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  • 1
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    Endothenia oblongana in Nederland: een bladroller van het zeedorpenlandschap (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1998)
    In:  Entomologische berichten vol. 58, 8, pp. 145-152
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The occurrence of Endothenia oblongana in The Netherlands is confirmed, both by the discovery of old material and by new records. Several specimens were collected in rich grasslands in the coastal dunes, near villages, characterised by extensive human activities and a rich vegetation, with a unique lepidopterous fauna. Data on morphology, biology and distribution of this species and the closely related E. gentianaeana and E. marginana are given.
    Keywords: Tortricidae; Netherlands ; dunes ; Endothenia ; Endothenia gentianaeana ; Endothenia marginana ; Tortricidae ; Ecology ; Netherlands ; Distribution, biology and ecology ; Endothenia oblongana ; Habitat utilization ; Occurrence in coastal village landscape
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungi in ectomycorrhizal associations of silver fir (Abies alba Miller) in Central Italy (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 7 (1998), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizas ; Abies alba ; Characterization ; Ecology ; Confocal microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Naturally occurring ectomycorrhizas of silver fir (Abies alba Miller) were studied in two stands, one natural and one artificial, situated in Central Italy. A total of 25 mycorrhizal types was classified, for eight of which the mycobiont was identified at the species level. Analysis of macroscopic and microscopic features and matching of field-collected carpophores with associated mycorrhizas led to the tentative identification of several other types encountered during this study, at least at the genus level. No significant differences were noticed between natural and artificial stands in the relative richness of mycorrhizal types found on A. alba, indicating the maturity of the artificial stand with regard to succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for visualization of mycorrhizal structures formed by Lactarius spp., without the need for specific staining with a fluorochrome, thanks to latex autofluorescence. This technique allowed observation of several structures in greater detail than with conventional light microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050200
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ericoid mycorrhiza: ecological and host specificity (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Mycorrhiza ; Ericales ; Hosts ; Specificity ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Ericoid mycorrhiza, found in plants belonging to a few families of the Ericales, is seen as the most specific of mycorrhizas, and this has generated much research into the basis of the specificity. Recently, however, non-vascular plants have been found to be able to form the same type of mycorrhiza, and the diversity of the fungal partners has expanded. This review assesses the present state of host and ecological specificity of ericoid mycorrhizas and discusses future lines of research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050129
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental management 19 (1995), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Ecology ; Coastal zone ; Marine shrimp ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Rising demand for shrimp in the developed nations has helped to foster a dramatic growth in marine shrimp aquaculture, particularly in South America and South Asia. In Thailand, Marine shrimp aquaculture is now an important earmer of foreign exchange. The growth in Production has been achieved through the expansion of the culture area and the adoption of intensive production methods. The conversion of near-shore areas to shrimp culture, however, is proving to have many consequences that impinge on the environmental integrity of coastal areas. This paper reviews the development of Thailand's marine shrimp culture industry and examines the nature of the environmental impacts that are emerging. It then discusses the implications these have for rural poor and the long-term viability of the culture industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472001
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydropower, adaptive management, and Biodiversity (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental management 20 (1996), S. 831-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Adaptive management ; Biodiversity ; Hydropower ; Glen Canyon Dam ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Adaptive management is a policy framework within which an iterative process of decision making is followed based on the observed responses to and effectiveness of previous decisions. The use of adaptive management allows science-based research and monitoring of natural resource and ecological community responses, in conjunction with societal values and goals, to guide decisions concerning man's activities. The adaptive management process has been proposed for application to hydropower operations at Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, a situation that requires complex balancing of natural resources requirements and competing human uses. This example is representative of the general increase in public interest in the operation of hydropower facilities and possible effects on downstream natural resources and of the growing conflicts between uses and users of river-based resources. This paper describes the adaptive management process, using the Glen Canyon Dam example, and discusses ways to make the process work effectively in managing downstream natural resources and biodiversity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205963
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolving complexity (1997)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 1 (1997), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Software ; Artificial life ; Natural selection ; Artificial selection ; Evolvability ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of efforts to implement the process of evolution in a computational medium. The review will cover prominent examples, and discuss the major classes of implementations, their successes, and the obstacles they face.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial scaling of allometry for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 107 (1996), S. 588-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allometry ; Carnivora ; Density ; Ecology ; Scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A regression slope of −0.75 between log10 density and log10 body mass is thought to express equivalence of energy conversion among species' populations of similar taxonomic and trophic status. Using larger sample sizes than the usual 1–3 density estimates per species, we estimated a regression slope of −0.71 for terrestrial mammalian carnivores. We investigated the sampling variation in this estimate, and those derived from smaller intra-specific subsets, using 1000-iteration bootstrap analyses to obtain 90% confidence intervals. As expected, these widened as random subsets were reduced in size, but always contained the postulated −0.75. However, log10 density also declined as 3/4 of the log10 spatial extent of study area, and study area accounted for virtually all of the variation in density that was previously thought due to body mass. We removed the effect of study area by using the species-specific regression models between density and study area to predict density at a common scale of 400 km2. These common-scale densities regressed against body mass with a slope of −0.16, but separated into body mass classes less than and greater than 11 kg, they produced slopes that were not significantly different from zero. We show that the allometry of density could be a case of circular logic, whereby body mass has influenced the investigator's choice of study area, and the resulting scale-dependent densities are related back to body mass. To test the allometry hypothesis, the effect of study area on density estimates needs to be removed. This requires conducting larger-scale studies of the smaller-bodied species so that all species compared are represented by an average study area that is near the common scale. Furthermore, study sites need to be selected and designed to represent more than the local detail in species' density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333952
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling population density and spatial pattern for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carnivora ; Ecology ; Population density ; Scale ; Spatial pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A large part of ecological theory has been developed with the assumption that intra- and inter-specific patterns of density and spatial distribution can be consistently and reliably compared, and that these patterns have represented populations across nonstudied landscapes. These assumptions are erroneous. We found that log10 population density estimates consistently decreased linearly with log10 spatial extent of study areas for species of terrestrial Carnivora. The size of the study area accounted for most of the variation in population estimates, and study areas increased with the female body mass of the study species. But study sites consistently had higher densities than can be expected for nonstudy sites, regardless of the size of the study area, because study sites are typically chosen based on a priori knowledge of high density. Inter-specific comparisons of density and distribution might provide more insight into community organization after intra-specific density estimates have been scaled by the study areas, and related to the nonstudied landscapes within each species' geographic range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328735
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The colonization of organges by the cosmopolitan Drosophila (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 552-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Colonization ; Ecology ; Succession ; Guild
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The guild of “cosmopolitan” Drosophila coexist almost worldwide and yet the mechanisms that underlie this coexistence are unknown. The larval resource of the guild is decaying fruit and vegetables, but the species show little specialization and can coexist on a single resource, such as oranges. In southern California the guild includes D. simulans (SIM), D. melanogaster (MEL), D. pseudoobscura (OBS), D. immigrans (IMM), D. hydei (HYD) and D. busckii (BUS). These species show consistent differences in their colonization of decaying organges, differences that may promote their coexistence. This study tested whether the colonization pattern of a species is determined primarily by attraction to specific resource types (decayed or fresh organges), by ability to colonize new resource patches, or by dependence on a successional sequence of Drosophila species. The experiments compared oranges that were pre-aged prior to a colonization period and showed that the colonization pattern of each species (except OBS) was driven primarily by its decay-dependent attraction to oranges. While OBS exhibited a pattern of colonization independent of pre-aging, the remaining species all showed some preference for older (7-day pre-aged) over fresh oranges. Their overall pattern of attraction, ordered by high relative abundance on fresher organges, was SIM〉MEL=IMM〉HYD=BUS. BUS, a specialist on decaying plant material, was the only species that showed a preference for 11-day over 7-day oranges. Pre-aging the oranges under covers, to prevent prior colonization by Drosophila, did not change the interspecific pattern of colonization, indicating that microbial decay was driving the changes in attraction. The patterns of attraction separated two ecologically similar pairs (SIM from MEL; IMM from HYD) and published data on ethanol tolerance show that, in each pair, the earliest colonizer has the lower tolerance. This suggests an important interplay between colonization patterns and physiological optima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333733
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Produktion 2000 — Trying to jointly improve technology, organisation and qualification (1998)
    Springer
    AI & society 12 (1998), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Ecology ; Organisational design ; Production ; Quality of work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Produktion 2000 is a German federal framework programme which supports the development of technology, organisation and qualification for production in industry. The Programme was launched in 1995 in view of the urgent need for improvement felt by industry itself after a very careful analysis and definition phase. The Programme is managed by a special Agency on behalf of the Federal Ministry. Their staff offers support in defining, implementing, running and controlling collaborative industry-driven projects and by awarding financial grants to the project partners. Strategic projects and first results are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01179773
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restructuring food for corporate profit: The corporate genetics of Cargill and Monsanto (1999)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 16 (1999), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Culture ; Dependency ; Ecology ; Food systems ; Organism ; Restructuring ; Seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is important to talk about corporations as a class, about trade agreements, and about government policy; but without examining specific examples of how real corporations actually shape the world to suit their purposes, we stand little chance of understanding the determinative forces behind government policy and trade agreements, and even less chance of affecting them. This article uses the metaphor of “genetics” (inherent character) to examine two major transnational corporations operating at the extremes of restructuring life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007586710282
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perspectives on the ecomorphology of bony fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 44 (1995), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Morphology ; Ecology ; Form ; Biological role ; Performance ; Ontogeny ; Optimization ; Phylogeny ; Constraints ; Adaptation ; Fundamental niche ; Realized niche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The field of ecomorphology has a long history with early roots in Europe. In this half of the century the application of ecomorphology to the biology of fishes has developed in the former Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia, The Netherlands, and in North America. While the specific approaches vary among countries, many North American studies begin by comparing morphological variation with variation in ecological characteristics at the intra or interspecific levels. These initial correlative studies form the ground work for hypotheses that explore the mechanistic underpinnings of the observed ecomorphological associations. Supporting these mechanistic hypotheses are insights from functional studies which demonstrate the limits to potential resource use resulting from a particular morphology; however, the actual resource use is likely to be more limited due to additional constraints provided by internal (e.g., behavior, physiology) and external (e.g., resource abundance, predator distribution) factors. The results from performance studies in the laboratory or field can be used to test specific ecomorphological hypotheses developed from the initial correlational and functional studies. Such studies may, but rarely do, incorporate an ontogenetic analysis of the ecomorphological association to determine their effect on performance. Finally, input from phylogenetic analyses allow an investigator to examine the evolution of specific features and to assess the rates and directionality of character evolution. The structural and ecological diversity of fishes provides a fertile ground to investigate these interactions. The contributions in this volume highlight some of the specific directions for ecomorphological research covering a variety of biological processes in fishes. These include foraging, locomotion, reproduction, respiration, and sensory systems. Running through these papers are new insights into universal ecomorphological issues, i.e., the relationships between form and ecological role and the factors that modify these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005904
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic systematics and biomecha cs in ecomorphology (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 44 (1995), S. 263-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Comparative methods ; Character evolution ; Phylogenetic autocorrelation ; Independent contrasts ; Least squares parsimony ; Labridae ; Feeding ; Ecology ; Functional morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Research in all fields of biology increasingly uses phylogenetic systematics to interpret biological data in an evolutionary context. It is becoming widely accepted that comparative studies of the correlation of biological features, such as ecomorphological studies, must frame their analyses within the context of a phylogenetic hierarchy rather than treating each taxonomic unit as an independent replicate. Recent methods for the interpretation of ecological and functional data in the framework of a phylogeny can reveal the degree to which ecomorphological characters are correlated with one another, and are congruent with hierarchical cladistic groups. An example of the ecomorphology of labrid fishes is used here to illustrate the application of several of these methods. The structural design and mechanics of the jaws of labrids are tested for ecomorphological associations with the natural diets of these fishes. Methods for analysis of the correlated evolution of both discrete and continuous quantitative characters within a phylogeny are practiced on a single ecomorphological data set. Techniques used include character coding, character mapping, phylogenetic autocorrelation, independent contrasts, and squared change parsimony. These approaches to diverse biological data allow the study of ecomorphology to account for patterns of phylogenetic ancestry. Biomechanics or functional morphology also plays a vital role in the determination of ecomorphological relationships by clarifying the mechanisms by which morphologies can perform behaviors important to the organism's ecology. The synthesis of systematics with biomechanics is an example of interdisciplinary study in which information exchange can elucidate patterns of evolution in ecomorphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005920
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The life history of the tropical shad Tenualosa toli from Sarawak: first evidence of protandry in the Clupeiformes? (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 46 (1996), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Estuaries ; Ecology ; Hermaphroditism ; Diet ; Age ; Growth ; Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Sharp declines in catches prompted a detailed study of the commercially and culturally important ‘terubok’ Tenualosa toli, which lives in the fast-flowing, turbid estuaries and adjacent shallow coastal waters of Sarawak. Its reproduction, diet, age and growth were investigated. An absence of small females and large males, together with histological data showing transitional gonads, suggest that T. toli is a protandrous hermaphrodite. Ageing based on otoliths indicates that individuals may not live more than about two years. Male fish spawn towards the end of their first year, change sex (transitional gonads were recorded in fish from 14 to 31 cm SL) and spawn as females in their second year. Spawning takes place in the middle reaches of estuaries and females deposit all their eggs at once. Fecundity is linearly related to fish length but shows significant seasonal and site variations. Hermaphroditism is discussed in relation to possible environmental and isolating mechanisms. T. toli is a zooplanktivore eating mainly calanoid copepods. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy of trace elements across otoliths revealed that the species does not move into full seawater or freshwater, but completes its life cycle in estuarine and adjacent coastal waters. Therefore T. toli populations in each estuary and adjacent coastal waters may be relatively isolated from one another, and hence particularly susceptible to overfishing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004998
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Have fishes had their chips? The dilemma of threatened fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Conservation ; Extinction ; Rarity ; Biodiversity ; Breeding guilds ; Endemism ; Speciation ; Habitat degradation ; Environmental management ; Invasive fishes ; Genetics ; Ecology ; Stenotopy ; Captive propagation ; Legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The conservation status and factors threatening fishes worldwide are reviewed in order to introduce a series of one-page articles on ‘Threatened fishes of the world’, and to encourage the incorporation of information on threatened fishes into international conservation programmes. Information on fish extinction and threat rates are compared with those of other animal groups, and the unique characteristics of fish conservation problems are highlighted. At present 979 species of fishes are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List and at least 36 species and three subspecies are listed as recently extinct. It is argued that these figures are probably gross underestimates and that they may mislead conservation authorities and resource users about the seriousness of the situation. Freshwater fishes may be the most threatened group of vertebrates after the Amphibia. Urgent action is required to save many narrowly endemic, stenotopic species from extinction, especially in Africa, Asia and South America. The conservation of common species that drive essential ecological processes is also important. Anthropogenic pressures, especially habitat degradation, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, on inland and coastal waters are particularly severe and many major fish communities are threatened with elimination throughout the world. The conservation of marine fishes is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to ascertain their rarity. The importance of the retention of genetic variation is highlighted, and both orthodox and innovative conservation measures are encouraged. Further research on minimum viable populations, genetics, and the factors that cause fishes to become vulnerable to extinction, is urgently required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001812
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  • 16
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    Fish communities in the African Great Lakes (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 45 (1996), S. 219-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Behaviour ; Evolution ; Cichlids ; Fisheries ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ecological conditions in tropical lacustrine systems are considered by focusing on the evolution, maintenance, exploitation and vulnerability of fish communities in the African Great Lakes. The exceptionally high biodiversities in the littoral/sublittoral zones of the very ancient, deep, clear, permanently stratified rift lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, are contrasted with the simpler systems in their pelagic zones, also with biodiversity in the much younger, shallower Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003090
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  • 17
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    Seasonal incidence and ecology of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) on grazing pastures in Western France (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 19 (1995), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Ecology ; ticks ; Ixodes ricinus ; France
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A longitudinal survey was carried out during a 2 year period in Western France to assess the infestation level of grazing pastures byIxodes ricinus ticks. Four farms were visited once a month and each of the grazing pastures was sampled in the centre and at the border using the blanket dragging method. A total of 3562I. ricinus (34 adults, 900 nymphs and 2628 larvae) were collected and the infestation was significantly higher during the first year (p〈0.0001). The infestation level byI. ricinus varied between grazing pastures and farms. Grazing pastures in the vicinity of forest were more infested than the others, all through the study. The seasonal distribution of ticks showed peaks, with low fluctuations between farms, years and stages. Tick abundance could not be related to vegetation, but only to the vicinity of woods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130824
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  • 18
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    Isolation ofCryptococcus neoformans var.neoformans from bird droppings, fruits and vegetables in Mexico City (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 129 (1995), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: C. neoformans ; Ecology ; Epidemiology ; Fungus isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence ofCryptococcus neoformans in various natural sources, such as bird droppings, fruits and vegetables, was investigated. A total of 711 samples were analyzed;C. neoformans var.neoformans was isolated from seven out of 74 bird droppings (9.5%), with parrots as one of the most significant sources. Fruits were positive in 9.5% of the 169 samples studied, specially citrus fruits, particularly grapefruit, in which the highest frequency was found. From the 468 vegetable samples, only 20 were positive (4.2%). It is emphasized that five of the positive vegetables species are autochthonous to Mexico: avocado (Nectandra salicifolia), beet (Beta vulgaris var.quinopodiace), chayote (Sechium edule), stringbean (Cassia sp), and nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01139333
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  • 19
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    Ecogeography of the grass genusHelictotrichon (Poaceae: Aveneae) in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions (1996)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 203 (1996), S. 181-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Aveneae ; Helictotrichon ; Avenula ; Ecology ; biogeography ; chromosome numbers ; polyploidy ; Mediterranean Region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The geographical distribution of the grass genusHelictotrichon in the Mediterranean Region is analysed and mapped for 33 taxa. Based on only a single life form (perennial herb), a variety of edaphically, climatically and altitudinally differently adapted species complexes has evolved in the area. Most of these complexes show west-east disjunctions and contain geographically, sometimes even edaphically vicarious taxa with complementary distribution. A transition from mesomorphic to xeromorphic habit occurred independently in different species groups and led to the establishment of the “modern” Mediterranean taxa which are in part highly polyploid derivatives of more mesophilic diploids. The significance of polyploidy, patterns of parapatric and sympatric distribution, biogeographical borders, and centres of species diversity are discussed in context with the history of the Mediterranean vegetation. New combinations are:Helictotrichon setaceum subsp.petzense, H. pratense subsp.lusitanicum, H. praetutianum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983512
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  • 20
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    The influence of soil depth on plant species response to grazing within a semi-arid savanna (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 138 (1998), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Functional groups ; Diversity ; Herbivory ; Heterogeneity ; Patch dynamics ; Pattern ; Plant-animal interaction ; Rangelands ; Redundancy ; Scale ; Shifting mosaic ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Grassland patches within a semi-arid savanna were evaluated over 45-years for (1) local temporal dynamics of basal area for five dominant grass species within long-term heavily grazed and ungrazed treatments, (2) the influence of soil depth (resource availability) on vegetation dynamics, and (3) the applicability of community-level grazing response groups over fine-scale patterns of soil heterogeneity. Temporal patterns in species composition and basal area were dependent upon soil depth. In the heavy grazed treatment, Hilaria belangeri dominated deep soils while Erioneuron pilosum and Bouteloua trifida were restricted to shallow soils. In the ungrazed treatment, removal of grazing resulted in successional changes that were significantly different across soil depths. After 45 years without grazing, Eriochloa sericea was most abundant on deep soils while Bouteloua curtipendula was more abundant on intermediate and shallow soils. Community-level functional groups that are based on grazing were not appropriate when multiple pattern-driving variables were considered across multiple scales indicating that functional groups should only be applied to certain processes at specific scales. Within the ungrazed treatments, variable soil depths have resulted in a shifting mosaic in time and space where early- and late-successional species co-exist continuously but spatially separated within the community. In the heavily grazed treatment, species are somewhat spatially arranged by soil depths, but much of the inherent heterogeneity is eliminated and species composition is dominated by the three grazing-resistant short-grasses. Broad scale successional changes may appear linear and predictable while at finer scales, the same changes may be described as non-linear and dependent upon soil depth resulting in thresholds that are partially explained by weather patterns, seed bank limitations and competitive inhibitions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009704723526
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morpho-ecological study on the South American species of the genus Nothofagus (1997)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 130 (1997), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Distribution ; Ecology ; Morphology ; Nothofagus ; South American
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of the 11 taxa of South American Nothofagus are compared. Thirty eight characteristics were taken into account: 12 from leaves, 3 from stipules, 3 from buds, 6 from cupules, 7 from fruits, 4 from petioles and 3 from male flowers. The data matrix, with average values of 100 measurements per taxon, was analyzed with multivariate statistical methods of classification and polar and spatial ordination. Five groups were established: The first one (Nothofagus obliqua, N. obliqua var. macrocarpa, N. leoni and N. alessandrii), with deciduous leaves, is adapted to mediterranean climatic conditions. The second groups (N. dombeyi, N. nitida and N. antarctica), with small leaves which are evergreen for the first two species and deciduous for the last, develops under temperate humid conditions typical of the Valdivian region. The three remaining groups correspond to isolated species with different requirements: N. glauca, has large deciduous leaves and colonizes the most xerophytic biotope that a Nothofagus in central Chile can tolerate. N. pumilio, with mid-sized deciduous leaves, is adapted to the cold and dry zones of the southern Andes. Finally, N. betuloides, with small evergreen leaves, grows in the cold/humid somewhat boggy conditions of the Magellanic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009735821549
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High elevation coniferous vegetation of Guatemala (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 116 (1995), S. 7-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Altitudinal distribution ; Ecology ; Guatemala ; Pine communities ; Phytosociology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phytosociological study of the juniper (locally called huito), pine (locally called sacch), pine-alder and fir forests of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes and Cadena Volcánica in Guatemala was carried out. The Zürich-Montpellier approach was followed. In total 119 relevés were sampled and the data were organised in phytosociological tables to distinguish vegetation clusters. TWINSPAN was used to evaluate major differences among plant communities. Seven zonal plant communities were distinguished and described, namely: (1)Relbunium microphyllum-Agrostis tolucensis, (2)Werneria nubigena-Agrostis exserta, (3)Lachemilla vulcanica-Pinus hartwegii, (4)Holodiscus argenteus-Pinus hartwegii, (5)Hypnum cypressiforme-Juniperus standleyi, (6)Agave hurteri-Alnus firmifolia and (7)Sabazia pinetorum-Abies guatemalensis. This paper provides a thorough floristic characterisation of each community and outlines the major anthropogenic activities. To conclude, ecologic and floristic (dis)similarities between plant communities of the study area and those of Central Mexico, like the different altitudinal distribution of fir forests and the establishment of mid-successional communities such as theAgave hurteri-Alnus firmifolia were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045273
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic Disproof of the Structure Proposed for Alectrol, the Germination Stimulant from Vigna unguiculata (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2195-2199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alectrol ; Ecology ; Lactones ; Phytochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several compounds [(±)-3a, (±)-3b, (±)-10, (±)-11, and (±)-12] with structures related to that proposed for alectrol (3), the germination stimulant for seeds of parasitic weeds, have been synthesized. Structure (±)-3a has been solved by X-ray-crystallographic analysis. Comparison of the 1H-NMR data of the synthetic compounds with those reported for alectrol showed the proposed structure 3 to be incorrect. The synthetic products (±)-3a and (±)-3b showed significant germination stimulating activity on clover broomrape (Orobanche minor) seeds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semiochemicals - Synthesis, Stereochemistry, and Bioactivity (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1479-1489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chirality ; Ecology ; Pheromones ; Semiochemicals ; Structure-activity relationship ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of some new pheromones and other semiochemicals is reported. The target molecules are the pheromone (20) of a myxobacterium, a plant germination stimulant [sorgolactone (22a)], a plant leaf-closing factor [phyllanthurinolactone (24a)], the pheromone [stegobiol (25) and stegobinone (26)] of the drugstore beetle, and the pheromone [frontalin (27)] of the southern pine beetle. Like other natural products, semiochemicals are not always enantiomerically pure, and their enantiomeric heterogeneity is taken advantage of by organisms to increase the diversity in chemical communications. Relationships between absolute configuration and bioactivity of pheromones, rather than being simple, are extremely complicated and unpredictable.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses of (±)- and (+)-Sorgolactone, the Germination Stimulant from Sorghum bicolor (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2183-2194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ecology ; Lactones ; Phytochemistry ; Radical reactions ; Sorgolactone ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of (±)-2a, the racemate of the structure proposed for sorgolactone, and its three racemic stereoisomers have been accomplished with confirmation of the stereostructures of the intermediate (±)-10 and the final product (±)-2a by X-ray analysis. Its optically active form, (3aR,8S,8bS,2′R)-(+)-2a, has also been prepared from (S)-(-)-citronellal by employing radical cyclization of 18 to 19 as the key step. Spectroscopic properties of the synthetic products are compared with those reported for natural sorgolactone. Bioassays using clover broomrape (Orobanche minor) seeds have revealed that all the stereoisomers strongly stimulate their germination.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Structure of Orobanchol, the Germination Stimulant for Orobanche minor (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2201-2210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ecology ; Lactones ; Mass Spectrometry ; Orobanchol ; Natural Products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of orobanchol, a new seed germination stimulant for clover broomrape (Orobanche minor), was proposed as 5a (tentative absolute configuration) on the basis of GC-MS comparison of the natural product with several synthetic compounds [(±)-4a-(±)-4h, (±)-5a and (±)-5b]. All of the synthetic compounds showed significant seed germination activities for Orobanche minor and witchweed (Striga asiatica).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of (+)-Strigol and (+)-Orobanchol, the Germination Stimulants, and Their Stereoisomers by Employing Lipase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Acetylationas the Key Step (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2211-2217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ecology ; Lactones ; Lipases ; Orobanchol ; Strigol ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The potent seed germination stimulants (+)-strigol (1), (+)-orobanchol (2) and their stereoisomers [2′-epistrigol (1′), ent-1, ent-1′, 2′-epiorobanchol (2′), 4-epiorobanchol (2′′) and 4, 2′-bisepiorobanchol (2′′′)] were prepared from the enantiomers of 3, which were obtainable by lipase-catalyzed enantiomer separation of (±)-3.
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  • 28
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    Molar tooth diversity, disparity, and ecology in Cenozoic ungulate radiations (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-11-29
    Description: A classic example of adaptive radiation is the diversification of Cenozoic ungulates into herbivore adaptive zones. Their taxonomic diversification has been associated with changes in molar tooth morphology. Analysis of molar crown types of the Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, and archaic ungulates ("Condylarthra") shows that the diversity of genera and crown types was high in the Eocene. Post-Eocene molars of intermediate crown types are rare, and thus the ungulate fauna contained more taxa having fewer but more disparate crown types. Taxonomic diversity trends alone give incomplete descriptions of adaptive radiations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jernvall, J -- Hunter, J P -- Fortelius, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Nov 29;274(5292):1489-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Ecology and Systematics, Post Office Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-436.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8929401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artiodactyla/anatomy & histology/classification ; Biological Evolution ; Diet ; Ecology ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Molar/*anatomy & histology ; Odontometry ; *Paleodontology ; Perissodactyla/anatomy & histology/classification ; Species Specificity ; Tooth Crown/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-07-21
    Description: Earth's capacity to support people is determined both by natural constraints and by human choices concerning economics, environment, culture (including values and politics), and demography. Human carrying capacity is therefore dynamic and uncertain. Human choice is not captured by ecological notions of carrying capacity that are appropriate for nonhuman populations. Simple mathematical models of the relation between human population growth and human carrying capacity can account for faster-than-exponential population growth followed by a slowing population growth rate, as observed in recent human history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jul 21;269(5222):341-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7618100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Culture ; Ecology ; Environment ; Food Supply ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; *Population Growth ; Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Plan to end genetics panel troubles EPA (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Aug 23;273(5278):1035.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11644823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; *DNA, Recombinant ; Ecology ; Federal Government ; Genetic Therapy ; Government ; *Government Regulation ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Organisms, Genetically Modified ; *Public Policy ; *Social Control, Formal ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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