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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-04
    Beschreibung: An improved 4 to 18 micron array camera system was developed at NASA Goddard SFC for astronomical photometry, using an Aerojet Electro Systems Corp. 16 x 16 Si:Bi accumulation mode charge injection device (AMCID) which could be suitable for eventual low-background spaceflight applications. An astronomical observing program using this device was carried out as a collaboration between NASA Goddard (Infrared and Radio Astronomy Branch and Micro Electronics Branch), the Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona. In 1983 the camera system was revised, and a new Aeroject Si:Bi array with 16 x 16 active pixels was obtained from NASA/Ames Research Center as part of a new scientific collaboration between the Ames and Goddard infrared array research groups. The 16 x 16 device had sufficiently good sensitivity, uniformity and noise characteristics to be used for successful observations at the Mt. Lemmon 60 and 61 inch telescopes in May 1983. Complete laboratory characterization of the 16 x 16 array was carried out in summer of 1983. Initial results indicate that this detector has sensitivity and noise characteristics comparable to other devices from the same generation of Aerojet arrays.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Direct characterization procedures were used to determine the relaxation modulus as a function of time, temperature, and state of strain. Using the quasi-elastic method of linearviscoelasticity, these properties were employed in a finite element computer code to analyze a thick-walled, nonlinear viscoelastic cylinder in the state of plane strain bonded to a thin (but stiff) elastic casing and subjected to slow thermal cooling. The viscoelastic solution is then expressed as a sequence of elastic finite element solutions. The strain-dependent character of the relaxation modulus is included by replacing the single relaxation curve used in the linear viscoelastic theory by a family of relaxation functions obtained at various strain levels. These functions may be regarded as a collection of stress histories or responses to specific loads (in this case, step strains) with which the cooldown solution is made to agree by iterations on the modulus and strain level.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 111-135
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The use of laser holography for measuring the distortion of antennas under space simulation conditions is described. The subject is the so-called double exposure procedure which allows to measure the distortion in the order of 1 to 30/micrometers + or - 0.5 per hologramme of an area of 4 m diameter max. The method of holography takes into account the constraints of the space simulation facility. The test method, the test set up and the constraints by the space simulation facility are described. The results of the performed tests are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions. The test on the K-Band Antenna e.g., showed a distortion of approximately 140/micrometers + or - 5/micrometers measured during the cool down from -10 C to -120 C.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 13th Space Simulation Conf.; p 309-319
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Conventional schemes for digitizing large volumes of photographic data are far too costly and time consuming to encourage the undertaking of the ambitious projects using traditional technology. There is a distinct need for fast digitizing systems such as could be derived from development of large format, optically multiplexed CCD systems designed to address these problems. The use of CCD chips for data handling and the capability of using polaroids in the optical path for reduced light scattering are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 419-427
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Parameters of the UK 1.2 meter Schmidt telescope are described. Plates taken with this instrument are in two categories, those for systematic sky surveys and those taken at the request of research users. A collaborative project with the European Southern Observatory was undertaken to obtain a two-color survey of the sky south of -20 deg declination to complement the Palomar survey. A near infrared survey of the Galactic Plane and the Megallanic Clouds is being done. The area south of -20 deg and the zone between 0 deg and -15 deg are also being surveyed. Pending a decision on survey parameters, all available A quality prism plates are being retained to form a basis for systematic survey. Nearly half the plates taken on a service basis for the UK astronomical community are to fulfill nonsurvey requests. Plates taken for surveys which are not of A grade quality are also made available for research purposes.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 379-385
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Some software facilities used mainly for information retrieval and analysis at the Padova-Asiago Observatory are discussed. These facilities help guest and resident astronomers to make easier the preparation of plate measurements. The problems connected with the creation, use and management of a data base in a scientific (astronomical) environment are reviewed on the basis of the experience gathered during the last three years. The development plan of the user session environment and its possible applications in a computer network are briefly sketched.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 361-369
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A 256 diode-array will be installed as detector on the ESO OPTRONICS S-3000 measuring machine in order to increase the acquisition rate. A high intensity LED will be used as light source in a pulse mode. The data will be stored on a random access mass storage device as density values for later education. The scanning time for a 30 cm x 30 cm plate with a step size of 10 micron will be less than 10 hours while the dynamic range of the data is expected to be 2.5 density units with an offset of at least 1 unit.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 317-328
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The design and performance of the automated photographic measuring facility at Cambridge is described. It consists of a precision laser scanning microdensitometer connected to a series of computers that process the data on-line. Plates up to 350 mm square can be measured. The microdensitometer samples the plate to 12 bit accuracy at a speed of 230,000 samples/second. The positional accuracy is better than a micron. Other features include platen rotation and automatic focus.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 277-288
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The expected performance of the Minnesota automated dual-plate scanner (APS) is discussed with regard to photometry, position measurement accuracy, and ability to classify images. In addition, a fast algorithm for calculating image parameters is described.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 267-276
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Various aspects of the performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are described. The primary points in an upgrade propsal for the unit are outlined. Photometric instabilities in the PDS are mentioned.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 129-134
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Minor modifications of electronic components in the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed. The operational requirements and performance limitations of the PDS are noted. Replacement of the photomultiplier and front-end analog circuitry significantly improved the photometric performance of the PDS. The improvement in density repeatability is marked, and the permissible density slew speed is greatly increased.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 121-128
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: High Altitude Observatory HAO microdensitometer undergoes monthly testing to assure its consistent performance. These tests check positional and photometric stability at the 10 micron aperture level. The HAO test procedure is designed to run without operator intervention following initial configuration of the microdensitometer for each subprocedure. Specialized test software is resident in the PDP 8. The operator selects the proper subprocedure by entering commands. Once computer control is established, it is not relinquished until the test is complete.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 19-34
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A number of diagnostic tests are developed for the Photometric Data System PDS 2020G microdensitometer to monitor its performance and to isolate various electromechanical problems. A number of tests which help to diagnose problems with the photometer, positional accuracy and data collection are described. The tests include: (1) scanning a razor blade edge to study the response of the photometer and zero point losses in the coordinate system, (2) scanning a long straight line to evaluate the drunkness of the stage motions, (3) scanning photometric step wedge calibrations to study the response of the photometer, and (4) measurement of a series of high signal to noise plates of the same region of the sky to evaluate the overall performance of the microdensitometer. A variety of electronic tests to isolate electromechanical problems are also performed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 3-18
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The behavior of ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings after extended exposure to the space environments was examined. The coatings and differentiating between the influences of vacuum and solar illumination were examined. In the past, several ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings were successfully flown on rocket experiments. Future utilizations of such gratings are considered for the Space Telescope and for various Spacelab projects under development. The techniques which is used to replicate gratings can also be used to obtain a wide range of lightweight optical components, including sophisticated aspherical, highly polished mirrors.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 163-164
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of this experiment is to determine the effects of long-term orbital exposure on the materials used in solid-rocket space motors. Specifically, structural materials and propellants from the STAR/PAM-D series motors and the PAM DII/IPSM-II motors will be tested, as well as advanced composite case and nozzle materials planned for future use. The experiment approach is to expose samples of solid-rocket propellant, liner, insulation, case, and nozzle specimens to the space environment and to compare preflight and postflight measurements of various mechanical, chemical, and ballistic properties.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 94-96
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Electro-optic holographic recording systems were developed. The spaceworthiness of electro-optic crystals for use in ultrahigh capacity space data storage and retrieval systems are examined. The crystals for this experiment are included with the various electro-optical components of LDEF experiment. The effects of long-duration exposure on active optical system components is investigated. The concept of data storage in an optical-phase holographic memory is illustrated.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 152-153
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The specific scientific objectives of this experiment are to measure the spatial distribution, size, velocity, radiance, and composition of microparticles in near-Earth space. The technological objectives are to measure erosion rates resulting from microparticle impacts and to evaluate thin-foil meteor 'bumpers'. The combinations of sensitivity and reliability in this experiment will provide up to 1000 impacts per month for laboratory analysis and will extend current sensitivity limits by 5 orders of magnitude in mass.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 117-120
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Proposed experiments for analyzing rocket plumes are reported. Two groups of experiments were studied: (1) those that would help define some of the parameters that characterize the plume and (2) those that would enable evaluation of some of the contamination effects of the plume environment on various items of interest. The items investigated, the purpose of the investigation, are given in tabular form.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 12-95
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The relative effects of several candidate SSRM propellant formulations and their plume impingement effects on HRSI and RCC materials were evaluated. Nine solid propellant formulations were tested. The selected propellant matrix allowed an evaluation of propellants with and without metal additives, with and without burning rate catalyst, and low (approximately 1927 C) and high (approximately 2649 C) combustion temperatures. Motors were fired at a simulated SRB staging altitude of 3.96 km (130,000 ft) (nominal). The altitude pressure was predicted to drop approximately 0.6 km (20,000 ft) during a motor firing. All motors were loaded with 1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb) of propellant and burned for approximately 2 s.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 96-151
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Efforts made to determine the vulnerability of Orbiter and ET materials located at various positions within exhaust plumes from test SSRM's using four different propellant formulations are discussed. Data also cover the effect on TPS materials from a single SSRM plume and dual SSRM plumes, and definitions of test SSRM plume environment at material specimen locations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 152-203
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-05
    Beschreibung: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-22
    Beschreibung: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-22
    Beschreibung: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A parallel beam of X-rays (approximately monoenergetic) passing through a rectangular slit and scattering from two flat mirrors comprise the X-ray test. The two mirrors are arranged in a periscope geometry so that the final reflected beam is parallel to the incident beam but displaced laterally by given amount. One of the detectors used to intercept the reflected X-rays is a one dimensional gas-filled proportional counter which is sensitive to the position (in 1 dimension) at which the X-rays are incident within its detecting "window". The total length of the anode wire of the proportional counter is 120 mm and this length can be divided electronically into a maximum of 1,024 parts. Hence, the output of an experimental run would be the number of incident X-rays that registered on each of the 1,024 channels. Each channel would represent an X-ray at a different spatial location and, hence, at a different scattering angle. In order to look at a wider range of scattering angles, the detector is placed on an optical table which can be rotated.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 6 p
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 35
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 36
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The hydraulic actuation system of the space shuttle main engine is discussed. The system consists of five electrohydraulic actuators and a single engine filter used to control the five different propellant valves, which in turn control thrust and mixture ratio of the space shuttle main engine. The hydraulic actuation system provides this control with a precision of 98.7 percent or an error in position no greater than 1.3 percent of full scale rotational travel for critical positions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: the 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 291-301
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  • 37
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The system components and operation of the space shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) dewatering set are described. The SRB dewatering set consists of a nozzle plug, control console, remote control unit, power distribution unit, umbilical cable, interconnect cables, and various handling and storage items. The nozzle plug (NP) is a remotely controlled, tethered underwater vehicle that is launched from the retrieval vessel (RV) by a crane, descends down the side of the SRB, and is positioned below the SRB nozzle. A TV camera mounted at the top of the NP central core is used by the control console operator to visually guide the NP during descent and docking. The NP is then driven up and locked into the nozzle. Compressed air is passed through the umbilical from the RV, through the NP and into the SRB motor. The water inside the SRB is expelled causing the SRB to rotate to a near horizontal attitude on the surface of the water.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 279-289
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  • 38
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Zero gravity testing in the KC-135 aircraft of flat fold flexible solar array test specimens sufficiently demonstrated the adequacy of the panel design. The aircraft flight crew provided invaluable assistance and significantly contributed to the design and development of the flexible solar array, and ultimately to the potential success of the solar electric propulsion solar array shuttle flight experiment program.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 115-136
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 40
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A brief comparative description is made of the chambers. Overall, comparisons for the various types of experiments - monodisperse, polydisperse and ambient aerosol - showed agreement among these chambers to within 15% in most cases. A careful analysis of the results indicated that a proper accounting of certain parameters would bring about much closer agreement among four of these instruments.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 79-84
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  • 41
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 42
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 43
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 45
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a system to be used for measuring propellant flow in a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Design guidelines rather than detailed specifications are provided for the critical components of each portion of the system. System elemental uncertainties are presented in an appendix.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 32 p
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  • 46
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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  • 48
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Basic periods in the history of the development of ramjet engine theory are cited. The periods include the first experimental tests as well as the development of basic ideas and theoretical development of the cosmic ramjet engine.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 229-238
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  • 49
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a pressure measuring system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Appendixes include: (1) pressure measurement system elemental uncertainties; (2) short- and long-term pressure measurement system uncertainty; (3) shunt calibration of pressure transducers; (4) special considerations for vacuum measurement; and (5) methods of determining the dynamic characteristics of pressure transducers. Design guidelines are provided for the critical components of each portion of the system to provide a pressure measurement system which meets the performance criteria specified.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 76 p
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 51
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 52
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 54
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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  • 56
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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  • 57
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a temperature measuring system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine are discussed. Appendixes include: (1) temperature measurement system elemental uncertainties, and (2) tables and equations for use with thermocouples and resistance thermometers. Design guidelines are given for the critical components of each portion of the system to provide an optimum temperature measurement system which meets the performance criteria specified.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 36 p
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a thrust measurement system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Appendixes include: (1) thrust measurement system elemental uncertainties; (2) short- and long-term thrust measurement system uncertainty; and (3) shunt calibration of force transducers.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 28 p
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Definitions, algorithms, and procedures for the reduction of monopropellant thruster measurements to performance parameters are provided. A brief discussion of acquisition and recording systems is also included. Emphasis is placed upon monopropellant hydrazine engines, and some parameters relate specifically to the catalytic decomposition of hydrazine (e.g., percent ammonia dissociation). Performance of other types of monopropellant thrusters may, however, be determined by using procedures similar to those discussed. Two appendixes are included: (1) theoretical performance of monopropellant hydrazine; and (2) calculation of rotational performance.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 45 p
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: One of the principal advantages of electrography when compared to photography is the nearly linear relationship between source intensity versus resulting image density. This property allows for simplified and more accurate photometric calibration and permits a certain degree of extrapolation of the calibration to beyond the limits of the faintest photoelectric standard on an exposure. The desires to extract quantitative photometric information from electrographic (or photographic) negatives and to convert this information into a digital format for computer analysis or enhancement led to the widespread use of scanning microdensitometers to perform this A-to-D conversion. Therefore it is of vital importance to understand and, if practical, to avoid any nonlinearities which may be introduced during microdensitometry of electrographic emulsions.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 429-431
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The scanning of a direct plate with the automatic plate measuring machine which results in the automated selection and description of images is described. The selection of QSO candidates based on color-color diagrams constructed from the APM image data and the analysis of APM raster data for QSOs selected visually from objective prism plates are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 417-418
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  • 63
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The fundamental limitations of microdensitometers are reviewed and the design of a high microdensitometer described. The system will digitize to 16 bits in transmission at a speed of 100 kHz using a laser beam moving over the emulsion. Other features are automatic platen rotation and autofocus. The cost will be of order $200,000.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 333-341
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  • 64
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A new photographic measuring machine is under construction at the Paris Observatory. The amount of transmitted light is measured by a linear array of 1024 photodiodes. Carriage control, data acquisition and on line processing are performed by microprocessors, a S.E.L. 32/27 computer, and an AP 120-B Array Processor. It is expected that a Schmidt telescope plate of size 360 mm square will be scanned in one hour with pixel size of ten microns.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 329-332
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  • 65
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A diode-array based image digitizer manufactured by the Eikonix Corp. was tested to see if it can be adapted to the exacting requirements of astronomical densitometry. As the device is presently configured, a dynamic range of 400:1 can be achieved routinely, with a positional accuracy of 2 microns or better. An area of 2048 X 2048 pixels can be scanned in about 5 minutes. Preliminary tests indicate that several relatively simple enhancements can improve both the photometric and the positional accuracy of the device.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 307-315
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  • 66
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Motivations for construction of a next generation microdensitometer (NGM) are presented and their effect on the NGM design is discussed. A prototype of such an engine has been constructed at KPNO. Its design and performance is reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 291-305
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  • 67
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The motivations for constructing a special purpose built microdensitometer are explored. The salient points of some of the microdensitometers are described and the advantages and disadvantages of the system in comparison to a PDS machine are outlined. The principal gain is in speed though at the expense of loss in dynamic range. The effects on the astronomical results are demonstrated. The astronomical results already obtained with these machines and from ongoing projects are described. It is shown that there is a large class of important astronomical problems which can be tackled by these machines but which are not feasibile on the PDS because of the speed of the machine.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 209-228
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The necessity to incorporate several hardware changes to optimize the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer for photometric and astrometric research are discussed. The properties of a new high speed photometer and a positional calibration system are described. The new photometer incorporates a high speed logarithmic analog to digital converter with more than 10 times the resolution of the former system and a cycle time of approximately 50 usec. The positional calibration system monitors the drunkenness of the stages with respect to fixed index lines and enables the correction of the +/- 5 micro stage errors to an accuracy of better than 1 micro.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 151-161
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The astrometric and photometric performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed, including the tests used for checking it. The instrument was shown to satisfy operational requirements for photometric measurements of astronomical plates with respect to dynamic range and stability.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 89-95
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  • 70
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The results of several parametric studies carried out on the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Photometric Data System PDS-10 microdensitometer are summarized for the purposes of documenting the operation and limitations of the system for inhouse research and to provide a bench mark for comparison with other microdensitometers. The results are grouped into four general areas. These are: (1) system overall stability to drift, (2) photometric linearity and noise, (3) reproducibility, and (4) scanning performance. Test data taken in order to evaluate the interdependency of scan speed, noise and position are included. Shown also are results of tests for system stability, reproducibility, stray light and PMT settling time.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 71-88
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The performance of densitometers used for photometric data reduction of high dynamic range electrographic plate material is analyzed. Densitometer repeatability is tested by comparing two scans of one plate. Internal densitometer errors are examined by constructing histograms of digitized densities and finding inoperative bits and differential nonlinearity in the analog to digital converter. Such problems appear common to the four densitometers used in this investigation and introduce systematic algorithm dependent errors in the results. Strategies to improve densitometer performance are suggested.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 45-58
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  • 72
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Various perturbations which occurred during the operation of a PDS 2020 GM microdensitometer are reviewed. The effects of elevated temperature, vibration, transient electrical noise, and photometric perturbations are briefly discussed. Sample astronomical results from the PDS 2020 GM unit are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 97-106
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Digitizing flatfield images produces conditions in the Photometric Data System PDS which cause the measured density to drift by as much as .1 DN during a 10 minute interval. The drift occurs when the PDS, set up in equilibrium at fog level, subsequently scans a reasonably dense region for periods of longer than a few minutes. The drift is manifested primarily as a positive shift in density that is approximately the same for all densities. If the fog level is assumed to be in fact constant and is monitored during scans of flat fields, the PDS drift may be removed by subtracting the difference between the observed fog level and its assumed constant value for each pixel. This function is then smoothed and subtracted, as a function of scan line, from the measured density. The fog level is then adjusted to a standard value by adding a constant. The result is a flattened scan with PDS drift removed to the accuracy within which the fog level drift matches the drift at other levels.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 59-69
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The photometric and positional accuracy of a microdensitometer is examined. A calibrating plate with different density areas available is used to determine photometric accuracy. Position accuracy is evaluated by multiple scans of sharp edges and analyzed statistically.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 35-43
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  • 75
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Many of the passive experiments flying on LDEF will be significantly enhanced if data are available postflight to indicate the temperature time histories of test materials and other specimens exposed in the experiments. The baseline LDEF approach was to provide postflight calculated temperature histories of experiment boundaries and solar flux data for the mission, which can in turn be used by each investigator to calculate the temperature time histories for critical experiment components. Without in-flight temperature measurements, a substantial uncertainty will exist in the calculated temperatures. The data measured by the themal measurement system (THERM) will significantly improve postflight knowledge of temperatures experienced by LDEF experiments. The THERM data will also be valuable in validating the LDEF thermal design concept and in providing better design data for experimenters on future LDEF missions. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the history of the interior average temperatures of the LDEF for the total orbital mission and to measure the temperatures of selected components and thermal boundary conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 78-81
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  • 76
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A space based orbital transfer vehicle (SBOTV) and ground based OTV's (GBOTV) are compared for debris protection, space based OTV maintenance provisions, flight performance, onorbit refueling, and launch and return operations. Debris protection has a severe impact on the SBOTV, while the penalty for the GBOTV is much less severe. A key technology issue is the protection capability of composite materials. Onorbit maintenance is critical for SBOTV. Reduction of losses during the various transfers is th maine problem with refueling a SBOTV. Zero-g propellant storage and transfer is an important technology area for SBOTV. A reusable shroud must be developed to return GBOTV's if a Shuttle derivative vehicle is used. The advantage of space basing lies in more efficient use of the launch vehicle. Since most of the mass going to LEO is OTV propellant, and the launches to deliver the SBOTV propellant are generally mass limited, substantially fewer launches are required to support the SBOTV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Lewis Research Center Large Space Systems(Propulsion Interactions; p 127-134
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Larger, more complex spacecraft of the future such as a manned Space Station will require electric power systems of 100 kW and more, orders of magnitude greater than the present state of the art. Power systems at this level will have a significant impact on the spacecraft design. Historically, long-lived spacecraft have relied on silicon solar cell arrays, a nickel-cadmium storage battery and operation at 28 V dc. These technologies lead to large array areas and heavy batteries for a Space Station application. This, in turn, presents orbit altitude maintenance, attitude control, energy management and launch weight and volume constraints. Size (area) and weight of such a power system can be reduced if new higher efficiency conversion and lighter weight storage technologies are used. Several promising technology options including concentrator solar photovoltaic arrays, solar thermal dynamic and ultimately nuclear dynamic systems to reduce area are discussed. Also, higher energy storage systems such as nickel-hydrogen and the regenerative fuel cell (RFC) and higher voltage power distribution which add system flexibility, simplicity and reduce weight are examined. Emphasis placed on the attributes and development status of emerging technologies that are sufficiently developed so that they could be available for flight use in the early to mid 1990's.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 79
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 81
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 82
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 84
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 86
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is pointed out that over 50 different alloys are used in construction of the space shuttle main engines (SSME). Primary construction of the SSME is by welding or brazing of wrought and cast components. Welding processes involve both gas tungsten-arc welds and electron-beam welds. Electroforming has been developed as a process to fabricate and bond structural members for the SSME. Important aspects in the selection of materials and processes are related to weight saving considerations and the high-pressure hydrogen environment. Special problems and their solution in the case of various engine components are discussed, giving attention to the oxidizer preburner, the high pressure oxidizer turbopump, and the heat exchanger.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 87
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A parallel-burn version of a single-stage vehicle for transport from the earth to low-earth orbit using two fuels and rocket propulsion is considered. New engine results were incorporated in vehicle performance and design studies. The results indicate that a hydrogen-cooled gas generator cycle engine provides attractive vehicle performance and that there is little incentive for increasing the chamber pressure beyond 27 MPa.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 15; Jan
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 89
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 90
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 21; 473-480
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: New frequency calibration tables are required to keep abreast of the resolution attainable by currently available tunable lasers. One key to the generation of tables with requisite accuracy involves accurate heterodyne frequency measurements; another key consists of reliable fitting and analysis. Coordinated activity in NBS involves selection of suitable molecular calibration candidates, their frequency measurement and analysis, and dissemination of the results in the form of frequency calibration tables. Current status of these efforts is described.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 92
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A new extension to optogalvanic spectroscopy, in which electrons detached from negative ions formed in the discharge are observed as a function of incident laser wavelength, has been developed. The determination of the electron affinities of I(-) and Cl(-) atomic ions is described. The potential of the technique for studying the spectroscopy of molecular negative ions is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal de Physique (ISSN 0449-1947); 44; C7-461 t
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previously cited in issue 5, p. 642, Accession no. A83-16486
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1115-112
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  • 94
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Transmission of power in space using lasers will require devices for converting the laser power to electrical power. One such type of device for accomplishing this is the photovoltaic converter. This paper reviews photovoltaic converters and their application for conversion of monochromatic laser power to electrical power. Laser power densities greater than 1000 W/sq cm are considered. For a converter operated at 300 K a lower bandgap limit of 0.67 eV (1.80 micron) is defined. For ideal conditions, an efficiency of 47.8 percent is calculated for Nd/Liquid laser radiation incident on an Si converter. Several types of photovoltaic converters are discussed. Series resistance is identified as a major problem. Vertical multijunction converters are the most promising photovoltaic devices for use as laser to electric power converters.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A solar power plant suitable for earth orbits passing through Van Allen radiation belts is described. The solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency is estimated to be around 9 percent, and the expected power-to-weight ratio is competitive with photovoltaic arrays. The system is designed to be self-contained, to be indifferent to radiation belt exposures, store energy for periods when the orbiting system is in earth shadow (so that power generation is contant), have no moving parts and no working fluids, and be robust against micrometeorite attack. No electrical batteries are required.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Many future satellites and spacecraft with spun and despun configurations will require the transfer of power across rotating interfaces in lieu of slip-rings and/or flexures. This is particularly true of spacecraft that have to demonstrate a long life expectancy. The rotary transformer has the desirable characteristics of high reliability and low noise, which qualify it as a potential replacement for slip rings. Development of a rotary power transformer follows the successful completion of a task to develop rotary signal-level transformers for the Galileo Spacecraft Project. The physical configuration of a rotary power transformer has a significant effect on its magnetic and electrical characteristics and therefore impacts the design of the dc/ac inverter driver. Important characteristics addressed during this development effort include: operating frequency, efficiency, transformer gap size, leakage inductance, and leakage flux. A breadboard inverter and rotary transformer were designed, fabricated and tested.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The design of a high spectral resolution, lambda/delta lambda being approximately 1200 IR, sounder capable of increasing the vertical resolution of atmospheric temperature profiles and achieving a rms accuracy of approximately 1.5 K is discussed. This sounder permits improved determination of meteorological parameters on cloudiness, surface temperature, and air-surface interactions. A set of channels from the high J lines in the R branch of the 4.3-micron CO2 band complemented by a larger set of window, humidity, and temperature channels in the 3.7-, 6.3-, 9-, and 15-micron regions is used. Design and simulation studies show that such a sounder is within the present state of the art.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 979-989
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  • 98
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: This paper presents the conceptual design of an instrument, called the solar disk sextant, to be used in space to measure the shape and the size of the sun and their variations. The instrumental parameters required to produce sufficient sensitivity to address the problems of solar oblateness, solar pulsations, and global size changes of climatic importance are given.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1235-123
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  • 99
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A holographic interferometer system has been installed in the NASA Ames 2- by 2-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel. The system incorporates a modern 10 pps, Nd:YAG pulsed laser which provides reliable operation and is easy to align. The spatial filtering requirements of the unstable resonator beam are described, as well as the integration of the system into the existing schlieren system. A two-plate holographic interferometer is used to reconstruct flow field data. For static wind tunnel models, the single exposure holograms are recorded in the usual manner; however, for dynamic models such as oscillating airfoils, synchronous laser hologram recording is used.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 100
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previously cited in issue 05, p. 643, Accession no. A83-16685
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 557-559
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