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  • Springer  (224,281)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (20,446)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1980-1984  (244,727)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Naturwissenschaften, Springer, 71(12), pp. 599-608, ISSN: 0028-1042
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 51-73 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seed harvesting by the antMessor galla has been followed over a 2.5-year period in a woodland savanna of the sahelo soudanian zone, where seeds are produced only once a year, in restricted and fluctuating numbers following a short rainy season. Ants harvesting was highly seasonal. At the onset of the dry season, when new seeds were available, the ants harvested very intensively and exhibited a clear choice of some seeds they stored in their underground granaries. Their activity decreased there-after and remained low and irregular: the ants mainly collected the most abundant seed species found in their nest vicinity. The yearly total collected ranged between 3.105 and 4.106 seeds for each colony studied (1 to 19 kg in fresh weight). In an area studied more precisely in 1978–79, 1979–80 and 1980–81, the ants harvesting amounted to 4, 5 and 4 kg ha−1 yr−1, which represented respectively 0.4, 1.7 and 0.5% of the annual herbaceous seed production. In 1978–79, 3 studied colonies did not seem to have stored in their nest more than one annual harvest. Ants harvesting varied in space and in time, according to the available resources around their nests. This adaptibility is considered to be an effective adjustment to a fluctuating food supply.
    Notes: Resume La récolte des fourmis granivoresMessor galla a été suivie pendant deux ans et demi, dans un milieu sahélo-soudanien où les graines sont produites une fois par an, à l'issue d'une courte saison des pluies, en quantités limitées et variables selon les années. La récolte des fourmis est très saisonnière. En début de saison sèche, lorsque les nouvelles graines de l'année arrivent à maturité, les fourmilières récoltent intensément et montrent une nette préférence pour certaines graines qu'elles mettent en réserve. Leur activité décroît ensuite et reste faible et irrégulière tout le reste de l'année; elles ramènent alors essentiellement les graines les plus abondantes du milieu environnant leur nid. Les récoltes annuelles des fourmilières étudiées ont varié, selon la taille des colonies, de 3×105 à 4×106 graines, et de 1 à 19 kg. Dans un quadrat suivi plus précisément, les fourmis ont récolté successivement chaque année en 1978–80, 1979–80 et 1980–81, 4, 5, puis 4 kg/ha de graines, ce qui a représenté 0,4, 1,7, puis 0,5% de la production annuelle de graines par la végétation herbacée. En 1978–79, 3 colonies étudiées ne semblaient pas avoir stocké dans leurs nids plus d'une année de récolte. La récolte des fourmis a varié dans le temps et dans l'espace en fonction des disponibilités du milieu entourant leur nid. Cette plasticité semble être une réponse adaptée à la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle des disponibilités alimentaires.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 74-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cette étude faite sur le terrain dans le désert du sud-ouest des Etats-Unis différencie le comportement social de cinq espèces de fourmis moissonneuses:Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus. Les espèces diffèrent significativement quant à leurs rythmes d'activité pour plusieurs tâches (fourragement, maintien du nid, surveillance, maintien des débris, rassemblement), ainsi que pour l'utilisation de l'espace autour du nid et la réaction de la societé à un dérangement. En général, les différences de comportement peuvent s'organiser en fonction de la quantité habituelle d'ouvrières hors du nid. Chez les espèces ayant une plus grande quantité d'ouvrières à l'extérieur du nid, l'organisation de la société met plus en valeur l'acquisition de la nourriture et la territorialité. Par contre, les espèces ayant moins d'ouvrières hors du nid ont un comportement social qui leur permet de réduire leur contact avec d'autres sociétés. En examinant les régularités temporelles et spatiales du comportment social, on peut mieux comprendre les rapports interspécifiques chez les communautés de fourmis.
    Notes: Summary This field study examines the social behavior of five sympatric species of desert seed-eating ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus). The species differed significantly in measures of activity rhythms in various colony tasks, use of space around the nest yard, and reaction to disturbance. Species differences were related to the typical size of a colony's outside work force. The behavior ofP. rugosus, P. barbatus, andP. maricopa, which had larger outside work forces, emphasized territoriality and the acquisition of food; that ofP. desertorum andP. californicus, which had smaller outside work forces, emphasized the avoidance of contact with other colonies. Examining the patterns in colony behavior can illuminate interspecific relationships in desert ant communities.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neständerungen der Weibchen einer neotropischen Faltenwespe,Polìstes versicolor, wurde in Panama beobachtet. In erstem Falle wurden häufige Lageänderungen zwischen zwei benachbarten Nestern beobachtet. Einmal wechselte ein ovariell höchstentwickeltes Weibchen häufig die Nester. In zweitem Falle, verliessen vielleicht alle Weibchen desselben Nestes und wurden von einem naheliegenden Neste aufgenommen. In letztem Falle, wurden einige Arbeiterinnen eines Nestes angenommen von einem anderen Nest, deren Gründerinnen wahrscheinlich nicht ihre nahe Verwandten waren. Die Verhalten bei Umnestung wurden beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Shifts of females ofPolistes versicolor between adjacent nests were observed in Panama. In the first case, females of two neighboring nests frequently changed their positions and one female who had developed eggs in ovaries shifted between the nests repeatedly. In the second case, possibly all females shifted to a nearby nest after abandonment of their original nest and were accepted by females of the new nest. In the third case where workers shifted, relatedness between them and foundresses of the new nest was considered to be low. Behaviours accompanying the shifts are described.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmi myrmicinePristomyrmex pungens. En général, les colonies de cette espèce se composent de plusieurs milliers de petites ouvirères, tandis qu'un petit nombre de mâles (2–3 %) apparaissent occasionnellement en juin et juillet dans les colonies mûres et que de grandes ouvrières à ocelles et spermathèque abortive (reines ergatoïdes) ont pu être observées très rarement. Nous avons démontré que les petites ouvrières vierges peuvent pondre des œufs qui donnent d'autres petites ouvrières. Les cellules des ganglions cérébroïdes et les ovogonies des ouvrières sont diploïdes (2 n=24), mais la formule haploïde (n=12) a pu être observée chez les ovocytes au stade pachytène ainsi que chez les spermatocytes des mâles. Ces mâles possèdent des organes copulatoires normaux et leur spermatogenèse est normale, mais ils ne fécondent probablement pas les petites ouvrières, lesquelles sont dépourvues de spermathèque et d'organes copulatoires fonctionnels. Ces observations indiquent que la reproduction chezP. pungens est assumée de façon prépondérante, et probablement complètement, par les petites ouvrières, de façon par conséquent thélytoque. Nous discutons l'évolution du cycle biologique deP. pungens, en soulignant la difficulté d'appliquer à cette espèce le concept de “reine” ou même de décider si elle est »eusociale» ou non. Au regard de l'isolement génétique présumé entre colonies, le mode de sélection maintenant dans ce cas une structure sociale est probablement davantage une sélection de groupe interdémique plutôt qu'une sélection de parentèle.
    Notes: Summary The life cycle of the myrmicine antPristomyrmex pungens was investigated. Colonies of this species are usually composed of several thousand small workers, although a few males (2–3 %) occasionally appear during June and July in mature colonies, and large workers with ocelli and abortive spermathecae (here termedergatoid queens) were observed extremely rarely. We found that the virgin small workers can lay eggs and that these develop into further small workers. Cerebral ganglion cells and oogonial cells had the diploid chromosome number (2 n=24), but the haploid number (n=12) was observed in oocytes at pachytene, and also in spermatocytes from the rare males. Males have functionally normal copulatory organs and their spermatogenesis is normal, but they probably do not mate, because small workers have no spermatheca and their copulatory organs are degenerative. These observations indicate that reproduction inP. pungens is carried out predominatly or, probably, wholly by the small workers and hence is thelytokous. We discuss the evolution of theP. pungens life cycle, pointing out the difficulty of applying the “queen” concept to this species or even in deciding whether or not it is “eusocial”. In view of the apparent genetic isolation between colonies, the mode of selection maintaining sociality in this case is probably interdemic group selection rather than kin selection.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In investigating the antennal positions and movements associated with the transfer of substance from one worker ant to another, during trophallactic contacts, the question arises as to whether these different positions and movements act as particular singals. InCamponotus vagus, these behavioural units are organized into sequences. There is no stereotypy in the sequences: recordings show great variability, particularly in the donor ant. On the other hand, differences in the organization of sequences and in their variability were seen to be related to the worker's social function (forager or broodtender worker). Trophallactic behaviour in the two partners was analysed using different methods (slow motion film with frame by frame analysis; use of radioelements with simultaneous recording of trophallactic flux and antennal movements; cross-correlogrammes). No definite system of signals and responses corresponding to antennal movements was found to underly the ant's trophallactic behaviour. But it does not exclude that the antennæ activity as a whole, owing to its structure may have a function in communication.
    Notes: Resume L'étude des positions et mouvements d'antennes qui accompagnent les transferts de substances d'une ouvrière de Fourmi à l'autre, au cours des contacts trophallactiques, pose le problème de la valeur de signal de ces différents actes. ChezCamponotus vagus, ces unités comportementales sont organisées de manière séquentielle. Il n'y a pas stéréotypie des séquences; on enregistre une grande variablité, en particulier chez l'ouvrière donneuse. D'autre part, il apparaît des différences dans l'organisation des séquences et leur variabilité, en relation avec la fonction sociale exercée par l'ouvrière (récolteuse ou nourrice). L'analyse du comportement trophallactique des deux partenaires, par plusieurs méthodes différentes (cinéma accéléré avec analyse image par image, emploi des radio-éléments avec enregistrement simultané des actes et du flux trophallactique, cross-corrélogrammes), a permis de montrer que leurs actes ne constituent pas, au niveau antennaire, un système précis de signaux et de réponses. Ceci n'exclut pas la possibilité que l'activité antennaire globale ait par sa structure une fonction de communication.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 132-141 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Pour chacune des trois espèces de fourmis de la famille Dolichoderinæ, quatre modèles de reproduction des colonies ont été examinés par électrophorèse: (1) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée une seule fois, (2) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée deux fois, (3) les colonies proviennent de deux reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois, et (4) les colonies proviennent de trois reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois. Pour chacun de ces modèles, la fréquence des colonies de chaque composition génétique a été calculée et comparée avec la distribution observée. Les colonies étudiées deConomyrma insana sont de type monogyne. Un grand nombre des colonies étudiées deConomyrma bicolor sont de type polygyne fonctionnelle. La polygynie se trouve dans toutes les localités examinées. Peut-être la polygynie se trouve-t-elle aussi chezIridomyrmex pruinosum. Sa fréquence est peut-être moins grande que chezC. bicolor.
    Notes: Summary For each of three species of dolichoderine ants, four mating system models were tested electrophoretically. The models tested were: (1) each colony is derived from one, singly-inseminated female, (2) each colony is derived from one female, inseminated twice, (3) colonies have two, coequal, singly-inseminated queens, and (4) colonies have three, coequal, singly-inseminated queens. From each of these models, expected frequencies of colonies of various genotypic compositions were calculated. Goodness of fit of actual colony types were then tested. Conomyrma insana colonies were shown to be monogynous. A large number of theConomyrma bicolor colonies studied are functionally polygynous. Polygyny occurs in all localities examined. Polygyny may also occur inIridomyrmex pruinosum. Its occurence may be less widespread than inC. bicolor.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The characteritics of tandem running were analysed in two species of Ponerine ants from tropical Africa, together with the stimuli causing either the leader or the follower to start or to maintain the tandem running. With regard to the genusMesoponera, tandem running allows the recruitment for the capture of a mobile and voluminous prey, the collective transport of a dead insect untransportable by a sole individual, the hunting of small preys and the collection of sugared substances. The genusHypoponera makes use of tandem running to recruit but only in the instance of dismembering of large prey. On the other hand it was shown that in one of the species (Hypoponera sp.), the number of tandems formed can depend on various olfactory stimuli perceived in the nearby environment of the colony. A change in certain elements of the environment can therefore cause specific effects in some of the complex interactions observed in ant societies.
    Notes: Resume J'ai analysé, chez deux espèces de Fourmis Ponérines d'Afrique tropicale, les caractéristiques de la marche en tandem et les stimuli qui interviennent, agissant sur l'ouvrièreguide ou sur l'ouvrière recrutée, pour déterminer la mise en route ou le maintien des tandems. Pour le genreMesoponera, les tandems permettent le recrutement pour la capture d'une proie mobile et volumineuse, mais aussi pour le transport collectif d'un insecte mort qui ne peut être transporté par une seule ouvrière, — ou pour la chasse d'un grand nombre de petites proies, enfin pour la récolte d'une substance sucrée. Le genreHypoponera utilise le tandem pour recruter, mais uniquement lors du dépeçage d'une proie volumineuse. D'autre part, j'ai montré que chezHypoponera sp. le nombre de tandems peut dépendre de stimuli olfactifs déterminés, perçus dans le très proche environnement de la société. Par conséquent, la modification de certains éléments de l'environnement peut avoir une action spécifique sur la manifestation d'interactions complexes observées dans les sociétés de Fourmis.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les réponses variées à l'humidité relative chez quatre espèces de fourmis de feu qui se trouvent au Texas (Solenopsis aurea, S. geminata, S. invicta, etS. xyloni) ont été examinées avec une chambre gradient linéaire. Seuls les ouvriers n'ont pas montré de réponse hydrokinétique, tandis que les ouvrières soigneuses de toutes les espèces examinées ont montré une préférence marquée (hydrokinesis négative) pour les atmosphères saturées (près de 100 % d'humidité relative). Les réponses sont probablement causées par la sensibilité plus élevée de la couvée à la dessication.
    Notes: Summary The responses of the four fire ant species found in Texas (Solenopsis aurea Wheeler,Solenopsis geminata Fabricius,Solenopsis invicta Buren, andSolenopsis xyloni McCook) to varied relative humidities were examined. Humidity preferences of worker ants were determined with a linear gradient chamber. Workers alone did not exhibit any hydrokinetic responses, whereas brood tending workers of all species tested showed a marked preference (negative hydrokinesis) for saturated atmospheres (near 100 % RH). The responses are presumably due to the broods' hogher susceptibility to desiccation.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because social parasites are relatively rare in tropical ant faunas, new or poorly known forms deserve special attention. TwoPheidole species evidently parasitic onP. indica are here described as new species from India (P. lanuginosa, P. parasitica), while a previously known northern South American form,P. microgyna Wheeler, is redescribed and evaluated as a possible parasite ofP. minutula or a closely related host species. Next, all of the nine certain or likely social parasites ofPheidole known worldwide are compared, and an anatomical parasitic syndrome is identified through character state analysis. The nine species appear to be independently evolved. The parasitic character states have tended to evolve within each of these species at different rates, and hence the evolution is interpreted as having been not only parallel among species but mosaic in nature within species (seetable I). In spite of the lesser irregularities in this pattern, an overall trend is evident: the first changes to occur were loss of the worker caste (a loss still incomplete in the overall slightly modifiedP. inquilina), reduction of size, lengthening of the scape, reduction of sculpturing on the body surface, and broadening of the postpetiole. These shifts were followed by reduction of the mandibles and the segments of the funiculus. The generaAnergatides andBruchomyrma, each based on a single extremely advanced species, are placed in synonymy underPheidole. The problematic generaHagioxenus, Parapheidole, andSifolinia are compared withPheidole and their status evaluated. The greater known diversity of parasitic ants in the temperate zones, as compared with the tropics, remains a key problem in the study of ant evolution. Whether the difference is genuine or an artifact of differential sampling cannot be determined until more intensive collecting is undertaken in the tropics.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 387-402 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed investigation of polyethism was carried out on a colony ofNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973) obscuricornis, involving behavioural observations on its inhabitants, and subsequent dissection of each. Ovariant development in each ant was closely related to its social status. Ovaries are well developed among nuress and totally degenerate in foragers. This is the case in both gynes and workers, and ovarian polymorphism between the two castes is only weakly marked. The evolutionary implications of the observed relationships between nursing behaviour and reproductive ability are discussed.
    Notes: Resume L'étude détaillée du polyéthisme par l'observation des activités individuelles dans une société deNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973)obscuricornis a été suivie de la dissection de tous les individus. L'état ovarien de chaque fourmi est en relation avec son statut social dans la colonie: développé chez les sogneuses, l'ovaire a complètement régressé chez les fourrageuses. Ce phénomène s'observe aussi bien chez les femelles que chez les ouvrières, seul un faible polymorphisme ovarient permettant de distinguer les deux castes. Les implications évolutives d'une liaison entre les conduites parentales et l'aptitude à la ponte sont discutées.
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les relations génétiques de huit espèces de guêpes d'Europe du nord, représentantVespula s. str. (le grouperufa),Paravespula (le groupevulgaris) etDolichovespula, sont étudiées ici par électrophorèse enzymatique. Le niveau de variation génétique intraspécifique observé est relativement bas, et les populations du sud de la Finlande ne montrent pas de différences géographiques nettes. Les caractères d'allozymes sont ensuite utilisés pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques par quatre techniques de construction. Il est suggéré queDolichovespula media n'est pas étroitement apparentée aux autres espèces deDolichovespula européens, et queParavespula etVespula s. str. ne forment peut-être pas un seul groupe monophylétique. Deux des espèces étudiées,V. austriaca etD. omissa, sont des parasites sociaux obligatoires. Dans les deux cas le parasite est apparenté à son hôte. Cela appuie l'hypothèse que le parasite social apparaît généralement à partir de la même souche ancestrale que l'espèce hôte.
    Notes: Summary Genetic relationships of eight northern European yellowjacket species, representingVespula s. str. (therufa group),Paravespula thevulgaris group) andDolichovespula, are here studied by enzyme electrophoresis. The observed level of intraspecific genic variation is relatively low, and the southern Finnish populations show no clear-cut geographic differences. The allozyme characters are further used to construct phylogenetic trees by four tree-building techniques. It is suggested thatDolichovespula media is not phylogenetically closely related to other EuropeanDolichovespula species, and thatParavespula andVespula s. str. may not form a single monophyletic group. Two of the species studied,V. austriaca andD. omissa, are obligatory social parasites. In both cases the parasite is related to its host. This supports the hypothesis that the social parasite generally arises from the same ancestral stock as the host species.
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  • 13
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im staate New York sind Kolonien gemischter Arten vonPolyergus lucidus undFormica schaufussi untersucht worden. Am späten Nachmittag, nach dem Höhepunkt der Tagestemperatur, wurden Sklavenraubzuge ausgeführt. Mehrfache Raubzüge auf verschiedene Kolonien vonFormica gerichtet waren normal. Dazu gehöten auch wiederholte Raubzüge auf dieselbe Kolonie. In den Laboratoriumnestern wurden etwa 75% des geraubtenFormica Gebrüts gefressen. Aus einer Gruppe von 27 Raubzüge die im Laboratorium stattfanden, wurden 25 aufFormica Nester ausgeführt die am Tage des Überfalles erkundschaftet worden waren.Polyergus Kundschafter gehören zur den ältesten Individuen der Kolonie; frischgeschlüpfte Erwachsene beteiligen sich nicht an Erkundungen während ihrer ganzen Schlüpfungssaison. Die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe vonPolyergus Arbeitern die unmittelbar vor dem Überfall auf der Oberfläche in der Nähe des Nestes umhergehen, wechselt sich kontinuierlich. Die verhaltensänderung die am häufigsten auftrat war die vom Herumgehen an einem Tag zum Kudschaften am nächsten Tag. Die zweithäufigste Änderung war die vom Kundschaften zum Herumstreifen. Das erste kundschaften der frühlingssaison fand nur einen Tag nach Erscheinung derPolyergus Larven staat. Der erste Sklavenraubzug wurde dann 4 Tage später ausgefuhrt.Formica Gebrüt war in frielebenden Kolonien bis zu 4 Wochen früher anwesend alsPolyergus Gebrüt in gemischten Nestern. ObwohlPolyergus Arbeiter gewöhnlich durch Erbrechen des Speisebreies vonFormica gefüttert werden, tranken und frassen sie gelegentlich auch Eier unabhängig vonFormica. DiePolyergus Köningen war immer nur vonFormica Arbeiter umgeben.Polyergus Eier kriechen in etwa 12 Tagen zu Larven aus, worauf das Larvenstadium noch 9 bis 12 Tagen dauert. Schlüpfung der Erwachsenen fand 20 bis 23 Tage nach dem Puppenstadium statt. FrischbefruchtetePolyergus Königinnen folgen Sklavenraubzüge und versuchen von den überfallen Nesten adoptiert zu werden indem sie die Verwirrung derFormica während eines Überfalles benutzen. Abspaltung von Tochterkolonien wurde nie beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Mixed-species colonies ofPolyergus lucidus andFórmica schaufussi were studied in New York. Slave raids were conducted in late afternoon, past the peak in diurnal temperature. Multiple raids on differentFormica colonies were common, as were re-raids on the same colony. In laboratory nests, about 75% of the raidedFormica brood was eaten. Of 27 days on which raids occurred in the laboratory, 25 were onFormica nests souted on the day of the raid.Polyergus scouts are among the oldest individuals in the colony, and callows do not participate in scouting during the entire season of their eclosion. The group ofPolyergus workers that circle on the surface near the nest prior to raiding has a dynamic composition. The most frequent behavioral transition was from circling on one day to scouting on the next. The next most common change was from scouting to circling. The first scouting of the spring season occurred only one day after the appearance ofPolyergus larvae. The first slave raid was conducted 4 days later.Formica brood was present in freeliving colonies from 1–4 weeks earlier thanPolyergus brood in mixed nests. Although workers ofPolyergus were usually fed by regurgitation fromFormica, they occasionally drank and ate eggs independently. ThePolyergus queen was surrounded only byFormica workers.Polyergus eggs hatched into larvae in approximately 12 days, with the larval stage lasting an additional 9–12 days. Eclosion of callows took place within 20–23 days after pupation. Newly matedPolyergus queens follow slave raids and attempt adoption into target nests when theFormica are scattered during a slave raid. The process of budding was never observed.
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  • 14
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 473-475 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Ce travail contribue à la distinction taxonomique entreGoniomma hispanicum etG. baeticum, à partir de l'utilisation d'analyses multidimensionnelles menées sur dix variables définies sur le système de vénation de la première paire d'ailes de la femelle, et donne des résultats hautement significatifs.
    Notes: Summary This work helps in the taxonomical distinction betweenGoniomma hispanicum andG. baeticum, through the use of multidimensional analyses which were carried out on ten variables defined in the venation system of the first pair of wings on the female and gave highly significative results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 680-693 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Physical seismic models ; Uniaxial loading ; Shear displacement ; Locked zone ; Seismoactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Square plate models with a diagonally located slit in compression were studied photoelastically. The resulting stress field surrounding the discontinuity (slit) is evaluated before and after seismoactive (seismic-energy-releasing) shear displacement. The mechanism of the fast shear movement (stick-slip), including its radiation properties, in interpreted. The results confirm the existence of a central locked zone in the loaded slit, the limits of which coincide with the initiation points of stick-slip movements. The zone is interpreted as the source of the seismic energy release. The complementary measurements (direct optical and ultrasonic) are presented to verify the results of the photoelastic analysis. The results obtained are discussed in regard to the conclusions that follow from the theory of elasticity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 763-763 
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 747-762 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Total ozone ; Periodicities
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    Notes: Abstract Total ozone data series for 1957–82 at ten locations were subjected to Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis. Besides the annual, semi-annual, and quasi-biennial oscillations, peaks were noticed at 3.5–4, 6–7, and 10–11 years. For Arosa, Switzerland, for a longer period (1932–71), an additional peak was indicated at about 16 years.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: precursory ground tilt ; temporal variation of crustal deformation ; the 1944 Tonankai earthquake ; leveling survey ; earthquake prediction
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    Notes: Abstract The temporal variation in precursory ground tilt prior to the 1944 Tonankai (Japan) earthquake, which is a great thrust-type earthquake along the Nankai Trough, is discussed using the analysis of data from repeated surveys along short-distance leveling routes.Sato (1970) pointed out that an anomalous tilt occurred one day before the earthquake at Kakegawa near the northern end of the focal region of the earthquake. From the analysis of additional leveling data, Sato's result is re-examined and the temporal change in the ground tilt is deduced for the period of about ten days beginning six days before the earthquake. A remarkable precursory tilt started two or three days before the earthquake. The direction of the precursory tilt was up towards the south (uplift on the southern Nankai Trough side), but the coseismic tilt was up towards the southeast, perpendicular to the strike of the main thrust fault of the Tonankai earthquake. The postseismic tilt was probably opposite of the coseismic tilt. The preseismic tilt is attributed to precursory slip on part of the main fault. If similar precursory deformation occurs before a future earthquake expected to occur in the adjacent Tokai region, the deformation may help predict the time of the Tokai earthquake.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 781-792 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precursory tilt ; aseismic slip ; thrust faulting
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During three years preceding the 1976 Friuli earthquake, a continuous southward ground tilt was recorded by a tiltmeter placed near Tolmezzo, 15 km north-west of the epicentre of the impending earthquake. The cumulative ground tilt amounted to as much as 3 minutes of arc. Since the tiltmeter was placed in the proximity of an active fault, such a tilt can be explained if the fault slipped aseismically on its shallower section during the same three year period. Aseismic slip on the fault might have been caused by the same mechanism which concentrated stress in the region and eventually produced the 1976 earthquake.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 793-811 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Instability ; San Andreas fault
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The locked section of the San Andreas fault in southern California has experienced a number of large and great earthquakes in the past, and thus is expected to have more in the future. To estimate the location, time, and slip of the next few earthquakes, an earthquake instability model is formulated. The model is similar to one recently developed for moderate earthquakes on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. In both models, unstable faulting (the earthquake analog) is caused by failure of all or part of a patch of brittle, strain-softening fault zone. In the present model the patch extends downward from the ground surface to about 12 km depth, and extends 500 km along strike from Parkfield to the Salton Sea. The variation of patch strength along strike is adjusted by trial until the computed sequence of instabilities matches the sequence of large and great earthquakes sincea.d. 1080 reported by Sieh and others. The last earthquake was theM=8.3 Ft. Tejon event in 1857. The resulting strength variation has five contiguous sections of alternately low and high strength. From north to south, the approximate locations of the sections are: (1) Parkfield to Bitterwater Valley, (2) Bitterwater Valley to Lake Hughes, (3) Lake Hughes to San Bernardino, (4) San Bernardino to Palm Springs, and (5) Palm Springs to the Salton Sea. Sections 1, 3, and 5 have strengths between 53 and 88 bars; sections 2 and 4 have strengths between 164 and 193 bars. Patch section ends and unstable rupture ends usually coincide, although one or more adjacent patch sections may fail unstably at once. The model predicts that the next sections of the fault to slip unstably will be 1, 3, and 5; the order and dates depend on the assumed length of an earthquake rupture in about 1700.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 831-847 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Between 1 January 1980 and 28 July 1981, a series of large earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes around 7, took place along the western segment of the Alpide belt. The sequence started in the Azores and migrated eastward along the belt at a rate of about 4400 km/yr with consecutive large events in northern Algeria, southern Italy, southern Greece and Iran. Two different methods are employed to identify similar series and corresponding migration velocities during earlier time periods of this century. The data set used contains all earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes larger than 6.3 and covers the time interval 1901–81. The concept of linear migration is tested for eastward and/or westward propagation, considering high migration velocities from 1600 to 11 000 km/yr. Results obtained are not homogeneous with respect to the two opposite migration directions, west-east and east-west, and we interpret this as a net drift of earthquake activity from the west to the east. Our efforts here are concentrated on analysis of observational data and on estabilishing the uniqueness of migration patterns. Because of the complexity of the tectonic system in question, we did not attempt to establish a mechanism explaining the migration of the observed earthquake sequences.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Q factor ; Attenuation ; Coda ; Scattering ; Seismic wave
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 86-88 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electric potential gradients ; orographic effect
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Potential gradients were measured in the valley of the Simhachalam hills and near the top. They were found to be higher at the top than in the valley, where they increased in the forenoon. It was the reverse at the top of the hills. The valley winds were found to play an important role in the variation of potential gradient.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 110-123 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: ageotrophic flow ; vertical redistribution of momentum
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data from the SESAME storm-scale network are used in computing the momentum budget of the prestorm, storm, and poststorm environment of a severe storm complex. In the prestorm period geostrophic flow dominates the environment. With progression into the storm period all terms in the momentum equation become important, as a significant ageostrophic component in the momentum field develops. Turbulent effects are estimated as a residual, and the results indicate that they are comparable in magnitude to the other terms. Their effect is to decrease the positive momentum, particularly at levels above 500 mbar, where the vertical motion is the strongest. Vertical profiles of area means ofu andv indicate that the storm is apparently redistributing momentum downwards, thus reducing the mean shear. In the poststorm period the flow once again becomes largely geostrophic, and a maximum in wind speed reappears at upper levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 143-156 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Hydrogeodynamic
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reviews the chief results of the hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic investigations conducted for earthquake prediction in all seismic regions of the USSR. An extensive amount of data on the variations of approximately 40 hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic parameters were collected with a broad network of 83 stations. These data are analysed in connection with regional seismic activities. The hydrogeochemical precursors are classified on the basis of statistical treatment of the regular observations. Several features of the hydrogeochemical anomalies that depend on the physicochemical nature of the precursor, geological conditions in a given region, and features of the expected seismic event are pointed out. Some sophisticated statistical methods of data analysis and several examples of actual earthquake predictions based on hydrogeochemical methods are given. Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic precursors are found to be highly effective for shortterm predictions. Possible mechanisms that may cause hydrogeochemical precursors are discussed. Sophisticated automatic equipment developed in the Soviet Union for hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic observations are briefly mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogen emission ; Seismic activity ; Earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of chemical composition of bubbles from a mineral spring at Yuya Spa situated close to the Median Tectonic Line, the longest active fault in Japan, showed that the periods of increased H2 emission coincided with occurrences of the Ohno earthquake swarm nearby. Four cases of the coincidence without exception were observed in the last three years. The fluctuation of H2 concentration ranges between 〈0.5 and 200 ppm, whereas other gases such as He, Ar, N2, and CH4 do not fluctuate much. The H2 concentration is correlated with the energy released by the seismic activity. This field evidence, together with the results of laboratory experiments conducted bySugisaki et al. (1983), leads to the conclusion that H2 observed at the mineral spring was produced by the reaction between groundwater and rock fractured in the seismic activities. The observation that H2 in the mineral spring tends to appear prior to an earthquake suggests that microcracks may occur in rocks prior to earthquakes. The precursory emission of H2 may be useful for earthquake prediction.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 218-230 
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    Notes: Abstract Several kinds of geochemical anomaly before strong earthquakes have been observed in China since 1966. They include changes in groundwater radon levels, ion content of water (Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−, SO 4 −2 , F−), dissolved gases (H2, CO2), and gases escaping from the aeration zone through abandoned dry wells (Ar, N2, CO2). The radon anomalies may be grouped as long-term and short-term anomalies. Most of the geochemical anomalies observed are characterized by a pattern of increase. The largest amplitude recorded was 37 times the base level. Preliminary study indicates that the types of seismogeochemical anomaly observed prior to strong earthquakes depend on tectonic, geologic, lithologic, and hydrogeological conditions at the monitoring station. Results obtained from modelling experiments on the mechanisms of some anomalies are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 340-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Radon emanation ; Fault creep
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon emanation was continuously monitored for several months at two locations along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California. The recorded emanations showed several impulsive increases that lasted as much as five hours with amplitudes considerably larger than meteorologically induced diurnal variations. Some of the radon increases were accompanied or followed by earthquakes or fault-creep events. They were possibly the result of some sudden outbursts of relatively radon-rich ground gas, sometimes triggered by crustal deformation or vibration.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sea urchin embryos ; Cell surface ; Con A ; Fibronectin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some plant lectins, Concanavalin agglutinin (Con A), succinyl Con A and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) increased the adhesion of dissociated embryonic cells of the sea urchin,Pseudocentrotus depressus, to the substratum (plastic and glass surface) in vitro. Other plant lectins,Ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA) andDolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) had no effect on the cell-to-substratum interaction. A specific monocarbohydrate inhibitor of lectins, α-methyl-d-mannoside, inhibited the Con A-induced cell-to-substratum adhesion of dissociated embryonic cells. This observation suggests that the Con A-induced cell-to-substratum adhesion may be attributed to the Con A-carbohydrate interaction. In Millipore-filtered sea water (MPFSW) containing Con A (0.1 mg/ml), dissociated embryonic cells adhered to the substratum for more than 6 h at 18°C, while in MPFSW as control, almost all the dissociated cells were released from the substratum after 1 h. A scanning electron microscopic study showed that dissociated embryonic cells adhered to the substratum were surrounded by an extracellular fibrous material, when the cells were cultured in MPFSW containing Con A. The induction of the extracellular fibrous material by Con A was inhibited by α-methyl-d-mannoside. The appearance of this material may be related to the cell-to-substratum adhesion of dissociated cells. Sequential extractions of Con A-treated dissociated cells with Triton X 100 and urea solubilized most of the cellular components, leaving the fibrous material on the surface. Biochemical conponents of the isolated fibrous material included sea urchin fibronectin, Con A and minor components (88 and 140 kilodalton proteins). Fibronectin preformed in the cells was excreted after the dissociation, while the 88 and 140 kilodalton proteins were synthesized and released to the extracellular space.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 108-110 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Avian embryogenesis ; In vitro culture ; Blastoderm formation ; Bilateral symmetry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method of in vitro culture for uterine quail blastoderms has been developed, which allows them to develop from cleavage throughout gastrulation and further: stages 4–10 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951). The method consists of cultivating the blastoderms on egg albumen in a vertical position; this permits about 50% of the blastoderms explanted before area pellucida formation to develop bilateral symmetry and to form normal primitive streak, somites and head structures. Development of the blastoderms explanted after their area pellucida was already formed, occurred normally and was not influenced by their spatial position in the culture.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 119-119 
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Cartilage resorption ; Bone culture ; Ionophore A23187
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In fetal rat bones in culture the divalent cation ionophore A23187 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner both the release of proteoglycans and the subsequent degradation of cartilage induced by retinoic acid, indicating that calcium was involved in its action. A23187 had to be present continuously to manifest its inhibitory effect; retrieval of the ionophore abolished the suppression, demonstrating that the effect was reversible and not due to toxicity. A23187 at 1.0 μM, which completely blocked the retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption, markedly suppressed3H-leucine,3H-mannose and3H-thymidine incorporation in control and retinoic acid-treated cultures. Reduced3H-thymidine incorporation did not appear to be responsible for the inhibition by A23187 of retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption because inhibitors of DNA synthesis did not affect the retinoic acid response. In the presence of retinoic acid the ionophore at 0.3 μM had no effect on the incorporation of3H-leucine and3H-mannose, but suppressed the retinoic acid-induced proteoglycan release. This suggests that reduced protein and glycoprotein synthesis were not the main causes for the inhibitory effect of A23187. In conclusion, retinoic acid-induced cartilage degradation required calcium at some crucial points.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Compartment boundary ; Operculum seam
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Histochemical staining of the hypoderm ofDrosophila larvae for aldehyde-oxidase activity allowed detection of a row of cells destined to form the operculum seam, along which the pupal case opens when the adult ecloses. Analysis ofmal clones in hypoderms of gynandromorph larvae showed that the prospective operculum seam coincides, in part, with a line of clonal restriction that divides the thorax into dorsal and ventral halves. We propose that this line represents the embryonic dorsal/ventral compartment boundary
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell-coupling ; Vitellogenesis ; Telotrophic-ovary ; Polarized transport
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    Notes: Summary Microinjected dyes were used to study transport routes between cells in the telotrophic ovarioles of the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dye movement revealed that transport through the nutritive cords is not dependent upon microtubules, and that the physiological continuity of the cords between the nurse cells and the oocyte is lost shortly after the onset of vitellogenesis. Dye-coupling of epithelial cells to the oocyte is shown to begin in a band of cells at the follicle equator. Coupling begins coincidentally with cord severance and the onset of vitellogenesis.
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Notes: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Rat early embryo ; Regionalization ; Polarization
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    Notes: Summary In rat pre-implantation embryos, we compared the polarization of cytoplasmic organelles with cell membrane regionalization as revealed by the cytochemical demonstration of 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. The polarization is shown at the eight-cell stage by columns of organelles extending from the nuclei to the embryo periphery. No consistent segregation of cytoplasmic components was recognized prior to the eight-cell stage. As to regionalization, both enzyme activities were demonstrated, from the late four-cell stage onwards on the cell surface between blastomeres of early and late morulae, while the external surface of the embryo lacked these activities. In early blastocysts, these enzyme activities were lost on the inner surface of the blastocyst cavity and in late blastocysts; 5′-nucleotidase activity appeared on the external surface of the embryonal trophoplast and extended to the abembryonal pole. From these observations we conclude that cell membrane regionalization precedes the polarization of the cytoplasm; however, this temporal relationship does not necessarily imply a causal relationship, since both phenomena may be independent expressions of an underlying morphonetic process.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Allantoic endoderm ; Heterotypic differentiation ; Intestinal epithelium ; Cloacal epithelium ; Immunofluorescence
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Allantoic endoderm of 3.5-day chick embryos was cultured in recombination with digestive-tract mesenchymes of 6-day chick embryos, and the differentiation of the endoderm was studied, with special attention being given to the appearance of brush-border (BB) antigens and sucrase. Irrespective of the origin of the associated digestive-tract mesenchymes, the allantoic endoderm differentiated into a columnar epithelium, expressing BB antigens and sucrase, and also into a BB antigen-negative pseudostratified or stratified epithelium of cuboidal or columnar cells with PAS or alcian blue staining in the apical portion or a BB antigen-negative stratified squamous epithelium. These results suggest that 3.5-day allantoic endoderm has the potency to differentiate into intestinal and cloacal epithelium.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 242-245 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chaetae ; Sensillae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in two loci,hairy (h +) andextramacrochaetae (emc +), produce phenotypes corresponding to an excess of function of theachaete-scute complex (AS-C), that is, they cause the appearance of extra chaetae. These mutants, although recessive in normal flies, become dominant in the presence of extra doses of AS-C. Here we study the interactions between these three genes, in an attempt to elucidate their relationships. The results show that the insufficiency produced byh oremc mutants can be titrated by altering the number of copies of AS-C. Moreover, excess of function of AS-C produced by derepression mutants within the complex (Hairy-wing) can also be titrated by altering the number of wild type copies of+ oremc +. These specific interactions indicate that bothh + andemc + code for “repressors” of AS-C that interact with theachaete andscute region of the complex respectively.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chaetae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have already shown that theachaetae-scute complex (AS-C) ofDrosophila is regulated by two genes,hairy andextramacrochaetae. Using mutants in these genes, we have analysed how different levels of expression of AS-C affect the pattern of chaetae. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of chaetae results from cell interactions, probably by a mechanism of lateral inhibition. The results are discussed in view of the different theories of pattern formation.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidian egg ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Cortical actin network ; Egg stratification
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ooplasmic segregation in ascidians includes the movement of the myoplasm, a pigmented cytoplasmic region thought to be involved in the determination of the embryonic muscle and mesenchyme cell lineages, into the vegetal hemisphere of the egg. A myoplasmic cytoskeletal domain (MCD), composed of a cortical actin network (the PML) and an underlying filamentous lattice extending deep into the cytoplasm, is present in this region. The MCD gradually recedes into the vegetal hemisphere during ooplasmic segregation. It has been proposed that the segregation of the myoplasm is mediated by the contraction of the PML. To test this possibility we have examined ooplasmic segregation in eggs in which the internal parts of the MCD were separated from the PML by centrifugal force. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of eggs extracted with Triton X-100 showed that the PML remained intact when the internal portions of the MCD were displaced and stratified by centrifugation. When stratified eggs were fertilized there were no rearrangements of the visible cytoplasmic inclusions, but the cellular deformations and the recession of the PML characteristic of ooplasmic segregation occurred as usual. The results indicate that the recession of the PML occurs independently of the internal constituents of the MCD and suggest that PML contraction is the motive force for ooplasmic segregation.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Prolactin ; Organ culture ; Adult newt
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro experiments were carried out to determine the effects of prolactin, and prolactin in combination with other hormones on the regeneration of adult newt tail blastemata. A total of 271 blastemata were explanted 13 days postamputation and were organ cultured for 96 h at 20 (±1)°C. Treatment with prolactin alone resulted in an increase in the blastema cell density of the tail regenerates. Cell accumulation and cell alignment were observed ventral to the reconstituted spinal cord. Prolactin and thyroxine, in combination, improved development of tail regenerates as compared with treatment with prolactin or thyroxine singly, supporting the results of earlier in vivo studies. Optimal development was obtained only when prolactin, insulin, thyroxine and hydrocortisone were added to the culture medium. Regeneration of tail explants maintained in medium augmented with the four hormones closely resembles that of in vivo tail blastemata 17 days post-amputation.
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  • 44
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 414-417 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Alanine accumulation ; Anaerobic metabolism ; Embryonic diapause ; Bombyx silkworm ; pnd mutant
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The changing pattern in free amino acids following the embryonic development in the non-diapause and diapause eggs of thepnd mutant of theBombyx silkworm was studied. In the diapause eggs, heterozygous for thepnd gene, the levels of most of the amino acids increased concomitantly with the substantial decrease in oxygen consumption. Among the amino acids, alanine was the only amino acid that showed a large accumulation. The accumulation could be induced experimentally in the non-diapause eggs, homozygous for thepnd gene, by reducing the oxygen supply. In contrast, it was prevented in the diapause eggs by increasing the oxygen supply. From these results, it is suggested that the alanine accumulation is the consequence of anaerobic metabolism in the eggs during diapause. The possible significance of the alanine accumulation is discussed in relation to the anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism associated with the embryonic diapause in thepnd mutant.
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  • 45
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Retinoids ; Chick embryo ; Skin differentiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of retinoids (vitamin A and its analogues) on epithelial differentiation was examined in explants of foot skin from chick embryos. In the presence of retinoic acid (10 μM) keratinization and differentiation of scale-like structures, which occurred in tarsometatarsal skin explants, was inhibited and a mucous metaplasia developed. Retinoic acid caused club-shaped feathers in skin explants taken from the anterior surface of the tibia — skin which was determined to differentiate into feathers. In skin explants taken from a breed with feathered feet, the differentiation of tarsometatarsal skin was completely blocked; in tibial skin, club-shaped feathers resulted in response to retinoic acid. These findings indicated that skin of the two origins reacted differently to the retinoid, as was noted in the breed with scaly feet. The structure-activity relationship of 22 retinoids with marked differences in their biological activity was investigated in tarsometatarsal skin explants. Comparing the concentration of various retinoids needed to completely inhibit the differentiation of scale-like structures, retinoids containing tetramethylated indane or tetraline were 100 and 1,000 times more active than retinoic acid. Retinoids with a sulphur-containing end group were also active but less so than the corresponding compound with a carboxylic acid end group. The inactive ethyl, ester analogue, etretinate, was activated in the presence of esterase, indicating that the free carboxylic acid group was important for the activity of retinoids. The retinoid-induced inhibition of keratinization followed by mucous metaplasia in cultured chick embryo skin is a simple and useful model system to test new retinoids which may be helpful in the treatment of dermatological and oncological diseases.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Pattern formation ; Morphogens
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    Notes: Summary Temporal course of regeneration of the hypostome and basal disc along the body length of the hydra is studied both in the presence and absence of the other determined centre. The regeneration times vary nonlinearly with distance from the original position indicating that the underlying processes are of non-linear nature. The presence of hypostome influences the regeneration of basal disc in an inhibitory manner throughout the body length, whereas, basal disc influences the regeneration of hypostome only in the lower portion of the body in a positive manner. A scheme in terms of the activators and inhibitors specific to hypostome and basal disc, is given. The implication of these results is that the two inhibitors are functionally distinct.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Thymus ; Irradiation ; Regeneration ; Lymphoid cells
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The changes in cell numbers of different thymic cell populations and the conditions governing the regeneration of these populations and the thymus itself were examined after X-irradiation (700 rads) of different parts of the body. The general effects of the irradiation were studied in each experimental group in terms of mortality and growth rate. The particular effects on each thymic cell population were studied by the measurement of mitotic activity and of evaluation of the changes in numbers among these populations in the thymus itself, and were compared with the effects in the granulopoietic layer of the liver and in the spleen. The great reduction in the number of lymphocytes after irradiation demonstrates that they are more radiosensitive than other cell types; this reduction can be compensated for by the arrival of new lymphoid cells originating from other lymphoid organs (if they have been protected from irradiation) and by allowing thymic regeneration. Thus, irradiation has indirect effects on non-irradiated areas, and demonstrates that the lymphoid cell population has a high potential for multidirectional migration.
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  • 48
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell differentiation ; Cytochalasin B ; Urochordata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of histospecific differentiation were found in early cleavage stage ascidian embryos treated with cytochalasin B and held thereby in cleavagearrest until hatching time. Markers characteristic of tissue differentiation during normal embryonic and larval stages ofCiona intestinalis were expressed in muscle and two brain cell lineages of cleavage-arrested whole embryos and in epidermal and notochordal cell lineages of cleavage-arrested partial embryos. These features were muscle myofilaments and myofibrils, melanosomes of the brain pigment cells, cilium-derived structures present in a “proprioceptive” brain cell, extracellular test material of epidermal cell origin, and the sheath filaments, membrane leaflets, and vacuolar colloid associated with notochord cells. All of these ultrastructural markers of differentiation were blocked in their development by treatment of gastrula stage embryos with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, and presumably result from the expression of new gene activity. At the time of cleavage-arrest the five cell lineages studies still contained two or more unsegregated lineage pathways. Subsequent developmental autonomy within the lineages is consistent with the hypothesis of segregation during early development of functionally independent gene regulatory factors.
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  • 49
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cellular asymmetry reversal ; Cell surface patterns ; Mutations affecting patterns ; Ciliate development ; Tetrahymena thermophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the oral apparatus (OA) and of neighboring ciliary structures ofTetrahymena thermophila was analyzed in cells homozygous for ajanus (jan A) mutation plus a recessiveenhancer of janA (eja). Such cells frequently possess two OAs located on opposite sides of the cell, a primary (1°) OA previously reported to be normal, and a secondary (2°) OA previously reported to express a mirror-reversal of right-left asymmetry. This study confirms the reality of a reversal in the gross orientation of membranelles in most developing 2° OAs. It also shows that there is a reversal of asymmetry in the pattern of resorption of basal bodies of ciliary rows adjacent to the 2° OA, and in the arrangement of basal-body couplets making up the portion of the apical “crown” of the cell situated close to the 2° OA. However, the locations at which membranelles of the 2° OA become modified during late phases of oral development remain normal, so that membranelles of 2° OAs are superimposable on those of 1° OAs. In addition, the membranelles of 2° OAs frequently undergo a rotation during the final phases of oral development, so that even their spatial orientation becomes normal. This mixture of reversed and normal features can be accounted for by postulating a superimposition of a reversed largescale asymmetry on a normal local asymmetry of ciliary units. This postulate predicts that no single mutation can bring about a complete mirror-image reversal of ciliary patterns. 1° OAs appear normal by light microscopy. However, detailed analysis of SEM, preparations of isolated 1° OAs indicate subtle abnormalities of basal body arrangement in some of these OAs.
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  • 50
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Neural induction ; Ectoderm ; Activation of masked factor
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated gastrula ectoderm has no neural-inducing activity and does not differentiate into neural tissues. It has, however, a high neural-inducing capacity, but the inducing factors are present in a masked, inactive form. The inducing factors are partially activated by homogenization and by freezing of the homogenate and are fully activated by treatment with ethanol. The relative distribution of inducing factors in different subcellular fractions changes after treatment with demecolcine and cytochalasin B or after autolytic incubation of the homogenate. The inducing activity of the high-speed supernatant is enhanced under these conditions. The experiments suggest that the activation of neuralizing factor(s) depends on the release from complex structures. Cytoskeletal elements seem to be involved. When early neural plate homogenate was fractionated, the high-speed supernatant showed neural-inducing activity. This is in contrast to the high-speed supernatant from the ectoderm homogenate, which shows no such activity.
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  • 51
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    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Blood plasma ; Fetal development ; Pig
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured by radioenzymatic assay in blood plasma samples drawn from the umbilical arteries of 30 anaesthetised Landrace pig fetuses. Just prior to term, the concentrations of dopamine (0.46±0.14 ng·ml−1) and norepinephrine (1.74±0.60 ng·mg−1) were lower than earlier in gestation, whereas epinephrine concentrations at term (0.80±0.31 ng·ml−1) were similar to those at mid-gestation, intervening stages of gestation having higher levels of plasma epinephrine. Fetal hypoxia was induced by clamping the umbilical cord for 2 min and the catecholamines determined in arterial blood samples immediately thereafter, then again 3 min after removal of the clamp. Inconsistent effects of cord clamping on catecholamine levels were seen at 55 days, but thereafter, in all but one instance, the hormone levels were increased. Fetuses near term tended to respond less than fetuses at 75 and 96 days gestation (term=114±1 day). Catecholamines were also present in the circulation of fetuses decapitated at 42 days gestation and studied at 109±1 days. The average concentrations of dopamine (1.12±0.27 ng·ml−1) and norepinephrine (8.23±3.04 ng·ml−1) were greater than in intact fetuses, the plasma epinephrine levels being comparable to, or slightly higher than, those in intact fetuses. The results demonstrate that catecholamines are present in the circulation of the intact and decapitated pig fetus and that the actual concentrations and the type of response to umbilical cord clamping are dependent on gestation age.
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  • 52
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 36-41 
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    Keywords: In vitro system ; Transdifferentiation ; DNA systhesis ; Anthomedusae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mononucleated striated muscle cells and one type of endoderm can be isolated from anthomedusae and cultivated in artificial sea-water. In the cultivated muscle the differentiated state is maintained. In the cultivated endoderm flagella are formed, but no new cell types differentiate and DNA synthesis or mitosis is not observed. When isolated muscle is grafted upon endoderm, regeneration or formation of new cell types is not observed. Following treatingment with bacterial collagenase DNA synthesis and flagellum formation are initiated in the isolated muscle; in the isolated endoderm, collagenase treatment has no effect. When striated muscle treated with collagenase is grafted upon endoderm, DNA synthesis is observed in the endoderm, and a regenerate is formed involving transdifferentiation. Although desmosomal contact between collagenase treated muslce and the endoderm is established, it is not sufficient to induce DNA synthesis; complete covering of the endoderm by the muscle is required.
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  • 53
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Liver ; Cell nucleus ; Nonhistone proteins
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclear sap proteins from liver of 12-, 15-, 19-day-old embryos and 1-day-old chicks were resolved by one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although the protein patterns from various stages of development have remarkable similarities, some qualitative and quantitative differences were found among these patterns. The most pronounced changes were detected in protein with molecular weight of 100 K which was very abundant in nuclei of 12-day-old embryos and disappeared in nuclei of older embryos and in protein with molecular weight of 40 K which rapidly diminished after hatching.
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  • 54
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mutations ; Maternal effect ; Egg pigment ; Cleavage ; Xenopus laevis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary “Pale eggs” and “partial cleavage” are two mutations with a maternal effect that are found in the same family ofXenopus l. laevis. The pale eggs have animal hemispheres of a yellow to beige colour and give rise to normally pigmented tadpoles and frogs. The cells of pale embryos contain fewer melanosomes than those of controls. The partial cleavage eggs are characterized by an abnormality of cleavage visible from the eight-cell stage onwards, by abnormal yolk platelet distribution and abnormal cytological features. Cleaved, syncytial and uncleaved areas are observed in these eggs, which are lethal at the blastula stage.
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  • 55
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 64-70 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Fertilization ; Coelomic egg ; Dejellied egg
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization ofCynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese newt) coelomic eggs was studied in the absence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. An undiluted sperm fluid from the vas deferens fertilized coelomic eggs in the absence of the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. The fertilized eggs developed beyond gastrulae and formed tail bud embryos. These results indicate that the fertilization process does not depend upon the presence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer and that the sperms within the vas deferens are already capable of fertilizing the eggs inC. pyrrhogaster. The sperm suspension in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H-sperm) fertilized the coelomic eggs without the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. These eggs had been suspended in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H) or in 1/20 strength H (1/20 H) prior to insemination (H-eggs or 1/20 H-eggs). In contrast, the sperm suspension in 1/20 H (1/20 H-sperm) did not fertilize 1/20 H-eggs, but dit H-eggs. In the latter case, H surrounding the eggs may affect sperms, allowing them to be fertilized. The 1/20 H-sperms regained their ability to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on re-exposure to H. The 1/20 H-sperm also fertilized jelly eggs. The results of the dejellied egg experiment showed the same pattern. These results indicate that the sperms within the vas deferens lose their capacity to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on exposure to low ionic strength solution (1/20 H); this capacity is restored by exposure to high ionic strength solution (H) or to jelly envelope.
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  • 56
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 61-63 
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    Keywords: Amphibia ; Fertilization ; Dejellied egg ; Hydrated jelly
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    Notes: Summary Cynops pyrrhogaster oviducal eggs with and without jelly envelopes (jelly egg and dejellied egg respectively) were immersed in water, and then inseminated artificially. After 1 h of immersion in water, more than half the dejellied eggs were fertilized and developed, but no jelly eggs developed. The rapid decrease in the ability of jelly eggs to be fertilized after immersion in water is not due to a deficiency in the egg. Our results make it clear that hydrated jelly envelopes prevent the eggs from fertilizing. The ability of the egg to be fertilized decreases for a long time in water and this decrease proceeds more slowly in De Boer's solution or Holtfreter's balanced salt solution than in water.
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  • 57
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Anura ; Bufo tadpoles ; Limb regeneration ; Vitamin A
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Young tadpoles of the toad,Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), were immersed in 15 IU/ml vitamin-A palmitate solution for 3 days, only prior to amputation through the shank. In more than 65% of cases the resultant regenerates were whole limbs containing the skeletal elements from femur to phallanges; in several of them a new girdle had also differentiated. In others regenration had progressed only up to the blastema stage and postblastemic development was inhibited. Opposite results were obtained when treatment was extended to another 3 days after amputation. A normal control-type regenerate consisting of parts distal to amputation level was not obtained in any case treated in either manner. The removed distal part of the shank was not restored in any treated case. It appears that, if suitably administered, vitamin A can make the limb regeneration blastema of amphibians completely equivalent to the original limb bud, probably by intensifying dedifferentiation of its cells. It is suggested that this chemical can be a useful tool to investigate the biochemical and genetic changes which occur during dedifferentiation and also whether through this process differentiated cells can really revert to a pluripotent state.
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  • 58
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 388-393 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Ring canals ; Oocyte determination ; Polarity
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    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.
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  • 59
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 406-413 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fusion of the eye-antennal discs during culturein vitro has been investigated, and the complex morphogenetic movements which occur during the formation of the head capsule of the insect are described. The initial contact between the eye anlagen is by means of cell processes spanning the gap between the two discs. Subsequently the two epithelia become firmly apposed, and then the integrity of the epithelium in the region of fusion breaks down, cells appearing to move to new positions in order to form an epithelium which unites the two discs. The epithelium eventually secretes a pattern of cuticular structures which is continuous between the derivatives of the two discs. Bristles on either side of the line of fusion are perfectly aligned, and structures such as the median ocellus, which are formed jointly by the cells of the two discs, differentiate normally. This is also found when left and right eye-antennal discs of different genotypes are placed side-by-side, indicating that processes of pattern regulation can occur in culture.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Fibronectin ; Microinjection ; Gastrulation ; Chicken
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    Notes: Summary A method utilizing microinjection of glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes in the chicken blastoderm prior to embryo culture and immunostaining for fibronectin have been applied to demonstrate an interaction between glycosaminoglycans and fibronectin in the basement membrane of the epiblast. Fixation of tissue in a mixture of formaldehyde and cetylpyridinium chloride allows detection of fibronectin only in those zones of the embryo that are not colonized by mesoblast cells. The epithelial-mesenchymal interface thus remains unstained. After degradation of glycosaminoglycans in the living organism, it is shown that this particular site, in fact, also contains fibronectin that is masked in vivo by, at least, hyaluronate. This interaction between both compounds is, during gastrulation, constantly correlated with mesoblast migration. Since previous studies have shown that the degradation of hyaluronate determines the behaviour of mesoblast cells, it is proposed that remodelling of the interaction between these compounds is necessary for mesoblast migration to occur.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Cell cycle ; Differentiation ; Dictyostelium
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    Notes: Summary We report a flow fluorimetric analysis of the DNA content of cells and nuclei from vegetative populations and various developmental stages of the cellular slime mouldDictyostelium discoideum using the dyes Hoechst 33258 and mithramycin. Nuclei from all of these populations showed an identical single DNA-content peak, indicating that most vegetative cells and most cells in all developmental stages are in one phase of the cell cycle. Our own data and findings in the literature indicate that this phase is G2. On the other hand, we also found that various stages, subpopulations of cells at early stages and the different differentiated cell types in the slug stage differ in DNA content per cell. Any particular population typically has one major peak of DNA content, with a modal value that is characteristic for the cell type and for the developmental stage. These differences presumably reflect differences in mitochondrial DNA content per cell.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 32-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Segment proliferation ; Segment regeneration ; Positional information ; Ventral nerve cord ; Polychaete
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    Notes: Summary Growth and regeneration of segments were recorded in the polychaeteOphryotrocha puerilis. In one experiment the ventral nerve cords (VNCs) of the animals were cut; in the other, VNCs were left intact. VNC lesion in some specimens resulted in the outgrowth of supernumerary posterior parts from the site of operation. The characteristics of outgrowth of these supernumeraries were essentially the same as in normal specimens without double tails. After removing different numbers of caudal setigers, each of the two tails of the same double-tail monster independently regenerated different segment numbers within a given time. A simple model is proposed, allowing for these results, which states that the larval body of a polychaete consists of two regions with completely different positional values (episphere — prostomium; hyposphere — pygidium). During growth, segments with intervening positional values are intercalated. The rate of segment formation is high when there is a wide gap in positional values between pygidium and adjoining budding zone and the posteriormost segment. As this gap narrows, the growth rate slows down. During caudal regeneration, first of all a new pygidium with an adjacent proliferation zone is formed and the original positional value of the posteriormost part of the body is reestablished. Segment regeneration follows the same rules as segment growth. The results presented here also demonstrate that the VNC plays an important role, not only in segment proliferation, but also in signalling positional information to the newly formed segments.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 423-423 
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Major haemolymph proteins ; Development ; Cuticle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ceratitis capitata
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    Notes: Summary The developmental profile of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata was studied. Ceratitin concentration in the haemolymph decreases dramatically during the last days of pupal life, while the amounts of ceratitins in whole organism extracts remain unchanged. By electrophoretic, immunological and immunofluorescence techniques it was revealed that ceratitins are reabsorbed by the fat body and a fraction of them is deposited in the cuticle. The possible role of ceratitins is discussed.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Juvenile hormone ; Fat body endoplasmic reticulum ; Primary and secondary vitellogenesis ; Leucophaea maderae
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    Notes: Summary Juvenile hormone (JH) treatment coordinately stimulated the dose-dependent synthesis of vitellogenin and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane phospholipids in fat body cells from allatectomized adult females ofLeucophaea maderae. Animals were pulse-labeled in vivo with [32P] to simultaneously measure the rates of synthesis of the phosphorylated subunits of vitellogenin and the structural phospholipids of the ER membranes. Phospholipid synthesis in ER membranes from nontarget tissues for JH such as thoracic muscle, midgut, and larval fat body was unresponsive to hormone treatment. The proliferation of ER in response to JH treatment was thus restricted to tissue that was competent to synthesize vitellogenin. Primary and secondary vitellogenin induction was measured in allatectomized adult females treated 12 days apart with JH-III. The time-course of the primary response for vitellogenin and ER phospholipid synthesis was characterized by a 24 h latent period, a rapid increase to a maximum at 72 h, and then a gradual decline. During secondary induction, vitellogenin accumulated in the hemolymph nearly twice as fast as before and peaked at a concentration of 38 μg/μl. This vitellogenin titer was approximately two-fold higher than that found at the height of the primary response. During both primary and secondary stimulation with JH, ER phospholipid synthesis, as measured by [14C]choline incorporation into microsomal phosphatidylcholine, was stimulated five-fold over the untreated control animals. The amplified production of vitellogenin during the secondary response was associated with a 24 h-earlier peak of ER phospholipid synthesis in the fat body.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 98-107 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Neoplasms ; Promotion ; Regeneration ; Temperature-sensitive ; Imaginal discs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present an analysis of the behavior ofl(2)gl tsimaginal wing discs during culture in adult hosts. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29° C contain two types of wing discs, those that are morphologically normal and those that are abnormal. When discs of both types are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C, the restrictive temperature, they give rise to transplantable neoplastic tissue. However, when the 29° C reared discs are cultured at 15° C, the permissive temperature, the morphologically normal discs maintain their morphology, but the morphologically abnormal discs give rise to neoplasms. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15° C contain only morphologically normal discs. When these discs are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C they give rise to neoplasms, however if the discs are cultured at 15° C they maintain their normal morphology. These results demonstrate: (1) that all wing imaginal discs obtained from 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are competent to undergo neoplastic development, (2) the morphologically abnormal discs obtained from the 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are committed to neoplastic development, (3) the neoplastic development of the morphologically normal discs is temperature dependent, (4) once the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tsdiscs has been initiated the process is not readily reversible. In addition, the ability ofl(2)gl tswing discs to perform epimorphic regulation was tested by amputating morphologically normal permissively rearedl(2)gl tswing discs and culturing both fragiments at the permissive temperature. Fragments of control wild-type discs maintained their morphology during culture at the permissive temperature. However, both fragments of txel(2)gl tsdiscs became neoplastic. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for thel(2)gl +function in epimorphic regulation and with respect to the phenomena of tumor promotion in vertebrates.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidian egg ; Cortical contraction ; Cytoplasmic movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To discover the force causing bipolar ooplasmic segregation just after fertilization in ascidian eggs (Ciona intestinalis), cortical contraction and cytoplasmic movement were examined by centrifugation and by artificial constricting techniques. In the centrifuged eggs, the surface constriction appeared independently of cytoplasmic stratification. The yolk layer and the sub-centripetal layer moved toward the vegetal pole in the peripheral region. In the eggs which were artificially constricted by partially broken chorion and then fertilized, the inner cytoplasm always flowed from the vegetal sphere into the animal sphere during bipolar segregation. The direction of this cytoplasmic movement was independent of sphere size. This shows that the force causing cytoplasmic movement is supplied by the contraction of the vegetal-side cortex. It is suggested that the contracting cortex pushes the inner cytoplasm toward the animal pole and drags the peripheral cytoplasm toward the vegetal pole.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Image analysis ; Proliferation ; Differentiation ; Thymus ; Cell kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships between cell kinetics and nuclear transformations related to cell differentiation were investigated in the thymus of the newt by means of image analysis. A SAMBA 200 cell image processor was used to compute 18 densitometric, textural and morphological parameters on Feulgen-stained thymic nuclei from a few days after hatching of larvae (stage 40) to 1 month after metamorphosis (150 days old). During the first step, cell nuclei were automatically identified as lymphoid or epithelial with a 93.4%–98.7% confidence level when compared with the cytological diagnoses. During the second step, four cell classes were recognized in both epithelial and lymphoid cell populations and assumed to correspond toG 0,G 1,S andG 2 cell subpopulations, on the basis of both the nuclear DNA content and the chromatin pattern. The variations in the percentages of cells in these four classes, in addition to the evolution of growth fraction and cell number, indicate that the thymus is basically an exponentially growing epithelial bud, which reaches a steady state during metamorphosis. A few lymphoidG 0 stem cells penetrate the epithelial bud up to stage 42, enter theG 1 phase of the mitotic cycle, and give rise to lymphoblasts. Then, lymphoblast cells produce lymphocytes, which perform intensive proliferation until metamorphosis, while an increasing proportion of them leave the thymus. During metamorphosis, a steady state is reached in the lymphoid cell population as in the epithelial one, and statistically half the number of new lymphocytes emigrate.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryonic mutants ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Temperature sensitivity ; Nematode
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cellular phenotypes are described for 28 temperature-sensitive embryonic arrest mutants in 25 genes in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Cell lineages, and cellular and subcellular properties at the non-permissive temperature (26° C) have been studied by direct observation of individual cells in living embryos using Nomarski microscopy and high-resolution video recordings. The sequence, direction and time of division and the position of the individual cells have been compared to wild-type development up to at least the 100-cell stage (or earlier stage of arrest). Defects are related to the previously reported arrest stage, temperature-sensitive period, and to maternal effects. Most maternal mutants display defects in zygote formation. These include absence of pronuclear fusion or of polar bodies, absence or abnormal position of pseudocleavage or of the first division cleavage, anomalous cytoplasmic streaming, eggshell defects, abnormal cytoplasmic yolk granules, extra(pro)nuclei, endomitosis or arrest at the one-cell stage. During embryogenesis, many mutants show cellular and/or morphological abnormalities, including pseudopodia, blastocoel malformation, prolonged mitosis and membrane reformation, ill-defined membranes, segregation of extra nuclei, and cytoplasmic “plaques” at division. Most mutants display defects in cell lineage features, i.e. slow cell division rate, abnormal division sequence or direction. Three mutants show premature germ-line cell division, one of these also having a supernumerary germ-line division. Nine mutants show defects in the intestinal cell lineage, i.e. in division direction, in timing relative to gastrulation or in intestine anatomy. This survey of the cellular properties of the mutants provdes a basis for a more detailed, e.g. ultrastructural and molecular, study.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Imaginal disc ; Pattern formation ; EM Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developmental changes in the distribution of gap junctions in early, mid and late third larval stage wing discs and in pupariation+6 h and pupariation+24 h stage wing discs fromDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions occur in all 12 intradisc regions examined in each of the five developmental stages. Their distribution is non-random and changes during development which suggests that they are developmentally regulated. The gap junctions are not static structures, rather they grow and regress during development. The changes tend to be gradual ones without sudden increases or decreases. Gap junctions continuously form and grow in size throughout the third larval stage and during the first 6 h following pupariation. Their surface density, number, percent of the lateral plasma membrane area, and absolute area as well as the lateral plasma membrane surface density all increase during this time. Between pupariation+ 6 h and pupariation+24 h all but one of these parameters decrease indicative of gap junctional breakdown. Gap junctions are most numerous and change least during development in the apical cell regions where intercellular contacts are close and stable. They change most in the basal cell regions where intercellular contacts tend to be looser and change during development. The most dramatic change is in the absolute area which increases by a factor of 23 between the early third larval stage and pupariation+24 h. At pupariation the rate of gap junction growth undergoes a transient increase before the phase of disassembly begins. Developmental changes in gap junction surface density are closely coupled with changes in the lateral plasma membrane surface density which suggests that these may be coregulated. Evidence from mutants suggests that when the number and density of gap junctions fail to increase in proportion to lateral plasma membrane growth, wing disc development will be abnormal. Our results support the idea that some minimum gap junction density is required for normal development and that this must increase as development proceeds. The results are consistent with the notion that gap junctions are involved in pattern formation and growth control and are discussed with respect to the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis, disc growth, disc morphogenesis and changes in the hormonal environment.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ilyanassa obsoleta ; Hatching ; Egg capsule ; Polar lobe
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of the marine gastropodIlyanassa obsoleta are enclosed within a maternally-produced egg capsule for the first eight days of development. Embryos escape from the capsule by releasing a hatching substance that dissolves the egg capsule plug found at the apex of the capsule. Although hatching was determined to occur at 171 h of development, hatching activity could be detected in homogenates of 96 h embryos and premature hatching of embryos was initiated as early as 90 h of development when capsules were incubated in KCl. Therefore, the hatching substance is stored for over 80 h before its release. Appearance of hatching activity during the fourth day of development required that transcription and then translation occur between 70–76 h of development. Inhibition of either of these processes after 76 h did not prevent the appearance of hatching activity on schedule. In addition, removal of the third polar lobe formed at first cleavage, reduced the quantity of the hatching substance present in day eight lobeless embryos, when compared with control embryos. These results demonstrate a requirement for embryonic gene activity as well as maternal information placed in the egg during oogenesis and segregated into the polar lobe during cleavage for appearance of hatching activity in theIlyanassa embryo.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 326-338 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect embryogenesis ; Egg constriction ; Interaction between egg regions ; Segment pattern formation ; Gap phenomenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mechanically dividing an insect egg into anterior and posterior fragments results in a segment gap (Sander 1976), a loss of non-terminal segments in the constricted region. By altering the stage and duration of constriction, we produced different types of egg fragments in the pea beetleCallosobruchus. The patterns formed by these fragments suggest the existence of interactions between anterior and posterior egg regions that influence segment patterning and placement. Segments in excess of the numbers expected on the basis of permanent constrictions were produced in fragments when: (1) the constriction was released before cellularization occurred and (2) in addition the complementary fragment degenerated. Apparently the degenerating fragment induced the formation of excess segments in the developing fragment. Differences in the time and extent of excess segment formation in anterior versus posterior fragments suggest an asymmetric distribution of prerequisites for segment formation. This conclusion is consistent with our finding that a partial reversal of segment sequence (double abdomen formation) can be induced only in posterior fragments by a degenerating fragment, but not in anterior fragments (see companion paper).The formation of excess segments shows that the segment gap observed after permanent separation cannot be due to non-specific damage, caused by the process of constriction as such, to the egg or to localized putative segment precursors.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 357-369 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ambystoma mexicanum embryos ; Neural crest ; Chromatophores ; Pattern formation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The barred pigment pattern (Lehman 1957) of the axolotl larva is best observed from stage 41 onwards, where it already consists of alternating transverse bands of melanophores and xanthophores along the dorsal side of the trunk. The present study investigateswhen the two populations of neural crest derived chromatophores, melanophores and xanthophores become determined andhow they interact to create the barred pigment pattern. The presence of phenol oxidase (tyrosinase) in melanophores (revealed by dopa incubation) and pteridines in xanthophores (visualized by fluorescence) were used as markers for cell differentiation in order to recognize melanophores and xanthophores before they became externally visible. It was found that melanophores and xanthophores were already determined in the premigratory neural crest, at stages 30/31 and 35–36, respectively. Between stages 35–36 and 38 they were arranged in a prepattern of several distinct, mixed chromatophore groups along the dorsal trunk, morphologically correlated in the scanning electron microscope with humps on the original crest cell string. While the occurrence of xanthophores was restricted to the chromatophore groups and around them, melanophores were already uniformly distributed in the dorsolateral flank area, having migrated from trunk neural crest portions including the groups. The bar component of the pigment pattern was subsequently initiated by xanthophores, which caused melanophores in and around the chromatophore groups to fade or become invisible. The barred pattern was established by the formation of alternating clusters of “like” cells, melanophores and xanthophores.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 394-401 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Supernumerary limbs ; skin grafts ; sciatic nerve deviation ; pattern formation ; Ambystoma mexicanum
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Supernumerary limbs were produced by deviating the sciatic nerve to the surface of the axolotl hindlimb either alone or in combination with small skin grafts from specific limb positions. With no skin grafts a very low frequency of good supernumeraries were produced. However, when associated with skin grafts, this frequency was significantly increased. The pattern of skeletal elements and muscles were analysed in the supernumeraries which formed at each location. In both the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes specific anatomical features were found which correlated with their position of origin on the host limb. Characteristic features were also observed with respect to the proximal-distal axis of the outgrowths. These phenomena are discussed in relation to our current understanding of the rules of pattern regulation in the regenerating limb.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 402-405 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Induction ; Hypoblast ; Chick embryo ; Mitosis inhibition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present work demonstrates that a normal stage-XIII hypoblast, if submitted to an X-ray dose of 6,000 rads (sufficient to stop cell division), retains the capacity to induce axis formation on the chick epiblast. Examination of the process of hypoblast formation indicates, in agreement with previous findings, that a hypoblastic layer can form in the absence of cell division from an irradiated stage-X blastoderm. Furthermore, it is observed that this hypoblastic layer, formed in the absence of cell division, can induce the development of an embryonic axis when combined with a normal stage-XIII epiblast.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le comportement de prédation et le choix des proies de 6 espèces de Dacétines orientales (sous-tribu des Strumigeniti) sont examinés. Trois espèces deStrumigenys à mandibules longues sont polyphages.Pentastruma canina, forme à mandibules typiquement courtes, capture exclusivement des Collemboles. Son comportement implique une approche furtive de longue durée et la préhension particulière de la proie dans la région des pièces buccales.Labidogenys sp. est une espèce classée dans le groupe des Strumigeniti à mandibules longues bien qu'elle ait des mandibules relativement courtes; son comportement de chasse est intermédiaire entre celui des espèces à mandibules typiquement longues et celui des espèces à mandibules typiquement courtes. Une espèce souterraine,Epitritus hexamerus capture essentiellement des petits Arthropodes du sol à corps allongé, comme les Diplura et les Chilopoda. Chez les espèces du groupe à mandibules courtes et chezLabidogenys sp. les pourvoyeuses présentent un comportement particulier de brouillage: elles enduisent leur corps de substances organiques prélevées dans l'environnement. Cette activité aide peutêtre les pourvoyeuses dans leur approche discrète de la proie en pratiquant une sorte de camouflage olfactif.
    Notes: Summary The predatory behavior and prey preferences of 6 species of Oriental dacetine ants of subtribe Strumigeniti are reviewed. Three species of typically long-mandibulateStrumigenys are polyphagous.Pentastruma canina, a typically short-mandibulate form, preys exclusively on Collembola. Its behavior involves time-consuming stalking, and specialized seizure of prey, in the vicinity of the mouthparts.Labidogenys sp., which is placed among the long-mandibulate strumigenite species, but has relatively short mandibles, exhibits hunting behavior intermediate between those of typically long- and short-mandibulate forms. A subterranean species,Epitritus hexamerus, preys especially upon small long-bodied soil arthropods, such as Diplura and Chilopoda. Foragers of the short-mandibulate group, and ofLabidogenys sp., have peculiar body-smearing behavior, in which they soil their bodies with organic substances obtained from the environment. This behavior perhaps assists the ants in their stealthy approach to prey, by contribution to olfactory deception.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 408-428 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Eurhopalothrix heliscata n. sp. ist eine asiatische Vertreterin des wenig bekannten Ameisen-Tribus Basicerotini. Es ist die erste Angehorige dieser Gruppe, die genau unter-sucht wurde. Es erbeutet Termiten, nimmt aber auch einige Insekten als Beute an. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Myrmicinen ist ihr soziales Verhalten einfach. 2. E. heliscata ist eine Einzeljagerin. Wenn mehrere Beuteobjekte gefunden werden, konnen Arbeiterinnen Nestgenossinnen rekrutieren; das beschleunigt das Eintragen der Beute. Das fuhrt oft auch zu einer ausgedehnten Erkundung der weiteren Umgebung. 3. Arbeiterinnen erkennen chemisch Material aus der Nahe ihres Nestes. 4. Die Arbeiterinnen sind bemerkenswert thigmotaktisch. Mit ihren keilformigen Kopfen, harten Korpern und kurzen Beinen drucken sie sich in enge Raume. Mit ihren scharfgezahnten Mandibeln ergreifen sie die Extremitaten der Termiten und sie packen die Beute noch fester mit ihren stark sklerotisierten Labra. 5. E. heliscata versammeln sich oft in Gruppen, ohne Brut und weg von der Hauptkolonie. Dieses Bivouac-Verhalten, das die Furagiere über eine weitere Flache verteilt, scheint der Termitenjagd gut angepasst zu sein. 6. Futteraustausch, Eier legende Arbeiterinnen, Alarm-Verteidigungsverhalten und Rekrutierung wahrend Nest-Emigration wurden nicht beobachtet. 7. Im Labornest kampfen die Koniginnen haufig miteinander und zeigen ausgepragtes Dominanzverhalten. 8. Weitere Einzelheiten zum Nest- und Sozialverhalten werden beschrieben (sieheTabelle I).
    Notes: Summary 1. Eurhopalothrix heliscata n. sp. is an Asiatic representative of the little known ant tribe Basicerotini and the first member of the group to be studied intensively. We report evidence that it preys on a variety of termites, but also takes at least some other kinds of insects. Overall, the social behavior is simple relative to that of many other myrmicine ants. 2. Prey are hunted and retrieved singly. But foraging workers are also able to recruit nestmates to the vicinity of groups of prey and as a result accelerate retrieval of termites to the brood chambers. A prolonged exploration of the surrounding area also ensues. 3. With the aid of chemical cues, workers are able to recognize material from the vicinity of their nest. 4. The workers are notably thigmotactic. They use their wedge-shaped heads, hard bodies, and short legs to press into tight spaces. They seize the appendages of termites with their short, sharp-toothed mandibles, clasping these body parts of the prey even more tightly with the aid of their projecting, heavily sclerotized labra. 5. E. heliscata tend to gather in large, broodless groups away from the main part of the colony. This bivouacing behavior, which effectively dispenses the foragers over a wider area, may improve the efficiency of the predation on termites. 6. The workers appear not to practice food exchange, worker oviposition, or alarmdefense behavior, nor do they recruit during colony emigration. 7. Prolonged fighting and dominance-subordinance relations among queens have been observed under laboratory conditions. 8. Other details of nesting behavior and social interactions are described (see,e.g., table I).
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Feldstörungen an Mähenkraft von Kontinuierlich polymorphischen “Rossameisen”,Camponotus pennsylvanicus, wurden über eine zweijährige Periode geführt, um die Kolonieantwort abzuschätzen. Das Verhältnis der kleineren Arbeiterinnen waren an die Mähenkraft gemindert, in dem man sie mit dem Wachstumregulator RO-13-5223 futterte. Die Kolonien, die diesen sowie den Insektwachstumregulator “Methopren” bekamen, auf grossere Veränderungsfaktoren in morphischen Kastenproportionen als in Kontrollkolonien-besonders während des zweiten Beobachtungsjahres-auf. Keiner der beiden Wachstumregulatoren könnten aufzeigen, dass sie die Mähenintensität der Kolonien beeinflussen konnten. Simulierte Ausbeutungsversuche wurden während des zweiten Jahres geführt. Solche simulierte Ausbeutung führten zur Abminderung der Mähenintensität jener Kolonien unter schwerer Ausbeutungsbehandlung. Obwohl das Surchschnittverhältnis ziemlich stabil blieb, die Kolonien, die zur simulierten Ausbeutung ausgesetzt wurden, zeigten einen abfallenden Veränderungsfaktor im Kastenverhältnis, wenn man sie mit den Kontrollkolonien verglichen. Mit diesen Ergebissen Kann man vermuten, dass Unterbrechungen zur Wechsel an die morphischen Kastenverhältnisse und solche Verhältnisse von Mähenkraft der Sozialkontrolle unterliegt, und durch die Kolonie selbst manovriert wird.
    Notes: Summary Field perturbations of the foraging force of the continuously polymorphic carpenter ant,Camponotus pennsylvanicus, were conducted over a two-year period to evaluate colony responses. Feeding the insect growth regulator RO-13-5223 resulted in a decrease in the mean proportion of smaller workers in the forager force, colonies receiving this growth regulator, and the insect growth regulator Methoprene, exhibited greater coefficients of variation in morphic caste proportions than found in control colonies, especially during the second year of the study. Neither insect growth regulator could be demonstrated to affect the foraging intensity of the colonies. Simulated predation experiments were conducted during the second year. Simulated predation resulted in decreased foraging intensity in those colonies under the most severe predation treatments. Colonies subjected to simulated predation exhibited decreased coefficients of variation in morphic caste proportions when compared with control colonies, although the mean proportions remained nearly equal. These results suggest that disruptions can lead to changes in the morphic caste ratios of foragers, and that the caste ratios of the foraging force are under social control, and are manipulated by the colony.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 476-476 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 10-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: seismicity ; friction ; quiescence ; critical displacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dieterich simulated aftershocks numerically, using a one-dimensional mass-spring model with a time-dependent friction law. But an important precursory phenomenon called ‘quiescence’ cannot be produced by this model unless, as Mikumo and Miyatake showed with a three-dimensional continuum model, a somewhat arbitrary bimodal distribution of frictional strength is assumed. Here we used the friction law proposed by Stuart, which is a displacement hardening-softening model, and simulated the quiescence. By varying the parameters of the friction law in our mass-spring model, we found a variety of seismicity patterns. When we choose extremely large critical displacement we get a recurrent sequence of creep followed by mainshock without small earthquakes. But when we choose a critical displacement in the same order of magnitude as the slip-weakening critical displacement estimated by Papageorgiou and Aki from strong motion data, we get a normal seismicity pattern, including quiescence before large events. This simple model points to a promising approach for the interpretation of the rupture process during an earthquake by the same physical model.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 53-85 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Phase transformation ; solution/precipitation creep ; grain boundaries
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the thermodynamic theory of solution and precipitation processes in wet crustal rocks and with the mechanism of steady pressure-solution slip in ‘contact zones,’ such as grain-to-grain contacts, fracture surfaces, and permeable gouge layers, that are infiltrated by a mobile aqueous solution phase. A local dissipation jump condition at the phase boundary is fundamental to identifying the thermodynamic force driving the solution and precipitation process and is used here in setting up linear phenomenological relations to model near-equilibrium phase transformation kinetics. The local thermodynamic equilibrium of a stressed pure solid in contact with its melt or solution phase is governed by Gibbs's relation, which is rederived here, in a manner emphasizing its independence of constitutive assumptions for the solid while neglecting surface tension and diffusion in the solid. Fluid-infiltrated contact zones, such as those formed by rough surfaces, cannot generally be in thermodynamic equilibrium, especially during an ongoing process of pressure-solution slip, and the existing equilibrium formulations are incorrect in overlooking dissipative processes tending to eliminate fluctuations in superficial free energies due to stress concentrations near asperities, defects, or impurities. Steady pressure-solution slip is likely to exhibit a nonlinear dependence of slip rate on shear stress and effective normal stress, due to a dependence of the contact-zone state on the latter. Given that this dependence is negligible within some range, linear relations for pressure-solution slip can be derived for the limiting cases of diffusion-controlled and interface-reaction-controlled rates. A criterion for rate control by one of these mechanisms is set by the magnitude of the dimensionless quantitykδ/2C pD, wherek is the interfacial transfer coefficient, δ is the mean diffusion path length,C p is the solubility at pressurep, andD is the mass diffusivity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. I 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 124-132 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Radon ; MONEX ; Equator ; Arabian Sea ; Indian ocean ; Interhemispheric mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon-222 activity levels have been measured at deck level in regions of the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon periods of 1973, 1977, and 1979, as part of the Monex programme. The aim of the measurements was to find the source regions of the monsoon air and the variations in its composition under different synoptic conditions. The radon data confirm that the monsoon air is predominantly of southern-hemisphere origin, with a small continental component. The continental component, as indicated by radon values, increases at higher latitudes and seems to vary with different circulation patterns in the synoptic scale. The use of radon as a tracer in monsoon studies is thus demonstrated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon daughters ; Attachment ; Aerosol particles ; Radiolytic aerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosol particles in the atmospheric air have given varying results, a few of which did not conform to the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Our studies suggest that the radiolytic aerosols formed by gas-phase reactions in the presence of ionizing radiations interfere in the studies carried out with known aerosols. Radiolytic aerosols are formed spontaneously in the system, depending on the concentrations of aerosol-forming gases in the atmospheric air. It is shown that, under experimental conditions which suppressed the formation of radiolytic aerosols, the attachment rates of Ra-A atoms to aerosol particles in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 μm in diameter agree with the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Such investigations of the interactions between atoms, molecules, ions, and aerosol particles are highly useful in atmospheric tracer studies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 141-142 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Statistical technique ; Mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The discrimination of significant earthquake precursors from background noise is treated as a multistep problem of pattern recognition. Statistical characteristics of helium-content recorded in short time intervals are used as informative parameters. The set of calculated characteristics includes estimations of the mean, the variance, and the results of spectral analysis of the investigated time series. The selection of significant parameters and the rigorous estimations of time shifts between geochemical and seismic series are carried out by analyzing their cross-covariance function. It is established that the most informative characteristics of a hydrothermal system are related to the dynamic fluctuations of the geochemical parameters. The final phase of prediction is based on the application of a method of statistical discovery of images. A method of earthquake-time prediction is suggested. By using this method, we may determine the 10-day interval during which an earthquake may occur two months in advance. The prediction may be improved by increasing the frequency of sampling and by improving the precision of analytical measurements, both of which can be achieved by automation of monitoring devices. Deployment of uniform monitoring networks is needed in regions designated for special prediction tasks.
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  • 87
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 164-174 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Groundwater temperature ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Precise measurements of groundwater temperature, with a resolution of 0.0001°C, have been made for the purpose of earthquake prediction at four water wells in the Tokai district in Japan. The characteristics of temporal variations in groundwater temperature differ from well to well. From records of a well located in an area where use of groundwater is heavy, movement of groundwater was sensed by temperature variations. By contrast, water temperatures in a 500 m well far from cultural areas were extremely steady, with fluctuations of less than 0.0005°C. This well appears to be suitable for monitoring possible temperature changes related to the occurrence of an impending large earthquake.
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  • 88
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ground-water ; Water level ; Earthquake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives an outline of ground-water observation carried out in China for the purpose of earthquake prediction.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon ; Groundwater ; Earthquakes ; Taiwan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon (222Rn) concentration in geothermal waters and CO2-rich cold springwaters collected weekly in duplicate samples from four stations in northern Taiwan were measured from July 1980 to December 1983. Seven spike-like radon anomalies (increases of 2 to 3 times the standard deviation above the mean) were observed at three stations. Following every anomaly except one, an earthquake ofM L above 4.6 occurred within 4 to 51 days, at an epicentral distance 14 to 45 km, and at a focal depth of less than 10 km. The distribution of the earthquakes preceded by radon anomalies is skewed in certain directions from the radon stations; the radon stations seem to be insensitive to earthquakes occurring in the other directions. At the fourth station, near a volcanic area, much gas (mainly CO2) is discharged from the well, together with hot water. A very high concentration of radon was detected in the discharged gas; therefore trapping of gas in the water can result in anomalously high radon contents. According to limited measurements, the radon concentration in water appears to be undersaturated with respect to that in gas. This suggests that hot water is very susceptible to radon loss, and monitoring of radon in gas is more desirable.
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  • 90
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 280-293 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Runoff ; Water level ; Earthquakes ; Springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Significant hydrologic changes were observed after the magnitude 7.3 earthquake that occurred on October 28, 1983, in central Idaho. Groundwater levels rose by as much as 3 meters near the epicenter. Discharge in many streams and springs increased, in some instances by more than 100%. One warm spring ceased flowing for several days; the flow then resumed and peaked at about nine times its original rate. Available data show no significant changes in water quality following the earthquake.
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  • 91
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Water level ; Strain events ; Earthquake ; Anomalies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Water levels have been monitored in wells along the San Jacinto fault zone since 1977. The three largest earthquakes to occur within 30 km of the segment of the San Jacinto fault zone being monitored with continuous recorders showed magnitudesM of 4.5, 4.8, and 5.5. Two wells in Borrego Valley, 31 to 32 km southeast of theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980, showed anomalous spikes recording a probable strain event 88 hours before the earthquake. Two other wells 12 km northwest of the epicenter showed no water-level anomalies. No water-level anomalies preceded theM=4.8 earthquake near Anza on 15 June 1982. Anomalous water-level fluctuations occurred in a well near Ocotillo Wells, 13 km northeast of theM=4.5 earthquake on 22 March 1982, 19 to 23 days prior to the earthquake. Similar fluctuations in other wells have not been followed by sizable earthquakes. A simultaneous drop in water level occurred in four wells on 8 September 1982; this possible strain event was not associated with a sizable earthquake. The presumed strain events occur only in wells that show earth tides and may have been the result of creep on strands of the San Jacinto fault zone. Although water-level anomalies have occurred in only one or two wells prior to two out of three moderate (M=4.5–5.5) earthquakes, the simultaneous drop in water level on 8 September 1982 and the spikes in two wells before theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980 suggest that wells responsive to earth tides may detect strain events.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemical anomalies ; Earthquake prediction ; Volatile ; Rocks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract One of the most important problems for the theory and practice of earthquake prediction is that of the source of substances in the formation of precursory hydrogeochemical anomalies. Volatile components that are separated from rocks at mechanical loading present one of the sources. A large-scale model experiment is conducte with a 50 000-ton press; the results reveal the regularities of water, radon, mercury, and helium separation from large basalt and granite samples that are subjected to a cyclically increasing, uniaxial pressure to fracture (at 75 and 180 MPa for basalt and granite, respectively). Premonitory rock fracture is found to be accompanied by the separation of volatile components from rocks. Predictive properties of the components are associated with their chemical nature and the forms in which they exist in rocks. Water release during mechanical loading increases gradually with the increase in loading. Helium separation begins at the early stages of the cracking process. Comparison of the data on degassing with data on bulk strain and acoustic emission shows that the major part of radon is released at the stage of avalanche-type crack interaction and at the dynamic stage of the formation of an earthquake source, whereas mercury degasses mainly at the dynamic stage immediately before fracture of the sample.
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 694-712 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Optimal design ; Seismological network ; Arab countries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Arab countries cover a large portion of the African and Arabian plates, a region characterized by seismic activity along complex continental collision zones, active seafloor spreading, rifting, and intraplate earthquakes. Establishing a standardized regional seismic network in these countries, then, is of great importance. Considerable effort of some Arab countries and UNESCO under project PAMERAR is under way to achieve this goal. A design for the spatial distribution of a regional seismic network in the area, based on a D-optimal planning criterion, is proposed in this paper. The method, which involves optimizing the geographical locations of stations, is based on the probability of earthquake occurrence at a given point in the seismic region, travel times of seismic waves, and minimization of the ellipsoid volume of earthquake location errors.
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  • 94
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Potential fields ; Continuation ; Dipole layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Upward continuation from a non-level surface may be performed by an integral equation method as shown previously by Bhattacharyya and Chan. Integration over the double layer is often computed using a centroid rule quadrature formula, but under certain circumstances more accurate formulae are required. One such formula may be found using a geometric approach. The result is equivalent to an expression recently published by Hansen and Miyazaki.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle Atmosphere ; Internal gravity waves ; General circulation ; Mesopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general circulation of the middle atmosphere is simulated by means of a three-dimensional primitive equation model which covers from the south pole to the north pole but is limited to a ten-degree sector in the latitudinal direction; cyclic conditions are imposed at the east—west lateral boundaries. The model is capable of explicitly representing internal gravity waves of zonal wavelength greater than a few hundred kilometers with the use of a one-degree mesh, but planetary-scale waves were excluded. No parameterization is employed for subgrid-scale eddy viscosity (or diffusivity). With the assumption of a simple external-heating function corresponding to solstice conditions, a time integration was performed for about thirty days from the motionless state. During the whole period, random forcings were imposed on each grid of the lowest level in order to generate small-scale upwardly propagating internal gravity waves. The experiment has shown that small-scale waves were indeed excited, propagated upward, broke up near the mesopause, and greatly changed the thermally induced zonal mean motion and temperature fields in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. As a result, important features of the general circulation at those levels, such as reversals of the zonal motion and the latitudinal gradient of zonal mean temperature were reproduced.
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 89-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Solar daily variation ; Lunar daily variation ; Solar-cycle modulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geomagnetic solar and lunar daily variationsS andL, at Alibag, India are derived, by the well-known Chapman-Miller method, from the series of homogeneous mean hourly magnetic data of the years 1932 to 1972. The data for all the three elements — declinationD and horizontal and vertical intensitiesH andZ — are analysed, by dividing the data suitably for a study of the seasonal variations, the effect of the changes in the solar and magnetic activities onS andL, the oceanic dynamo contribution toL, and their interactions with each other. The main results are as follows. (i) ForS the daily pattern and its seasonal progression conform to the type expected from a northern-hemisphere station. On the other hand, the amplitudes of all the four harmonics ofL systematically have higher values in winter, and inD andZ the harmonics show large phase differences between summer and winter. The pattern ofL in winter suggests that the lunar current system consists of a single set of vortices in the summer hemisphere rather than the conventional vortices, one set in each of the hemispheres. (ii) Solar-cycle modulation on the solar ranges as well as on the amplitudes of the first three harmonics ofS is greater than that expected solely from the increase in E-region conductivity, whereas the corresponding modulation onL is comparable to that on the E-region conductivity. (iii) With increasing magnetic activity the first harmonic ofS shows an increase, and the first three harmonics ofL indicate a general decrease, in amplitude. (iv) Of the variability inS 96%, but inL only 32%, is found to be accounted for by the combined effect of the variations in the solar and magnetic activities.
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  • 97
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 294-308 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon ; Helium ; Earthquake ; Springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two continuous radon monitors (CRMs) have been deployed at Arrowhead Hot Springs along the San Andreas fault near San Bernardino and at Murrieta Hot Springs along the Elsinore fault. The recorded hourly and daily radon variations during 1983 are within ±5% of the mean values. The radon levels increased, however, by about 10–20% above their normal baseline levels in midyear. Several small-magnitude earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) occurred within 20 km of the Arrowhead site near the end of the period of the radon increase. Discrete radon and helium monitoring at Arrowhead Springs since 1974 has recorded one definite precursory anomaly: a shapr increase of radon and helium (and also other dissolved gases) in 1979 by as much as 60% above their baseline levels. This anomaly was followed by the nearby Big Bear earthquake swarm (main shock,M=4.8) 45 days later. A similar increase was recorded during the first half of 1983, and it was followed by several small earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) within 20 km of the Arrowhead site. In both cases radon and helium increased proportionally, indicating mixing between the deep-source water and the surface water at variable proportions. Comparison of radon values in gas and in liquid phases indicates that radon is not in equilibrium between the two phases but is distributed preferentially in the gas phase by a factor of 20 to 25. (Only about 5% or less of groundwater radon is in the dissolved phase.) At both sites the dissolved radon is much lower than that expected from solubility.
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  • 98
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radon ; Groundwater ; Long Valley caldera ; Seismicity ; Earth tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the Long Valley caldera, where seismicity has continued essentially uninterrupted since mid-1980 and uplift is documented, samples of water from hot, warm, and cold springs have been collected since September, 1982, and their222Rn concentrations analyzed. Concurrently, rocks encompassing the hydrologic systems feeding the springs were analyzed for their radioelement contents, because their uranium is the ultimate source of the222Rn in the water. The222Rn concentration in the springs varies inversely with their temperature and specific conductance. High concentrations (1500 to 2500 picocuries per liter) occur in dilute cold springs on the margins of the caldera, while low contents (12 to 25 pCi/l) occur in hot to boiling springs. Springwater radon concentrations also correlate slightly with the uranium content of the encompassing rocks. A continuous monitoring system was installed in August, 1983, at a spring issuing from basalt, to provide hourly records of radon concentration. A gamma detector is submerged in a natural pool, and we have observed that the radioactivity measured in this manner is due almost entirely to the222Rn concentration of the water. Initial operation shows diurnal and semidiurnal variations in the222Rn concentration of the springwater that are ascribed to earth tides, suggesting that those variations are responding to small changes in stress in the rocks encompassing the hydrologic system.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 863-877 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Barriers and asperities along the Japan trench east of Tohoku (north-eastern Honshu) are outlined by investigating the distribution of source areas of earthquakes withM≥6 in the time period 1926 to 1981. The earthquakes were grouped into three magnitude ranges: A: 6.0≤M≤6.4, B: 6.5≤M≤7.0 and C: 7.1≤M≤8.1. The following feature is found to be common to all three groups: Either the source areas do not substantially overlap, or they superpose almost perfectly. Only a very small number of events show partial overlapping of source areas. The events of group A tend to align along several NW-SE oriented zones with distinct interspaces. These zones do not follow the regional stress field but show excellent correlation with the direction perpendicular to the magnetic anomaly lineations of the ocean floor in this area. The events of group B and C generally fill in the spatial gaps of group A. In terms of the barrier model this can be explained by barriers of varying strength through which the fracture process of smaller magnitude events does not propagate and that of larger events is not inhibited. The direction of the group A barriers suggests that they have been developed at the time of creation of the oceanic lithosphere and possibly relate to ancient transform faults now buried by sediments. Since the accuracy of epicenter locations is crucial for this kind of investigation, 45 events between 1963 and 1979 have been relocated by the joint epicenter determination method.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 878-893 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Petatlan earthquake ; Foreshocks and aftershocks ; Asperities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A close correlation in spatial distribution of local seismic activity and energy release patterns before and after the 1979 Petatlan, Mexico earthquake suggests heterogeneity within the fault plane of this major low-angle thrust event associated with subduction along the Middle America Trench. A simple two-asperity model is proposed to account for the complexity. Foreshocks and aftershocks of the neighboring 1981 Playa Azul earthquake showed a similar pattern. As both events occurred at the junction of the Orozco Fracture Zone and the Middle America Trench, we speculate that the observed complex fault plane is caused by subduction of the rugged ocean floor of the Orozco Fracture Zone. Short-term precursory seismicity prior to the Petatlan earthquake can be explained by using the asperity model and migration of a slip front from the south-east to the north-west across the main shock source region.
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