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  • General Chemistry  (9,374)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1980-1984  (5,201)
  • 1970-1974  (6,712)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Trapped-proton energy spectrum determination (M0002-1) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to measure the flux and energy spectrum of protons with energies of 1 to MeV. These protons are trapped on the Earth's magnetic field lines as part of the inner radiation belt, or Van Allen zone. The proton will be encountered predominantly in the South Atlantic anomaly at a 90 deg pitch angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 109-112
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  • 2
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    A high-resolution study of ultra-heavy cosmic-ray nuclei (A0178) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The main objective of the experiment is a detailed study of the charge spectra of ultraheavy cosmic-ray nuclei from zinc (Z = 30) to uranium (Z = 92) and beyond using solid-state track detectors. Special emphasis will be placed on the relative abundances in the region Z or - 65, which is thought to be dominated by r-process nucleosynthesis. Subsidiary objectives include the study of the cosmic-ray transiron spectrum a search for the postulated long-lived superheavy (SH) nuclei (Z or = 110), such as (110) SH294, in the contemporary cosmic radiation. The motivation behind the search for super-heavy nuclei is based on predicted half-lives that are short compared to the age of the Earth but long compared to the age of cosmic rays. The detection of such nuclei would have far-reaching consequences for nuclear structure theory. The sample of ultraheavy nuclei obtained in this experiment will provide unique opportunities for many tests concerning element nucleosynthesis, cosmic-ray acceleration, and cosmic-ray propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 101-104
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  • 3
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    Linear energy transfer spectrum measurement experiment (P0006) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The linear energy transfer (LET) is the energy deposited per unit path length of charged particle traversing matter. For estimating the rate of damage from single-hit phenomena, the quantity that best combines the radiation environment, orbital situation, and spacecraft shielding is the linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum at the device location. This experiment will measure the LET spectrum behind different shielding configurations for approximately 1 year. The shielding will be increased in increments of approximately 1 G/sq cm up to a maximum shieldng of 16 G/sq cm. In addition to providing critical information to future spacecraft designers, these measurements will also provide data that will be extremely valuable to other experiments on LDEF.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 115-116
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  • 4
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    Heavy ions in space (M0001) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The ojectives are to investigate three components of heavy nuclei in space: (1) a recently observed anomalous component of low-energy nuclei of N, O, and Ne; (2) the heavy nuclei in the Van Allen radiation belts; and (3) the UH nuclei (Z 30) of the galactic radiation. The study of the anomalous flux of N, O, and Ne nuclei in the unexplored energy region above 100 MeV/u is expected to provide new insights into the source of this component. Its observation in this experiment will confirm that these ions are singly charged. Knowledge of the energy spectra of the heavy nuclei observed in the Van Allen belts is expected to enhance the understanding of the origin of the belts (e.g., injection and local acceleration pocesses). The observation of these heavy ions could show, for the first time, that low-energy particles of extraterrestrial origin can diffuse to the innermost parts of the magnetosphere. Measurements of the UH component are expected to contribute information concerning its source, interstellar propagation, and the galactic storage time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 105-108
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  • 5
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    Measurement of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei on LDEF (M0002-2) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to measure the elemental and isotopic abundamces of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei with nuclear charge Z equal to or greater than 3. The chemical and energy spectra will be measured for particles that have energies in the range from 20 to 1000 MeV per atomic mass unit. Two points of great interest are geomagneticaly forbidden cosmic-ray particles and heavy ions of the trapped radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 113-114
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  • 6
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    Effect of the Mott cross section on charge identification in the HEAO-3 Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Corrections to the Z-squared dependence of ion chamber and Cherenkov response due to the Mott cross section are calculated for the HEAO-3 Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment. The effect of the production and escape of high energy secondary electrons on detector response is accounted for by numerical calculations. These secondary electron effects are shown to influence the size of the non Z-squared effects and thus affect the charge assignments and detector resolution. The Bloch and relativistic Bloch corrections are not included in the results presented here but may be combined with the Mott corrections when the Bloch corrections are properly evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (ISSN 0167-5087); 225; 185-194
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  • 7
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    Propagation of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Techniques for modeling the propagation of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei, and the required atomic and nuclear data, are assembled in this paper. Emphasis is on understanding nuclear composition in the charge range Z = 3-83. Details of the application of 'matrix methods' above a few hundred MeV/nucleon, a new treatment of electron capture decay, and a new table of cosmic ray-stable isotopes are presented. Computation of nuclear fragmentation cross sections, stopping power, and electron stripping and attachment are briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 56; 369-391
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  • 8
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    The interplanetary scattering mean free path - Collisionless wave-damping effects (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of dissipation in the scattering of charged particles in the interplanetary medium (IPM) is analyzed to obtain a model for the interplanetary magnetic turbulence spectrum that yields particle free paths (PEP) which agree with observational data. The scattering processes are attributed to waves with small wavelengths intersected by particles with zero pitch angles. The waves, being strongly damped by collisionless cyclotron damping in the ambient thermal plasma, produce reduced scattering and longer MFPs. The model, which includes the damping factor, was used to generate proton propagation maps at kinetic energy levels of under, over, and within the 5 MeV-2 GeV range. The results, when compared with observational data, displayed good agreement. The same held true for the MFP propagation of energetic electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 285; 400-410
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  • 9
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    The case for antiparticles in the extragalactic cosmic radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of an excess of low-energy antiprotons in the primary cosmic radiation has given rise to several possible explanations, some of which involve exotic processes such as mini-black holes and extragalactic antiparticles. The latter possibility is considered, and it is shown that there are interesting implications for the cosmic radiation at higher energies. Indeed, it may be possible to account for a previously puzzling feature of the cosmic ray spectrum (a 'bump' in the range between 10 to the 14th and 10 to the 15th eV) by hypothesizing a primary extragalactic origin for the bulk of the observed cosmic ray antiprotons, although such an explanation is not unique. In this model, most of the cosmic rays above 10 to the 15th eV are extragalactic. A method of testing this hypothesis experimentally is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 309; 37
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  • 10
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    Arcsecond Positions for Milliarcsecond VLBI Nuclei of Extragalactic Radio Sources, Part 2: 207 Sources (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-11
    Description: Very long base interferometry measurements of time delay and fringe frequency at 2.29 GHz on baselines of 10,000 km between Deep Space Network stations were used to determine the positions of the milliarcsecond nuclei in 207 extragalactic radio sources. Estimated accuracies generally range from approximately 0.1 to approximately 1.0, in both right ascension and declination, with all sources having uncertainties 4" in both coordinates. The observed sources are part of an all-sky VLBI catalog of milliarcsecond radio sources. Arcsecond positions are now determined for 752 of these sources. Arcsecond positions serve as a useful starting point in the construction of high-precision VLBI reference frames and are also important for unambiguous determination of optical counterparts to compact radio sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-11
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  • 11
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    Low energy antiprotons from supernova exploding in dense clouds (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The antiproton spectrum resulting from a supernova, which exploded inside a dense cloud, is calculated by taking into account all energy loss processes including adiabatic deceleration during the expansion phase. The influence of various energy loss processes on the evolution of the spectrum as the supernova expands is investigated. It is shown that if about 25 percent of the cosmic ray nucleons are from such sources, the observed low energy antiprotons can be explained, provided the effect of solar modulation is not very large. The possibility of obtaining enhanced low energy spectrum by this process is also examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 12
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    Characteristics of the magnetospheric source of interplanetary energetic particles (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Earth's bow shock is frequently cited as an example of an astrophysical shock where particle acceleration is observed. However, because energetic particles observed upstream of the bow shock may be accelerated within the magnetosphere, it is important to understand the properties of the magnetospheric source. A first order picture of the spatial distribution of magnetospheric particles in the magnetosheath and upstream is obtained by mapping those magnetic field lines which drape over the magnetopause through the bow shock. Subsets of these field lines that connect to potential sites of magnetic merging on the magnetopause are also traced in the event that leakage occurs preferentially where normal components of the field are present across the boundary. The results can be used to determine whether the so-called diffuse particles observed upstream are accelerated locally or within the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Neilsen Eng. and Res., Inc. Appl. of A Global Solar Wind/Planetary Obstacle Interaction Computational Model 18p (SEE N84-26509 16-88)
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  • 13
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    Cosmic ray exposure ages of iron meteorites, complex irradiation and the constancy of cosmic ray flux in the past (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: While previous calculations of potassium ages assumed a constant cosmic ray flux and a single stage (no change in size) exposure of iron meteorites, present calculations relaxed these constancy assumptions and the results reveal multistage irradiations for some 25% of the meteorites studied, implying multiple breakup in space. The distribution of exposure ages suggests several major collisions (based on chemical composition and structure), although the calibration of age scales is not yet complete. It is concluded that shielding-corrected (corrections which depend on size and position of sample) production rates are consistent for the age bracket of 300 to 900 years. These production rates differ in a systematic way from those calculated for present day fluxes of cosmic rays (such as obtained for the last few million years).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 25-29
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  • 14
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    Cosmic ray exposure of SNC meteorites and constraints on their derivation from Mars (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic evidence that several rare meteorites originated from the planet Mars. The eight specimens (4 sphergottites, 3 nakhlites, and 1 chassignite) possess a variety of characteristics that suggest a mutual relationship. It can be predicted with reasonable confidence that these SNC meteorites were exposed to cosmic rays at relatively shallow depths for three distinct periods of time during the past approximately 10 million years. Within the context of a Martian origin, this implies that either relatively large objects were ejected from Mars at a common time and underwent three disruptive events in space or that three ejection events occurred within the past approximately 10 million years on restricted segments of Martian terrain with 1300 million year-old rocks. If mechanisms can be identified which satisfy the geochemical properties of SNC meteorites, as well as their cosmic ray exposure, and dynamical problems associated with ejection out of a large gravity field, then the case for the SNC meteorites being samples of Mars can become stronger.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 1-4
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  • 15
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    Neutron and gamma-ray signatures for particle acceleration in solar flares (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The production of neutrons, 4 to 7 MeW nuclear gamma rays, positrons and pions resulting from the interaction of flare accelerated particles with the solar atmosphere was calculated. For the energy spectra of these particles the Bessel function predicted by stochastic acceleration and power laws which could result from acceleration at large-scale planar shocks was used, with the thick-target model. It is assumed that in the interaction region the accelerated particles are isotropic. The neutron-to-2.223 MeV photon conversion factors for various flare locations on the Sun are derived by averaging conversion factors over these spectra. Comparing calculations with data confirms that for most gamma-ray flares the bulk of the accelerated particles remain trapped at the Sun and that these particles have spectra similar to the spectra of flare particles observed in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Plasma Astrophys.; p 83-90
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  • 16
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    A universal spectrum for AGNs and QSOs (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of the feedback of e+-e- pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon photon absorption of its own radiation is examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum and Compton losses only, it is shown that for power law index 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can by then reproduce the general characteristics of AGN, QSO spectra from radio to X-rays. It also implies gamma ray emission from these objects consistent with the observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Max-Planck Inst. fuer Physik und Astrophysik X-Ray and UV Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei; p 177-180
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  • 17
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    X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The advantages of X-ray astronomy for studying active galactic nuclei (AGN) are discussed. If the X-ray emission from AGN arises from a region close to the central energy source X-ray observations may provide the best constraints on the central engine. The shape of the X-ray continuum gives information about the mechanism for photon generation; X-ray time variability data can constrain the size and mass of the continuum source; and X-ray occultation data gives constraints on the relative sizes of the continuum source and the intervening absorbing material. Since a fair fraction of the total energy of an AGN is emitted at X-ray wavelengths, direct measurement of the amount and spectral form of this radiation is important for modeling of the optically emitting clouds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Max-Planck Inst. fuer Physik und Astrophysik X-Ray and UV Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei; p 73-87
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  • 18
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    Frequency of fast, narrow gamma-ray bursts (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A duration histogram for 24 gamma-ray burst events detected by an ISEE-3 experiment is presented which suggests the existence of two gamma-ray burst populations. A distribution is also shown of 123 Venera 13 and 14 events which suggests two such populations in each experimental sample, the domains separated with a minimum near 1 or 2 sec. It is pointed out that the results of the Goddard ISEE-3 gamma-ray burst spectrometer actually enhance the appearance of two burst populations suggested in the Venera data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 308; 434
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  • 19
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    A study of the diffuse galactic gamma radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The observed diffuse galactic gamma radiation is compared to that predicted from galactic cosmic ray interactions with galactic matter and photons, assuming that on a broad scale the galactic cosmic rays in the plane are correlated with matter density. Recent considerations of the galactic diffuse matter distribution, particularly the molecular hydrogen, the galactic photon density, and a revised cosmic ray galactic scale height, are included. The predictions are compared to the observational gamma ray longitude distributions, the latitude distribution, and energy spectrum, including the COS-B satellite results, and the COS-B background estimate. Considering the uncertainties, the agreement between the theoretical predictions and the gamma ray data seems generally reasonable, suggesting that the general concepts are likely to be correct. Both the results determined here alone and in conjunction with other work calculating source functions assuming only cosmic ray matter contributions indicate no necessity for a significant point source contribution to the diffuse gamma radiation in the energy range being considered (E(gamma)10 MeV). Previously announced in STAR as N84-18151
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 134; 1, Ma
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  • 20
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    Solar cosmic ray produced neon in lunar soils and their implication for gas-rich meteorite studies (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Characteristic neon isotopic ratios, produced due to solar cosmic ray spallation (SCR) in lunar soils, are useful in deciphering and estimating the relative contributions of SCR and GCR spallation. To delineate these features, etched mineral grains from mature and immature lunar soils (14148 and 61221 respectively) were analyzed using mass spectrometry. The SF-Ne composition deduced in this work agrees with that obtained from earlier etched lunar pyroxene studies. The data points for mature soil 14148 define a line which significantly deviates from the 61221 tie line. This deviation is attributed to the presence of SCR spallation component. In this context, neon isotopic compositions (step-wise heating) in Pantar and Leighton dark portions were studied and compared with that of Fayetteville. The meteorite data points deviate significantly from the tie line joining SF-Ne and GCR (pyroxene) end points. This deviation is attributed to SCR-spallation in gas-rich chondrites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Institute The 47th Ann. Meteoritical Soc. Meeting; 1 p
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  • 21
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    The low-energy secondary cosmic ray flux: Detectors in iron meteorites (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The cosmic ray-produced nuclides in the interiors of very large bodies are mainly due to secondary particle reactions. The records of low-energy products, specifically the neutron capture products in meteorites, may provide new information regarding multi-stage irradiation and parent body break-ups. Noble gas nuclides, in general, are the best candidates for these investigations. The troilite nodules of iron meteorites contain very low amounts of trapped gas and, because of their elemental abundance systematics of suitable target elements for low energy production of noble gas nuclides, they are ideal candidates for this purposes. Results of a study of noble gases and nitrogen in a troilite nodule of the Cape York iron are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Institute The 47th Ann. Meteoritical Soc. Meeting; 1 p
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  • 22
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    Antiprotons - Past and future (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A review of cosmic ray antiproton observations is presented. The data from two experiments detecting fluxes above a few GeV, and an observation of an antiproton flux below 1 GeV are analyzed. The explanation for antiprotons of high energy with models, such as the modified closed galaxy of Peters and Westergaard (1977), which center around mechanisms that enhance production and/or storage of antiprotons relative to heavier nuclei is studied. Theories for low eenrgy antiprotons based on an energy changing process after production or the existence of a primary source are examined. The observations of positrons and helium-3 fluxes that reveal excesses similar to the antiproton excess are described. Future experiments to study antiprotons at 1-5 GeV and planned observations of antiprotons in the 1-15 GeV range using a magnet spectrometer system are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 23
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    Observations of cosmic ray acceleration in solar system shock waves - Implications for galactic cosmic ray acceleration (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Many models of galactic cosmic ray acceleration utilize supernova shock waves to accelerate ambient ions and electrons to very high energies. Although the supernova shock acceleration process cannot be directly observed, the interplanetary shock acceleration process has been observed in situ for 20 years. The main features of solar system shock acceleration observations are briefly reviewed and their implications for supernova acceleration models discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 24
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    Collisionless Shock Waves in the Solar Terrestrial Environment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Natural shocks, magnetohydrodynamics, shock extensions, global asymmetries, shock profiles, quasiperpendicular supercritical process; ion dynamics and field structure, numerical simulations, ion reflection machinery, electrons, instabilities, phenomenology, and ion acceleration were described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Terrest. Phys.; 58 p
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  • 25
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    Starbursts in Galaxies: Implications of Molecular and Far-infrared Observations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Starburst galaxies are defined in several ways (colors, optical spectroscopic signatures, and excess radio flux), and observational evidence indicating that episodes of rapid star formation occur in many galaxies with active nuclei is presented. There is a good correlation of 100 micron luminosity with CO emission, and of both quantities with excess nonthermal radio flux. This fact requires some linkage between central and global star formation rates. In addition, the presence of starbusts distorts the appearance of the molecular gas in which they occur. Using far infrared color temperatures and comparisons of CO isotopes, it is shown that the strong (12)CO emission in these galaxies does not accurately trace the H2 distribution, probably because the starburst raises the avearage temperature of the cloud ensemble.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 287-291
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  • 26
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    A new study of shower age distribution in near vertical showers by EAS air shower array (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The air shower array has been developed since it started operation in 1931. The array covering an area of 900 sq m now incorporates 21 particle density sampling detectors around two muon magnetic spectrographs. The air showers are detected in the size range 10 to the 4th power to 10 to the 6th power particles. A total of 11000 showers has so far been detected. Average values of shower age have been obtained in various shower size ranges to study the dependence of shower age on shower size. The core distance dependence of shower age parameter has also been analyzed for presentation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 101-104; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 27
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    Detailed studies of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers with energies around 10(16) eV (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Detailed studies have been performed of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers using the Lodz extensive air shower array. The showers were grouped according to their particle densities around 20 m from the core. The grouping was made in very narrow intervals of the densities. For every group of showers and for every distance interval /changing by 5 m/ histograms of the numbers of electron counters discharged have been obtained. The trays of G.M counters were located at following distances from the center of the triggering detectors array: 16 m, 76 m, 117 m, 137 m, 141 m and 147 m.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 111-113; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 28
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    Phenomenology of soft hadron interactions and the relevant EAS data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The interpretation of the experimental data in superhigh energy cosmic rays requires the calculations using various models of elementary hadron interaction. One should prefer the models justified by accelerator data and giving definite predictions for superhigh energies. The model of quark-gluon pomeron strings (the QGPS models) satisfies this requirement.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 44-47; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 29
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    On the record of galactic cosmic ray flux and traffic break-ups in iron meteorites (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Iron meteorites contain the record of the galactic cosmic ray intensity over a 100 to 1000 Myr time scale. A method was developed to calculate the cosmic ray exposure ages of iron meteorites. Discrepanices between exposure ages are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Institute The 47th Ann. Meteoritical Soc. Meeting; 1 p
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  • 30
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    Three precise gamma-ray burst source locations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The precise source regions of three moderately intense gamma ray bursts are derived. These events were observed with the first interplanetary burst sensor network. The optimum locations of the detectors, widely separated throughout the inner solar system, allowed for high accuracy, over-determined source fields of size 0.7 to 7.0 arc-min(2). All three locations are at fairly high galactic latitude in regions of low source confusion; none can be identified with a steady source object. Archived photographs were searched for optical transients that are able to be associated with these source fields; one such association was made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86132 , NAS 1.15:86132
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    High time resolution observations of corotating interaction region proton events by Pioneer 11 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pioneer 11 high-time resolution, 1-min observations of energetic (about 1 MeV) proton events associated with the corotating interaction regions (CIR) are presented, together with pitch angle distributions and crude differential spectra in the energy range 0.6-3.4 MeV. The principal finding of the study is evidence for the persistent flow of protons with energies about 1 MeV away from CIR shocks. This evidence comes from the analysis of pitch angle distributions. The observations are found to be in good agreement with the hypothesis of local interplanetary shock acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A140415 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 37-46
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  • 32
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    Observations of the dynamics of the cosmic ray modulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New measurements of the outward propagation of the cosmic ray modulation and large transient decreases at a radial distance of 10-30 AU from the earth are reported. Also, new observations of the hysteresis effect in the 11-year modulation are presented for two solar cycles, and an attempt is made to reproduce the long-term modulation at earth from the observed transient or Forbush decreases. The results indicate that steady-state, spherically symmetric models of the heliosphere are not capable of explaining the 11-year variation. A time-dependent solution to the cosmic ray transport equation is required to describe the solar cosmic ray modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 17-25
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  • 33
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    Fundamental and harmonic emission in interplanetary type 2 radio bursts (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Three interplanetary type II radio bursts which show two prominent and long duration bands in their dynamic spectra were analyzed in detail and compared to similar bands in meter wavelength type II events. These bands, which differ by a factor of about two in frequency, were interpreted in terms of fundamental and harmonic emission. The fundamental component has a greater average intensity than the harmonic, due largely to short intense brightenings. The fundamental spectral profile is more narrow than that of the harmonic, with harmonic band typically exhibiting a larger bandwidth to frequency ratio than the fundamental by a factor of two. The fundamental has a larger source size than the harmonic, 160 degrees versus 110 degrees, on average, as viewed from the Sun. Two of the events have source positions which correlate well with the associated flare positions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86099 , NAS 1.15:86099
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  • 34
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    Mean excitation energies for stopping powers in various materials using local plasma oscillator strengths (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The basic model of Lindhard and Scharff, known as the local plasma model, is used to study the effects on stopping power of the chemical and physical state of the medium. Unlike previous work with the local plasma model, in which individual electron shifts in the plasma frequency were estimated empirically, he Pines correction derived for a degenerate Fermi gas is shown herein to provide a reasonable estimate, even on the atomic scale. Thus, the model is moved to a complete theoretical base requiring no empirical adjustments, as characteristic of past applications. The principal remaining error is in the overestimation of the low-energy absorption properties that are characteristic of the plasma model in the region of the atomic discrete spectrum, although higher-energy phenomena are accurately represented, and even excitation-to-ionization ratios are given to fair accuracy. Mean excitation energies for covalent-bonded gases and solids, for ionic gases and crystals, and for metals are calculated using first-order models of the bonded states.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TP-2271 , L-15731 , NAS 1.60:2271
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  • 35
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    Voyager observations of Jovian millisecond radio bursts (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Voyager Planetary Radio Astronomy data collected over 30-day intervals centered on the two close encounters with Jupiter were utilized to study the characteristics of millisecond-duration radio bursts (s-bursts) at frequencies between 5 and 15 MHz. In this frequency range, s-bursts are found to occur almost independently of Central Meridian Longitude and to depend entirely on the phase of Io with respect to the observer's planetocentric line of sight. Individual bursts typically cover a total frequency range of about 1.5 to 3 MHz, and they are usually strongly circularly polarized. Most bursts in a particular s-burst storm will exhibit the same polarization sense (either right-hand or left-hand), and there is some evidence for a systematic pattern in which one polarizations sense is preferred over the other as a function of Io phase and Central Meridian Longitude. These data are all suggestive of a radio source that is located along the instantaneous Io flux tube and that extends over a linear dimension of 5000 km along the field lines in both the northern and southern Hemispheres.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86052 , NAS 1.15:86052
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  • 36
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    Two probable optical flashes from gamma-ray bursters (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two images on archival photographic plates which are most likely records of optical flashes from gamma-ray bursters (GRBs) were examined. One of these images appears on a 1901 plate in the field of the 5 Nov. 1979 GRB, while the other is in the field of the 13 Jan. 1979 GRB on a plate exposed in 1944. The 1901 optical transient image is circular in shape, while all normal star images are trailed by 8 in. No optical transients are found in a control region which is 34.3 times larger than the GRB error regions examined. Independent limits on the optical flash rate from the sky yield a probability of less than 0.0001 that any one of the optical transients is due to a background flash. A total exposure of 2.7 years was examined for GRB flashes at known GRB locations on the Harvard plates and a total of three GRB flashes were seen, that the average recurrence time scale for optical flashes is roughly one year. The optical fluence of these optical flashes was measured. For the three currently known GRB optical flashes, the ratio of gamma-ray fluence (from a modern burst) to the optical fluence (from a archival burst) were measured to be 800, 900, and 900.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86126 , NAS 1.15:86126
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  • 37
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    TOPEX orbital radiation study (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The space radiation environment of the TOPEX spacecraft is investigated. A single trajectory was considered. The external (surface incident) charged particle radiation, predicted for the satellite, is determined by orbital flux integration for the specified trajectory. The latest standard models of the environment are used in the calculations. The evaluation is performed for solar maximum conditions. The spacecraft exposure to cosmic rays of galactic origin is evaluated over its flight path through the magnetosphere in terms of geomagnetic shielding effects, both for surface incident heavy ions and for particles emerging behind different material thickness. Limited shielding and dose evaluations are performed for simple infinite slab and spherical geometries. Results, given in graphical and tabular form, are analyzed, explained, and discussed. Conclusions are presented and commented on.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85447 , X-601-84-10 , NAS 1.15:85447
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  • 38
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    Limits on soft X-ray flux from distant emission regions (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The all-sky soft X-ray data of McCammon et al. and the new N sub H survey (Stark et al. was used to place limits on the amount of the soft X-ray diffuse background that can originate beyond the neutral gas of the galactic disk. The X-ray data for two regions of the sky near the galactic poles are shown to be uncorrelated with 21 cm column densities. Most of the observed x-ray flux must therefore originate on the near side of the most distant neutral gas. The results from these regions are consistent with X-ray emission from a locally isotropic, unabsorbed source, but require large variations in the emission of the local region over large angular scales.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173591 , NAS 1.26:173591
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  • 39
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    The magnetic field of Mars: Implications from gasdynamics modeling (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: On January 21, 1972 the Mars-3 spacecraft observed a variation in the magnetic field during its periapsis passage over the dayside of Mars that was suggestive of entry into a Martian magnetosphere. The original data and trajectory have been obtained to simulate the observed variation of the magnetic field using gasdynamics. In the gasdynamic model, a flow field is first generated and then this flowfield is used to carry the interplanetary magnetic field through the Martian magnetosheath. The independence of the flow field and magnetic field calculation allows rapid convergence on an IMF orientation which would result in a magnetic variation similar to that observed by Mar-3. There appears to be no need to invoke an entry into a Martian magnetosphere to explain these observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Neilsen Eng. and Res., Inc. Appl. of A Global Solar Wind/Planetary Obstacle Interaction Computational Model 24p (SEE N84-26509 16-88)
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  • 40
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    High resolution hard X-ray spectra of solar and cosmic sources (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: High resolution hard X-ray observations of a large solar flare and the Crab Nebula were obtained during balloon flights using an array of cooled germanium planar detectors. In addition, high time resolution high sensitivity measurements were obtained with a 300 square cm NaI/CsI phoswich scintillator. The Crab spectrum from both flights was searched without finding evidence of line emission below 200 keV. In particular, for the 73 keV line previously reported a 3 sigma upper limit for a narrow (1 keV FWHM) line .0019 and .0014 ph square cm/sec for the 1979 and 1980 flights, respectively was obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173561 , NAS 1.26:173561
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  • 41
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    A study of the diffuse galactic gamma radiation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The observed diffuse galactic gamma radiation is compared to that predicted from galactic cosmic ray interactions with galactic matter and photons, assuming that on a broad scale the galactic cosmic rays in the plane are correlated with matter density. Recent considerations of the galactic diffuse matter distribution, particularly the molecular hydrogen, the galactic photon density, and a revised cosmic ray galactic scale height, are included. The predictions are compared to the observational gamma ray longitude distributions, the latitude distribution, and energy spectrum, including the COS-B satellite results, and the COS-B background estimate. Considering the uncertainties, the agreement between the theoretical predictions and the gamma ray data seems generally reasonable, suggesting that the general concepts are likely to be correct. Both the results determined here alone and in conjunction with other work calculating source functions assuming only cosmic ray matter contributions indicate no necessity for a significant point source contribution to the diffuse gamma radiation in the energy range being considered (E(gamma)10 MeV).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86055 , NAS 1.15:86055
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  • 42
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    Limits on diffuse X-ray emission from M101 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observed limits on diffuse X-ray emission from M101 require that the temperature of any coronal or matrix hot gas which is radiating an appreciable part ( 10%) of the average supernova power be less than 10(5.7)K. Furthermore, the fraction of the galactic plane occupied by hot buttles similar to the one which apparently surrounds the Sun is at most 25% in the region between 10 kpc and 20 kpc from the galactic center.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-170978 , NAS 1.26:170978
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  • 43
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    Power law X- and gamma-ray emission from relativistic thermal plasmas (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pair equilibrium in thermal plasmas emitting power law photon spectra by repeated Compton scatterings of a soft photon source active galactic nuclei was studied. Dependence of the spectral index on optical thickness and on temperature of the plasma is discussed. The equation for pair equilibrium is solved for the maximum steady luminosity. Analytical solutions for the subrelativistic region, and for the ultrarelativistic region are found. In the transrelativistic region the solutions are expressed by single integrals over the pair production cross sections, performed numerically. The constraints on soft photon source imposed by the condition that the soft photon flux cannot exceed the black-body flux are considered. For the Comptonized synchrotron radiation model a relation between magnetic field strength and output luminosity is found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Max-Planck Inst. fuer Physik und Astrophysik X-Ray and UV Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei; p 188-192
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  • 44
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    Cosmic ray propagation in the local superbubble (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is suggested that a ring of HI gas lying in the galactic plane is part of a supershell which formed some 3 x to the 7th power years ago. The consequences of a closed magnetic supershell for cosmic ray propagation are examined and it is concluded that there is no evidence which precludes the production and trapping of cosmic rays in such a region. A consequence of superbubble confinement is that the mean age of cosmic rays would be independent of energy. This can be tested by high energy observations of the isotopic composition of Be.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85030 , NAS 1.15:85030
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  • 45
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    Photon-photon absorption and the uniqueness of the spectra of active galactic nuclei (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of the feedback of e(+)-e(-) pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon-photon absorption of its own radiation was examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum E to the minus gamma power and Compton losses only, it is shown that for gamma 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can, by synchrotron emission, reproduce the general characteristics of the observed radio to optical active galactic nuclei spectra. Inverse Compton scattering of the synchrotron photons by the same electron distribution can account for their X-ray spectra, and also implies gamma ray emission from these objects. This result is invoked to account for the similarity of these spectra, and it is consistent with observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86117 , NAS 1.15:86117
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  • 46
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    Nuclear processes in the jets of SS433 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The very narrow gamma-ray lines observed at 1.495 and 6.695 MeV from SS433 which are blueshifted 1.369 and 6.129 emissions from deexcitations of (24)Mg* and (16)O* in grains moving with the jets and inelastically excited by interactions with the ambient medium are discussed. Energetic particle interactions in grains produce very narrow gamma ray lines from deexcitation of nuclear levels whose lifetimes are long enough that the excited nuclei stop before deexcitation. The presence of grains in the jets resolves hitherto discussed difficulties of inelastic excitation models for gamma ray production in SS433, the very narrow widths of the observed lines and the absence of other strong lines, expected from abundant elements. A model is proposed which could be distinguished from a previously proposed fusion model by gamma ray line observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86109 , NAS 1.15:86109
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  • 47
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    Extragalactic radio sources (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The standard model for extragalactic variable radio sources comprises an isotropically expanding plasmoid with frozen magnetic flux and an electron distribution which evolves adiabatically. This model leads to the following relaton between the peak luminosity L (sub nu, m) and the relevant frequency nu(sub m) which are functions of time: L(sub nu,m) is proportional to nu(sub m)(n) where N = (7n + 5)/(4n + 5). In this expression, n is the spectral index in the optically thin part of the spectrum, where L (sub nu) is proportional to nu (-n). For n in the range 0.5 to 1.5, the standard model yields N in the range 1.2 to 1.4. By contrast, analysis of observational data yields estimates of N in a small range about the mean value 0.4, in clear contradiction with the standard model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173606 , NAS 1.26:173606 , CSSA-ASTRO-84-04
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  • 48
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    Cosmic rays and the emission line regions of active galactic nuclei (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects that the synchrotron emitting relativistic electrons could have on the emission line regions which characterize active nuclei are discussed. Detailed models of both the inner, dense, broad line region and the outer, lower density, narrow line region are presented, together with the first models of the optically emitting gas often found within extended radio lobes. If the relativistic gas which produces the synchrotron radio emission is mixed with the emission line region gas then significant changes in the emission line spectrum will result. The effects of the synchrotron emitting electrons on filaments in the Crab Nebula are discussed in an appendix, along with a comparison between the experimental calculations, which employ the mean escape probability formalism, and recent Hubbard and Puetter models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86110 , NAS 1.15:86110
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  • 49
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    Hard X-ray and microwave morphology (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An in depth analysis of data (and comparison with observation) from SMM and Hinotori on the Hard X-ray and Microwave Morphology of the flares was conducted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173568 , NAS 1.26:173568 , SU-CSSA-ASTRO-84-08
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    The path-length distribution for galactic cosmic-ray propagation - An energy-dependent depletion of short path lengths (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is shown that at low energies, the depletion of short path lengths in the interstellar cosmic-ray path-length distribution is a function of energy, decreasing in magnitude with increasing energy. The analysis leading to this conclusion is based on the comparison of compiled data for the B/C and sub-Fe/Fe ratios at 0.08-50 GeV per nucleon, with the results of detailed galactic propagation and solar modulation calculations, which include experimental values for the important nuclear cross sections. This energy dependence of the depletion resolves some of the conflicts between previous reports on the question of short path lengths and may be explained by models including a matter distribution around discrete sources or, possibly, by models invoking waves generated by particle-magnetic field interactions in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 280; L13-L17
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    Solar modulation of cosmic ray electrons 1978-1983 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ISEE 3 spacecraft has provided over 4 years of continuous data from nearby interplanetary space. By using these data together with prelaunch calibration data and precise electron spectra from balloon flights in 1979 and 1982 at Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, the flux level of approximately 1 GeV cosmic ray electrons with 1 month time resolution is monitored. The step-like onset of modulation observed for positive particles in 1979 is also seen in electrons, confirming that the dominant modulation mechanism is not sensitive to the charge of the particle. Hysteresis effects observed in the previous solar maximum by Burger and Swanenburg (1973) are not reproduced at the present solar maximum. A return to the relatively higher electron/proton ratios of the 1960s is a strong possibility. Conclusions must be drawn with caution, however, since the overall time structure of the present solar maximum is significantly different from that of the previous one.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2647-265
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  • 52
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    On the theory of cosmic-ray-mediated shocks with variable compression ratio (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cosmic-ray-mediated shocks may accelerate enough cosmic rays to high enough energies that they escape the shock, carrying an appreciable amount of energy before being convected to downstream infinity. Under such conditions, it is noted, the overall compression ratio cannot be determined from the conservation equations as in conventional hydrodynamic treatments, and the standard equations for shock acceleration admit arbitrarily high compression ratios. A procedure is outlined for obtaining the structure of high Mach number, cosmic-ray-mediated shocks, including their overall compresion ratio, around a low Mach number viscous subshock. Analytic solutions are obtained by quardrature for an energy-dependent diffusion coefficient in the limit of extreme sensitivity to energy, which, unlike previous solutions, include the finite thermal pressure of the preshock gas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 277; 429-434
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  • 53
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    MHD processes in the outer heliosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The magnetic field measurements from Voyager and the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes in the outer heliosphere are reviewed. A bibliography of the experimental and theoretical work concerning magnetic fields and plasmas observed in the outer heliosphere is given. Emphasis in this review is on basic concepts and dynamical processes involving the magnetic field. The theory that serves to explain and unify the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma observations is magnetohydrodynamics. Basic physical processes and observations that relate directly to solutions of the MHD equations are emphasized, but obtaining solutions of this complex system of equations involves various assumptions and approximations. The spatial and temporal complexity of the outer heliosphere and some approaches for dealing with this complexity are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86137 , NAS 1.15:86137
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  • 54
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    Elemental advances of ultraheavy cosmic rays (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The elemental composition of the cosmic-ray source is different from that which has been generally taken as the composition of the solar system. No general enrichment of products of either r-process or s-process nucleosynthesis accounts for the differences over the entire range of ultraheavy (Z 30) elements; specific determination of nucleosynthetic contributions to the differences depends upon an understanding of the nature of any acceleration fractionation. Comparison between the cosmic-ray source abundances and the abundances of C1 and C2 chondritic meteorites suggests that differences between the cosmic-ray source and the standard (C1) solar system may not be due to acceleration fractionation of the cosmic rays, but rather to a fractionation of the C1 abundances with respect to the interstellar abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173650 , NAS 1.26:173650
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  • 55
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    A radiometric Bode's Law: Predictions for Uranus (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The magnetospheres of three planets, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, are known to be sources of intense, nonthermal radio bursts. The emissions from these sources undergo pronounced long term intensity fluctuations that are caused by the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere of each planet. Determinations by spacecraft of the low frequency radio spectra and radiation beam geometry now permit a reliable assessment of the overall efficiency of the solar wind in stimulating these emissions. Earlier estimates of how magnetospheric radio output scales with the solar wind energy input must be revised greatly, with the result that, while the efficiency is much lower than previously thought, it is remarkably uniform from planet to planet. The formulation of a radiometric Bode's Law from which a planet's magnetic moment is estimated from its radio emission output is presented. Applying the radiometric scaling law to Uranus, the low-frequency radio power is likely to be measured by the Voyager 2 spacecraft as it approaches this planet.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86074 , NAS 1.15:86074
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  • 56
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    The case for antiparticles in the extragalactic cosmic radiation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The presence of an excess of low energy antiprotons in the primary cosmic radiation has given rise to a number of possible explanations. The possibility that these are extragalactic in origin is considered and it is shown that there are interesting implications for the bulk of the cosmic radiation at higher energies. In particular, it may be possible to account for a previously puzzling feature, a bump in the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the energy range 10(14) to 10(15) eV, with this primary extragalactic origin hypothesis. A method for testing this hypothesis experimentally is also described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86070 , NAS 1.15:86070
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  • 57
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    Energy dependence of the P(bar)/P ratio in cosmic rays (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The antiproton/proton /P(bar)/P/ratio is presented for seven kinetic energy intervals from 4.4 - 13.4 GeV. The P(bar) were observed in 1979 by the New Mexico State University balloon-borne magnet spectrometer. The observations are compared to various models including secondary production in a leaky box. A decline in the P(bar)/P ratio at low energies is expected if the P(bar) are produced as secondaries. The data are consistent with such a decline but the P(bar)/P ratio is much higher than expected. The confidence level is less than 0.0001 for a model based on a leaky box with a mean-matter-traversed lambda of 7 gm/sq cm. The best leaky-box-model fit obtained by varying lambda gives a confidence level of 0.12 for lambda l= 21 + or - 3 gm/sq c. Results are also presented for fits based on the closed-galaxy and other models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters (ISSN 0004-6388); 24; 2 19
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    1979 January 13 - An intense gamma-ray burst with a possible associated optical transient (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The time history, energy spectra, and precise localization of the intense January 13, 1979 gamma-ray burst, observed by five spacecraft in the interplanetary network, are presented. The time history displays a pulse-afterpulse structure suggestive of periodicity. Fine time resolution spectral analysis shows that a wide variety of models can be used to fit individual spectra, while spectra integrated over longer periods are well fitted by a thermal synchrotron law, making it difficult to identify any specific emission mechanism. The precise localization may be consistent with an archival optical transient having no quiescent counterpart down to 22d mag on recent plates.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 286; L5-L9
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  • 59
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    Evidence that the anomalous cosmic-ray component is singly ionized (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from the Cosmic Ray Subsystem on the Voyager spacecraft were used to measure the spectra of He, C, N, O, and Ne with 4-124 MeV per nucleon (for O) during solar minimum conditions near the end of 1977. By subtracting both a low-energy interplanetary component and the high-energy galactic component, the energy spectra of the 'anomalous' cosmic-ray species He, N, O, and Ne are determined. The energy dependences of such spectra are found to depend upon the charge state of the particles, their source spectra, and the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. If the source spectra at the boundary of the modulation region have similar power-law energy dependences, then the observed energy spectra indicate that the anomalous particles are singly ionized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 287; L99-L103
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  • 60
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    A measurement of the absolute flux of cosmic-ray electrons (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A balloon-borne superconducting magnet spectrometer was used to measure the absolute flux of cosmic-ray electrons. The instrument consisted of a gas Cerenkov detector, a momentum spectrometer, and a lead-scintillator shower counter. In order to determine electron flux in the interstellar medium, observed fluxes for energy loss in the atmosphere and the payload were corrected, taking into account solar modulation effects and bremsstrahlung energy losses. Fluxes were measured at an average atmospheric depth of 5.8 g/sq cm, and the solar modulation was 300 MeV. A cosmic-ray electron flux of 367 E to the exp(3.15 + or -0.2) per sq m/sr s GeV was obtained in the energy range 4.5-63.5 GeV. The uncertainty of the absolute (electron-positron) flux was 10 percent. A summary of the electron data is given in a table.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 287; 622-632
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  • 61
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    Elemental abundances of ultraheavy cosmic rays (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The elemental composition of the cosmic-ray source is different from that which has been generally taken as the composition of the solar system. No general enrichment of products of either r-process or s-process nucleosynthesis accounts for the differences over the entire range of ultraheavy elements; specific determination of nucleosynthetic contributions to the differences depends upon an understanding of the nature of any acceleration fractionation. Comparison between the cosmic-ray source abundances and the abundances of C1 and C2 chondritic meteorites suggests the possibility that differences between the cosmic-ray source and the 'standard (C1) solar system' may not be due to acceleration fractionation of the cosmic rays, but may be due instead to a fractionation of the C1 abundances with respect to the interstellar abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 2-3
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  • 62
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    3 keV to 2 MeV observations of four gamma-ray bursts (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simultaneous X and gamma ray spectra were obtained for four gamma ray burst events using satellite instrumentation. The P78-1 satellite proportional counters recorded X-ray data in the 3-10 keV range, while Pioneer Venus Orbiter and ISEE 3 sensors had a 3 keV lower limit for events. The positively correlated data covered the events GB 790307, 790325, 790504, and 790731. The time histories of the X and gamma ray energies did not correlate well. The post-gamma ray phase of GB 790307 displayed features of simple cooling, and in conjunction with soft X-ray data suggested an origin in an optically thin fireball. However, the data were equally well-fitted by a model of an emitting hot spot on a neutron star. The data negated any concept that gamma ray bursts evolve similarly to classical X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 286; 681-690
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  • 63
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    The cosmic-ray pathlength distribution at low energy - A new probe of the source/acceleration regions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Compiled measurements of secondary to primary ratios covering the charge range Z = 3-26 and the energy range 0.05 - 50 GeV/nucleon are analyzed in energy dependent galactic propagation plus solar modulation calculations. The cosmic ray pathlength distribution is shown to consist of two energy dependent components interpreted as representing confinement in the galaxy and confinement in the 'source' regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 2-3; 215-218
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  • 64
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    The isotopic composition of cosmic rays (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of the isotopic composition of the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, calcium, iron and nickel are reviewed and 'best' values of selected isotope ratios are derived from the collected data. A simple model of cosmic ray propagation is employed to deduce cosmic ray source abundance ratios both from these best values and from the observations made in a recent high resolution satellite experiment. General features of the cosmic ray source composition are discussed, with emphasis on the enhanced abundances of various neutron rich nuclides and on the distinctly nonsolar character of the nitrogen isotopic abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 2-3
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  • 65
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    Three precise gamma-ray burst source locations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The precise source regions of three moderately intense gamma ray bursts are derived. These events were observed with the first interplanetary burst sensor network. The optimum locations of the detectors, widely separated throughout the inner solar system, allowed for high accuracy, over-determined source fields of size 0.7 to 7.0 arc-min(2). All three locations are at fairly high galactic latitude in regions of low source confusion; none can be identified with a steady source object. Archived photographs were searched for optical transients that are able to be associated with these source fields; one such association was made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 286; L15-L18
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  • 66
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    Cosmic background radiation anisotropies in universes dominated by nonbaryonic dark matter (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Detailed calculations of the temperature fluctuations in the cosmic background radiation for universes dominated by massive collisionless relics of the big bang are presented. An initially adiabatic constant curvature perturbation spectrum is assumed. In models with cold dark matter, the simplest hypothesis - that galaxies follow the mass distribution leads to small-scale anisotropies which exceed current observational limits if omega is less than 0.2 h to the -4/3. Since low values of omega are indicated by dynamical studies of galaxy clustering, cold particle models in which light traces mass are probably incorrect. Reheating of the pregalactic medium is unlikely to modify this conclusion. In cold particle or neutrino-dominated universes with omega = 1, presented predictions for small-scale and quadrupole anisotropies are below current limits. In all cases, the small-scale fluctuations are predicted to be about 10 percent linearly polarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 285; L45-L48
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  • 67
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    Fine-scale anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background in a universe dominated by cold dark matter (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The fine-scale anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation has been studied in cosmological models with a scale-invariant primordial adiabatic density fluctuation spectrum dominated by cold, weakly interacting particles. Normalization of the present fluctuation spectrum to the observed galaxy distribution results in excessive temperature anisotropy when compared to a recent upper limit on 4.5 arcmin unless the density parameter exceeds 0.4. When this result is combined with the requirement that the universe be at least 13 billion years old, it is found that if the cosmological constant is zero, then the density parameter is between roughly 0.4 and 1 and the Hubble constant is between roughly 60 km/s/Mpc and 50 km/s/Mpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 285; L39-L43
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  • 68
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    Production of high-energy gamma rays by cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere and lunar surface (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The production of gamma rays above 10 MeV by the interaction of cosmic rays in the atmosphere and the lunar surface is simulated using Monte Carlo methods. The calculation incorporates a new model of high-energy nucleon-nucleus interactions based on empirical fits to inclusive cross sections for the production of pions and nucleons. The atmospheric gamma ray flux is calculated as a function of direction, energy, and atmospheric depth. These calculations are compared with observations from balloons and from the SAS 2 satellite. Estimates of the flux of earth albedo electrons produced by cosmic ray interactions are presented. The lunar gamma ray albedo is calculated and compared with an upper limit based on SAS 2 measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 10685-10
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  • 69
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    The extragalactic nature of H0323+022 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Imaging and spectroscopic observations probed the nature of the X-ray source H0323+022. It is suggested that H0323+022 is extragalactic, and similar to a variety of other X-ray selected BL Lac objects. The extended image, when combined with estimates of the linear size of an underlying galaxy, implies both visible and X-ray luminosities consistent with this hypothesis. In a stellar interpretation, the angular extension would require attributing yet another unique feature to the object. The interpretation of the stellar absorption spectrum as misidentification of the object at the telescope is supported. Two candidates for that unrelated stellar object, which are also the next closest bright visible objects to the X-ray source are proposed. It is predicted that the late type absorption spectrum will never again be seen in H0323+022.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Max-Planck Inst. fuer Physik und Astrophysik X-Ray and UV Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei; p 47-50
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  • 70
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    The (20)Ne interaction in extended matter (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Although heavy ion transport theory is developed to a relatively advanced stage, the present limitation in biomedical and electronic applications is the uncertainty in nuclear fragmentation parameters. The present status on Ne-20 beams is discussed and useful formulae are presented for future use in analysis of beam transport experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86312 , NAS 1.15:86312
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  • 71
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    Correlation between the He/H ratios in upstream particle events and in the solar wind (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ratio of helium to proton differential intensities at a fixed energy per charge in the diffuse ion population during long-lived upstream particle events is compared with the simultaneously measured solar wind He/H ratio. It is found that the He/H intensity ratio at about 30 keV in upstream events is highly correlated with and on the average directly proportional to the He/H ratio in the solar wind, and larger than the He/H ratio in the solar wind by an average factor of 1.6. It is concluded that the solar wind is the parent population for the diffuse ions. The He abundance in the diffuse component is on average observed to be larger than in the solar wind. The observations are consistent with the predictions of Fermi acceleration models for a seed particle population drawn from the solar wind with little compositional bias and moderately enhanced in He during the acceleration process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 1501-150
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  • 72
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    High time resolution studies of upstream ions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence of phi, the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the earth-sun vector on ions and electrons in the earth's bow shock, was investigated in terms of ISEE 2 data. A small phi was associated with intermediate energy upstream ions and reduced populations of low energy, about 1.6 keV, ion fluxes. The magnitude of phi was closely related to particular, constant energy levels, e.g., a phi of 40 deg and an energy of 30 keV and a phi of 75 deg and an energy of 6 keV. Ion fluxes are high in the angles form 60-80 deg and feature energies of 55-280 keV. The acceleration process up to the high energy levels in the 1-3 min interval from upstream to downstream occurs more rapidly than could be accounted for by a first-order Fermi process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 7577-758
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  • 73
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    Radial gradient of cosmic ray intensity from a comparative study of data from Voyager 1 and 2 and IMP 8 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The IMP 8 satellite and Voyager 1 and 2 space probes obtained cosmic ray measurements during the late 1977 to mid-1982 period. Comparisons of 27-day averages of the data show that a positive radial intensity gradient existed on the average during this period, and that the cosmic ray intensity decrease toward solar maximum in 1980-1981 proceeds in a stepwise fashion. The cosmic ray minimum reached in late 1980/early 1981 appears almost simultaneously at 1 AU and at 10 AU, with and without propagation time delay effects, between IMP 8 and the Voyager spacecraft. These data are generally consistent with a heliolatitudinal gradient of 0 + or - 1 percent/deg. Attention is given to the implications of these results in the overall context of cosmic ray modulation theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 3735-374
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  • 74
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    Time history, energy spectrum, and localization of an unusual gamma-ray burst (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A gamma-ray burst lasting about 48 ms was observed on June 13, 1979 by four instruments in the interplanetary network. The event is unusual not only by virture of its extremely short duration, but also by the presence of rise and fall times at the 2 ms level in the time history, and because the energy spectrum is hard, extending to 2 MeV. The 0.7 sq arcmin error box contains no optical counterpart on the POSS plate (limiting magnitude, about 21). The spectral characteristics measured by experiments in the interplanetary network are substantially different from those previously reported for this burst.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 280; 150-153
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  • 75
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    Solar-flare-induced Forbush decreases - Dependence on shock wave geometry (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is argued that the principal mechanism for the association of Forbush decreases with the passage of a solar flare shock wave is prolonged containment of cosmic ray particles behind the flare compression region, which acts as a semipermeable obstacle to particle motion along the field lines, leading to additional adiabatic cooling of the particles. Liouville's theorem is used to calculate the instantaneous distribution function at 1 AU for each particle arriving at the earth. By averaging over a large number of individual estimates, a representative estimate of the omnidirectional phase space density and the corresponding particle intensity is obtained. The energy change of individual particles at the shocks is found to be small in comparison to the energy lost by adiabatic cooling of the cosmic rays between the shock wave and the sun. The effects of particle rigidity, diffusion coefficient, and flare longitude on the magnitude of the Forbush decrease are quantitatively investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2991-299
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  • 76
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    Integral radial cosmic ray gradients in the solar system from 1972 to 1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The cosmic-ray telescope data on IMP 8, Voyagers 1 and 2, and Pioneer 10 have been used to determine the integral radial cosmic-ray intensity gradients for energies greater than 60 MeV per nucleon. When the 26 day average counting rates are time-shifted for the effects of the outward propagation speed of the solar modulation, the average integral radial gradients (Gr) are 3.0 + or - 0.35 (percent/AU) from 1975 to 1982. Gr is independent to the first order of the cosmic-ray intensity and radial heliocentric distance out to about 30 AU. After the large transient variations in the cosmic-ray intensity in mid-1982, the integral gradients returned to their original values.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 279; 151-156
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  • 77
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    Estimate of cosmic-ray latitudinal gradient in 1981-1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Voyager 1 and 2 measurements of galactic cosmic ray proton gradients greater than 70 MeV over a period which coincides with the initial phase of cosmic ray recovery, following a minimum reached in late 1980-early 1981, are analyzed. The intensity difference between the two spacecraft, as they increase their heliolatitude separation from 3 to 16 deg, is consistent with either a positive radial gradient of about 2 percent/AU assuming zero heliolatitude gradient, or a small heliolatitude gradient of about 0.4 percent/degree, assuming zero helioradial gradient. If the radial gradient during the 1981-1982 recovery period remains at the 2-4 percent/AU level determined from multispacecraft measurements during the 1977-1980 decay period, then the heliolatitude gradient is negligible and may be accounted zero percent/deg over 16 deg heliolatitude separation in 8-13 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 278; L119-L12
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  • 78
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    The energy spectrum of electrons and cosmic-ray confinement A new measurement and its interpretation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of the cosmic ray flux and electron energy spectrum from 5 GeV to 300 GeV, with an absolute uncertainty in the flux level of + or - 10 percent at low energies and + or - 30 percent at 100 GeV, are described. The measured spectrum appears to represent the competing processes of radiative energy loss in the interstellar medium and leakage out of the Galaxy. In the framework of the leaky box model and diffusion models, the result is most consistent with the picture of cosmic ray electrons spending an average of 10 million years in the Galaxy independent of electron energy, probably propagating in a halo as well as in the galactic disk.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 278; 881-892
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  • 79
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    Relative abundance of the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4 in the cosmic radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geomagnetic field near the equator is used to measure the He-3/He-4 abundance ratio near 6 GeV/nucleon. This ratio is found to be 0.24 + or - 0.05, under the assumption that the helium rigidity spectrum has the form dI/dR = about R exp(-2.65). If all He-3 is of secondary origin, this implies an interstellar mean escape-path length of about 15 g/sq cm, a value considerably larger than that determined from observations of heavier elements but compatible with measurements of the helium isotopic ratio at lower energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 53; 505-508
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  • 80
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    SU(2) x U(1) vacuum and the Centauro events (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is proposed that the fireballs invoked to explain the Centauro events are bubbles of a metastable superdense state of nuclear matter, created in high energy (E is approximately 10 to the 15th power eV) cosmic ray collisions at the top of the atmosphere. If these bubbles are created with a Lorentz factor gamma approximately = 10 at their CM frame, the objections against the origin of these events in cosmic ray interactions are overcome. Assuming further, that the Centauro events are to the explosive decay of these metastable bubbles, a relationship between their lifetime, tau, and the threshold energy for bubble formation, E sub th, is derived. The minimum lifetime consistent with such an interpretation in tau is approximately 10 to the -8th power sec, while the E sub th appears to be insensitive to the value of tau and always close to E sub th is approximately 10 to the 15th power eV. Finally it is speculated that if the available CM energy is thermalized in such collisions, these bubbles might be manifestations of excitations of the SU(2) x U(1) false vacuum. The absence of neutral pions in the Centauro events is then explained by the decay of these excitations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86082 , NAS 1.15:86082
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  • 81
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    The galactic gamma-ray distribution: Implications for galactic structure and the radial cosmic ray gradient (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The radial distribution of gamma ray emissivity in the Galaxy was derived from flux longitude profiles, using both the final SAS-2 results and the recently corrected COS-B results and analyzing the northern and southern galactic regions separately. The recent CO surveys of the Southern Hemisphere, were used in conjunction with the Northern Hemisphere data, to derive the radial distribution of cosmic rays on both sides of the galactic plane. In addition to the 5 kpc ring, there is evidence from the radial asymmetry for spiral features which are consistent with those derived from the distribution of bright HII regions. Positive evidence was also found for a strong increase in the cosmic ray flux in the inner Galaxy, particularly in the 5 kpc region in both halves of the plane.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86173 , NAS 1.15:86173
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  • 82
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    Gamma-ray burster recurrence timescales (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Three optical transients have been found which are associated with gamma-ray bursters (GRBs). The deduced recurrence timescale for these optical transients (tau sub opt) will depend on the minimum brightness for which a flash would be detected. A detailed analysis using all available data of tau sub opt as a function of E(gamma)/E(opt) is given. For flashes similar to those found in the Harvard archives, the best estimate of tau sub opt is 0.74 years, with a 99% confidence interval from 0.23 years to 4.7 years. It is currently unclear whether the optical transients from GRBs also give rise to gamma-ray events. One way to test this association is to measure the recurrence timescale of gamma-ray events tau sub gamma. A total of 210 gamma-ray error boxes were examined and it was found that the number of observed overlaps is not significantly different from the number expected from chance coincidence. This observation can be used to place limits on tau sub gamma for an assumed luminosity function. It was found that tau sub gamma is approx. 10 yr if bursts are monoenergetic. However, if GRBs have a power law luminosity function with a wide dynamic range, then the limit is tau sub gamma 0.5 yr. Hence, the gamma-ray data do not require tau sub gamma and tau sub opt to be different.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86157 , NAS 1.15:86157
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  • 83
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    Isotopic composition of primary cosmic rays H-Fe for ISEE-C (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The high energy cosmic ray instrument built for the International Sun-Earth Explorer is described. Some aspects of that system are critically renewed so that the experience gained in the design, construction and operation of this experiment can serve as a guide in designing future cosmic ray particle identification systems.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-175266 , NAS 1.26:175266
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  • 84
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    The isotopic composition of the anomalous low-energy cosmic rays (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of the isotopes of low energy cosmic ray He, C, N, O and Ne nuclei are analyzed, in concert with previous data, to examine relationships between galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and anomalous cosmic rays (ACR), which could arise from either extragalactic or interstellar sources. A ground-based heavy isotope spectrometer telescope was used for the survey, along with IMP-7 and IMP-8 data and ISEE-3 data. The data were recorded from 1973-78. Spectral and abundance data are provided for each element. Fragmentation was absent in the ACR data, unlike the GCR data. Differences were also observed in the Ne-22/Ne-20 ratios of ACR and GCR. It is suggested, therefore, that the low energy ACR isotopes have an interstellar origin and are useful for studies of the local interstellar medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 283; 450-456
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  • 85
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    X-ray inverse Compton emission from the radio halo of M87 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A significant fraction of known galaxies contain an active galactic nucleus (AGN) at their cores, the site of violent activity and non-stellar radiation seen across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. This activity is thought to be due to the accretion of gas onto a massive black hole. A fraction of AGNs also eject collimated beams of energetic material, usually seen by virtue of its synchrotron emission in the radio band. Efforts to study these jets from AGNs in the X-ray band with the Einstein Observatory has led to several detections, most notably the jets in the nearby radio galaxies Centaurus A and Virgo A = M87. In their study of M87, Schreier, Gorenstein and Feigelson (1982) noted that, in addition to the synchrotron jet 10"-20" from the nucleus, X-rays appear to be generated in the diffuse radio halo 2'-5' from the nucleus. This finding may be particularly important as it may constitute the first known case of X-ray inverse Compton emission from AGN ejecta, allowing for the first time direct determination of the magnetic field strengths.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-176305 , NAS 1.26:176305
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  • 86
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    Current carriers for the field-aligned current system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Dynamics Explorer satellites have returned a large body of data containing high resolution magnetometer measurements and distributions of charged particles of all but thermal electrons. From these data the relations of the field aligned currents to particle precipitation structures were investigated and the charge carriers were identified. Results include the following: (1) during very quiet periods, field aligned currents exist primarily as fine structure; (2) during onset of substorms, region 1 and region 2 become clearly evident but contain significant structure; (3) as magnetic activity subsides, current regions become less distinct, and structure becomes more dominant; (4) the distribution of the upward currents derived from magnetometer data and calculated from suprathermal electron data agree remarkably well in shape but not necessarily in magnitude; (5) at all local times, 5 eV electrons seldom carry most of the upward current; (6) except for the accelerated inverted-V electrons, the dominant upward current carriers which are measured are below 500 eV and are distributed in energy; (7) dusk upward currents (region 1) are associated with the boundary plasma sheet; and (8) suprathermal electron bursts are important current carrying structures.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86161 , NAS 1.15:86161 , Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research at the Symp. on the Phys. of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Connection; Jul 01, 1984; Graz; Austria
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    Theoretical studies of X-ray emission from supernova remnants and other non-equilibrium astrophysical plasmas (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: To improve the accuracy of thermal X-ray emission spectrum predictions, new computations of electron excitation rates, dielectric recombination rates, and updated codes were applied to existing data on supernova remnants and O star winds. Because of its general predominance along with low ionization and recombination rates, Fe(XVII) was analyzed with the inclusion of resonances to the excitation rate data. Corrections to the existing dielectric recombination rates based on detailed Fe (XVII) calculations and the more approximate Quantum Defect Method were accomplished. by using Distorted Wave ionization rates and reliable excitation rates, models for X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical emission line intensities of non-radiative shock wave can be constructed that supply data on shock velocity, preshock ionization states, and elemental abundances. The radiative driving force that drives the shock wave is calculated through line opacities of the shocked gas. X-ray emission spectra are also calculated for O star winds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-175394 , NAS 1.26:175394
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  • 88
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    Research in particles and fields (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The astrophysical aspects of cosmic rays and gamma rays and of the electromagnetic field environment of the Earth and other planets are investigated. These investigations are carried out by means of energetic particle and photon detector systems flown on spacecraft and balloons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-175472 , NAS 1.26:175472
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  • 89
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    On the nature of the baryon asymmetry (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Whether the baryon asymmetry in the universe is a locally varying or universally fixed number is examined with focus on the existence of a possible matter antimatter domain structure in the universe arising from a GUT with spontaneous CP symmetry breaking. Theoretical considerations and observational data and astrophysical tests relating to this fundamental question are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86156 , NAS 1.15:86156 , Intern. Symp. on Phase Transitions in the Early Universe; Jun 01, 1984; Bielefeld; Germany
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  • 90
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    Research in particles and fields (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Research activities in cosmic rays, gamma rays, and astrophysical plasmas are reviewed. Energetic particle and photon detector systems flown on spacecraft and balloons were used to carry out the investigations. Specific instruments mentioned are: the high energy isotope spectrometer telescope, the electron/isotope spectrometer, the heavy isotope spectrometer telescope, and magnetometers. Solar flares, planetary magnetospheres, element abundance, the isotopic composition of low energy cosmic rays, and heavy nuclei are among the topics receiving research attention.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173928 , NAS 1.26:173928
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  • 91
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    Data reduction and analysis for ISEE-A and -B energetic particles flux experiment and ISEE-C electron and X-ray experiments (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A summary of the data reduction and analysis activities from late 1979 to late 1983 is presented. A bibliography of publications is included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-175220 , NAS 1.26:175220
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Titelbild (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. cpi 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960101
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabile Cyclopentadienylium-SalzeDiese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 48-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960107
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Allylgruppe als mild und selektiv abspaltbare Carboxy-Schutzgruppe zur Synthese empfindlicher O-GlycopeptideDiese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 49-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960108
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatische Synthesen chiraler Bausteine aus Racematen: Herstellung von (1R,3R)-Chrysanthemum-, -Permethrin- und -Caronsäure aus racemischen DiastereomerengemischenHydrolytische Enzyme in der organischen Synthese, 1. Mitteilung. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. Wir danken der Bayer AG für Chemikalien und die Bestimmung der Enantiomerenreinheit durch Hochfeld-1H-NMR-Spektroskopie (Dr. J. Kurz) und Boehringer Mannheim für Enzyme. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960111
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatische Synthesen chiraler Bausteine aus prochiralen meso-Substraten: Herstellung von Methyl(hydrogen)-1,2-cycloalkandicarboxylatenHydrolytische Enzyme in der organischen Synthese, 3. Mitteilung. Vorgetragen beim 2nd International Symposium on Synthesis and Biotechnology of Biologically Active Natural Products, 14.-19. August 1983 in Budapest. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. Wir danken der Bayer AG für Chemikalien und die Bestimmung der Enantiomerenreinheiten durch Hochfeld-1H-NMR-Spektroskopie (Dr. J. Kurz) und Boehringer Mannheim für Enzyme. Professor J. B. Jones, Toronto, danken wir für Diskussionsbeiträge und für die Mitteilung von Ergebnissen. - 2. Mitteilung: [4]. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960113
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herstellung enantiomerenreiner chiraler Alkohole durch asymmetrische Alkylierung von GlykolatenProfessor Karl Winnacker zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmetDiese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie und der Hoechst AG unterstützt. Ein Teil der Resultate wurde in Vorträgen (G. H.) behandelt (Bürgenstock-Konferenz, 27. 4. 1982; Sheffield-Stereochemistry-Konferenz, 16. 12. 1982). (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960116
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schwefelimid als bisdihapto-Brückenligand im Komplex Fe2(CO)6(HNS)Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 64-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960120
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxidative Spaltung von Brenzcatechin in meta-Stellung; eine Modellreaktion zur Spaltung durch Brenzcatechin-2,3-Dioxygenase?Professor Heinrich Hellmann zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmetDiese Arbeit wurde vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie unterstützt. Herrn G. Schwinger danken wir für die Massenspektren. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 67-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960123
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Ungewöhnliche Inhaltsstoffe des Blätterpilzes Lyophyllum connatum (Agaricales)Professor Karl Winnacker zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmetDiese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft unterstützt. B. F. dankt dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie für ein Doktorandenstipendium. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 71-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19840960127
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