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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (8,407)
  • Ecology
  • 1985-1989  (3,468)
  • 1950-1954  (1,627)
  • 1935-1939  (3,365)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 425-433 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Interdisciplinarity ; Small islands ; Aeolian project ; Ecology ; Economy ; Human factors ; Environmental research methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental research is characterized in each of its successive phases by a strong interdisciplinarity. A rotational groups system (RGS) method is proposed as an instrument to encourage interaction among researchers from fields that are traditionally far apart. Meetings conducted with the RGS procedure involve all the researchers, who, in repeated and topical encounters, are able to exchange information on a wide variety of environmental subjects. These meetings can be arranged according to a special calendar, through a series of phases treating different aspects of the same subjects to be discussed, and above all, referring to specific “themes” and “working guidelines” organized on the basis of criteria designed to favor an exchange of ideas and constructive discussion. At the end, the plenary assembly edits an overall resume of the proceedings, and votes on the final resolution, which brings together all the conclusive opinions regarding the themes discussed.
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  • 2
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    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Sustainable development ; Ecology ; Agroecosystems ; Field research ; Statistical reliability ; Southeast Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Farmers attempting to subsist in tropical uplands often rely upon unsustainable resource use practices that lead to soil erosion, declining crop yields, and a loss of soil productivity capacity. Other uses of tropical uplands, including logging and conversion of forest to rangelands, have similar results. The undesirable effects of these actions are felt on-site, at the watershed level, and even nationally. Ecological cause-effect relationships are poorly understood, and few examples exist of the successful integration of ecological knowledge with upland development. It is hypothesized that recent results of ecological research could be applied to uplands management so that stable sustainable systems of human use may be established. A second hypothesis is that statistically reliable data can be obtained from experiments in upland situations, although natural variations of soils, weather, and vegetation are great. To test these hypotheses, research involving multinational collaboration among American and Southeast Asian scientists has begun. The objective of the work is to provide credible quantitative information to help policy and decision makers and resident farmers to plan and implement improved practices based on ecological principles. Some findings to date include: 1. Ecological principles are difficult to relate to the practical context of upland agroecosystems. Indeed, the null hypothesis is necessary for planning experiments and demonstrations. 2. The “signal-to-noise” ratio in these field experiments is low, and the detection of changes due to human intervention in soil erosion, nutrient movement, and plant productivity is difficult. 3. Obstacles to field research in developing countries include logistic, cultural, political, and institutional factors. It is essential that local land managers participate from the start with scientific researchers in designing experiments. 4. Planned collaboration among academic and government scientists facilitates design of relevant research and the implementation of results. 5. The idea of ecologically based management has been well received by researchers and government officials in Asia. There is little argument with the logic of the approach. 6. Pressures for quick responses to urgent problems in the uplands conflict with the need for careful, long-term, statistically valid scientific research. 7. Ecological principles are vaguely understood and poorly articulated in the scientific literature. The transfer and application of ecological science to the developing world would be enhanced by clearer statements of principles.
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  • 3
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Aquifer ; Biodegradation, anaerobic ; Pollutant ; Groundwater ; Methanogenesis ; Sulfate-reduction ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobic microbial communities sampled from either a methanogenic or sulfate-reducing aquifer site have been tested for their ability to degrade a variety of groundwater pollutants, including halogenated aromatic compounds, simple alkyl phenols and tetrachloroethylene. The haloaromatic chemicals were biodegraded in methanogenic incubations but not under sulfate-reducing conditions. The primary degradative event was typically the reductive removal of the aryl halides. Complete dehalogenation of the aromatic moiety was required before substrate mineralization was observed. The lack of dehalogenation activity in sulfatereducing incubations was due, at least in part, to the high levels of sulfate rather than a lack of metabolic potential. In contrast, the degradation of cresol isomers occurred in both types of incubations but proved faster under sulfate-reducing conditions. The requisite microorganisms were enriched and the degradation pathway forp-cresol under the latter conditions involved the anaerobic oxidation of the aryl methyl group. Tetrachloroethylene was also degraded by reductive dehalogenation but under both incubation conditions. The initial conversion of this substrate to trichloroethylene was generally faster under methanogenic conditions. However, the transformation pathway slowed when dichloroethylene was produced and only trace concentrations of vinyl chloride were detected. These results illustrate that pollutant compounds can be biodegraded under anoxic conditions and a knowledge of the predominant ecological conditions is essential for accurate predictions of the transport and fate of such materials in aquifers.
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  • 4
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    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 235-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Ecology ; ciliates ; river ; water quality ; sphaerotilus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since sewage treatment plants are most effective in Switzerland, the micro-benthic communities in receiving running waters have changed considerably. From January 1980 to September 1981 the periphyton communities in 13 Swiss streams and rivers were monthly investigated. The NH4-N concentration in these waters varied between 0.015 and 1.0 mg/l. Four typical communities of microorganisms were found: In unpolluted running waters mainly small vagile ciliates were abundant; in slightly polluted waters peritricha (in the presence of bacteria) were found; in moderatly polluted waters peritricha in combination of few hymenostomata and Sphaerotilus could grow when bacteria and some degredable organic material where present; in polluted waters the well-known Spaerotilus-community (after Liebmann) could be found. The microscopic as well as the macroscopic aspect should be considered to qualify the degree of pollution in streams and rivers.
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  • 5
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    Journal of mathematical biology 24 (1986), S. 479-523 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Nonlinear dynamics ; Noise ; Chaos ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate effects of random perturbations on the dynamics of one-dimensional maps (single species difference equations) and of finite dimensional flows (differential equations for n species). In particular, we study the effects of noise on the invariant measure, on the “correlation” dimension of the attractor, and on the possibility of detecting the nonlinear deterministic component by applying reconstruction techniques to the time series of population abundances. We conclude that adding noise to maps with a stable fixed-point obscures the underlying determinism. This turns out not to be the case for systems exhibiting complex periodic or chaotic motion, whose essential properties are more robust. In some cases, adding noise reveals deterministic structure which otherwise could not be observed. Simulations suggest that similar results hold for flows whose attractor is almost two-dimensional.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Phacophyta ; Inorganic carbon assimilation ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Carbon dioxide compensation concentration ; Ecology ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Characteristics of inorganic carbon assimilation by photosynthesis in seawater were investigated in six species of the Fucales (five Fucaceae, one Cystoseiraceae) and four species of the Laminariales (three Laminariaceae, one Alariaceae) from Arbroath, Scotland. All of the algae tested could photosynthesise faster at high external pH values than the uncatalysed conversion of HCO 3 - to CO2 can occur, i.e. can “use” external HCO 3 - . They all had detectable extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, suggesting that HCO 3 - use could involve catalysis of external CO2 production, a view supported to some extent by experiments with an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. All of the algae tested had CO2 compensation concentrations at pH 8 which were lower than would be expected from diffusive entry of CO2 supplying RUBISCO as the initial carboxylase, consistent with the operation of energized entry of HCO 3 - and / or CO2 acting as a “CO2 concentrating mechanism”. Quantitative differences among the algae examined were noted with respect to characteristics of inorganic C assimilation. The most obvious distinction was between the eulittoral Fucaceae, which are emersed for part of, or most of, the tidal cycle, and the other three families (Cystoseiraceae, Laminariaceae, Alariaceae) whose representatives are essentially continually submersed. The Fucaceae examined are able to photosynthesise at high pH values, and have lower CO2 compensation concentrations, and lower K1/2 values for inorganic C use in photosynthesis, at pH 8, than the other algae tested. Furthermore, the Fucaceae are essentially saturated with inorganic C for photosynthesis at the normal seawater concentration at pH 8 and 10°C. These characteristics are consistent with the dominant role of a “CO2 concentrating mechanism” in CO2 acquisition by these plants. Other species tested have characteristcs which suggest a less effective HCO 3 - use and “CO2 concentrating mechanism”, with the Laminariaceae being the least effective; unlike the Fucaceae, photosynthesis by these algae is not saturated with inorganic C in normal seawater. Taxonomic and ecological implications of these results are considered in relation to related data in the literature.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
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  • 8
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    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 417-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Demography ; Ecology ; Frugivory ; Seed dispersal ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fruit-eating animals deposit viable seeds in patterns that determine the conditions under which seeds and seedlings live or die. Many tree species are scatter-dispersed by birds, bats, or other small frugivores that regurgitate, defecate, or drop seeds singly or in pairs. These scatterdispersed plant species normally recruit as isolated individuals, and are unlikely to evolve exceptional resistance to herbivores, pathogens, or to other sources of density-dependent seed or seedling mortality. Other tree species are clump-dispersed by larger terrestrial or arboreal frugivores that defecate seeds in masses which produce bouquets of seedlings. Because their seeds invariably germinate in close proximity to other seedlings, clump-dispersed species necessarily evolve chemical or mechanical defenses against seed predators, pathogens, and herbivores that act in a densitydependent manner. Population and genetic attributes should reflect this basic dichotomy in the conditions of seedling recruitment. I predict that seedlings of scatter-dispersed species rarely survive near parents or in dense aggregations under frugivore roosts. Seed dispersal should be mandatory, often to light gaps or other special habitats. Outbred adults and juveniles are expected to exist at low densities in loose aggregations or random distributions. Seedlings of clump-dispersed trees are pre-adapted for survival in dense aggregations near parents, as well as in fecal clumps. Substantial recruitment of juveniles and young adults should occur from undispersed seeds under and near parent trees. Such species should be common, highly aggregated, and show strong genetic family structure. Because recruitment requires dispersal, scatter-dispersed plant species should be especially vulnerable to loss of dispersal agents. Because offspring consistently recruit near parents, clump-dispersed plants should be less vulnerable to temporary loss of dispersal agents.
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  • 9
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    Environmental biology of fishes 14 (1985), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Acipenseridae ; Life history ; Ecology ; Harvest ; Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The Atlantic sturgeon supported major fisheries along the entire Atlantic coast of North America. These fisheries peaked about 1890 and then suffered almost total collapse by 1905. The Atlantic sturgeon is anadromous and highly susceptible to capture during spawning migrations. Further, this species biological characteristics makes it very vulnerable to man-induced changes in natural habitat and slow to recover. Atlantic sturgeon mature at an advanced age (7–27 year for females, depending on latitude), exhibit a long interspawning period (2–5 year), and require suitable riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments for successful completion of their life cycle. Today, only remnant stocks exist in areas of former abundance. Management regulations vary considerably from state to state and range from full protection to no protection. Biological data are needed to: identify and characterize specific spawning and nursery areas; delineate migratory patterns and recruitment to various stocks; establish stock abundance; and, assess effects of various management strategies. In order to protect remaining stocks, the imposition of a total harvesting moratorium is recommended.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fish epigenesis ; Ecology ; Evolution ; Embryonic arrest ; Hatching initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Developmental patterns as seen in cyprinodontiforms fishes with different reproductive styles are compared, and discussed in relation to ecology and evolutionary significance. The discussion centres around Adinia xenica (its detailed ontogeny presented in two previous sequels to this paper), and, from the existing literature, Fundulus heteroclitus (closely related), Austrofundulus myersi (an annual) and Platypoecilus maculatus (a livebearer). The embryonic resting interval is present in various forms in the first three species, and differences in it and the overall patterns of development are shown to be consistent with ecological conditions. Termination of the resting interval leads immediately to hatching, a process in A. xenica, as in F. heteroclitus, apparently initiated by the appropriate summation of internal and external factors. These factors include any or all of: metabolic changes and increased oxygen requirements, response to light, reduced environmental oxygen, agitation, and increased hydrostatic pressure. They all can cause increased movement by the embryo which is credited with rupturing hatching gland cells and releasing the enzyme(s). Annual fishes experience 3 pronounced resting intervals, termed diapauses. These are discussed in the context of apparent steps and thresholds, and evolutionary ecology. A possible evolutionary sequence, from a simple fractional spawning pattern to diapause, is presented. Morphological differences in primary embryonic respiratory surfaces, as seen in the four species, are related to environmental conditions. The above illustrate ways in which the same basic structures and events are modified to cope with different habitats.
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  • 11
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    Environmental biology of fishes 25 (1989), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Foraging ; Ethology ; Ecology ; Chaetodontid ; Territorial ; Corallivore ; Corals ; Reef
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The chevron butterflyfish,Chaetodon trifascialis, is found throughout the Indo-Pacific. It is a territorial, diurnal, corallivore found in close association withAcropora spp. corals. The feeding behavior of 33 individuals was studied over six seasons in three habitats.Chaetodon trifascialis spent one third of its active time feeding. However, there was much individual variation. Fish had significantly higher feeding rates during the early afternoon, and there were no significant differences in the feeding rates between the seasons. Feeding rates were significantly different between the three habitats. TheMontipora-rich habitat had the highest feeding rates (x = 10.74 bites min-1 ± 0.87, all corals combined) and theAcropora-Montipora mixed habitat had the lowest feeding rates (x = 4.58 bites min-1 ± 0.63, all corals combined). Females fed significantly more than males. WhileC. trifascialis had been thought to only eatAcropora spp. corals, it occasionally fed onMontipora spp. andPocillopora sp. corals whenAcropora spp. were scarce.Chaetodon trifascialis exhibited patterns predicted by foraging theory of an energy maximizer. Territory sizes were inversely related to food density and feeding rates were inversely related to intruder rates. This is a promising system for future testing of foraging strategy models.
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  • 12
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    Environmental biology of fishes 12 (1985), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Benthos ; Ecology ; Feeding periodicity ; Great Lakes ; Lateral line ; Mechanoreception ; Predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Field and laboratory experiments indicate that the mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, feed in the dark. Blinded sculpins feed on a variety of motile prey in the laboratory and show stereotyped responses to prey stimuli. The sculpins bite at moving inert objects, even if buried in substratum, indicating that they use their lateral line system to detect prey. Covering portions of the lateral line with an inert paste eliminates response to objects near the covered region of the lateral line. The sculpins can also detect prey (including inert objects) in a stream if the prey is upstream. Collection from two series of presunset, postsunset, presunrise, postsunrise, dives in Lake Michigan indicate nocturnal feeding by the mottled sculpin.
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  • 13
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    Environmental biology of fishes 13 (1985), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Evolution ; Ecology ; Morphometrics ; Morphology ; Electroreception ; Orinoco River ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Examination of 681 individuals of electric knife-fishes, Eigenmannia macrops, from the Orinoco River, Venezuela, revealed a pattern of morphological diversity which covaried with habitat. Fishes from the caños (small stream tributaries) are on average smaller than those from offshore habitats and lagoons. Even at the same body size the tails of caño fishes are relatively shorter, their bodies are deeper, and their heads are relatively wider than those from other habitats. Caño fishes are more different from fishes of the deep channels than from those of the shallow channels, beaches, or lagoons. Several factors are examined for their possible relationship to the origin of the observed diversity including electrophysiology, locomotory adaptation, growth rate and ecology. The problems of genetic versus physiological bases of morphological variation are addressed.
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  • 14
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    Environmental biology of fishes 13 (1985), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Competition ; Food resources ; Habitat ; Ontogeny ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Patterns of food use and food availability were analysed in a species rich summer weedbed community of juvenile lake fish to elucidate ontogenetic and ecological adaptations facilitating species co-existence and rapid growth. It was found that: (a) the community was based on the period of high seasonal invertebrate abundance linked to the spring-summer proliferation of macrophytes: food was not limiting; (b) diet separations of individual fish species were high. In mid-July when nine species were present, Schoener diet overlap values exceeded 0.25 in only ten of 36 pairs of combinations. This contrasted with findings from a preceding May-June community of larval fish (Keast 1980); (c) mouth size helped channel the species towards different diets; and (d) diets of the early juveniles were distinct from those of the larvae, and late juveniles and adults of their species. At both the species and community level, ontogenetic and ecological developments have evolved in response to the opportunities created by an annually repetitive resource base.
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  • 15
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    Environmental biology of fishes 19 (1987), S. 297-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fish ; Leiognathids ; Mangroves ; Nekton ; Papua New Guinea ; Periodicity ; Prawns ; Tidal cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Using a 3 m beam trawl, catch variation in the fish and prawn assemblage of the Labu estuary, Papua New Guinea was investigated during July and December 1981 and September 1984. About six times more organisms, three and a half times the biomass and twice as many species were caught per trawl at night than during the day. The greatest number of species, individuals and biomass were caught just after dusk. With the exception ofSecutor ruconius, there was no significant difference in the catches trawled at ebbing and flooding tides. Over twice as many individuals ofS. ruconius were caught during ebbing tides. Alignment of trawl direction in relation to the tidal current did not have a significant effect on the fish catch, but affected the prawn (Metapenaeus demani) catch. It is postulated that most species are not carried to and fro by tidal currents, but maintain their position in the estuary with respect to the substratum. Only prawns appeared to be carried by the currents. This study indicates that the most representative trawl results in terms of species diversity and abundance in shallow estuaries may be obtained at night and, that in estuaries with a small tidal range, tidal direction and velocity have little influence on catch. It also indicates that analyses of demersal nekton assemblages from daytime only estuarine trawl surveys must be approached with caution.
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  • 16
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    Environmental biology of fishes 23 (1988), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cyanide ; Diversity ; Development ; Ecology ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The biological diversity and productivity of Philippine coral reefs are threatened by siltation, destructive fishing methods, coral and shell collecting and overfishing. Destructive fishing includes: the widespread, illegal use of explosives; poisons such as sodium cyanide; muro-ami and kayakas fishing; and trawling. The recent decline in catch rates threatens the livelihood of 700 000 near-shore subsistence fishermen who catch 55% of the total landings. The new government under Corazon Aquino wishes to protect the marine environment through the creation of a viable marine conservation management plan, enforcement of existing laws and through cooperation between government, non-government and international agencies to provide education and research. The Department of Agriculture, which has the authority for fisheries, has designated the International Marinelife Alliance as the lead non-government agency involved with fund raising, net-training and finding alternatives to destructive fishing methods.
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  • 17
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    Environmental biology of fishes 17 (1986), S. 23-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cottids ; Ecology ; Littoral ; Marine ; Pacific ; Sculpins ; Tidepools ; Zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis We examined data from our own and published collections of intertidal and shallow littoral fishes of the North American Pacific Coast with respect to temporal and spatial trends in species composition and dominance. We compared (1) recent and past intertidal collections made five and seven years apart, respectively, for two California localities, (2) intertidal collections from twelve localities in California, Oregon, and British Columbia, and (3) intertidal versus subtidal collections at one California locality. Temporal comparisons indicated substantially lower abundance of the cottid Oligocottus snyderi at two California localities during 1984, at one locality due to depressed abundance of young. Interannual differences in abundances suggested that other tidepool fish assemblages undergo significant changes as well. Geographical comparisons indicated general similarity in species composition, with cottids predominating in tidepools although several other families also were well represented (e.g., Stichaeidae, Scorpaenidae). Eel-shaped stichaeids and pholids occurred at high densities in exposed boulder fields. Both the tidepool and boulder field assemblages showed north-south changes in species abundances. Comparison of collections from the intertidal and subtidal zones at one California locality demonstrated that fishes of these habitats form two essentially distinct assemblages, with most species restricted to or concentrated in one or the other habitat.
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  • 18
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    Environmental biology of fishes 20 (1987), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Osmeridae ; Barents Sea ; Ecology ; Temperature ; Length growth ; Otoliths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis In order to investigate a possible relationship between temperature and fish length growth in the Barents Sea capelin stock, estimates of environmental temperature in the feeding season were compared to estimates of length growth during the same season. The mean temperature of the capelin feeding area was calculated by averaging the temperatures in September for the depth interval 10–200 m in statistical rectangles. The estimates of capelin growth were obtained for the same rectangles using backcalculation of length from otoliths. Correlation coefficients for the relationship between water temperature and growth were 0.70 and 0.53 for two- and three-year-olds, respectively, when all the material was considered, and between 0.85 and 0.91 for within-year data. In addition, a close correspondence between feeding area and growth rates was found.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Bacteriophage ; Chernozemic soil ; Ecology ; Latosol soil ; Podzolic soil ; Population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the ecology and interaction ofAzospirillum brasilense and its bacteriophage in soil. Four Chernozemic soils from Canada, a Latosol and three Podzolic soils from Brazil were assayed for phage. Only the Latosol containedA. brasilense phage. None of the soils contained phage for otherA. brasilense orA. lipoferum strains tested. Recovery of phage from soil depended on the growth of indigenous or added host cells. A phage isolated from the Latosol had a hexagonal head of 100 nm and a tail of 200 nm. This phage was morphologically distinct from previously described Azospirillum phage and its host range was limited toA. brasilense strains 29145 and 29711. Survival and recovery of phage added to phage-free soil was dependent on the phage, the initial phage population, the presence of host cells and nutrients, and the soil. Phage persisted in soils at undetectable levels for at least seven weeks, but were still able to interact with multiplying host cells and exhibit a 1000-fold increase in number. Phage required a host cell population of at least 100–1000 per g of soil in order to multiply. The phage burst detected under these conditions increased as the cell to phage ratio increased. Long term incubation studies showed that the activity of phage in soil closely followed the activity of host cells and thus both were manipulated by appropriate amendments to soil.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium leguminosarum populations ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The size and symbiotic effectiveness, withVicia faba, ofRhizobium leguminosarum populations from five locations in southern Britain has been estimated. Population numbers varied from 4.54×103 to 1.69×105. Nitrogen fixing potential differed by up to 30%. The implications of the results for improving the productivity of field beans are discussed.
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  • 21
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    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Germination ; Seeds ; Soil-water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seeds were germinated in soils of known matric potential (ψm) achieved by adding the requisite amount of water to air-dry soil and mixing for several days. The quantity of water was derived from calibration curves of water content against ψm by use of pressureplate extraction equipment. Soils were transferred to plastic Petri dishes in which seeds were sown. Variations of the technique permitted germination counting through the transparent dish lid, or by opening the dish and either resealing or discarding the replicate dish. Measurements of ethylene and carbon dioxide in the soil atmosphere suggest that neither gas accumulated to a level which could interfere with interpretation of results. Some species showed sensitivity of germination to water potential which was correlated with the relative wetness of their habitats.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 199-226 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Genetics ; Physiology ; Salt tolerance ; Tomato species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An interdisciplinary approach to breeding for stress tolerance in plants has gained considerable recognition in the past few years. Accordingly, this article presents a synthesis of the genetic, physiological, and ecological aspects of salt tolerance in plants. An understanding of these aspects and the interrelationships between them is essential for an efficient breeding program. A significant part of the presentation concentrates on the basic problems associated with the genetics of tolerance to stresses and of quantitative characters in general, since many of the unsolved problems relevant to the genetics of salt tolerance are still general. Significant progress in the breeding of quantitative as well as qualitative traits in multicellular organisms depends on an understanding of the genetic and epigenetic dimensions of gene action. The discussion therefore includes an overview of (1) the limited existing knowledge on the genetic control of salt tolerance and (2) the physiological mechanisms and molecular targets central to the control of salt resistance as expressed by the amount and stability of yield. An additional subject emphasized here concerns the main strategies of adaptation of wild species to their natural habitats. An understanding of them is essential to (1) enable distinction between traits that can increase agricultural yield and traits that are favorable only for survival under natural conditions (such a distinction is essential, especially when wild species are used as a gene source), and (2) predict the best combinations of characters for efficient agricultural production in stressful environments.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 221 (1935), S. 225-248 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der thermische Zerfall der Metallborfluorid-Ammoniakate wurde eingehend untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, das nur das Cd(NH3)6(BF4)2 und das ihm entsprechende neu hergestellte Zn(NH3)6(BF4)2 reversibel Ammoniak unter Bildung der entsprechen- den Tetramminsalze abzuspalten vermögen. Bei weiterem Abbau zerfallen diese Tetramminsalze ebenso wie Ni(NH3)6(BF4)2 in irreversibler Reaktion, wobei Metallfluorid, Ammoniak und ein als Sublimat auftretendes Kondensationsprodukt BF3 · NH3 entstehen. Der Zerfall erfolgt nach dem allgemeinen Schema: Me(NH3)x(BF4)2 → MeF2 + 2BF3 · NH3 + (x - 2) NH3, wobei für das Nickelsalz x = 6, für das Cadmium- und Zinksalz x = 4 zu setzen ist. Der Abbau des Cr(NH3)6(BF4)3 verlüuft analog unter Bildung von CrF3 · Das Co(NH3)6(BF4)3 erleidet beim thermischen Zerfall eine teilweise „Selbstreduktion“, es entsteht dabei CoF2, die Reaktion verläuft folgendermaßen: 3CO(NH3)6(BF4)3 → 3COF2 + 6BF3NH3 + 3BF4NH4 + 8NH3 + N2/2. Beim Abbau des Ag(NH3)BF4 führt die „Selbstreduktion“ quantitativ zum metallischen Silber nach: Ag(NH3)2BF4 → 3Ag + 3NH4BF4 + 2NH3 + N2/2.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 221 (1935), S. 369-381 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 98-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 126-134 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 221 (1935), S. 423-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassend kann mithin festgestellt werden, daß aus der Reaktion der Metalloxyde rnit Kohlenstoff sowohl Kohlensäure als auch Kohlenoxyd entstehen können. Das Mischungsverhältnis der beiden Gase wird im wesentlichen durch den Sauerstoffdruck bzw. die Reduzierbarkeit des Metalloxydes dergestalt bestimmt, daß ein Oxyd rnit jeweils höherem Sauerstoffdruck baw. größerer Reduzierbarkeit einen größeren Gehalt an CO2 im Reaktionsgas liefert. Oxyde von der Reduzierbarkeit der Kupfer- oder Bleioxyde liefern bereits praktisch 100% Kohlensäure, so daß hier Umsetzungen nach der Art CuO + C = Cu + CO eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Die Tatsache, daß freiwillig Sauerstoff abgebende Oxyde wie MnO2 usw. den Kohlenstoff primär zu CO2 verbrennen, bildet eine weitere Stütze für die Anschauung, daß auch die Verbrennung des Kohlenstoffes an der Luft primär zu CO2 führt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 199-203 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 221 (1935), S. 367-368 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 222-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 251-252 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 70-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde die Kinetik des Zerfalls von H2O2 unter den gleichzeitigen Einflüssen zweier Katalysatoren  -  FeSO4 und Na2WO4 - untersucht, was zu folgenden Ergebnissen führte:1. Die Anfangskonzentration des H2O2, die bei Anwendung jedes der beiden Katalysatoren, einzeln genommen, ohne Einfluß ist, macht sich bei ihrer gleichzeitigen Anwesenheit, namentlich im Anfangsstadium, bemerkbar.2. Das Na2WO4 vergrößert die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des H2O2 unter dem Einfluß von FeSO4 allein. Die Addition von 0,008 g/Mol pro Liter Na2WO4 vergrößert die Geschwindigkeit um das Achtfache; bei weiterer Zugabe von Na2WO4 ist dessen Einfluß weniger ausgesprochen.3. In saurer Lösung übt Na2WO2 praktisch keine katalytische Wirkung auf den H2O2-Zerfall aus. Bei Zugabe von FeSO4 erfährt die Reaktion eine merkliche Beschleunigung und geht mit messbarer Geschwindigkeit vor sich. Die Konzentrationsvergrößerung des FeSO4 hat eine, dieser Vergrößerung ungefähr proportionale, Vergrößerung der Geschwindigkeit zur Folge.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 422-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde untersucht, ob die Behandlung von Calciumphosphaten mit H2O und CO2 unter Druck bei Raumtemperatur bzw. 120 oder 170° C zu einer Erhöhung des Gehalts an citratlöslicher Phosphorsäure führt. Innerhalb der angewandten Bedingungen ist ein solcher Einfluß nur in sehr geringem Umfang vorhanden; auch Zusätze von K- bzw. NH4-Salzen sind fast unwirksam
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 249-256 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935), S. 285-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Die Dichten wäßriger Borsäurelösungen wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessen und daraus einige thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizienten dieser Lösungen berechnet.2. Es wurden die scheinbaren Molekularvolumina von Borsäure in wäßrigen Lösungen aus verschiedenen Dichtemessungen berechnet. Aus den Berechnungen ergab sich das Resultat, daß erstens alle älteren Dichtebestimmungen nicht genügend genau sind, zweitens, daß die Borsäure sich in wäßriger Lösung zwischen den Konzentrationen 0,l Mole/Liter und gesättigter Lösung als fast idealer Nichtelektrolyt verhält. Ein Minimum bei etwa 0,25 Mole/Liter ist noch fraglich.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 222 (1935) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 409-416 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus dem magnetischen Verhalten des MnS2 ist zu schließen, daß sich die Disulfide vom Pyrittypus von einer Idealstruktur Me2+S2-, daher nicht von Me4+2S2- ableiten.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 23-24 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Weder durch Anbau von Wasserdampf an Orthoborsäure noch beim Abbau gesättigter Borsäurelösung konnte bei O° ein höheres Borsäurehydrat in festem Zustand gefaßt werden.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 29-32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 62-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 93-96 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 130-152 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Absorption von Kohlenoxyd in Cupritetramminsalzlösungen, z. B. Cupritetramminhydroxyd, -carbonat, -chlorid, -sulfat wird durch die Gegenwart metallischen Kupfers außerordentlich beschleunigt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 223 (1935), S. 174-176 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Silberjodid geht durch Einwirkung wäßrigen Ammoniaks von hoher Konzentration bis herunter zu ungefähr 5% NH3-Gehalt in eine rein weiße Verbindung mit ½ Molekül NH3 über.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 115-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde gezeigt, daß die von H. D. K. DREW und Mitarbeitern aufgestellte Theorie, nach welcher die α- und β-Thiöather- verbindungen des Platins strukturell verschieden sind, sich nicht aufrechterhalten läßt.
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    Notes: Sowohl in phosphor- und arsensäurefreien als auch in phosphor- und arsensäurehaltigen, wäßrigen Wolframatlösungen treten mit wachsender [H+] der Lösung zunächst die Monowolframationen unter Verbrauch von Wasserstoffionen zu den Ionen der im sauren Gebiet beständigen Hexawolframsäure - also einer Isopolysäure - zusammen. Sodann vereinigt sich die fertig gebildete Hexawolfram- saure mit der Phosphorsäure, wieder unter Mitwirkung von Wasserstoffionen, zur 1 -Phosphor-1-Hexawolframsäure, einer neuen Einheitlichen Verbindung. Die Neigung der 1-Phosphor-1-Hexawolframsäure zur sekundären Dissoziation hängt von der [H+] und der Wolframsäurekonzentration der Lösung ab. Steigerung beider Konzentrationen drängt sie zurück.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 47-48 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 69-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der isotherme Abbau von Tonsubstanz (Zettlitzer Kaolin) zeigte, daß das Molekül nicht die allgemein angenommene Zusammensetzung Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O hat, sondern [Al2O3·2SiO2]·3H2O bzw. Al2O3·2SiO2·1,5H2O; 0,5 Mol H2 sind im lufttrockenen Material absorbiert. Die Entwässerung erfolgt stufenweise vom 1,5- über das 1- und O,5-Hydrat zum wasserfreien Al2O3·2SiO2(Metakaolin).
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 93-96 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eisen(II)-Carbonat wurde nach SENARMONT hergestellt und sein Dissoziationsdruck im Temperaturbereich 258-285° bestimmt. Bei 760 mm beträgt die Dissoziationstemperatur 282°. Die Dissoziationswärme ist 20 900 cal. Die Dissoziation selbst geht stufenweise unter Bildung von Zwischenverbindungen vor sich.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 103-106 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 97-102 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Dialysenmethode sowie die potentiometrische Untersuchung ergaben übereinstimmend die Existenz des Monomolybdations in Lösungen mit pH-Werten über etwa 6,4, die sehr wahrscheinliche Existenz des Trimolybdations im Gleichgewicht mit nennenswerten Mengen von Hexa- und Monomolybdationen bei pH-Werten zwischen etwa 6,4 und 5,2, und die Existenz von Hexamolybdationen bei pH-Werten von 5,0-1,5.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 167-172 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Schmelzdiagramm des Systems BeSO4-H2O wurde zwischen - 18,0° (eutektische Temperatur) und 110° untersucht bei Konzentrationen von 0 - 47%, BeSO4; Bodenkörper sind Eis und Tetrahydrat.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 213-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der quantitative Verlauf der bei der Titration von Lösungen von SeO2 in Salzsäure mit einer Lösung von SnCl2 in konzentrierter Salzäure bis zum Beginn der Selenausscheidung (Tyndall) stattfindenden Reaktion, der in der ersten Mitteilung bei Zimmertemperatur studiert worden ist, wurde nun bei tieferen Temperaturen (bis -22,5°) untersucht. Dabei konnte eine deutliche Temperaturabhängigkeit zwischen dem Beginn der Ausscheidung von elementaren Selen und dem Gehalt der Lösung an reduziertem Selen festgestellt werden, indem bei höherer Temperatur die Selenfällung erst bei größerem Zusatz von SnCl2-Losung bzw. bei größerem Gehalt der Lösung an reduziertem Selen als bei tieferer Temperatur eintritt. Da die Reaktion zu einem von der Konzentration der Salzsäure abhängigen Gleichgewicht führt bzw. umgekehrt das gebildete Se2l2 durch Wasser zersetzt wird nach: so ist in der selenhaltigen Salzsäure schließlich neben Se2Cl2 und SeO2 such die Gegenwart von elementarem Selen anzunehmen. Dieses kann nun je nach den herrschenden Bedingungen in der SeO2-haltigen Salzsäure gelöst bleiben oder in elementarer Form zur Ausscheidung kommen gemäß dem Gleichgewicht: .
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 265-272 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 289-304 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 325-328 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 351-368 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Durch oftmaliges Schmelzen von Ultramarin mit Alkalicyaniden werden die Ultramarine vollkommen entschwefelt und gehen in ein farbloses, dem Nephelin bzw. Kaliophilit gleichartig zusammengesetztes Silikat Al6Si6RI6)24 = 3 (RI6O24·Al2O3·2 SiO2 über. Kieselreichere Ultramarine behalten darüber hinaus ihren Überschuß an Kieselsäure.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 224 (1935), S. 420-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Titantertachlorid mischt sich mit Brom in jedem Verhältnis.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 29-32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden orientierende Versuche zur Druckoxydation von Ferrosulfat mit Sauerstoff bei verschiedenen Drucken und Temperaturen mitgeteilt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935) 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 217-220 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 221-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 258-261 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 225 (1935), S. 254-257 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 249-254 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mercuroamidochlorid, das Produkt der Einwirkung von Ammoniak auf Kalomel, ist eine einheitliche Substanz, welche in trockenem Zustande bei Zimmertemperatur vollständig haltbar ist.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 255-256 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde die Herstellung und Zusammensetzung eines basischen Galliumnitrates beschrieben. Die Analysenzahlen für Ga und die NO3-Gruppe entsprechen der Formel: 2 Ga2O3¨ N2O5¨9H2O bzw. Ga(OH)2NO3¨ Ga(OH)3¨2H2O.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 275-296 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 226 (1936), S. 222-224 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 341-351 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Methyl-, Äthyl- und Propylester der Überchlorsäure sind schwere ölige Flüssigkeiten. Der Siedepunkt des Methylesters liegt bei ungefähr 52°, der des Äthylesters bei ungefähr 89°. Die Überchlorsäureester sind sehr empfindlich gegen Hitze, Schlag und Reibung und außerordentlich explosiv. Sie lösen sich leicht in Äther und Alkohol; in Waser sind sie unlöslich, werden jedoch langsam verseift, und zwar der Methylester schneller als der Äthylester und dieser wiederum schneller als der Propylester.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 226 (1935) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 357-371 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 352-356 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die von A. Krause und Mitarbeitern nach verschiedenen Verfahren hergestellten Silberferrite wurden röntgenographisch nach der Methode yon Debye-Scherrer untersucht. Sie zeigten sämtlich das gleiche Röntgendiagramm, dessen Auswertung mit Sicherheit rhomboedrische Symmetrie erkennen ließ. Nähere Einzelheiten sind im Text zu finden.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 228 (1936), S. 372-382 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 1-15 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde die Einwirkung von atomarem Wasserstoff auf feste anorganische Verbindungen untersucht. Wir fuhren alle in Betracht gezogenen Stoffe der besseren Übersicht halber in alphabetischer Reihenfolge hier an, nach den Kationen geordnet: AgCl, AlCl3, Bi, Bi2O3, BiCl3, Bi(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, CaCl2, CaF2; Ca(NO3)2, CaC2, Cd, CdO, CdS, CdCl2, CdCO3, Cd(NO3)2,·4H2O, CdSO4·8/3 H2O, CoCl2· 6H2O, Co(NO3),·6H2O, CO(NO2)6K3; CrCl3, CrCl3·6H2O, Cr2(SO4)3, Cr2O3; CuCl2·2H2O, CuSO4·5H2O; Fe2O3, FeCl2, FeCl3, FeSO4, Fe(CN)6K4, Fe(CN)6K3; HgO, HgS, HgCl2, HgSO4, Hg2SO4; KCl, KJ, KCN, KCNS, KClO3, KClO4, KBrO3, KNO2, KNO3, K2SO4, KHSO4; LiNO3·3H2O; MnO2, MnCl2; NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4; NaBrO3, NaN3, NaNO2, NaNO3, NaNH2, Na2S, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3, Na2SeO3; NiCl2·6H2O, NiNO3·6H2O, NiO; P (rot), P2O5; PO4H3 krist.; PbO, Pb3O4, PbO2, PbCl2, PbSO4, PbCrO4, Pb(CH2COO)2,·3H20; S; Sb2O3, (SbOC4H4O6K)2H2O; SnO2, SnCl2·4H2O; Sr(NO3)2; Th(NO3)4; UO2(CH3COO)2, UO2(NO3)2;ZnS. Von diesen 86 Stoffen wurden 66 zum erstenmal untersucht; 8 davon erfordern noch eine eingehendere Bearbeitung.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 30-35 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine kritische Durchsicht der angeblichen monomeren Formen der Metaphosphorsäure nebst neuen kryoskopischen Messungen an dem Natrium-monometaphosphat von PASCAL haben ergeben, daß bisher kein wahres Monometaphosphat mit Sicherheit bekannt ist.Neue kryoskopische Messungen an wäßrigen Lösungen der Na-Salze von Tri- und Tetra-metaphosphaten haben die Molekulargröße dieser beiden Reihen sichergestellt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 175-187 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für das Zustandekommen anomaler Mischkristalle mit NH4Cl wird folgende Regel aufgestellt: Schwermetallchloride, die mit NH4Cl entweder keine Doppelsalze bilden können oder solche, die in sehr hohem Maße dazu befähigt sind bzw. solche, deren Doppelsalze schwer löslich sind, geben keine anomalen Mischkristalle mit NH4Cl. Schwermetallchloride, die nur dann Doppelsalze mit NH4Cl bilden, wenn die Lösung genügende Mengen dieser Chloride enthält, neigen in an Schwermetallchloriden armen Lösungen zur Bildung anomaler Mischkristalle.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 197-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 321-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus den besprochenen Untersuchungen geht hervor, daß ein Calciumion sich mit einem Lactation zu dem einfach positiv geladenen Ion CaC3H5O3+ vereinigt. Da eine solche Komplexbildung nur in gleichzeitiger Gegenwart einer Alkoholgruppe und einer negativ geladenen Gruppe stattfindet, müssen diese Gruppen an der Komplexbildung teilnehmen. So tritt z. B. Komplexbildung ein in calcium-hydroxydhaltigen alkoholischen Zucker- und Glycerinlösungen, wogegen in Acetatlösungen oder in den Lösungen anderer Salze der Fettsäuren keine Komplexbildung eintritt. Auch in nichtionisierter Milchsäure sind Hydroxylgruppe und negativ geladene Gruppe nicht gleichzeitig vorhanden und es tritt daher auch keine Komplexbildung mit der freien Säure ein. Die Komplexbildung geht nach folgender Gleichung vor sich: C3H5O3- + Ca++ = C3H5O3Ca+.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 357-368 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 410-412 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 215-219 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 308-309 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 315-320 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden Reduktionsversuche an Nickel- und Kupferoxyden mit festem Kohlenstoff durchgeführt. Die Reduktion der Kupferoxyde beginnt bereits bei etwa 550° praktisch merklich zu werden, während der Sauerstoffabbau der Nickeloxyde erst bei etwa 800° die Werte der Kupferoxydreduktion für 500° erreicht.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 369-400 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Theorie aufgestellt, daß der sogenannte feste Phosphorwasserstoff eine Sorption von PH3 an einer amorphen, gelben Form des Phosphors ist. Es handelt sich demnach nicht urn einen „Polyphosphorwasserstoff“, der einen den Polyschwefelwasserstoffen vergleichbaren Bau aufweist.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 229 (1936), S. 413-417 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 257-276 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 385-404 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Beim vergleichenden Studium der Reaktionskinetik des Jodumsatzes von Phosphorverbindungen, die ein direkt an Phosphor gebundenes Wasserstoffatom enthalten, zeigt sich, daß die verschiedenen Verbindungen gleichen Ladungszustandes mit Jod gleichartig reagieren. Aus der Übersicht der Ergebnisse auf S. 401 erhellt, daß die Verbindungen, welche Säuren sind, im neutralen Zustande mit Jod reagieren, während sich das einwertige Anion nicht mit merkbarer Geschwindigkeit mit Jod umsetzt. Es wird versucht, diese Tatsachen vom Standpunkte der Säure-Basenkatalyse aus zu erklären.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 231 (1937), S. 285-297 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 231 (1937), S. 298-303 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. α-Naphtholsulfonsäure läßt sich an Stelle von Phenolsulfonsäure zur kolorimetrischen Bestimmung kleinster Nitratmengen verwenden.
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    Notes: Es wurden die Unterschiede des molaren Wärmeinhaltes von 4 kristallisierten Modifikationen des Zn(OH)2 und von pseudomorphem, röntgenographisch amorphen Zinkhydroxyd gemessen. Die Wärmeinhalte der kristallisierten Zinkhydroxyde liegen sehr dicht beieinander. Die 3 instabilen der untersuchten Formen liegen in einem Unterschiedsbereich von nicht mehr als rund 100 cal. Nur das stabilste (∊)-Hydroxyd liegt in seinem Wärmeinhalt rund 200 cal tiefer als die nächst stabile Form.
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    Notes: 1. Es wurden auf dem Wege über verschiedene Arten von kristallinen und amorphen Zinkhydroxyden aktive und inaktive Zinkoxyde gewonnen. Die kalorimetrische Untersuchung dieser Präparate zeigte, daß der Wärmeinhalt der aktiven Oxyde nicht nur von der Art der Darstellung, sondern auch vom Ausgangsmaterial abhängt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 230 (1937), S. 381-384 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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