the product into secretory granules, except in the case of one of the secretory granule components ofD. lucipennis. The phylogenetic relationships among the subgroups, implied by the morphological appearance of the secretory granules, fit well with the existing phylogenetic relationships within the group. The secretory granules of each species have their own morphological features; granules of species of the same subgroup share some of these features. Secretion occurs from the cells via exocytosis during which the morphology of the secretory granules changes. Light microscope examination of PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction) stained glands shows a strong positive reaction in most species, with the exception of the species of thesuzukii subgroup which show a weak, or a negative reaction (D. rajasekari). Electron histochemical localization of polysaccharides in the secretory granules was possible inD. melanogaster and the species of theananassae subgroup.
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    Development ofDentalium following removal of D-quadrant blastomeres at successive cleavage stages (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 355-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mollusca ; Embryology experimental ; Development analysis ; Dentalium ; Invertebrate development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each primary micromere and macromere of the D-quadrant ofDentalium was deleted, through the mesentoblast stage, to investigate the way in which the polar lobe cytoplasm exerts its influence on development.-D and -1D embryos form an apical tuft but no posttrochal structures.-2D embryos form an apical tuft and a reduced posttrochal region without a shell. -3D and -4D are externally similar to control embryos. -1d embryos and -1c embryos have an apical tuft with a reduced number of cilia. Embryos in which both 1c and 1d are deleted lack the apical tuft.-2d embryos lack shell and most other posstrochal structures. -3d and-4d embryos appear externally equivalent to controls. The polar lobe cytoplasm exerts its influence sequentially, and as inIlyanassa the maximal effect is at the third quartet stage.
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    The effect of aging on the neural competence of the presumptive ectoderm and the effect of aged ectoderm on the differentiation of the trunk organizer inCynops pyrrhogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Aging ; Neural competence ; Trunk organizer ; Cynops pyrrhogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of aging on the neural competence of the presumptive ectoderm of the early gastrula, and the effect of aged ectoderm on the differentiation of the still uninvaginated dorsal blastoporal lip at the small yolk-plug stage — representing the trunk organizer — were examined by the sandwich method inCynops pyrrhogaster. The presumptive ectoderm to be used as reaction system was taken from 0 to 36 h exogastrulae obtained by operation at the early gastrula stage and combined with trunk organizer. In the 0 to 12 h explants typical trunktail structures were formed. With further aging of the presumptive ectoderm a decrease in frequency of spinal cord, notochord, and muscle and a simultaneous increase in frequency of mesenchyme and mesothelium were observed. In the 30 and 36 h explants neural competence had largely disappeared, the frequency of notochord and muscle become very low and their differentiation very poor, whereas the frequency of mesenchyme and mesothelium reached very high levels. We infer a reciprocal relationship between the induced spinal cord and the differentiation of notochord and muscle, as well as a transformation of notochordal material into mesenchyme and mesothelium under the influence of the aged ectoderm. The mode of action of the trunk organizer in normal development is discussed.
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    Studies on the formation and state of determination of the trunk organizer in the newt,Cynops pyrrhogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 25-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mesoderm formation ; Morphogenetic movement ; Trunk organizer ; Cynops pyrrhogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The exact localization of the presumptive trunk organizer was determined by means of vital staining at the initiation of gastrulation (0 h embryo) and subsequently in 6, 9, 12 and 24 h embryos. The progressive changes in the self-differentiation and inductive capacity of the trunk organizer were studied in isolation cultures (sitting drop) and in sandwich cultures with competent gastrula ectoderm. In the 0 and 6 h embryo cultures the excised trunk organizer predominantly formed atypical ectoderm. A dramatic change in differentiation and inductive capacity occurred in the 9 h embryo. The positive cases — 83% of the isolation and 50% of the sandwich cultures — mainly formed notochord and somites, accompanied by spinal cord and hindbrain in the sandwich cultures. Although no further change in self-differentiation occurred from that time onwards, a gradual increase in inductive capacity was recognized.
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    Ultrastructural changes in the distal wing bud of the chick embryo after removal of the apical ectodermal ridge (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 333-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Limb bud ; Ultrastructure ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in the wing bud afterapical ectodermal ridge (A.E.R.) removal was studied to re-examine the issue of distal mesenchymal cell death. The A.E.R. of the right wing bud was removed microsurgically from chick embryos of stages 18 to 22 (HH 1951). The wing buds were examined at three hour intervals up to twelve hours after the operation with light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were: (1) Immediate and temporary shrinkage of the mesenchymal extracellular space 100 to 150 μm and chromatin condensation in the cells 50 to 75 μm from the wound. (2) Death of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells in the immediate vicinity of the wound. (3) Formation of a single squamous-like layer of mesenchymal cells to cover the wound. (4) Occasional evidence of cell death in the distal mesenchyme at later times after the operation. The pattern of cell death observed suggests only a traumatic etiology, and gives little evidence for the postulated developmental significance of cell death following A.E.R. removal.
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    Sulfate and glucosamine labelling of the intercellular matrix in vitellogenic follicels of a moth (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 347-362 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ovary ; Silkworm ; Sulfate ; Glucosamine ; Mucopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InHyalophora cecropia the intercellular spaces of the follicles contain during vitellogenesis a matrix that can be labelled eitherin situ or in culture with35S-sulfate and3H-glucosamine. The matrix was demonstrated by autoradiography and also by treating follicles for 15 min with pronase, which released TCA-soluble matrix fragments with molecular weights of up to 2×106 daltons. Testicular hyaluronidase degraded the high molecular weight fragments, and thus it is probable that they are chondroitin sulfate-like mucopolysaccharides. With the termination of vitellogenesis new matrix is no longer deposited, and the pre-existing material is disassembled. The sulfated matrix may account for the patency of the intercellular diffusion channels essential for blood protein uptake and also for the low level, extracellular binding of blood proteins that characterizes the vitellogenic follicle inHyalophora.
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    Editorial announcement (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848104
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    Fusion ofDrosophila eye-antennal imaginal discs during differentiation in vitro (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 363-370 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Pattern formation ; β-ecdysone ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pairs of eye-antennal discs, attached to the cephalic ganglia, were cultured in vitro with a concentration of β-ecdysone optimal for imaginal differentiation. The eye-antennal discs fused to form a vesicle inside which the antennae were partially everted, and on the inner surface of which imaginal structures differentiated. The epithelium of the discs was continuous, and an integrated pattern of bristles and hairs differentiated in vitro. In particular, the median ocellus, a unified structure derived partially from each disc, differentiated normally.
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    Evidence of coelomic substances inducing genital maturation inPerinereis cultrifera (annelida polychaeta) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 129-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Coelomic fluid ; Sex peptides ; Glycoproteine synthesis ; Perinereis cultrifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two peptides (B1 and B2) have been isolated from the coelomic fluid ofPerinereis cultrifera. These peptides are absent in sexually undifferentiated animals. They appear and become abundant during the oocyte submaturity stage. When B1 and B2 are simultaneously injected into very young females, they stimulate an important biosynthesis of oocyte glycoconjugates (certical alveoli). Injected separately, B1 or B2 leads to an oocyte structure similar to that of an anhormonal state. The modes of these actions were discussed.
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    Ecdysteroid titres during ovarian and embryonic development inBlaberus craniifer (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 103-114 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect ; Ecdysteroids ; Ovarian development ; Embryonic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InBlaberus craniifer, the maturation of the oocytes is accompanied by morphological modifications of the surrounding follicular cells and by variations in the ecdysteroid titre. Before the follicular cells form the chorion, they synthesise ecdysteroids which pass into the terminal oocytes to be stored. During the secretion of the chorion, before the release of the oocytes, one observes a decrease of the ecdysteroid titre in the ovaries. The hormonal titres in ovaries and haemolymph fluctuate in parallel, probably because ovaries “leak” into the haemolymph. The terminal oocyte of each ovariole is deposited into the incubating pouch where the entire embryonic development takes place. There is first a decrease of the ecdysteroids synthesised by the follicular cells and stored in the eggs. One then observes 3 ecdysteroid peaks during each of the 2 cycles of the development. During the first cycle, the first peak coincides with the end of the metamerisation, the second peak with the secretion of the first cuticle and the third with the transition between the first and the second cycle. For the second cycle, the first peak coincides with the loss of the capacity to regenerate, the second with the secretion of the second cuticle and the third with the hatching period. The third peak of each of these 2 cycles is atypical compared with what is known of the larval cycles. The analysis of the hatching peak has shown that it is principally composed of a compound more polar than α-ecdysone
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    Pattern as a function of cell number and cell size on the second-leg basitarsus ofDrosophila (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 105-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Leg ; Bristle ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The bristle pattern of the second-leg basitarsus inDrosophila melanogaster was studied as a function of the number and size of the cells on this segment in well-fed and starved wild-type flies, in triploid flies, and in two mutants (dachs andfour-jointed) that have abnormally short basitarsi. The second-leg basitarsi of well-fed, wild-type flies from 22 otherDrosophila species were studied in a similar manner. There are typically 8 longitudinal rows of evenly-spaced bristles on the second-leg basitarsus, and in each row the number of bristles was consistently found to vary in proportion to the estimated number of cells along the segment, and the interval between bristles was found to vary in proportion to the average cell diameter on the segment. These correlations are interpreted to mean that the spacing of the bristles within each row is controlled developmentally, whereas the number of bristles is not. The interval between bristles is evidently measured either as a fixed number of cells or as a distance which indirectly depends upon cell diameter.
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    Degradation of maternal poly(A)-containing RNA during early embryogenesis of an insect (Smittia spec., chironomidae, diptera) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 179-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect embryogenesis ; Poly(A)-containing RNA ; maternal RNA ; RNP-particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eggs of the chironomid midgeSmittia spec. were shown to contain maternal rRNA, tRNA and poly(A)-containing RNA. The ribonucleoprotein spectrum consisted of monosomes, ribosomal subunits, and subribosomal particles, whereas polysomes could be detected only in small amounts. Poly(A)-containing RNA was found in different regions of the RNP spectrum, mainly between 15 S and 60 S. After labelling maternal RNA by feeding tritiated uridine to the larvae, the radioactivity associated with poly(A)-containing RNA accounted for about 4% of the label in the total RNA extracted from newly deposited eggs. About half of the radioactivity in the poly(A)-containing RNA was lost between egg deposition and an advanced blastoderm stage. The loss was accompanied by both a decrease in the size of the poly(A)-containing RNA molecules and a shift of poly(A)-containing RNP particles to less dense regions in sucrose gradients. Comparison with poly(A)-containing RNA synthesized by the embryo indicates that the reduction in size of maternal poly(A)-containing RNA is not artifactual but reflects its degradation after the formation of blastoderm.
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    Rudimentary mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 167-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; rudimentary mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The X-linkedrudimentary (r) mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster are pyrimidine auxotrophs and require exogenous pyrimidines (Nørby, 1970; Falk, 1976). We have established a set ofrudimentary cell lines that are derived from embryos, homozygous for eitherr 1 orr 36. The enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine synthesizing enzymes were measured in the mutant lines. We have further investigated the nutritional requirements of the mutant cells in vitro by using a pyrimidine free culture medium. Ther 1 cell lines were found to express 3–7%dihydroorotase (DHOase) activity as compared to a wildtype cell line. Reducedaspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity was measured in somer 1 cell lines whereas wildtypecarbamylphosphate synthetase (CPSase) activity is expressed in allr 1 cell lines. Ther 36 cell line expresses wildtype activity ofDHOase andCPSase. ATCase activity was found to be reduced to 10% of the wildtype activity. The mutant cell lines do not proliferate in pyrimidine free minimal medium and cell proliferation is obtained by the addition of crude RNA. Proliferation of ther 1 cells is restored by the supplementation of the minimal medium withdihydroorotate whereas proliferation of ther 36 cells is restored by supplementation with eitherdihydroorotate orcarbamylaspartate. The results demonstrate that therudimentary phenotypesr 1 andr 36 are expressed at the cellular level and that the two mutant cell types behave as cellular pyrimidine auxotrophs in vitro.
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    A high-resolution morphogenetic map of the second-leg basitarsus inDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 129-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Leg ; Bristle ; Cell lineage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lineages of cells on the second-leg basitarsus ofDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by examining gynandromorphs andMinute mosaics. Bracts lie proximal to bristles on the adult basitarsus, yet bract precursor cells were found to originate lateral to bristle precursor cells. In 6 of the 8 longitudinal rows of bristles on this segment, the bract cells arise ventral to the bristle cells; in the others they arise dorsally. The lateral cell origins are interpreted as reflecting a pattern of lateral cell movements associated with evagination of the leg disc. An unusual discrepancy was observed in the relative frequencies of male vs. female bracts and bristles in gynandromorphs. The discrepancy suggests that there is a cell-autonomous sexual difference in either the time at which cells begin moving during evagination or the speed with which they move. On the basis of the results, it is reasoned that the bristle pattern of the basitarsus does not originate in its final form. Prior to evagination, the bristle cells of each row are apparently closer together than in the final pattern, and the rows are farther apart. Evidence is presented which suggests that the bristle cells of each row may originally be arranged in a jagged line which is later straightened by cell movements. The two locations where the anterior/posterior compartment boundary of the second leg passes through the basitarsus were found to vary relative to the bristle pattern. If this boundary is assumed to be a fixed line of positional values, then the extent of the observed variability — which is estimated to be ± 1 or 2 cell diameters — provides a measure of the precision of patterning around the circumference.
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    Localized synthesis of specific proteins during oogenesis and early embryogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 151-165 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Two-dimensional gels ; Protein synthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protein synthesis in egg follicles and blastoderm embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster has been studied by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Up to 400 polypeptide spots have been resolved on autoradiographs. Stage 10 follicles (for stages see King, 1970) were labelled in vitro for 10 to 60 min with35S-methionine and cut with tungsten needles into an anterior fragment containing the nurse cells and a posterior fragment containing the oocyte and follicle cells. The nurse cells were found to synthesize a complex pattern of proteins. At least two proteins were detected only in nurse cells but not in the oocyte even after a one hour labelling period. Nurse cells isolated from stages 9, 10 and 12 follicles were shown to synthesize stage specific patterns of proteins. Several proteins are synthesized in posterior fragments of stage 10 follicles but not in anterior fragments. These proteins are only found in follicle cells. No oocyte specific proteins have been detected. Striking differences between the protein patterns of anterior and posterior fragments persist until the nurse cells degenerate. In mature stage 14 follicles, labelled in vivo, no significant differences in the protein patterns of isolated anterior and posterior fragments could be detected; this may be due to technical limitations. At the blastoderm stage localized synthesis of specific proteins becomes detectable again. When blastoderm embryos, labelled in vivo, are cut with tungsten needles and the cells are isolated from anterior and posterior halves, differences become apparent. The pole cells located at the posterior pole are highly active in protein synthesis and contribute several specific proteins which are found exclusively in the posterior region of the embryo. In this study synthesis of specific proteins could only be demonstrated at those developmental stages which are characterized by the presence of different cell types within the egg chamber, while no differences were detected when stage 14 follicles were cut and anterior and posterior fragments analyzed separately. The differences in the pattern of protein synthesis by pole cells and blastoderm cells indicate that even the earliest stages of determination are reflected by marked changes at the biochemical level.
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    Amino acid transport and protein synthesis in induced ectoderm of amphibian embryos (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibian ectoderm ; Induction ; Amino acid transport ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated gastrula ectoderm ofTriturus alpestris orAmbystoma mexicanum was induced by the vegetalizing factor. Protein synthesis in the induced and uninduced control explants was measured by double labelling with3H-and14C-amino acids after different periods of cultivation. Slight differences were observed in the pattern of nuclear proteins after 12 h of cultivation and in the pattern of cytoplasmic proteins after 48 h of cultivation. The uptake of leucine started to increase in induced explants after 48 h of cultivation and after 96 h was about 50 times greater than in uninduced control explants. The uptake is reduced under partially anaerobic conditions. Ouabain inhibits the uptake by about 50%.
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    Formation of mesodermal pattern by secondary inducing interactions (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 231-244 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Mesoderm formation ; Secondary factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A highly purified vegetalizing factor induces endoderm preferentially in amphibian gastrula ectoderm. After combination of this factor with less pure fractions, a high percentage of trunks and tails with notochord and somites are induced. The induction of these mesodermal tissues depends on secondary factors which may act on plasma membrane receptors of the target cells. The secondary factors are probably proteins as they are inactivated by trypsin or cellulose-bound proteinase K. They are not inactivated by thioglycolic acid. The implication of these findings for tissue determination and differentiation in normal development in relation to the anlageplan for endoderm and mesodermal tissues is discussed.
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    Die Bedeutung desRamus palatinus für die Vomerspangenbildung beiSalamandra salamandra (L.) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 219-230 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Salamandridae ; Palate ; Vomerine bar ; Ramus palatinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung BeiSalamandra salamandra wurde der Einfluß desRamus palatinus (VII.) und der Lage des Vomer auf die sich während der Metamorphose bildende Vomerspange untersucht. Eine Durchtrennung des Nerven stört das Wachstum der Spange nicht, da der Nerr rasch regeneriert. Nach Durchtrennung und Verlagerung desRamus palatinus bildet sich jedoch keine Vomerspange, ebenso nicht nach Exstirpation eines Teiles des Nerven. Nach Entnahme von Nervenstücken nach Beginn der Metamorphose entwikkeln sich Teilspangen. Das Vorhandensein eines intaktenRamus palatinus ist offenbar Voraussetzung für das Auswachsen der neuen knöchernen Vomerspange. Die Richtung des Spangenwachstums ist nicht von einer bestimmten Lage des Larvenvomer abhängig.
    Notes: Summary The influence of theramus palatinus (VII.) and the postion of the vomer on the vomerine bar, which develops during metamorphosis, was studied by various amputation procedures. Cutting off the nerve cord does not prevent the development of the vomerine bar, as the nerve soon regenerates, whereas cutting off and displacement as well as the removal of portions of theramus palatinus do prevent development. Removal of portions of the nerve cord during metamorphosis produces only parts of the vomerine bar. Obviously an intact ramus palatinus is necessary for the outgrowth of the novel osseous vomerine bar. The course of this outgrowth is independent of the position of the larval vomer.
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    Influence du chlorure de zinc sur l'inversion des sexes et sur le développement et la différenciation d'éléments germinaux supplémentaires chezEisenia foetida Sav. (Oligochète, Lumbricidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ovarian autodifferentiation ; Germinal cells ; Sexual differentiation ; Hermaphrodites ; Lumbricians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action du chlorure de zinc, connue par les modifications morphogénétiques qu'elle entraîne chez des embryons de Vertébrés et d'Invertébrés, a été étudiée sur la différenciation sexuelle d'Eisenia foetida, hermaphrodite à gonades séparées. Il est apparu que le chlorure de zinc entraîne des inversions dans les testicules et les ovaires. Il favorise en outre le développement et le maintien d'une lignée germinale, en dehors des segments gonadiques normaux, tant dans le territoire présomptif mâle que dans le territoire présomptif femelle. La différenciation de cette lignée germinale supplémentaire a été étudiée. Les conclusions de ces recherches soulignent les difficultés d'application, au cas des Lombriciens, de la théorie de l'autodifférenciation de la lignée femelle.
    Notes: Summary We have studied the effect of zinc chloride, known for the morphogenetic changes it causes in embryos of Vertebrates and Invertebrates, on the sexual differentiation ofEisenia foetida, a hermaphrodite with separate gonads. There was evidence that zinc chloride causes inversions in the testes and ovaries. It also helps the development and survival of a germ line outside the normal gonadal segments, in the presumptive male territory as well as in the presumptive female one. We have studied the differentiation of this additional germ line. The conclusions drawn from this study emphasize the difficulties of applying the theory of self-differentiation of the female line to the case of earthworms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848173
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    Separation and specificity of action of four morphogens from hydra (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 139-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Morphogenetic substances ; Regeneration ; Budding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is presented by which four previously described morphogenetic substances can be purified from hydra: an activator and an inhibitor of head formation and an activator and an inhibitor of foot formation. We show that all four substances act specifically. At low concentrations, the head factors only influence head and not foot formation, and the foot factors only influence foot and not head formation.
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    Transcription during early embryogenesis ofLeptinotarsa (Coleoptera) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insects ; Early embryogenesis ; RNA synthesis ; α-amanitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary RNA synthesis was investigated in precleavage stages (0–5 h after egg deposition) and cleavage stages (5–36 h) ofLeptinotarsa by autoradiography. In precleavage stages the first detectable RNA synthesis occurs after the maturation divisions. Label is found in the female pronucleus during the short period of migration towards the interior of the egg and in the polar body nuclei. In no case was label found in the sperm pronuclei or during the period when the female pronucleus is attached to a male pronucleus prior to fusion (pronuclear prefusion phase). During cleavage, intranuclear labelling can be shown at all developmental stages except the 2-nuclei stage. RNA synthesis increases with age. α-Amanitin completely inhibits the autoradiographically detectable RNA synthesis.
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    Embryonic development of an insect sensory system, the abdominal cerci ofAcheta domesticus (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 151-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Abdominal cerci ; Pioneer fibres ; Acheta domesticus ; Sensory neurogenesis ; Sensillar neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The embryonic development of the abdominal cerci of the house cricketAcheta domesticus is described from scanning and transmission electron microscope data. 2. A staged description of externally visible events in embryogenesis is tabulated as a context for describing the chronology of embryonic development of the abdominal cerci. 3. Three phases of cercal development are distinguished: differentiation of the cercal anlagen and secretion of the first embryonic cuticle; elongation of the cercus culminating in the secretion of the second embryonic cuticle after completion of a continuous epidermis at the time of dorsal closure; and differentiation of functional sensilla on the third embryonic (first instar) cuticle. 4. The first axon profiles appear in the cercus immediately before elongation of the cercus. These axons have dendrites with ciliary configuration in the lumen of the cercus. Glial cells associated with the pioneer axons may precede the axons in occupying dorsal and ventral luminal midlines of the cerci. 5. Trichoid sensilla appear in the integumet following apolysis of the second embryonic cuticle. 6. Axons are added to the dorsal and ventral pioneer fibre bundles shortly before sensilla become apparent. 7. The majority of sensory axons traverse the cercus during the final 15% of embryonic development. 8. The sensilla of the first instar cercus do not achieve their final orientation until the cercal cuticle is expanded following eclosion from the second embryonic cuticle that encloses the hatchling until it reaches a free surface. 9. The role of the pioneer fibres in establishing a pathway for the functional sensillar neurons is discussed in relation to other studies of sensillar development in insects.
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    Analysis of head and foot formation inHydra by means of an endogenous inhibitor (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 189-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Morphogenesis ; Regeneration ; Inhibitor ; Model for Patterning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In tissue regenerating the head, the ability to initiate head formation in a host increases with the time allowed for regeneration before grafting, while the foot-initiating ability decreases concomitantly. The reverse was found for tissue about to regenerate a foot. The early divergent changes thus indicated are counteracted in both head and foot regeneration by treatment with an inhibitor (Berking, 1977) in low concentrations. The inhibitor also interferes with processes which determine wether or not hypostome and tentacles are formed, and how many tentacles (if any) appear. The circumferential spacing of the tentacles was regular whether their number was normal or below normal. Secondary axes caused by implanted tissue either detach after having formed a head and a foot (i.e. behave like buds) or do not detach, having only formed a head. This alternative depends on the origin and amount of the implanted tissue and on the position of the implant within the host. The following model based on these findings is proposed: Head and foot formation start with pre-patterns which cause a continuously increasing change of the tissue's ability to initiate a head or a foot. Along the body axis this ability is determined by a graded distribution of “sources”. As development progresses, the high source density which accumulates in the head region causes the formation of a hypostome and tentacles; the angular spacing of tentacles is also dependent on source density. At a certain low source density foot-formation is initiated. The inhibitor counteracts the increase of source density in head-forming tissue as well as the decrease of source density in foot-forming tissue. It thus appears to be part of the mechanism which controls morphogenesis in hydra.
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    Pattern stability in the insect segment (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 211-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern reconstitution ; Transplantation of mutant epidermis ; Segmental gradients ; Intersegmental region ; Cell polarity ; Cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. InDysdercus the abdominal segments are isolated from each other by an intersegmental region which can be distinguished on the basis of morphological and physiological criteria. 2. The intersegmental region (ISR) consists of the visible segment border and narrow strips of cells anterior and posterior to it. 3. The anterior strip (w-ISR) is white and merges with the white segment region (wS) in front of it, and the posterior strip (r-ISR) is red and merges posteriorly with the red segment region (rS). The wS and the rS meet in the middle of the segment; together they form the segment proper. 4. Grafts from the ISR have been transplanted to various positions within a segment. The reactions of graft and host, respectively, can be distinguished in combinations involving a colour mutant and/or individuals of different sexes. 5. The results show that cells of the r-ISR and the w-ISR each have some adhesiveness towards those tissues which they border in situ, and less adhesiveness towards other tissues. That is, the w-ISR is adhesive towards the r-ISR and wS and is usually rejected by tissue of the rS, whereas the r-ISR is adhesive towards tissue of the w-ISR and rS, but is rejected by tissue of the wS. 6. The role which the ISR plays as a barrier between adjacent segments can essentially be interpreted on the basis of differences in cell adhesiveness. 7. Besides these adhesiveness properties the two parts of the ISR show a long-range influence on polarity and pigment synthesis in surrounding segment tissue. 8. The adhesiveness properties of the r-ISR and w-ISR can explain why the segment boundary forms such a straight line and why the ISR tends to grow between tissues from non-contiguous segment levels. This property can explain the hitherto not understood healing capacity of the ISR which even after wounding prevents cellular interactions between adjacent segments so effectively.
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    A clonal analysis of the relationship of duplicated bristles inDrosophila (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bristle formation ; Differential divisions ; Clonal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two possible mechanisms are considered for the occurrence of experimentally or genetically induced duplications of bristles: extra cell division of a bristle mother cell versus determination of more than one mother cell. From a clonal analysis it appears that duplications induced by actinomycin-D arise by the latter mechanism, whereas those found in the mutantspl seem to arise by the former mechanism.
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    Three-dimensional models of chick embryo somites obtained by mathematical methods applied to ultrastructural data (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphometrics ; Somite ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A model of a thoracolumbar somite of a chick embryo at the 53rd incubation hour was obtained by mathematical methods, after identification of somite cell types by means of electron microscopy. Each specific district occupied by the cell types was precisely determined. On the basis of these observations, the somite was three-dimensionally reconstructed and the spatial positions of the primitive myotome, dermatome, sclerotome, undifferentiated mesoderm and myocele were precisely identified.
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    Myotomal myogenesis inBombina variegata L. (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 295-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Myogenesis ; Cell cycle ; Autoradiography ; Cytophotometry ; Bombina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InBombina variegata, striated myofibrils first appear in G2 uninucleated primary myoblasts. Multinucleated muscle fibres form later as a result of the fusion of primary myobasts with secondary myoblasts of mesenchymal origin. The nuclei of the polykaryocytes vary in size and DNA content (nuclear dimorphism). The larger nuclei of the primary myoblasts retain tetraploid quantities of DNA, whereas the smaller nuclei of the secondary myoblasts are diploid. From this we conclude that fusion can take place between cells that are in different phases of the cell cycle (G1–G2). Our findings are compared with those on myogenesis in other chordate species and are confronted with the current commonly accepted model of vertebrate muscle differentiation.
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    Untersuchungen zur Bildung der Vomerspange beiSalamandra salamandra (L.) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 305-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Salamandridae ; Palate ; Larval vomer ; Metamorphosis ; Bar of the vomer (“Vomerspange”)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung BeiSalamandra salamandra wurde die Entwicklung der Vomerspangen anhand von Exstirpations- und Transplantationsversuchen vor und während der Metamorphose untersucht. Die Vomerspange bildet sich aus Bindegewebe, das am Caudalrand des Larvenvomer liegt. Exstirpierte Vomerteile werden nicht regeneriert. Ein kurzer caudaler Abschnitt der larvalen Vomerzahnleiste genügt für die vollständige Ausbildung der Zahnleiste der Vomerspange. Wird die Spitze der auswachsenden Vomerspange reseziert, bleibt die Spange unvollständig. Die Bildung des Definitivvomer bleibt davon unberührt. In die Subcutis der Rumpfhaut transplantiertes Gewebe der sich bildenden Vomerspange bleibt zwar erhalten, wächst aber nicht weiter. In den Spangenbildungsbereich eingefügte Rumpfhaut verhindert das Auswachsen der Vomerspange.
    Notes: Summary The development of the vomerine bar inSalamandra salamandra was studied by amputation and transplantation procedures before and during metamorphosis. The bar of the vomer arises from the connective tissue near the caudal margin of the larval vomer. The larval vomer does not regenerate after amputation. A short caudal part of its dental lamina is sufficient for the outgrowing of the complete dental lamina of the vomerine bar. If the tip of the outgrowing vomerine bar is removed, the bar will remain incomplete, which procedure has no influence on the development of the definitive vomer. The material of the developing vomerine bar transplanted to the subepithelial connective tissue of the skin remains intact, but does not continue to grow. Fragments of the skin transplanted to the region from which the bar of the vomer arises prevent the development of the bar.
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    Effect of cell-surface binding on development of Ascidian egg (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidia ; Concanavalin A ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early development ofPhallusia mammillata eggs, dechorionated with trypsin and treated with Concanavalin A, was studied. Vital staining with a very dilute solution of acridine orange (0.01 μg/ml) helped to visualize the mitochondrial ‘crescent’ by fluorescence. At high concentrations of Concanavalin A (20–200 μg/ml) fertilized eggs did not cleave, but went through early ooplasmic segregation movements (formation of the crescent) and multinuclear syncytia were formed. At lower concentrations of Concanavalin A (less than 10 μg/ml), cleavage occurred, but the blastomeres remained rounded, leading to a grapelike embryo. Eggs attached to Concanavalin A treated nylon surfaces either did not cleave or produced grapelike embryos. Attachment of the eggs did not affect ooplasmic segregation. Considering modern theories of membrane structure it was concluded that Concanavalin A prevented cleavage either by immobilizing surface structures connected with microfilaments or by indirectly modifying other membrane structures. These structures could not have been involved in ooplasmic segregation, but their mobility was necessary for further morphogenesis.
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    Change of the differentiation pattern of amphibian ectoderm after the increase of the initial cell mass (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Primary embryonic induction ; Secondary cell interactions ; Initial cell mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (Triturus alpestris) has been treated with vegetalizing factor. While normal sandwiches (animal caps of two eggs) differentiated mainly into endoderm derived tissues, giant-sandwiches (a combination of 8 animal caps) formed mesodermal and neural tissues in addition. The results support the interpretation that ectoderm will differentiate into endoderm derived tissues when all or nearly all cells are induced (presumably depending on certain threshold concentrations of the inducer). This is the case in the normal sandwich after treatment with high concentrations of vegetalizing factor for 24 h. However, in a giantsandwich it must be assumed that only the cells in the vicinity of the inducer will be triggered to differentiate into endoderm derived tissues. Mesodermal structures will be formed by secondary interactions between the induced ectoderm (endoderm) and non induced ectodermal cells. The induction of neural structures could be explained as a further interaction between mesodermalized and non induced ectodermal cells. This chain of events is compared with the steps of determination in normogenesis.
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    Uncoupling of growth and cytological development in egg follicles ofHeteropeza pygmaea (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Paedogenetic gall midge ; In vitro culture ; Egg follicles ; Oogenesis ; Meiotic block
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oogenesis of egg follicles in paedogenetic reproduction of the gall midgeHeteropeza pygmaea is accompanied by a relatively slight growth of the oocyte. Egg growth takes place mainly during embryonic development. The nurse chamber in the egg follicle degenerates only at the beginning of embryogenesis. When ovaries of the female larvae are cultured in vitro under male-determining conditions, the ovaries produce mostly male-determined egg follicles. These follicles show nurse chamber degeneration and they grow to about the size of an egg in late cleavage division or blastoderm stage developing in situ, but cytological development invariably stops at the first or second meiotic division. Thus, growth and cytological development in such follicles are uncoupled. The presence of a meiotic block in paedogenetically developing follicles ofH. pygmaea gives a clue to the mode of evolution of paedogenetic reproduction.
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    Retinoic acid induced proteoglycan release and cartilage resorption in rat bone cultures are age dependent and inhibited by EDTA (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Cartilage resorption ; Bone culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In explanted humeri of late fetal rats, retinoic acid was found to induce the release of proteoglycan followed by cartilage resorption. Tissue breakdown, which was demonstrated by losses of DNA, RNA, and protein, coincided with the appearance of necrotic cells. In control humeri chondrocytes were the main cell type, but in humeri treated for 4 days with retinoic acid the surviving cells were chondroblastlike. Sensitivity of proteoglycan release and tissue breakdown to retinoic acid decreased with age. The proteinase inhibitors cysteine, Trasylol, and soya and lima bean trypsin inhibitors did not antagonize the effects of retinoic acid. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride suppressed cartilage resorption more effectively than proteoglycan release, while pepstatin merely suppressed cartilage resorption. The inhibition by EDTA of both the release of proteoglycan and cartilage resorption induced by retinoic acid was dose dependent. Zn2+ abolished these effects, whereas Mn2+ only relieved the release of proteoglycan induced by retinoic acid; this indicates that these two effects of retinoic acid are not necessarily linked. In view of our recent demonstration that the release of proteoglycan induced by retinoic acid requires RNA and protein synthesis, we suggest that the degradation of proteoglycans in response to retinoic acid is dependent upon continued synthesis of metalloproteinases.
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    A comparative study of embryonic gene expression inDrosophila andEphestia (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ephestia ; Allozymes ; Gene activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of allozyme patterns has been studied in embryos ofDrosophilamelanogaster, which are doubly heterozygous for alleles specifying the slow and fast forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). The ontogeny of esterase-2 was studied in embryos and young larvae of the flour mothEphestia kühniella, which are heterozygous for two of the three existing esterase-2 alleles. In freshly laidDrosophila eggs only the maternal enzyme forms are present and during the first 15 hours of development the staining of these forms becomes progressively fainter. After 16 and 17 h, the paternal and hybrid bands of ADH and GPDH respectively become obvious. Before hatching, the intensity distribution in the three-banded pattern of reciprocal hybrids is asymmetric in favour of the persisting maternal enzyme form. InEphestia embryos, however, there is no persistence of the maternal esterases. In all reciprocal heterozygotes a three-banded pattern suddenly appears 96 h after egg deposition, indicating synchronous activation of both parental alleles. The relative intensity distribution in the hybrid patterns approaches that of the mature larvae stepwise and in an allele-specific manner. This result and the fact that the various heterozygous types exhibit unequal total activities suggest that the Esterase-2 alleles have different activities, which are fixed late in embryogenesis.
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    Effects of serotonin and serotonin antagonists on chick embryogenesis (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick blastoderm ; Morphogenesis ; Yolk granules ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Serotonin and some selected substances known to interfere with its formation (diethyldithiocarbamate) and function (Catron®, 5-methyltryptamine, promethazine) were tested for their ability to affect chick embryo morphogenesis during the first 48 h of development. To detect possible differences in sensitivity between the successive morphogenetic events taking place during this period, the treatment was begun at successively more advanced stages corresponding to embryo ages of between 4 and 30 h incubation. In all cases, the treatment was terminated at an embryo age of 48 h incubation. The treatment was performed both in ovo and in vitro. With some exceptions, the substances induced malformations of the same characteristic types. The developmental processes subjected to disturbances included blastoderm expansion, primitive streak formation, neurulation with brain formation, and somitogenesis. At the cellular level, the malformations can be traced to delayed yolk degradation, impaired formation and function of microvilli, and impaired ability of the embryo cells to change shape. All of the tested chemicals can be expected to interfere with intracellular levels of serotonin. They obviously interfered with decomposition of the yolk granules, recognized centres for intracellular serotonin formation and we therefore conclude that the observed morphogenetical disturbances are ultimately due to impairment of the endogenous serotonin formation. We suggest that, in morphogenesis, serotonin primarily promotes the activity of microtubules and microfilaments.
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    cell clones and pattern formation: Studies onsevenless, a mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 27-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Determination of R7 cells ; sevenless mutant analysis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sev LY3,the only existing allele at thesev locus (1–33,2±0,2), behaves as strongly hypomorph or even as amorph. Ommatidia in asev compound eye have only seven receptor cells, the position of the R7 pattern element being vacant. Various criteria showing that the missing cell is R7 have been verified. These include (i) anatomical characteristics ofsev ommatidia; (ii) behaviour of central R cells insev rdgB double mutants; (iii) medullary projection of central R cell axons; and (iv) mitotic pattern ofsev imaginal discs. The analysis of morphogeneticsev-sev + mosaics has shown thatsev is expressed autonomously by R7 cells, indicating that thesev phenotype is not due to asev genotype of ommatidial pattern elements other than R7. The study of third instarsev imaginal discs has not brought any direct evidence for death of clustered presumptive R7 cells; however, clonal analysis of the developingsev compound eye has given evidence of developmental parameters comparable to those ofsev +, therefore favouring the hypothesis that R7 cells die insev mutants. On the other hand,sev + seems to be required for the determination of the R7 cells, since thesev phenotype cannot be uncovered during the last mitoses of heterozygous mutant cells.
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    Ultrastructure of collagen in sea urchin embryos (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sea urchin ; Embryo ; Collagen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Collagen fibrils with a main period banding of 610 Å and 220 Å in width were observed in the blastocoel of 72-h embryos of the sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Non-striated fibrils of 50 Å diameter were also observed. The collagen is seen in highest concentration in the vicinity of mesenchyme cells which are richly endowed with endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles. A role for collagen in cell attachment, orientation and spicule formation is discussed.
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    Differentiation capacities of the labial imaginal disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 51-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal discs ; Labial disc ; Fate map ; Drosophila ; Homoeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mature labial disc, when implanted into a larva of the same age, undergoes metamorphosis along with the host and produces one lateral half of the medi- and distiproboscis. On the basis of results obtained from transplanted disc halves (including the separate peripodial membrane) a tentative fate map of the labial disc was constructed, which shows most of the presumptive mediproboscis to be located in the dorsal, and most of the presumptive distiproboscis in the ventral part of the disc. The distal protion of the peripodial membrane also contains imaginal anlagen, viz. part of the mediproboscis, prementum, and labellar cap anlagen. The involvement of this part of the peripodial membrane was checked by a careful histological analysis of labial disc development during the first ten hours after prepupation. The results were compared with the situation described forCalliphora imaginal discs. In addition, a detailed morphological analysis was made of the proboscis of the homoeotic mutantproboscipedia (pb). At 27°C,pb changes the distiproboscis into a “telopodite” (leg segments distal to the coxa); the (unchanged) prementum may therefore correspond to the coxa. At 15° C, the tarsus of this homoeotic “telopodite” is replaced to a greater or lesser extent by an arista. The present analysis thus confirms (a) the fundamental morphological correspondence of the medi- and distiproboscis with the labium of other insects, and (b) the fundamental developmental correspondence of the labial, antennal, and leg discs.
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    Ferritin as an exogenous yolk protein in snails (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Exogenous yolk protein ; Snail oogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A main yolk component in the oocytes of the pulmonate snailPlanorbarius corneus L. has been isolated and identified as the iron storage protein ferritin by its ultrastructure, iron content, immuunological properties and behaviour in disc electrophoresis. As judged from acrylamide electrophoresis data and ultrastructural observations, yolk ferritin is an exogenous protein which is synthesised in the hepatopancreas and taken up by the oocytes by endocytosis.
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    Changes of the cell surface charge of amphibian ectoderm after induction (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Plasma membrane ; Cationized ferritin ; Induction ; Cell affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated ectoderm of early gastrula stages ofTriturus alpestris was treated with vegetalizing factor for 24 h employing the sandwich method (induced ectoderm). Controls were incubated for the same period with γ-globulin which has no inducing activity. Explants of both series were labelled with cationized ferritin, which binds to negatively charged groups at physiological pH. In non-induced ectoderm, ferritin particles can be found as a thin layer all over the plasma membranes. In induced ectoderm the total amount of ferritin bound to the plasma membrane is much lower than in non-induced ectoderm. Ferritin is located in restricted areas only. In contrast to the controls, other membrane areas are free of ferritin particles. The correlation between these results and the change of cell affinity after induction with vegetalizing factor is discussed.
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    Temperature sensitivity ofTumorous head, a homoeotic mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutant ; Determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A temperature-sensitive period during early embryogenesis for three stocks carrying thetuh-3 gene suggests that it is a homoeotic mutation involved in the initial determination of the eye-antennal disc rather in maintenance of the determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848112
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    Anbieten zu passivem trageverhalten während des nestumzugs von Leptothorax acervorum (Fabr.) (Hym., Form.) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird ein neues Verhaltensmuster des sozialen Trageverhaltens während des Nestumzugs von Leptothorax acervorum (Fabr.). Einige Arbeiterinnen bieten sich ohne jeglichen Körperkontakt zu anderen Ameisen zum Transport an. Dieses Verhaltensmuster legt das Vorkommen von speziellen Trägerameisen von passiven Innendiensttieren nahe.
    Notes: Summary A new kind of offering social carrying during nest moving in Leptothorax acervorum (Fabr.) is described. Some later recruitees offer themselves for passive carrying without any body-contact to another ant. This kind of behavior suggests the existance of special mover ants of adult passive nestworkers (Innendiensttiere).
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    La parthenogenese thelytoque et arrhenotoque chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor Fonsc. (Hym. Form.) cycle biologique en elevage des colonies avec reine et des colonies sans reine (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Laboratory rearing of colonies of the AntCataglyphis cursor Fonsc. including a queen, confirm the field observations. In colonies without a queen, as well as in those with a queen, there appear alates queens and males, then workers. However, the number of individuals produced in colonies without a queen seem to be less important than in normal colonies. The rearing of workers produced in the laboratory without any contact with males, either during adult life or larval development, suggest the thelytoky with normal arrhenotoky assumption; indeed females (queens and workers) and males are both produced in these colonies.
    Notes: Resume Le cycle en élevage de colonies avec reine deCataglyphis cursor confirme les observations réalisées sur le terrain. Dans les coloniessans reine, apparaissent comme dans les nids où la reine est présente, des reines ailées et des mâles, puis des ouvrières; la production d'individus y semble cependant inférieure à celle des colonies normales. Un nouvel argument en faveur de l'existence d'une parthénogénèse thélytoque et d'une parthénogénèse arrhénotoque chez les ouvrières deCataglyphis cursor, est fourni par l'élevage de colonies d'ouvrières nées en élevage et n'ayant jamais été au contact de mâles, ni durant leur vie imaginale, ni même durant leur vie larvaire: ces colonies produisent des individus femelles (ouvrières et reines) et mâles.
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    Sur quelques modalites de disparition des colonies d'Anomma nigricans Illiger (Formicidæ Dorylinæ) dans la region de Lamto (Cote-d'Ivoire) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Various factors act to limit the well-being and longevity ofAnomma nigricans colonies. Vertebrate and invertebrate predators of the workers and brood appear to be of little importance among these factors, except in instances where the predators kill the queen. Most importantly, it is the death of the queen, for whatever reason, that inevitably results in the demise of a colony. The behavior of several colonies in which the queen died, either as a result of an accident or without apparent cause (“natural death”), was studied. In each case, the colony eventually died. Furthermore, it was discovered thatAnomma nests are commonly invaded by rather formidable predators, ants of the doryline subgenusTyphlopone. An invasion byTyphlopone results in the destruction of manyAnomma workers. Generally in the course of the attack, theAnomma queen is killed, which in turn is followed by the fated death of the remaining workers. These observations suggest ways in whichA. nigricans populations are regulated.
    Notes: Resume Différents facteurs limitent la vitalité et la longévité des colonies d'Anomma nigricans. Les prédateurs vertébrés ou invertébrés qui agissent sur les ouvrières et le couvain nous paraissent de peu d'importance sauf s'ils tuent la reine. En effet, la mort de cette dernière entrîne inévitablement la disparition de la colonie. Nous avons étudié le comportement de plusieurs sociétés dont la reine mourut, soit à la suite d'un accident, soit sans raison apparente («mort naturelle»), ce qui eut pour conséquence l'extinction irrémédiable de ces sociétés. Par ailleurs, nous avons découvert que les fourmilières d'Anomma ont un prédateur très redoutable. Il s'agit d'une autre fourmi Doryline, du sous-genreTyphlopone. Une invasion deTyphlopone dans un nid d'Anomma conduit à l'extermination de nombreuses ouvrières. Généralement, au cours de l'attaque, la reine d'Anomma est tuée et, par contrecoup cela entraîne la mort des ouvrières survivantes. Ces observations donnent une idée de la régulation de l'équilibre démographique desA. nigricans.
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    Untersuchungen zum Raubzugverhalten der Dulotischen AmeiseHarpagoxenus sublaevis (Nyl.) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 123-135 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Raiding behaviour ofHarpagoxenus sublaevis could be observed in arena experiments in the laboratory. Recording the activity ofHarpagoxenus-and ♀♀ over several weeks showed that scouting of theHarpagoxenus and foraging of the host species mainly occurs during daytime. Raids began between 10oo a.m. and 3oo p.m. Nestmates are recruited to the raided nest by tandem running. Reaching theLeptothorax-nest the ♀♀ can either remain there and begin to attack theLeptothorax, or return to their home nest to recruit additional workers. First the raided nest is besieged by the ♀♀, which stay just at the entrance of the nest and attack allLeptothorax when leaving it. Only after most of theLeptothorax outdoor workers have been killed, theHarpagoxenus enter the nest, expel the remainingLeptothorax and carry pupae and perhaps larvae to their home nest. The number of old workers, callows and pupae ofHarpagoxenus andLeptothorax was counted inHarpagoxenus colonies collected in the field near the end of the raiding season. TheHarpagoxenus colonies had multiplied the number of their slaves by raiding while comparableLeptothorax colonies produce not more workers than one half of the number of old workers present in the colonies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Raubzugverhalten vonHarpagoxenus sublaevis wurde in Arenaversuchen im Labor beobachtet. Die Protokollierung der Aktivität vonHarpagoxenus- und ♀♀ Über mehrere Wochen ergab, daß das Scouten derHarpagoxenus und Fouragieren der Wirtsarten überwiegend am Tag geschieht. Der Beginn der Raubzüge lag zwischen 10oo und 15oo Uhr. Die Rekrutierung von Nestgenossen zum Raubzug erfolgt mittels tandem running. Zum Beutenest geführte ♀♀ können dort bleiben und mit dem Angriff auf dieLeptothorax beginnen oder zum Mutternest zurückkehren, um zusätzliche Arbeiterinnen zu rekrutieren. Zunächst wird dasLeptothorax-Nest von den ♀♀ belagert, indem sie sich unmittelbar vor seinem Eingang aufhalten und jedeLeptothorax angreifen, die das Nest verläßt. Erst wenn die meisten Außendiensttiere derLeptothorax getötet sind, dringen dieHarpagoxenus in das Nest ein, vertreiben noch verbliebeneLeptothorax und tragen Puppen und evtl. Larven daraus in ihr Mutternest. InHarpagoxenus-Kolonien, die gegen Ende der Raubzugsaison im Freiland gesammelt worden waren, wurde die Anzahl der alten Arbeiterinnen, frisch geschlüpften Tiere und Puppen vonHarpagoxenus undLeptothorax festgestellt. DieHarpagoxenus-Kolonien hatten die Zahl ihrer Sklaven durch Raubzüge vervielfacht, während vergleichbareLeptothorax-Kolonien nicht mehr Arbeiterinnen aufziehen als etwa die Hälfte der in den Nestern vorhandenen alten Arbeiterinnen.
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    An exact field test for the fade-out time of the odor trails of the Asian Weaver antsŒcophylla smaragdina (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 165-169 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zweierwahlversuche im Freiland der feuchten Tropen zeigten, dass eine gut etablierte Duftspur der WeberameiseOecophylla smaragdina ihre Wirksamkeit im Verlauf von drei Tagen allmählich verliert.
    Notes: Summary Binary choice tests revealed under field conditions of the humid tropics that well established odor trails ofOecophylla smaragdina gradually fade away over a period of three days.
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    Social facilitation at the nest entrances of bumble bees and wasps (1979)
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    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'auteur réexamine la preuve présentée parBlackith de l'existence d'une facilitation sociale à l'entrée des nides de Guêpes et de Bourdons. Il apporte de nouvelles données et utilise des procédés d'analyse différents de ceux utilisés parBlackith. Il conclut que le phénomène est une illusion statistique résultant du fait qu'une distribution de Poisson a été considérée, à tort, comme homogène, alors que des variations de l'activité globale la rendaient, en réalité, non homogène.
    Notes: Summary The evidence presented byBlackith for social fącilitation at the nest entrances of wasps and bumble bees is re-examined. New data are presented and additional analyses of those used byBlackith are reported. It is concluded that the phenomenon is a statistical artifiact generated by incorrectly assuming homogeneity in a Poisson process that is in fact non-homogeneous due to changes in overall activity.
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    Etude du role sensoriel de l'antenne dans l'ethogenese des soins aux cocons chezFormica polyctena Forst (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 170-195 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary YoungFormica polyctena workers learn to know the specificity of cocoons surrounding them during the first days following their own hatching. The sensitiveness of antennae in the ethogenesis is studied by cutting off segments from both antennae on the very day of hatching. During the days following the operation, operated workers show a slower disposition for displacing cocoons, compared to the check sample. Later, when workers are mature, the operated lots are unable to discriminate offered cocoons and keep homospecific as well as heterospecific. In every case the loss of the terminal article, only, creates important perturbations with do not progress quantitatively very much with the following cuttings. A study of the sensorial anatomy of funiculus is concerned with two intracuticularsensilla (s. ampullaca ands. coeloconica) and on three extracuticularsensilla (s. basiconica, s. trichodea curvata and “thin hairsensilla”). It contains a statistical analysis of the repartition of these well known different kinds ofsensilla, along the funiculus. From the five considered categories, four are preferentially distributed on the terminal segments and generally on the distal segments of antennae. These ares. ampullacea, s. coeloconica, s. basiconica ands. trichodea curvata. Only, “thin hairsensilla” are an exception; their frequency distribution varies as the size of each segment. The research of relationships between those two series of results, is attempted and allows to consider the preponderance of the intracuticularsensilla. And besides, the analysis taking the functional disposition of these different chemoreceptors into account enables us to presume that the distance between receivers of “cocoon” stimulus does not matter very much forsensilla basiconica, but is very much important fors. trichodea curvata and intracuticularsensilla.
    Notes: Resume Les jeunes ouvrières deF. polyctena apprennent à reconnaitre la spécificité des cocons qui les entourent dans les jours qui suivent leur propre éclosion. Le rôle sensoriel de l'antenne dans l'éthogenèse est recherché en utilisant la technique des antennectomies bilatérales effectuées le jour même de l'éclosion. Durant les jours qui suivent l'opération, les ouvrières opérées manifestent une aptitude plus tardive à transporter les cocons. Plus tard, lorsque les ouvrières sont mûres, les lots opérés sont incapables de discriminer et conservent indistinctement cocons homospécifiques et cocons hétérospecifiques. La perte du seul article terminal est déjà à l'origine de perturbations importantes qui progressent assez peu quantitativement avec les sections suivantes. Une étude de l'anatomie sensorielle du funicule fut effectuée sur deuxsensilla intracuticulaires (s. ampullacea ets. cooloconica) et sur troissensilla extracuticulaires (s. basiconica, s. trichodea curvata et «soies fines»). Elle a consisté à analyser statistiquement la répartition de ces différents types desensilla, par ailleurs bien connus, le long du funicule. Sur les cinq catégories considérées, quatre sont réparties préférentiellement sur l'article terminal et en général sur les articles distaux de l'antenne. Il s'agit dess. ampullacea, s. coeloconica, s. basiconica ets. trichodea curvata. Seules, les «soies fines» font exception à cette règle: leur distribution varie dans le même sens que les dimensions de chaque article. La recherche de relations entre ces deux séries de résultats est tentée et permet d'envisager la prépondérence dessensilla intracuticulaires. Par ailleurs, une analyse tenant compte de la disposition fonctionnelle de ces différents chimiorécepteurs laisse supposer que la distance séparant les récepteurs du stimulus «cocon» importe peu pour lessensilla basiconica, alors qu'elle importe beaucoup pour less. trichodea curvata et lessensilla intracuticulaires.
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    Importance quantitative des œufs abortifs d'ouvrières dans le bilan trophique de la colonie de la fourmiDolichoderus quadripunctatus (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 295-299 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dolichoderus quadripunctatus is an arboricolous ant, whose workers regularly lay reproductive eggs (giving males) and abortive trophic eggs. The latter are of a special type which have undergone degeneration at an early stage. These trophic eggs (which we earlier called “proctodeal food” or “vitello-proctodeal food”, consist simply of droplets of yolky fluid. Though they are entirely liquid and without chorion or vitelline membrane, they are laid in large quantities by workers and for this reason have an exceptional importance in the trophic balance of the colony during the period of brood development.
    Notes: Resume Dolichoderus quadripunctatus est une fourmi arboricole dont les ouvrières pondent régulièrement des œufs reproducteurs (qui évoluent en mâles), et des œufs abortifs trophiques d'un type très particulier, ayant subi une dégénérescence précoce. Ces œufs abortifs trophiques (que nous avions avions appelés ≪aliment proctodéal≫, ou ≪vitelloproctodéal≫), sont constitués par une simple gouttelette de vitellus. Bien que strictement liquides et dépourvus de chorion ou de membrane vitelline, ils sont émis en très grande abondance, et ont de ce fait une place exceptionnellement importante dans le bilan trophique de la colonie en période d'évolution du couvain.
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    Relations between species diversity and diet in communities of ants (1979)
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    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons procédé à l'échantillonnage de la nourriture récoltée par toutes les espèces de Fourmis au sein de 11 communautés, et nous avons calculé les superficies et recouvrements des différentes aires d'alimentation. Dans les communautés du désert Mojave, les superficies moyennes des aires d'alimentation étaient relativement constantes, indépendamment de l'altitude et de la diversité des espèces. Cependant les recouvrements des aires d'alimentation étaient corrélés positivement avec la diversité des espèces. Avec l'augmentation de la latitude dans le désert Great Basin, les superficies des aires d'alimentation augmentaient et les recouvrements entre aires diminuaient. Les superficies des aires d'alimentation n'étaient pas corrélées de façon significative avec la diversité des espèces dans les communautés du Great Basin. Le recouvrement diffus (quantité de recouvrement dans l'approvisionnement d'une espèce par les autres espèces de la communauté) a eu pour effet d'augmenter le taux d'accroissement du recouvrement à mesure que la diversité des espèces augmentait.
    Notes: Summary The food collected by all species of ants in eleyen communities was sampled, and the niche breadths and overlaps calculated. In communities of the Mojave Desert, the mean niche breadths were found to be relatively constant, regardless of changes in elevation or species diversity. Niche overlaps, however, were positively correlated with species diversity. With increases in latitude in the Great Basin Desert, the food niche breadths increased and overlaps decreased. Niche breadths were, not significantly correlated with species diversity in the Great Basin communities. The effect of diffuse overlap (amount of overlap in diet received by a species from all other species in the community) was to increase the rate at which overlap increased with species diversity. Running head: diets of ants.
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    Activité et agressivité chez des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis Nyl. (Hymenoptere, Formicides) modification en fonction du groupement et de l'expérience individuelle (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 354-363 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1- The behaviour of workers ofMyrmica laevinodis confronted by an intruder (a worker ofMyrmica ruginodis) varies from individual to individual in small groups. A certain proportion of workers (about 50%) do not respond, others (30%) approach the intruder without violence, the remaining (20%) react more or less violently. Successive tests showed an increase in violence whilst the proportion of ants that attacked the intruder changed little. 2- When the ants were rearranged into 4 groups according to their activity and aggressivity, the aggressivity (number of bites achieved) of individuals altered so that the percentage of aggressive workers resembled that in the original groups. 3- When the ants were restored to their original groups we observed (a) an increased level of aggressivity; (b) a tendency for an individual to retain the rank of aggressivity if adopted in (2), whilst a large pool of ants remained non-aggressive throughout.
    Notes: Resume 1- Face à un intrus (une ouvrière deMyrmica ruginodis), des ouvrières âgées deMyrmica laevinodis, vivant en petits groupes, ont un comportement qui varie d'un individu à l'autre. Une partie des animaux reste inactive (environ 50%) tandis que certains se déplacent vers l'intrus sans l'attaquer (30%) et d'autres attaquent plus ou moins violemment (20%). La répétition des tests provoque une augmentation de l'agressivité des attaquants alors que leur nombre ne varie pas. 2- Le regroupement des individus en fonction de leur activité et de leur agressivité entraîne une régulation de ces comportements tendant à faire apparaître dans chaque groupe les différents types d'individus précédemment caractérisés. Cette régulation s'accompagne d'un remaniement du classement des individus — basé sur le nombre de morsures — dans les groupes les plus agressifs. 3- Lors de la reconstitution des groupes initiaux, on note: a) un niveau d'agressivité élevé, qui se maintient au fil des tests; b) une tendance à la stabilisation des rangs adoptés par les animaux lors de leur regroupement (cf, 2 ci-dessus), tandis que demeure un pool important d'individus constamment non agressifs et donc stables.
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    Une nouvelle methode pour l'etude des echanges alimentaires dans les societes de Fourmis (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With a new method the flow of liquid transmitted from one individual to another during food exchange between members of an ant society can be observed continuously. During the exchange, the radioactivity of the honey in the crop of an individual is measured and printed on a recorder. When complemented with other methods, and particularly by direct observation, interesting data are supplied by this technique.
    Notes: Resume La nouvelle méthode permet de suivre, de manière continue, le flux- de substance transmise d'un individu à l'autre, au cours d'un échange alimentaire entre membres d'une société de Fourmis. La radio-activité du miel contenu dans le jabot d'un individu est mesurée durant l'échange, et inscrite sur un enregistreur. Complétée par les autres méthodes et en particulier par l'observation directe, cette technique fournit des données intéressantes.
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    Etude quantitative des transferts de nourriture entre ouvrieres d'age connu chez l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifica mellifica L) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies of food exchanges between workers whose both antennae were cut off at the 2 nd or 4 th distal level were carried out in summer 1976. This was done with workers of 12 to 24 hours, 10 or 25 days old. We used the following method: twenty 10 day old workers were introduced in the central part of a three compartment cage where they could feed on honey labelled with198Au. At the same time, 20 amputated workers were introduced in one of the lateral compartements, whereas in the other lateral compartment 20 intact workers of the same age were placed. One hour later the radioactive food and the lateral partitions of the cage were removed, so that both the amputated and the intact workers of the lateral compartments could beg for regurgitations of food from the radioactive workers of the central compartment. Cutting off both antennae at the 2 nd distal level does not cause any change in the amount of radioactive food which is fed to the amputated workers, whatever the age of these workers. However, when the four distal antennal segments are lacking the amputated workers receive less food than the intact ones of the same age from their radioactive sisters, whatever their ages. In this case, amputated workers only receive 20–25% of the total amount of food which is distributed by their, well-fed radioactive sisters.
    Notes: Resume L'étude des transferts de nourriture entre ouvrières d'Apis mellifica amputées de 2 ou 4 articles distaux des 2 antennes a été faite en fonction de l'âge (12 à 24 h, 10, 25 jours) au cours de l'été 1976. Les expériences consistent à mettre en présence 40 individus du même âge qui ont jeûné, dont la moitié a les antennes sectionnées et 20 individus de 10 jours qui se sont approvisionnés à une source de nourriture marquée au moyen d'un radioisotope non métabolisable:198Au. Les résultats montrent que si la section bilatérale des deux articles distaux des antennes ne modifie pas de façon significative l'approvisionnement des ouvrières mutilées par rapport aux témoins, il n'en n'est pas de même lorsque les 4 articles distaux sont sectionnés. Dans ce cas les amputées ne reçoivent seulement que 1/5 à 1/4 de la nourriture totale distribuée par celles qui se sont approvisionnées à la source de nourriture radioactive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283911
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    Reserves in sexual forms ofAcromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Formicidæ, Attini) (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 113-122 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume 1 - Le couvain et les imagos de sexués proviennent de colonies d'Acromyrmex octospinosus élevées au laboratoire. 2 - Les sexués sont beaucoup plus grands que les ouvrières. 3 - Il existe une différence entre les mâles et les femelles non fécondées dans le métabolisme des lipides: celles-ci ont une quantité de lipides 7 fois plus élevée que les mâles. 4 - En l'absence de nourriture, la moyenne de vie des mâles adultes est en moyenne de 5,3 jours, alors qu'elle peut atteindre 109 jours (en moyenne 55,4 jours) chez les femelles adultes non fécondées. 5 - Pendant la période de privation de nourriture, les mâles utilisent presque toutes leurs réserves de lipides et d'hydrates de carbone, alors que les femelles non fécondées n'utilisent qu'une partie des lipides neutres. 6 - Le « comportement » des femelles non fécondées paraît adapté à la conservation des réserves énergétiques.
    Notes: Summary 1 - Sexual brood and adults were taken from laboratory colonies ofAcromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) for observation and analysis. 2 - The reproductive castes were much larger than the workers. 3 - A sex difference in lipid metabolism was found between the reproductive castes, adult gynes possessing seven times the amount of lipid found in males. 4 - Starved adult males lived for an average of 5.3 days, but gynes survived for up to 109 days (average = 55.4 days). 5 - During starvation, adult males used nearly all of their lipid and carbohydrate reserves, while gynes utilised only neutral lipids to any extent. 6 - The behaviour of gynes appeared to be adapted to the conservation of energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223505
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    The physiology of reproduction in the pharaoh's ant (Monomorium pharaonis L.) 2. The unmated queens (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Rolle der unbegatteten Königinnen in Laborkolonien der PharaoameiseMonomorium pharaonis L. (Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae) untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den Befunden anderer Autoren sind diese Weibchen nicht in der Lage, die Aufzucht von neuen Geschlechtstieren zu unterdrücken. Diese Fähigkeit hängt weder vom Alter der Virgines noch vom physiologischen Zustand der Kolonien ab. In Sozietäten unterschiedlicher Herkunft waren die Verhältnisse gleichartig. Nur nach Kopulation sind die Weibchen zur Unterdrückung der Entwicklung neuer Sexualtierbrut fähig. Diese Befunde werden im Rahmen der vonBerndt (1975) aufgestellten Hypothese über eine durch ein Pheromon gesteuerte zyklische Sexualtierproduktion diskutiert. Es werden Ergebnisse über die Rezeptivität der unbegatteten Weibchen in Verbindung mit einer durch die parthenogenetisch erzeugten Söhne erfolgenden Kopulation dargestellt. Ferner finden sich Angaben über das Verhalten unbegatteter Weibchen sowie deren Lebensdauer.
    Notes: Summary The role of unmated queens in laboratory colonies of the pharaoh's antMonomorium pharaonis L. (Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae) has been investigated. In contrast to the findings by other authors we find that these females are unable to suppress the rearing of new sexuals. This is neither contingent upon the age of the unmated queens nor on the physiological condition of the colonies. In societies of different origin the situation was the same. Only after copulation are the females able to suppress the development of new sexual broods. These findings are discussed within the framework of the hypothesis established byBerndt (1975) about a pheromone controlling cyclic production of sexuals. Results on the receptivity of the unmated females in connection with a copulation effected by the parthenogenetically produced sons are presented. Furthermore, information is given on the behaviour of the unmated queen and her longevity.
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    Ovarian development inScaptotrigona postica Latr. 1807 (Hym.: Apidae) II. A quantitative study (1979)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 26 (1979), S. 196-203 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ovaires droit et gauche d'ouvrières deScaptotrigona postica Latr. âgées de 1, 10, 15, 20 et 30 jours ont été comparés dans leur longueur et leur plus grande largeur. Six stades de développement ont été mis en évidence. Les méthodes statistiques' montrent que:a) la longueur et la largeur varient en fonction de l'âge;b) les ovaires droit et gauche sont fonctionnellement différents;c) ces différences de fonction évoluent avec l'âge.
    Notes: Summary Right and left ovaries of the workers ofS. postica of 1, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of age were compared by measuring their maximum lengths and widths. By statistical methods it is established that a) length and width generally increased with age, b) the right ovary is generally larger than the left and produces more nutritive eggs, while the left produces more reproductive eggs, and c) these functions change with age.
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    A fracture mechanics study of subcritical tensile cracking of quartz in wet environments (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1011-1024 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Quartz ; Fracture mechanics ; Stress corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Load relaxation and cross-head displacement rate-change experiments have been used to establish log10 stress intensity factor (K) versus log10 crack velocity (v) diagrams for double torsion specimens, of synthetic quartz cracked on thea plane in liquid water and moist air. For crack propagation normal toz and normal tor at 20°C,K Ic (the critical stress intensity factor) was found to be 0.852±0.045 MN·m−3/2 and 1.002±0.048 MN·m−3/2, respectively. Subcritical crack growth at velocities from 10−3 m·s−1 to 10−9 m·s−1 at temperatures from 20°C to 80°C is believed to be facilitated by chemical reaction between the siloxane bonds of the quartz and the water or water vapour of the environment (stress corrosion). The slopes, of isotherms in theK-v diagrams are dependent upon crystallographic orientation. The isotherms have a slope of 12±0.6 for cracking normal tor and 19.9±1.7 for cracking normal toz. The activation enthalpy for crack propagation in the former orientation in liquid water at temperatures from 20°C to 80°C is 52.5±3.8 kJ·mole−1. A discussion is presented of the characteristics of theK-v diagrams for quartz.
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    Book reviews (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1070-1073 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876086
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    Announcements (1979)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1077-1077 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876088
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    Seismic gaps and source zones of recent large earthquakes in coastal Peru (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1148-1171 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake Prediction ; Seismic Gaps ; Tectonics of Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The earthquakes of central coastal Peru occur principally in two distinct zones of shallow earthquake activity that are inland of and parallel to the axis of the Peru Trench. The interface-thrust (IT) zone includes the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 17 October 1966 and 3 October 1974. The coastal-plate interior (CPI) zone includes the great earthquake of 31 May 1970, and is located about 50 km inland of and 30 km deeper than the interface thrust zone. The occurrence of a large earthquake in one zone may not relieve elastic strain in the adjoining zone, thus complicating the application of the seismic gap concept to central coastal Peru. However, recognition of two seismic zones may facilitate detection of seismicity precursory to a large earthquake in a given zone; removal of probable CPI-zone earthquakes from plots of seismicity prior to the 1974 main shock dramatically emphasizes the high seismic activity near the rupture zone of that earthquake in the five years preceding the main shock. Other conclusions on the seismicity of coastal Peru that affect the application of the seismic gap concept to this region are: (1) Aftershocks of the great earthquakes of 1966, 1970, and 1974 occurred in spatially separated clusters. Some clusters may represent distinct small source regions triggered by the main shock rather than delimiting the total extent of main-shock rupture. The uncertainty in the interpretation of aftershock clusters results in corresponding uncertainties in estimates of stress drop and estimates of the dimensions of the seismic gap that has been filled by a major earthquake. (2) Aftershocks of the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 1966 and 1974 generally did not extend seaward as far as the Peru Trench. (3) None of the three great earthquakes produced significant teleseismic activity in the following month in the source regions of the other two earthquakes. The earthquake hypocenters that form the basis of this study were relocated using station adjustments computed by the method of joint hypocenter determination.
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    The Oaxaca gap: A case history (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1187-1194 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Seismicity gap ; Tectonics of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempted use of seismic gap observations to predict a large earthquake in Oaxaca, Mexico is discussed. The observations were initially published in a scientific journal and were subsequently distorted by noncientists, who predicted a major earthquake and tsunami to take place at Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca on 23 April 1978. Public reactions and property losess sustained by individuals and communities were comparable to those expected from an actual earthquake. A revision of epicenter locations from the NOAA data file revealed that a number of earthquakes did occur in the alleged gap but had been excluded because their reported focal depth was in excess of 60 km. It is shown that the probability that the number of earthquakes in two consecutive time intervals of a stationary Poisson process differs by an amount which would be reported as a ‘seismic gap’ is of the order of 5% or more for Oaxaca. This means that spurious ‘seismic gaps’ would be observed in one out of 20 data runs. The possibility of detecting a true interval of abnormal quiescence in a random earthquake sequence appears to be fairly remote in this case.
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    Seismic quiescence precursory to a past and a future Kurile island earthquake (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1195-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake Prediction ; Seismicity patterns ; tectonics of Kuriles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A systematic search was made for seismicity rate changes in the segment of the Kurile island arc from 45°N to 53°N by studying the cumulative seismicity of shallow (h≤100 km) earthquakes within 11 overlapping volumes of radius 100 km for the time period 1960 through beginning of 1978. We found that in most parts of this island arc and most of the time the seismicity rate as obtained from the NOAA catalogue and not excluding any events is fairly constant except for increased seismicity in the mid 1960s in the southern portion due to the great 1963 mainshock there, and for seismicity quiescence during part of the time period studied within two well defined sections of the arc. The first of these is a volume of 100 km radius around a 1973 (M s =7.3) mainshock within which the seismicity rate was demonstrated at the 99% confidence level to have been lower by 50% during 2100 days (5.75 years) before this mainshock. The second volume of seismic quiescence coincides with the 400 km long north Kuriles gap. In this gap the seismicity rate is shown (at the 99% confidence level) to be lower by 50% from 1967 to present (1978), in comparison with the rate within the gap befor 1967, as well as with the rate surrounding the gap. We propose that the anomalously low seismicity rate within the Kuriles gap is a precursor to a great earthquake, the occurrence time of which was estimated by the following preliminary relation between precursory quiescence time and source dimensionT=190L 0.545. We predict that an earthquake with source length of 200–400 km (M〉8) will occur along the north Kurile island arc between latitude 45.5°N and 49.2°N at a time between now and 1994.
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    Electric charge separation in severe storms (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 891-903 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Thunderstorm ; Cloud electricity ; Clouds ; electric charge separation in
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a new model for thunderstorm electric field generation which directly utilizes the dynamic turbulent motion to separate the charges. Postulating a microphysical charge separation mechanism, such as is commonly accepted in most other theories, and which places a negative charge on the larger particles with a positive charge on the smaller ones, it is described how evaporation and cooling at the tops of small cumuli will release the positive charges as ions. These ions migrate to the surrounding cloud as the cooled parcel, with negatively charged particles in it, sinks down through the cloud. Since the sinking parcel contains mostly ice, it will be more buoyant than its surroundings when it reaches rising regions of water cloud, and hence should come to rest near the −10°C level. Thus the cloud will acquire an accumulation of negative charge at about this level before substantial hydrometeors begin falling out of it.
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    A preliminary study of precipitable water over Brazil (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 883-890 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitable water ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary study of precipitable water over Brazil is attempted. Mean values for January are presented in this paper. A regression equation connecting the surface dew-point temperature and the precipitable water was computed along the lines of studies made by Reitan (1963), and the results are presented.
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    The influence of the color of visibility targets on the visibility (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 913-926 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric optics ; Color ; Visibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reduced visibilities have been simulated in the laboratory by means of a hydrosol. It was illuminated homogeneously by iodine quartz lamps producing an illuminance similar to a bright day. In the hydrosol several visibility targets were suspended at different distances and the visibility observation was performed by counting the number of visible objects. By this method a very accurate and fast determination of the visibility was possible. The extinction coefficient of the hydrosol was determined with a long path photometer: the intrinsic brightness of the objects in the illuminated hydrosol was determined for several wavelengths by means of a fiber optic. The correlation between the measured visibility and the extinction coefficient shows that the frequently used visual range underestimates the visibility, since the highest perception for an atmospheric aerosol is not at 550 nm but at 580 nm wavelength. Therefore it is suggested to use the atmospheric extinction coefficient at 580 nm for the calculation of the visual range. All colored objects could be seen less far, since they had a smaller contrast at the wavelength of maximum perception than the black object. Dark colored objects can be seen further than bright ones. Especially objects that have a high reflection in the yellow and organe have a small visibility. If the intrinsic brightness of the objects and the extinction coefficient (both as a function of wavelength) are known, the wavelength of maximum perception can be calculated and from this the visibility. The visibility thus calculated agrees with the observed visibility. If visibility observations in the atmosphere have to be performed with non-black objects, methods for corrections to the visibilty of a black object are given.
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    Inflow and outflow in a rotating circular container—A laboratory model for the Loop Current of the Gulf of Mexico (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 943-957 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Dish pan experiments ; Dynamics of oceans ; Laboratory modellings of ocean currents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Loop Current of the Gulf of Mexico is simulated in the laboratory. A circular tank is filled with water and is placed off-center on a rotating table and the flow field is generated by injecting and withdrawing water at two openings on the wall. The free surface becomes parabolic due to balance of gravitational and centrifugal forces, simulating the latitudinal change of the Coriolis parameter (β-effect) in the ocean. The flow characteristics depend on the influx and the rate of rotation and can be classified according to non-dimensional parameters (Rossby, Ekman and Froude numbers denoted byR 0,E andF, respectively). When the influx is small and the rotation rate is large (smallR 0,E andF) the flow will be almost linear, and the fluid flows along the side-wall boundary layer under constraint of the β-effect. For a very large influx (largeR 0 andE) inertial forces become very large compared to the Coriolis force and the flow behaves like a potential flow. The flow studied had characteristics between these two extreme cases and hasR 0 andF similar to the Gulf circulation, though similarity inE is ambiguous. Photographs of the flow indicate that the inflow penetrates further into the interior when the rotation rate is increased while the influx is kept constant. The numerical analysis of the non-linear vorticity equation confirms this for the parameters corresponding to the experiment. In addition, the photographs reveal eddies embedded on both sides of the main stream, particularly near the inflow region. These eddies are intensified and become uniform in size as the influx increases. It is pointed out that such eddies were actually observed near the Loop Current north of the Yucatan Straits.
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    An approximate method for determining the stability of two-scale flow in the mantle (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 958-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mantle convection ; Plate tectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An approximate method of calculating the stability of two-dimensional convection rolls to cross-roll disturbances is evaluated by comparison with the results from exact analyses and good agreement is obtained. In particular, investigation of the second mode of the disturbance provides a qualitative estimate of the terms excluded in making the approximation. We conclude that this approximate method, sensibly used, gives a good indication of the stability of rolls to cross-roll disturbances. Application of this method is made to convection rolls heated partially or wholly from within, and to rolls in the presence of a longitudinal shear flow. The approximation indicates that, at high Rayleigh Numbers, growth rates are underestimated and so the amount of shear calculated to stabilise longitudinal rolls is a lower bound. Our results suggest that two-dimensional rolls are unlikely to be a stable flow pattern beneath even the fastest moving plates.
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    A comparative method for various approaches to the isothermal equation of state (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1001-1010 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Equation of state ; High-pressure physics ; Grüneisen parameter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various three-parameter approximations of the isothermal equation of state of matter can be systematized and, in consequence, mutually compared by using the uniquely associated relationships between first and second pressure derivatives of the bulk modulus of any substance at zero pressure. Thus quantitative or, at least qualitative information on the capability of such approximations for volumetric contractions down to about 0.5 can be obtained directly. This comparative method will be discussed with the aid of 19 approximations considered in high-pressure physics and geophysics. Its application to the Grüneisen parameter analysis yields a number of additional practical approximations.
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    Editor's note (1979)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1079-1081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876210
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