ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (506,719)
  • 2000-2004  (418,015)
  • 1950-1954  (88,704)
  • Biology  (443,061)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (74,580)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD1: Antigen Presentation and T Cell Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 817-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This review summarizes the major features of CD1 genes and proteins, the patterns of intracellular trafficking of CD1 molecules, and how they sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. We describe how lipid antigens bind to CD1 molecules with their alkyl chains buried in hydrophobic pockets and expose their polar lipid headgroup whose fine structure is recognized by the TCR of CD1-restricted T cells. CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d. Invariant TCRalpha chains, self-lipid reactivity, and rapid effector responses empower a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) to have unique effector functions without counterpart among MHC-restricted T cells. This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Three Es of Cancer Immunoediting (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 329-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After a century of controversy, the notion that the immune system regulates cancer development is experiencing a new resurgence. An overwhelming amount of data from animal models-together with compelling data from human patients-indicate that a functional cancer immunosurveillance process indeed exists that acts as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. However, it has also become clear that the immune system can facilitate tumor progression, at least in part, by sculpting the immunogenic phenotype of tumors as they develop. The recognition that immunity plays a dual role in the complex interactions between tumors and the host prompted a refinement of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis into one termed "cancer immunoediting." In this review, we summarize the history of the cancer immunosurveillance controversy and discuss its resolution and evolution into the three Es of cancer immunoediting-elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104803
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD40/CD154 Interactions at the Interface of Tolerance and Immunity (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also intervene in, the progression of antibody- and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and can instill long-lived allogeneic and xenogeneic graft tolerance. Many effector mechanisms of inflammation are abolished as a result of CD154 blockade, but we are now beginning to understand that CD154 blockade may, in some instances, engender long-lived, antigen-specific tolerance. In the context of transplantation tolerance, we present a hypothesis that alphaCD154 blockade is most effective at inducing long-lived allospecific tolerance if anergy and regulation can be elicited prior to the onslaught of inflammation that is induced by grafting (preemptive tolerance). This facet of alphaCD154-induced tolerance appears to co-opt the normal processes of peripheral tolerance induced by immature DCs and can be exploited to induce long-lived antigen-specific tolerance. The underlying science and the prospects for inducing long-lived antigen-specific tolerance in a model of allograft tolerance through CD154 blockade are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104533
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ligands for L-Selectin: Homing, Inflammation, and Beyond (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 129-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Understanding the molecular basis of lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs was originally a problem of concern only to immunologists. With the discovery of l-selectin and its ligands, interested scientists have expanded to include glycobiologists, immunopathologists, cancer biologists, and developmental biologists. Going beyond its first discovered role in homing to lymph nodes, the l-selectin system is implicated in such diverse processes as inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in both acute and chronic settings, hematogenous metastasis of carcinoma cells, effector mechanisms for inflammatory demyelination of axons, and implantation of the early mammalian embryo. This review focuses on the ligands for l-selectin that are found on vascular endothelium, leukocytes, carcinoma cells, and at various extravascular sites. The discovery of selectins and their ligands has validated the long-predicted hypothesis that carbohydrate-directed cell adhesion is relevant in eukaryotic systems. Emphasis will be given to the carbohydrate and sulfation modifications of the ligands, which enable recognition by l-selectin. The rapid "homing" of labeled cells into the lymph nodes presumably had its basis in the special affinity of small lymphocytes for the endothelium of the postcapillary venules. Gowans & Knight (1)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.090501.080131
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interleukin-10 and Related Cytokines and Receptors (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 929-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -e, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their specific receptor molecules initiates a broad and varied array of signals that induce cellular antiviral states, modulate inflammatory responses, inhibit or stimulate cell growth, produce or inhibit apoptosis, and affect many immune mechanisms. The information derived from crystal structures and molecular evolution has led to progress in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms initiating their biological activities. These cytokines have significant roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes as well as in regulation of the immune system. Further investigation of these critical intercellular signaling molecules will provide important information to enable these proteins to be used more extensively in therapy for a variety of diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila: The Genetics of Innate Immune Recognition and Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 457-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Because of the evolutionary conservation of innate mechanisms of host defense, Drosophila has emerged as an ideal animal in which to study the genetic control of immune recognition and responses. The discovery that the Toll pathway is required for defense against fungal infection in Drosophila was pivotal in studies of both mammalian and Drosophila immunity. Subsequent genetic screens in Drosophila to isolate additional mutants unable to induce humoral responses to infection have identified and ordered the function of components of two signaling cascades, the Toll and Imd pathways, that activate responses to infection. Drosophila blood cells also contribute to host defense through phagocytosis and signaling, and may carry out a form of self-nonself recognition that is independent of microbial pattern recognition. Recent work suggests that Drosophila will be a useful model for dissecting virulence mechanisms of several medically important pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104626
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological Control of Immune Response and Inflammatory Tissue Damage by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Adenosine A2A Receptors* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 657-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immune cell-mediated destruction of pathogens may result in excessive collateral damage to normal tissues, and the failure to control activated immune cells may cause immunopathologies. The search for physiological mechanisms that downregulate activated immune cells has revealed a critical role for extracellular adenosine and for immunosuppressive A2A adenosine receptors in protecting tissue from inflammatory damage. Tissue damage-associated deep hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors, and hypoxia-induced accumulation of adenosine may represent one of the most fundamental and immediate tissue-protecting mechanisms, with adenosine A2A receptors triggering "OFF" signals in activated immune cells. In these regulatory mechanisms, oxygen deprivation and extracellular adenosine accumulation serve as "reporters," while A2A adenosine receptors serve as "sensors" of excessive tissue damage. The A2A receptor-triggered generation of intracellular cAMP then inhibits activated immune cells in a delayed negative feedback manner to prevent additional tissue damage. Targeting A2A adenosine receptors may have important clinical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104731
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The BCR-ABL Story: Bench to Bedside and Back (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 247-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104753
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunological Memory to Viral Infections1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 711-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 683-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) basally display class I and II MHC-peptide complexes on their surface and come in regular contact with circulating T cells. We propose that EC present microbial antigens to memory T cells as a mechanism of immune surveillance. Activated T cells, in turn, provide both soluble and contact-dependant signals to modulate normal EC functions, including formation and remodeling of blood vessels, regulation of blood flow, regulation of blood fluidity, maintenance of permselectivity, recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, and antigen presentation leading to activation of T cells. T cell interactions with vascular EC are thus bidirectional and link the immune and circulatory systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104639
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that collect antigen in body tissues and transport them to draining lymph nodes. Antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to naive T cells, resulting in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. DCs take up antigen through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis via different groups of receptor families, such as Fc receptors for antigen-antibody complexes, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) for glycoproteins, and pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for microbial antigens. Uptake of antigen by CLRs leads to presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. DCs are well equipped to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens by the variable expression of cell-surface receptors such as CLRs and TLRs. In the steady state, DCs are not immunologically quiescent but use their antigen-handling capacities to maintain peripheral tolerance. DCs are continuously sampling and presenting self- and harmless environmental proteins to silence immune activation. Uptake of self-components in the intestine and airways are good examples of sites where continuous presentation of self- and foreign antigens occurs without immune activation. In contrast, efficient antigen-specific immune activation occurs upon encounter of DCs with nonself-pathogens. Recognition of pathogens by DCs triggers specific receptors such as TLRs that result in DC maturation and subsequently immune activation. Here we discuss the concept that cross talk between TLRs and CLRs, differentially expressed by subsets of DCs, accounts for the different pathways to peripheral tolerance, such as deletion and suppression, and immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunity to Tuberculosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 599-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Only 5 to 10% of immunocompetent humans are susceptible to tuberculosis, and over 85% of them develop the disease exclusively in the lungs. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, in contrast, can develop systemic disease that is more quickly lethal. This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susceptible humans generate some level of Th1 immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Tuberculosis in mice is also exclusively a lung disease that is progressive and lethal, in spite of the generation of Th1-mediated immunity. Thus mouse tuberculosis is a model of tuberculosis in susceptible humans, as is tuberculosis in guinea pigs and rabbits. Inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. If this proves to be true, vaccinating susceptible humans against tuberculosis will be a difficult task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemokines in Innate and Adaptive Host Defense: Basic Chemokinese Grammar for Immune Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 891-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chemokines compose a sophisticated communication system used by all our cell types, including immune cells. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events leading to a multitude of cellular responses, leukocyte chemotaxis and adhesion in particular. Critical determinants of the in vivo activities of chemokines in the immune system include their presentation by endothelial cells and extracellular matrix molecules, as well as their cellular uptake via "silent" chemokine receptors (interceptors) leading either to their transcytosis or to degradation. These regulatory mechanisms of chemokine histotopography, as well as the promiscuous and overlapping receptor specificities of inflammation-induced chemokines, shape innate responses to infections and tissue damage. Conversely, the specific patterns of homeostatic chemokines, where each chemokine is perceived by a single receptor, are charting lymphocyte navigation routes for immune surveillance. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the cellular perception and pathophysiologic meaning of chemokines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104543
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Defects in Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Approaches to Immune Reconstitution (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 625-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mutations in nine different genes have been found to cause the human severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. The products of three of the genes-IL-2RG, Jak3, and IL-7Ralpha-are components of cytokine receptors, and the products of three more-RAG1, RAG2, and Artemis-are essential for effecting antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Additionally, a deficiency of CD3delta, a component of the T-cell antigen receptor, results in a near absence of circulating mature CD3+ T cells and a complete lack of gamma/delta T cells. Adenosine deaminase deficiency results in toxic accumulations of metabolites that cause T cell apoptosis. Finally, a deficiency of CD45, a critical regulator of signaling thresholds in immune cells, also causes SCID. Approaches to immune reconstitution have included bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation, both HLA identical unfractionated and T cell-depleted HLA haploidentical, has been very successful in effecting immune reconstitution if done in the first 3.5 months of life and without pretransplant chemotherapy. Gene therapy was highly successful in nine infants with X-linked SCID, but the trials have been placed on hold due to the development of a leukemic process in two of the children because of insertional oncogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104614
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase: Diverse Roles in Immune Cell Activation (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 563-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells of the immune system carry out diverse functions that are controlled by surface receptors for antigen, costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and other ligands. A shared feature of signal transduction downstream of most receptors on immune cells, as in nonhematopoietic cell types, is the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The mechanism by which this common signaling event is elicited by distinct receptors and contributes to unique functional outcomes is an intriguing puzzle. Understanding how specificity is achieved in PI3K signaling is of particular significance because altered regulation of this pathway is observed in many disease states, including leukemia and lymphoma. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of PI3K signaling mechanisms in different immune cells and receptor systems. We emphasize the concept that PI3K and its products are components of complex networks of interacting proteins and second messengers, rather than simple links in linear signaling cascades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104721
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Complement in the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 431-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Complement has both beneficial and deleterious roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). On the one hand, patients with SLE present with decreased complement levels and with complement deposition in inflammed tissues, suggestive of a harmful role of complement in the effector phase of disease. On the other hand, homozygous deficiency of any of the classical pathway proteins is strongly associated with the development of SLE. There are two main hypotheses to explain these observations. The first invokes an important role for complement in the physiological waste-disposal mechanisms of dying cells and immune complexes. The second hypothesis is based around the role of complement in determining the activation thresholds of B and T lymphocytes, with the proposal that complement deficiency causes incomplete maintenance of peripheral tolerance. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. In addition, there is evidence for a contribution from other genetic factors in determining the phenotype of disease in the absence of complement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104549
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Proteins in Regulation of the Immune Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 503-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune responses. The signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of cytokines with their specific cell surface receptors have been extensively studied and have provided a profound understanding of the intracellular machinery that translates exposure of cells to cytokine to a coordinated biological response. It has also become clear that cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to prevent excessive responses to cytokines. In this review we focus on the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of cytoplasmic proteins that completes a negative feedback loop to attenuate signal transduction from cytokines that act through the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. SOCS proteins inhibit components of the cytokine signaling cascade via direct binding or by preventing access to the signaling complex. The SOCS proteins also appear to target signal transducers for proteasomal destruction. Analyses of genetically modified mice in which SOCS proteins are overexpressed or deleted have established that this family of negative regulators has indispensable roles in regulating cytokine responses in cells of the immune system as well as other tissues. Emerging evidence also suggests that disruption of SOCS expression or activity is associated with several immune and inflammatory diseases, raising the prospect that manipulation of SOCS activity may provide a novel future therapeutic strategy in the management of immunological disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.091003.090312
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics, FACS, Immunology, and Redox: A Tale of Two Lives Intertwined (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104727
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of T Cell Viability (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 765-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The factors affecting T cell viability vary depending on the type and status of the T cell involved. Naive T cells die via a Bcl-2/Bim dependent route. Their deaths are prevented in animals by IL-7 and contact with MHC. Activated T cells die in many different ways. Among these is a pathway involving signals that come from outside the T cell and affect it via surface receptors such as Fas. Activated T cells also die through a pathway driven by signals generated within the T cell itself, a cell autonomous route. This pathway involves members of the Bcl-2 family, in particular Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bim, and probably Bak. The viability of CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells is controlled in different ways. CD8+ memory T cells are maintained by IL-15 and IL-7. The control of CD4+ memory T cells is more mysterious, with roles reported for IL-7 and/or contact via the TCR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104554
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrins and T Cell-Mediated Immunity (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 157-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Integrin receptors mediate adhesive events that are critical for a specific and effective immune response to foreign pathogens. Integrin-dependent interactions of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to endothelium regulate the efficiency and specificity of trafficking into secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissue. Within these sites, integrins facilitate cell movement via interactions with the extracellular matrix, and promote and stabilize antigen-specific interactions between T lymphocytes and APCs that are critical for initiating T cell-activation events. In this review, we discuss the role of integrins in T cell-mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104649
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally Arising CD4+ Regulatory T Cells for Immunologic Self-Tolerance and Negative Control of Immune Responses (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 531-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells, the majority of which express CD25, are engaged in dominant control of self-reactive T cells, contributing to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance. Their depletion or functional alteration leads to the development of autoimmune disease in otherwise normal animals. The majority, if not all, of such CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally distinct and mature subpopulation of T cells. Their repertoire of antigen specificities is as broad as that of naive T cells, and they are capable of recognizing both self and nonself antigens, thus enabling them to control various immune responses. In addition to antigen recognition, signals through various accessory molecules and via cytokines control their activation, expansion, and survival, and tune their suppressive activity. Furthermore, the generation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in the immune system is at least in part developmentally and genetically controlled. Genetic defects that primarily affect their development or function can indeed be a primary cause of autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders in humans. Based on recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of this T cell-mediated immune regulation, this review discusses how naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of various immune responses, and how they can be exploited to prevent and treat autoimmune disease, allergy, cancer, and chronic infection, or establish donor-specific transplantation tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central Memory and Effector Memory T Cell Subsets: Function, Generation, and Maintenance (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 745-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The memory T cell pool functions as a dynamic repository of antigen-experienced T lymphocytes that accumulate over the lifetime of the individual. Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. This review addresses the heterogeneity of TCM and TEM, their differentiation stages, and the current models for their generation and maintenance in humans and mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Roles of Antimicrobial Defensins, Cathelicidins, and Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Host Defense* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 181-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mammals generate a diverse array of antimicrobial proteins, largely represented by defensins or cathelicidins. The direct in vitro microbicidal activity of antimicrobial proteins has long been considered an important innate immune defense, although the in vivo relevance has only very recently been established for certain defensins and cathelicidins. Mammalian defensins and cathelicidins have also been shown to have multiple receptor-mediated effects on immune cells. Beta-defensins interact with CCR6; murine beta-defensin-2 in addition activates TLR4. Cathelicidins act on FPRL1-expressing cells. Furthermore, several defensins have considerable immunoenhancing activity. Thus, it appears that mammalian antimicrobial proteins contribute to both innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104603
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin Ligases and the Immune Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 81-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ubiquitin (Ub)-protein conjugation represents a novel means of posttranscriptional modification in a proteolysis-dependent or -independent manner. E3 Ub ligases play a key role in governing the cascade of Ub transfer reactions by recognizing and catalyzing Ub conjugation to specific protein substrates. The E3s, which can be generally classified into HECT-type and RING-type families, are involved in the regulation of many aspects of the immune system, including the development, activation, and differentiation of lymphocytes, T cell-tolerance induction, antigen presentation, immune evasion, and virus budding. E3-promoted ubiquitination affects a wide array of biological processes, such as receptor downmodulation, signal transduction, protein processing or translocation, protein-protein interaction, and gene transcription, in addition to proteasome-mediated degradation. Deficiency or mutation of some of the E3s like Cbl, Cbl-b, or Itch, causes abnormal immune responses such as autoimmunity, malignancy, and inflammation. This review discusses our current understanding of E3 Ub ligases in both innate and adaptive immunity. Such knowledge may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches for immunological diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104813
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starting at the Beginning: New Perspectives on the Biology of Mucosal T Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 217-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastrointestinal tract is the central organ for uptake of fluids and nutrients, and at the same time it forms the main protective barrier between the sterile environment of the body and the outside world. In mammals, the intestine has further evolved to harbor a vast load of commensal bacteria that have important functions for the host. Discrimination by the host defense system of nonself from self can prevent invasion of pathogens, but equivalent responses to dietary or colonizing bacteria can lead to devastating consequences for the organism. This dilemma imposed by the gut environment has probably contributed significantly to the evolutionary drive that has led to sophisticated mechanisms and diversification of the immune system to allow for protection while maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The immense expansion and specialization of the immune system is particularly mirrored in the phylogeny, ontogeny, organization, and regulation of the adaptive intraepithelial lymphocytes, or IEL, which are key players in the unique intestinal defense mechanisms that have evolved in mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104522
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Dynamic Life of Natural Killer Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 405-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in immunological processes, including early defense against viral infections. This review provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature peripheral responses and their ultimate demise, with particular emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104711
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional Control of Early B Cell Development1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 55-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The generation of B-lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled by multiple transcription factors regulating distinct developmental aspects. Ikaros and PU.1 act in parallel pathways to control the development of lymphoid progenitors in part by regulating the expression of essential signaling receptors (Flt3, c-Kit, and IL-7Ralpha). The generation of the earliest B cell progenitors depends on E2A and EBF, which coordinately activate the B cell gene expression program and immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements at the onset of B-lymphopoiesis. Pax5 restricts the developmental options of lymphoid progenitors to the B cell lineage by repressing the transcription of lineage-inappropriate genes and simultaneously activating the expression of B-lymphoid signaling molecules. LEF1 and Sox4 contribute to the survival and proliferation of pro-B cells in response to extracellular signals. Finally, IRF4 and IRF8 together control the termination of pre-B cell receptor signaling and thus promote differentiation to small pre-B cells undergoing light-chain gene rearrangements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104807
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asthma: Mechanisms of Disease Persistence and Progression (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 789-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect because both processes contribute to persistence and progression of disease, despite anti-inflammatory therapy. Th2 cells are continually active in the airways, even when disease is quiescent. IL-13 is the key effector cytokine in asthma and stimulates airway fibrosis through the action of matrix metalloproteinases on TGF-beta and promotes epithelial damage, mucus production, and eosinophilia. The production of IL-13 and other Th2 cytokines by non-T cells augments the inflammatory response. Inflammation is amplified by local responses of the epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts through the production of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases. Injured cells produce adenosine that enhances IL-13 production. We review human and animal data detailing the cellular and molecular interactions in established allergic asthma that promote persistent disease, amplify inflammation, and, in turn, cause disease progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104716
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAGs and Regulation of Autoantibodies (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 485-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoreactive antibodies are etiologic agents in a number of autoimmune diseases. Like all other antibodies these antibodies are produced in developing B cells by V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow. Three mechanisms regulate autoreactive B cells: deletion, receptor editing, and anergy. Here we review the prevalence of autoantibodies in the initial antibody repertoire, their regulation by receptor editing, and the role of the recombinase proteins (RAG1 and RAG2) in this process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunological Memory to Viral Infections1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 711-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From the Editor (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00589.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EAST COAST CONFERENCE ON PROTOZOOLOGY June 3–5, 2005 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00593.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Body, Nuclear, and Ciliary Changes during Conjugation of Protospathidium serpens (Ciliophora, Haptoria) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We studied cell size and shape, nuclear changes, and the ciliary pattern during conjugation of Protospathidium serpens, using protargol impregnation and morphometry. Preliminary data were gathered from Epispathidium ascendens and Apertospathula armata. Conjugation of P. serpens is temporary, isogamic, and without preconjugation divisions. Pair formation is heteropolar, and the partners unite obliquely with the oral bulge. The body becomes smaller and broader during conjugation, but no basic changes occur in the ciliary pattern. Conjugation and nuclear reconstruction follow the usual mode of ciliates. However, some peculiarities occur: only two of the four synkaryon derivatives of the second synkaryon division enter the third division and generate four macronuclear anlagen. which fuse to a single, long macronucleus strand. During conjugation, E. ascendens unites obliquely as P. serpens, while A. armata can pair dorsal-to-dorsal surface, ventral-to-dorsal surface, or obliquely as P. serpens. The nuclear processes of these three species are also rather different, showing a considerable diversity in union modes and nuclear events of spathidiids; E. ascendens even has preconjugation division. Confirming previous data, the present study shows convincingly that most of the spathidiid nuclear variability is caused by reconstruction processes occurring in post-dividers, exconjugants and, possibly, exautogamonts. When these specimens are removed from the populations, spathidiid species are as stable (or variable) as other ciliate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00594.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sterol Composition of Pneumocystis jirovecii with Blocked 14α-Demethylase Activity (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several drugs that interact with membrane sterols or inhibit their syntheses are effective in clearing a number of fungal infections. The AIDS-associated lung infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is not cleared by many of these therapies. Pneumocystis normally synthesizes distinct C28 and C29 24-alkylsterols, but ergosterol, the major fungal sterol, is not among them. Two distinct sterol compositional phenotypes were previously observed in P. jirovecii. One was characterized by Δ7 C28 and C29 24-alkylsterols with only low proportions of higher molecular mass components. In contrast, the other type was dominated by high C31 and C32 24-alkylsterols, especially pneumocysterol. In the present study, 28 molecular species were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of a human lung specimen containing P. jirovecii representing the latter sterol profile phenotype. Fifteen of the 28 had the methyl group at C-14 of the sterol nucleus and these represented 96% of the total sterol mass in the specimen (excluding cholesterol). These results strongly suggest that sterol 14α-demethylase was blocked in these organisms. Twenty-four of the 28 were 24-alkylsterols, indicating that methylation of the C-24 position of the sterol side chain by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:sterol C-24 methyl transferase was fully functional.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00597.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FASEB Meeting on Ciliate Molecular Biology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00600.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The IX International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists IWOP (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00601.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Congress of Parasitology, ICOPA XI (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00602.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Comparison of the Myxosporea Based on an Actin cDNA Isolated from Myxobolus cerebralis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The full-length actin gene from Myxobolus cerebralis (Mcer Act-1), the first characterized from representatives in the phylum Myxozoa, encodes a 378-amino acid polypeptide with an estimated molecular weight of 41,580-Da. A phylogenetic comparison found M. cerebralis to branch outside the metazoans. This finding contrasts with previous reports that suggest an evolutionary affinity of the Myxozoa with either the Bilateria or Cnidaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00605.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Single Nucleotide Mutations That Prevent Developmentally Programmed DNA Elimination in Paramecium tetraurelia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The excision of internal eliminated sequences (IESs) occurs during the differentiation of a new somatic macronuclear genome in ciliated protozoa. In Paramecium tetraurelia, IESs show tew conserved features with the exception of an invariant 5′-TA-3′ dinucleotide that is part of an 8-bp inverted terminal repeat consensus sequence with similarity to the ends of mariner/Tc1 transposons. We have isolated and analyzed two mutant cell lines that are defective in excision of individual IESs in the A-51 surface antigen gene. Each cell line contains a mutation in the flanking 5′-TA-3′ dinucleotide of IES6435 and IES1835 creating a 5′-CA-3′ flanking sequence that prevents excision. The results demonstrate that the first position of the 5′-TA-3′ is required IES excision just as previous mutants have shown that the second position (the A residue) is required. Combining these results with other Paramecium IES mutants suggests that there are few positions essential for IES excision in Paramecium. Analysis of many IESs reveals that there is a strong bias against particular nucleotides at some positions near the IES termini. Some of these strongly biased positions correspond to known IES mutations, others correlate with unusual features of excision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00606.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Analysis of the Microsporidian Genus Brachiola, with Comparisons of Human and Insect Isolates of Brachiola algerae (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genus Brachiola is the newest microsporidian genus established for a human infection with the type species being B. vesicularum in skeletal muscle. Subsequently, the microsporidium, Nosema algerae, identified from mosquitoes, was added to this genus because of morphological and physiological similarities. The present report illustrates a confirmed case of Brachiola algerae infecting skeletal muscle in a 56-year-old woman who was being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with immunosuppressive drugs. In the following study, these two human-infecting microsporidian species are ultrastructurally compared from human biopsy tissue. Additionally, Brachiola algerae from mosquitoes as reference B. algerae, was grown in athymic mice and compared to the human isolate in vivo, and in culture. B. algerae is morphologically identical in the host situations presented and different from B. vesicularum in human skeletal muscle. B. algerae has a consistently, slightly longer spore that typically contains one row of polar filament coils, while B. vesicularum typically contains two rows of polar filament coils and occasionally, one or three rows. In proliferative development, B. vesicularum forms protoplasmic extensions which do not occur on B. algerae, nor have they been reported on any other microsporidium. This report demonstrates that B. vesicularum and B. algerae are two different species of Brachiola that infect human skeletal muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00608.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XX Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Protozoology XXXI Annual Meeting of on Basic Research in Chagas’ Disease (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00280.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From the Editor (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00566.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphologic and Genetic Variability in the Marine Planktonic Ciliate Laboea strobila Lohmann, 1908 (Ciliophora, Oligotrichia), with Notes on its Ontogenesis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Laboea strobila Lohmann, 1908 is a conspicuous oligotrich ciliate in the marine plankton. In order to compare different populations, the morphology of specimens from the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Irish Sea was investigated using live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the PCR-amplified products of the SSrRNA gene from a monoclonal culture of L. strobila from the Mediterranean Sea were sequenced and aligned with sequences of other oligotrichs, including a population of L. strobila from the Atlantic coast of the USA. Finally, the data from the ecological literature were summarized and the cultivation methods were described. The SSrRNA gene sequences of the two distantly located L. strobila populations from the North Atlantic are identical. Likewise, the morphometrics of most populations so far investigated after protargol impregnation (i.e. from the North Atlantic) do not show obvious differences. In all computed phylogenetic trees, L. strobila groups with Strombidium species, forming a monophyletic taxon corresponding to the subclass Oligotrichia. These results are corroborated by the ontogenetic comparison. Since no type species was fixed for LaboeaLohmann, 1908, L. strobila was designated in the present paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00567.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2005 ISEP XV (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00281.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ciliate Molecular Biology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00283.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ancient Weapons for Attack and Defense: the Pore-forming Polypeptides of Pathogenic Enteric and Free-living Amoeboid Protozoa (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pore-forming polypeptides have been purified from several amoeboid protozoans that are well-known human pathogens. Obligate enteric parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica, and free-living but potentially highly pathogenic species, such as Naegleria fowleri, contain these cytolytic molecules inside cytoplasmic granules. Comprehensive functional and structural studies have been conducted that include isolation of the proteins from their natural sources, monitoring of their biological activity towards different targets, and molecular cloning of the genes of their precursors. In the case of the most prominent member of the protein family, with respect to protozoans, the three-dimensional structure of amoebapore A was solved recently. The amoebic pore-forming polypeptides can rapidly perforate human cells. The antibacterial activity of amoebapores and of related polypetides from free-living protozoa points to a more vital function of these molecules: inside the digestive vacuoles they combat growth of phagocytosed bacteria which are killed when their cytoplasmic membranes are permeabilized. The concommitant activity of these proteins towards host cells may be due to a coincidental selection for an efficient effector molecule. Nonetheless, several lines of evidence indicate that these factors are involved in pathogenesis of fatal diseases induced by amoeboid protozoa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00286.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing the Effectiveness of Coding and Non-coding Regions in Antisense Ribosome Inhibition of Gene Expression in Tetrahymena (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Tetrahymena thermophila, an “antisense ribosome” technology has been developed for inhibiting gene expression and generating novel mutants. Short segments of genes are inserted in antisense orientation into an rDNA vector in a region corresponding to an external loop of the folded rRNA. DNA segments derived from the 5′-ends of genes have proven most effective in reducing cognate gene expression. To investigate the efficacy of other genie regions, we generated Tetrahymena cell lines with antisense ribosome constructs containing 100-bp DNA segments derived from the 5′-ends, 3′-ends, and internal coding regions of two non-essential genes, granule lattice protein 1 and macronuclear histone H1. The 5′- and 3′-end constructs inhibited gene expression, but antisense ribosomes derived exclusively from coding regions had little effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00289.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Amoebae Implicated in the Life Cycle of Pfiesteria and Pfiestena-Like Dinoflagellates (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to assess whether amoebae commonly found in mesohaline environments are in fact stages in the life cycles of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates. Primary isolations of amoebae and dinoflagellates were made from water and sediment samples from five tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Additional amoebae were also cloned from bioassay aquaria where fish mortality was attributed to Pfiesteria. Electron microscopy and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence analysis of these isolates clearly demonstrated that the commonly depicted amoeboid form of Pfiesteria is very likely a species of Korotnevella and is unrelated to Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates. We have determined that the Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates examined in this study undergo a typical homothallic life cycle without amoeboid stages. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that cloned amoebae sharing morphological characteristics described for stages in the life cycle of Pfiesteria do not transform into dino7.oites. The strict clonal isolation and cultivation techniques used in this study substantially support the conclusion that the amoebae and some of the flagellates depicted in the life cycle of Pfiesteria are environmental contaminants of the Pfiesteria culture system and that the Ambush Predator Hypothesis needs to be rigorously reevaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00290.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infection of Mouse Dermal Fibroblasts by the Monoxenous Trypanosomatid Protozoa Crithidia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatid protozoa are not believed to infect vertebrate cells. Using light and electron microscopy, we show that the monoxenous trypanosomatids Crithidia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani are able to infect dermal mouse fibroblasts in vitro. We present experimental evidence of phagocytosis of these trypanosomatids, and demonstrate their survival in vertebrate cells. This paper raises the question about the role of C. deanei and H. roitmani, and perhaps other monoxenous trypanosomatid species, in opportunistic infections of immunocompromised individuals and cutaneos lesions in vertebrate hosts.Key Words. In vitro infection, monoxenous trypanosomatids, optical and electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00293.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Places Percolomonas cosmopolites within Heterolobosea: Evolutionary Implications (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Percolomonas cosmopolitus is a common free-living flagellate of uncertain phylogenetic position that was placed within the Heterolobosea on the basis of ultrastructure studies. To test the relationship between Percolomonas and Heterolobosea, we analysed the primary structure of the actin and small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes of P. cosmopolitus as well as the predicted secondary structure of the SSU rRNA. Percolomonas shares common secondary structure patterns of the SSU rRNA with heterolobosean taxa, which, together with the results of actin gene analysis, confirms that it is closely related to Heterolobosea. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the sequences of the SSU rRNA gene suggest Percolomonas belongs to the family Vahlkampliidae. The first Bayesian analysis of a large taxon sampling of heterolobosean SSU rRNA genes clarifies the phylogenetic relationships within this group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00294.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current Progress in the Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cryptosporidium parvum (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the apicomplexans that can cause severe diarrhea in humans and animals. The slow development of anti-cryptosporidiosis chemotherapy is primarily due to the poor understanding on the basic metabolic pathways in this parasite. Many well-defined or promising drug targets found in other apicomplexans are either absent or highly divergent in C. parvum. The recently discovered apicoplast and its associated Type n fatty acid synthetic enzymes in Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Eimeria apicomplexans are absent in C. parvum, suggesting this parasite is unable to synthesize fatty acids de novo. However, C. parvum possesses a giant Type I fatty acid synthase (CpFASl) that makes very long chain fatty acids using mediate or long chain fatty acids as precursors. Cryptosporidium also contains a Type I polyketide synthase (CpPKSl) that is probably involved in the production of unknown polyketide(s) from a fatty acid precursor. In addition to CpFASl and CpPKSl, a number of other enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism have also been identified. These include a long chain fatty acyl elongase (LCE), a cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), three acyl-CoA synthases (ACS), and an unusual “long-type” acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP), which allows us to hypothetically reconstruct the highly streamlined fatty acid metabolism in this parasite. However, C. parvum lacks enzymes for the oxidation of fatty acids, indicating that fatty acids are not an energy source for this parasite. Since fatty acids are essential components of all biomembranes, molecular and functional studies on these critical enzymes would not only deepen our understanding on the basic metabolism in the parasites, but also point new directions for the drug discovery against C. parvum and other apicomplexan-based diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00384.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Microtubule Analog Protein, FtsZ, in the Endosymbiont of Trypanosomatid Protozoa (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia deanei are trypanosomatids that harbor an endosymbiotic bacterium in their cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, numerous proteins are essential for cell division, such as FtsZ, which is encoded by filament-forming temperaturesensitive (fts) genes. FtsZ is the prokaryotic homolog of eukaryotic tubulin and is present in bacteria and archaea, and has also been identified in mitochondria and chloroplasts. FtsZ plays a key role in the initiation of cytokinesis. It selfassembles into the Z ring, which establishes the division plane during septation. In this study, immunoblotting analysis using a FtsZ polyclonal antibody, revealed a 40-kDa band characteristic of FtsZ in endosymbiont fractions and in whole trypanosomatid homogenates, but not in whole cell extracts of aposymbiotic strains. Confocal microscopy and ultrastructural analysis revealed a specific and dispersed labeling over the endosymbiont. Bars and ring-like structures, which are suggestive of the presence of Z-rings, were never observed, even during the division of the symbiont. This peculiar distribution of FtsZ may represent an arrangement of cytoskeleton protein intermediate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The endosymbiont ftsz gene was completely sequenced after amplification of DNA from symbiont-bearing trypanosomatids or from pure endosymbiont fractions, using PCR and specific primers. The sequences obtained from the endosymbionts from C. deanei and B. culicis were very similar, and were most closely related to bacteria from the genus Pseudomonas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00386.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ribosomal RNA Phylogeny of Bodonid and Diplonemid Flagellates and the Evolution of Euglenozoa (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Euglenozoa is a major phylum of excavate protozoa (comprising euglenoids, kinetoplastids, and diplonemids) with highly unusual nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. To improve understanding of euglenozoan evolution, we sequenced nuclear small-subunit rRNA genes from 34 bodonids (Bodo, Neobodo, Parabodo, Dimastigella-like, Rhynchobodo, Rhynchomonas, and unidentified strains), nine diplonemids (Diplonema, Rhynchopus), and a euglenoid (Entosiphon). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that diplonemids and bodonids are more diverse than previously recognised, but does not clearly establish the branching order of kinetoplastids, euglenoids, and diplonemids. Rhynchopus is holophyletic; parasitic species arose from within free-living species. Kinetoplastea (bodonids and trypanosomatids) are robustly holophyletic and comprise a major clade including all trypanosomatids and most bodonids (‘core bodonids’) and a very divergent minor one including Ichthyobodo. The root of the major kinetoplastid clade is probably between trypanosomatids and core bodonids. Core bodonids have three distinct subclades. Clade 1 has two distinct Rhynchobodo-like lineages; a lineage comprising Dimastigella and Rhynchomonas; and another including Cruzella and Neobodo. Clade 2 comprises Cryptobial Trypanoplasma, Procryptobia, and Parabodo. Clade 3 is an extensive Bodo saltans species complex. Neobodo designis is a vast genetically divergent species complex with mutually exclusive marine and freshwater subclades. Our analysis supports three phagotrophic euglenoid orders: Petalomonadida (holophyletic), Ploeotiida (probably holophyletic), Peranemida (paraphyletic).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00387.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Molecular Biological Approach to the Phylogenetic Position of the Genus Hyperamoeba (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In 1923 Alexeieff described a new amoebic species within a new genus and named it Hyperamoeba flagellata. This amoeba exhibits three life cycle stages, an amoeboid trophozoite, a flagellated stage, and a cyst-like the heteroloboseans, the mastigamoebae, and several slime moulds. Since then more strains have been isolated and relationships to the protostelids and cercomonads and to the myxogastrid plasmodial slime moulds have been suggested. However, up to now the classification and phylogenetic position of the hyperamoebae has remained unclear. The aim of our study was to make an approach to the phylogeny of the genus Hyperamoeba with combined morphological and molecular biological data. Since 1988 we have isolated and collected Hyperamoeba-like, strains from different aquatic and terrestrial sources. The 18S rDNA-sequences of 8 new Hyperamoeba strains isolated from various habitats were analysed and a cluster analysis was performed including all other available hyperamoebae. Altogether, the results of our study corroborate the relatedness of Hyperamoeba to various slime moulds. However, the hyperamoebae do not seem to be a monophyletic group, clearly putting the validity of the genus Hyperamoeba into question.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00391.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The IX International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists IWOP-9 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00395.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XI European Conference of Ciliate Biology and V European Congress of Protistology St. Petersburg, Russia 2007 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00399.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Stimulation of Microglial Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni versus Acanthamoeba castellanii (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis. We compared the highly pathogenic species A. culbertsoni to the relatively less pathogenic species A. castellanii for its capacity to elicit from neonatal rat microglia the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni elicited a robust cytokine gene response by neonatal rat microglia in vitro as compared to A. castellanii. The preponderant cytokine elicited at the mRNA and protein levels was interleukin-1β. In addition, transmission electron microscopy revealed that microglial cells were capable of phagocytozing A. castellanii. In contrast, A. culbertsoni destroyed microglia. Collectively, these results suggest that a combined action of pro-inflammatory cytokines and destruction of host cells by amebae contribute to the pathology caused by the more pathogenic species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00398.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ISEP XV: The Fifteenth Meeting of The International Society For Evolutionary Protistology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00401.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FASEB Meeting on Ciliate Molecular Biology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00402.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IN MEMORIAM: THOMAS J. BYERS (1935–2003) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00403.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00405.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Position of Species in the Genera Anoplophrya, Plagiotoma, and Nyctotheroides (Phylum Ciliophora), Endosymbiotic Ciliates of Annelids and Anurans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have used small subunit rRNA gene sequences to determine the phylogenetic relationships of species in three genera of endosymbiotic ciliates. We have confirmed that the astome Anoplophrya marylandensis is related to ciliates in the Class Oligohy-menophorea, supporting the view that astomes are derived from hymenostome-like ancestors. We confirmed that Plagiotoma lumbrici, formerly considered to be a heterotrich, is a stichotrich spirotrich ciliate most closely related to Paraurostyla weissei in this analysis. Thus, the somatic polykinetids of Plagiotoma can be concluded to be cirri. We report the details of our isolation of Nyctotheroides deslierresae and Nyctotheroides parvus and confirm previous reports that these clevelandellids are related to the metopid and caeno-morphid ciliates, now placed in the Class Armophorea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00570.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity of Insect Trypanosomatids Assessed from the Spliced Leader RNA and 5s rRNA Genes and Intergenic Regions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have determined the sequences of 5S rRNA and spliced leader (SL) RNA genes, and adjacent intergenic regions for representatives of all known trypanosomatid genera parasitizing insects. The genetic loci have been analyzed separately as well as by a combined approach. Several isolates, assigned by morphology to different genera (Leptomonas spp., Blastocrithidia spp.), seem to belong to a single species with an unexpectedly wide host and geographical range. An unnamed trypanosomatid isolated from rats in Egypt was found to belong to the genus Herpetomonas, so far associated with insect hosts only. It is closely related to Herpetomonas ztiplika, a parasite of a blood-sucking biting midge. Apparently several different trypanosomatid species can infect one insect species, as exemplified by Leptomonas sp. PL and Wallaceina sp. Wsd, which were isolated from different specimens of Salda littoralis on the same locality and day. However, since the same species of Leptomonas was obtained from insect hosts belonging to different genera, some insect trypanosomatids may have low host specificity. Our data revealed additional discrepancies between molecular phylogenetic data and cell morphology, rendering current trypanosomatid taxonomy unreliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00568.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the Resistance of Euglena gracilis to Ion Beam Radiation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The resistance of Euglena (E.) gracilis to ionizing radiation was investigated using seven kinds of ion beams each with different energy characteristics. The minimum effective dose of the most lethal ion beams was 40 Gy. Given its substantially high resistance to heavy ion beams, E. gracilis possesses great potential in acting as an effective support system to produce food and regenerate oxygen in a space station. The lethal effect of ionizing radiation was dependent on the linear energy transfer value of the heavy ion beams, and reached a maximum at 196 keV/μm. This value was different from those obtained by previous irradiation experiments using mammalian and plant cells, suggesting that the radiation response of E. gracilis is distinct from that of mammalian and plant cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00573.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential PCR Amplification of Parasitic Protistan Small Subunit rDNA from Metazoan Tissues (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A “universal non-metazoan” polymerase chain reaction (UNonMet-PCR) that selectively amplifies a segment of non-metazoan Small Subunit (SSU) rDNA gene was validated. The primers used were: 18S-EUK581-F (5′-GTGCCAGCAGCCGCG-3′) and 18S-EUK1134-R (5′-TTTAAGTTTCAGCCTTGCG-3′) with specificity provided by the 19-base reverse primer. Its target site is highly conserved across the Archaea, Bacteria, and eukaryotes (including fungi), but not most Metazoa (except Porifera, Ctenophora, and Myxozoa) which have mismatches at bases 14 and 19 resulting in poor or failed amplification. During validation, UNonMet-PCR amplified SSU rDNA gene fragments from all assayed protists (n = 16 from 7 higher taxa, including two species of marine phytoplank-ton) and Fungi (n = 3) but amplified very poorly or not at all most assayed Metazoa (n = 13 from 8 higher taxa). When a non-metazoan parasite was present in a metazoan host, the parasite DNA was preferentially amplified. For example, DNA from the parasite Trypanosoma danilewskyi was preferentially amplified in mixtures containing up to 1,000× more goldfish Carassius auratus (host) DNA. Also, the weak amplification of uninfected host (Chionoecetes tanneri) SSU rDNA did not occur in the presence of a natural infection with a parasite (Hematodinium sp.). Only Hematodinium sp. SSU rDNA was amplified in samples from infected C. tanneri. This UNonMet-PCR is a powerful tool for amplifying SSU rDNA from non-metazoan pathogens or symbionts that have not been isolated from metazoan hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00574.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between Planktonic Microalgae and Protozoan Grazers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . For an algal bloom to develop, the growth rate of the bloom-forming species must exceed the sum of all loss processes. Among these loss processes, grazing is generally believed to be one of the more important factors. Based on numerous field studies, it is now recognized that microzooplankton are dominant consumers of phytoplankton in both open ocean and coastal waters. Heterotrophic protists, a major component of microzooplankton communities, constitute a vast complex of diverse feeding strategies and behavior which allow them access to even the larger phytoplankton species. A number of laboratory studies have shown the capability of different protistan species to feed and grow on bloom-forming algal species. Because of short generation times, their ability for fast reaction to short-term variation in food conditions enables phagotrophic protists to fulfill the function of a heterotrophic buffer, which might balance the flow of matter in case of phytoplankton blooms. The importance of grazing as a control of microalgae becomes most apparent by its failure; if community grazing controls initial stages of bloom development, there simply is no bloom. However, if a certain algal species is difficult to graze, e.g. due to specific defense mechanisms, reduced grazing pressure will certainly favor bloom development. The present contribution will provide a general overview on the interactions between planktonic microalgae and protozoan grazers with special emphasis on species-specific interactions and algal defense strategies against protozoan grazers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00540.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unexpected Foraminiferal Diversity Revealed by Small-subunit rDNA Analysis of Antarctic Sediment (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Studies of benthic Foraminifera typically rely on the morphological identification of dried specimens. This approach can introduce sampling bias against small, delicate, or morphologically ambiguous forms. To overcome this limitation, we extracted total DNA from sediment followed by PCR using group- and species-specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that approximately ninety percent of the PCR products represented previously undescribed sequence types that group with undersampled members of the allogromiid Foraminifera. We also used a modification of this technique to track individual species in sediment fractions too fine for normal morphological identification, and to confirm species placement of morphologically ambiguous foraminiferans. We were able to identify the DNA of several large foraminiferal species in fine fractions in a seasonally-dependent manner, indicating that in some seasons the majority of the standing stock of these species exists as gametes/juveniles. The approach outlined here represents a powerful strategy for exploring the total diversity of benthic foraminiferal communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00542.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Relationships of the Subclass Peritrichia (Oligohymenophorea, Ciliophora) Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The phylogenetic relationships among peritrichs remain unresolved. In this study, the complete small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene sequences of seven species (Epistylis galea, Campanella umbellaria, Carchesium polypinum, Zoothamnium arbuscula, Vaginicola crystallina, Ophrydium versatile, and Opercularia microdiscum) were determined. Trees were constructed using distancematrix, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods, all of which strongly supported the monophyly of the subclass Peritrichia. Within the peritrichs, 1) E. galea grouped with Opercularia microdiscum and Campanella umbellaria but not the other Epistylis species, which indicates that the genus Epistylis might not be monophyletic; 2) the topological position of Carchesium and Campanella suggested that Carchesium should be placed in the family Zoothamniidae, or be elevated to a higher taxonomic rank, and that Campanella should be independent of the family Epistylididae, and probably be given a new rank; and 3) Opisthonecta grouped strongly with Astylozoon, which suggested that Opisthonecta species were not the ancestors of the stalked peritrichs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00543.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlling Harmful Algal Blooms Through Clay Flocculation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The potential use of clays to control harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been explored in East Asia, Australia, the United States, and Sweden. In Japan and South Korea, minerals such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, and yellow loess, have already been used in the field effectively, to protect fish mariculture from Cochlodinium spp. and other blooms. Cell removal occurs through the flocculation of algal and mineral particles, leading to the formation of larger aggregates (i.e. marine snow), which rapidly settle and further entrain cells during their descent. In the U.S., several clays and clay-rich sediments have shown high removal abilities (e.g. 〉 80% cell removal efficiency) against Karenia brevis, Heterosigma akashiwo, Pfiesteria piscicida and Aureococcus anophagefferens. In some cases, the removal ability of certain clays was further enhanced with chemical fiocculants, such as polyalummum chloride (PAC), to increase their adhesiveness. However, cell removal was also affected by bloom concentration, salinity, and mixing. Cell mortality was observed after clay addition, and increased with increasing clay concentration, and prolonged exposure to clays in the settled layer. Mesocosm, field enclosure, and flume experiments were also conducted to address cell removal with increasing scale and flow, water-column impacts, and the possible benthic effects from clay addition. Results from these studies will be presented, especially those in regards to water quality, seawater chemistry, bottom credibility and faunal impacts in the benthos. At this time, clay dispersal continues to be a promising method for controlling HABs and mitigating their impacts based on existing information and experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00541.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 73
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Effectiveness of Light-Microscopic Techniques and PCR in Detecting Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia) Infections in Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The main goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three staining techniques (calcofluor white M2R, Giemsa and modified trichrome), and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae in red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). The effect of the number of ants in a sample on the sensitivity of the staining techniques and the PCR, and the effect of three DNA extraction protocols on the sensitivity of PCR were also examined. In the first protocol, the ants were macerated and the crude homogenate was used immediately in the PCR. In the second protocol, the homogenate was placed on a special membrane (FTA card) that traps DNA, which is subsequently used in the PCR. In the third protocol, the DNA was purified from the homogenate by traditional phenol-chloroform extraction. Except for PCR using FTA cards, the sensitivity (number of samples positive for T. solenopsae) of all detection techniques increased with the number of ants in the sample. Overall, Giemsa was the least sensitive of all detection techniques. Calcofluor was more sensitive than modified trichrome with ants from one site and was equally as sensitive as PCR with crude DNA or a FTA card with ants from both sites. Trichrome staining was equally as sensitive as PCR with a FTA card at both sites, but it was less sensitive than PCR with crude DNA at one site. PCR on FTA cards was less sensitive than PCR with crude DNA for ants from one site but not the other. There was no difference whether crude or phenol-chloroform purified DNA was used as template.In summary, the results of this study show that PCR based on a crude DNA solution is equal to or more sensitive in detecting T. solenopsae than the other detection techniques investigated, and that it can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for screening field samples of S. invicta for T. solenopsae. Nevertheless, ant smear stained with calcofluor or modified trichrome should be used to buttress findings from PCR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00544.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analyses of the Ribosomal DNA Region in Nosema bombycis NIS 001 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing small subunit (SSU) rDNA and both flanking regions in the entomopathogenic microsporidian Nosema bombycis NIS 001 was amplified from genomic DNA with a primer set based on the sequence of an inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -derived fragment. In this fragment, SSU rDNA was divided by a 618-bp insert at nt 599, and 5S rDNA was located downstream of the SSU rDNA, fragmented by 284-bp intergenic spacer. In addition, the 48-bp 3′-end of large subunit (LSU) rDNA was located 118 bp upstream of the fragmented SSU rDNA. In the amplicon, the region upstream of the LSU rDNA was a homologue of the C-terminal CHARLIES transposon-like element of human GTF2IRD2. In this organism, another fragmented SSU rDNA, which was divided by a 231-bp insert at nt 50, was also detected. Both the intact (insertless) and fragmented SSU rDNAs clustered with LSU rDNA and 5S rDNA and the intergenic sequences between SSU rDNA and 5S rDNA were divergent in an organism. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay indicated that not only the intact SSU rDNA but also the fragmened SSU rDNA were transcribed in N. bombycis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00592.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of a New Amphileptid Genus, Apoamphileptus nov. gen. (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Pleurostomatida), with Description of a New Marine Species, Apoamphileptus robertsi nov. spec, from Qingdao, China (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new pleurostomatid genus Apoamphileptus is described, which is diagnosed as: Belonging to the Amphileptidae with spica on right side; on each side of the cell, a single perioral kinety, which encircles the cytostome and does not extend to the posterior end of the cell; somatic kinetics of both sides near ventral margin shortened and forming a postoral suture; two to several extra fragments with densely arranged dikinetids located in anterior portion of left side. As the type species, the morphology and infraciliature of Apoamphileptus robertsi nov. spec., isolated from a shrimp-farming pond near Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, have been investigated using living observations and the protargol silver impregnation method. The diagnosis for this new species is: Apoamphileptus 90–180 × 30–60 μm in vivo, body elongate pyriform-shaped and slightly flattened; with one cross-striated band along the cytostome; 2–6 (generally 4) large macronuclear nodules, one micronucleus; 33–43 right somatic kineties; left side 6–8 kinetics; two extra anterior fragments on left side; about 13 contractile vacuoles dispersed throughout whole body; extrusomes absent or not recognizable; marine habitat. Some morphologically related morphotypes are discussed and tabulated. Regarding the pattern of infraciliature and other morphological features, the well-described fresh-water species, Amphileptus claparediiStein, 1867 is believed to be a member of this new genus, hence a new combination is suggested: Apoamphileptus claparedii (Stein, 1867) nov. comb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00595.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unexpected Effects of Prey Dimensions and Morphologies on the Size Selective Feeding by Two Bacterivorous Flagellates (Ochromonas sp. and Spumella sp.) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Current models on protistan size-selective feeding assume that contact probability is the factor that largely explains observed food preferences. Contact probability is generally expected to be positively correlated with prey size and therefore to explain observed food selection for larger prey items. We critically tested these basic assumptions on size-selective feeding using the interception-feeding chrysomonad nanoflagellates Ochromonas sp. and Spumella sp. Mechanisms of differential feeding were studied during distinct stages of the selection process (i. e. contact probability, capture efficiency, ingestion efficiency, and differential digestion) by means of high-resolution video microscopy. Food selection was investigated using a mixture of microspheres ranging from 0. 3–2. 2 μm in diam., as well as a mixed bacterial community. In contrast to current model assumptions, the contact probability was highest for microspheres of intermediate size (0. 9–1. 2 μm), but was not generally positively correlated with prey size over the whole prey size range. Capture and ingestion also proved to be involved in size selection: these patterns were also independent of the food concentration (p= 0.968 for Ochromonas, p= 0.971 for Spumella). Even though the capture rate was significantly higher for attached flagellates than for swimming flagellates (p 〈 0. 001), size selectivity was not affected (p 〉 0. 05). Our results indicate that: (i) size selection is not actively regulated by these flagellates, but is a passive process; (ii) contact probability is not generally positively correlated with prey size, but shows a maximum for intermediate-sized prey in the prey size spectrum of 0. 3–2. 2 μm; and (iii) selection steps other than contact probability are crucial for size selection and should be integrated in models on size selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00596.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ISEP XV: The Fifteenth Meeting of The International Society For Evolutionary Protistology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00599.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENT (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00550.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ultrastructure of the Cyst Wall of Giardia lamblia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Giardiasis is the most common human protozoal infection. In then: cystic phase, giardias are protected from the environment by a filamentous cyst wall made up of carbohydrates, proteins, and by two outer membranes separated from the plasma membrane of the parasite by a peripheral space. The present transmission electron microscope observations of G. lamblia cysts of human origin suggest that the extracellular peritrophic space originates from the growth, elongation, and fusion of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. As the large clear vacuoles grew in size, flattening against the inner face of the plasma membrane, they formed a single vacuole that surrounded the body of the parasite, eventually forming two outer membranes. In mature Giardia cysts, the original plasma membrane of the trophozoite becomes the outermost membrane of the cyst wall (CM1). The large vacuoles form a second membrane surrounding the cyst (CM2), and also form a third membrane (CM3), that becomes the new plasma membrane of the trophozoite. During excystation CM1 and CM2 attach to each other and fragment, leaving abundant membrane residues in the peritrophic space. Knowledge of the biochemical composition and functional properties of the complex outer membranous system of G. lamblia cysts here described will be of use to understand the survival of Giardia cysts in the environment, a major factor responsible for the high prevalence of giardiasis worldwide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00549.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENT (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00552.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly Divergent Actins from Karyorelictean, Heterotrich, and Litostome Ciliates (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have cloned, sequenced, and characterized cDNA of actins from five ciliate species of three different classes of the phylum Ciliophora: Karyorelictea (Loxodes striatus), Heterotrichea (Blepharisma japonicum, Blepharisma musculus), and Litostomatea (Didinium nasutum, Dileptus margaritifer). Loxodes striatus uses UGA as the stop codon and has numerous in-frame UAA and UAG, which are translated into glutamine. The other four species use UAA as the stop codon and have no in-frame UAG nor UGA. The putative amino acid sequences of the newly determined actin genes were found to be highly divergent as expected from previous findings of other ciliate actins. These sequences were also highly divergent from other ciliate actins, indicating that actin genes are highly diverse even within the phylum Ciliophora. Phylogenetic analysis showed high evolutionary rate of ciliate actins. Our results suggest that the evolutionary rate was accelerated because of the differences in molecular interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00551.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IWOP-9
THE IX INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON OPPORTUNISTIC PROTISTS
HAVE BEEN TENTATIVELY SCHEDULED JUNE, 2006 LISBON, PORTUGAL (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00554.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a Second rRNA Gene Unit in the Perkinsus andrewsi Genome (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Perkinsus species are parasitic protozoa of mollusks, currently classified within the Perkinsozoa, a recently established phylum that is basal to the Apicomplexa and Dinozoa. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and their intergenic spacers have been used to support the taxonomy of Perkinsus species, the description of new species, and to develop molecular probes for their detection and identification. We previously described ultrastructure, behavior in culture, and partial sequence of the rRNA locus of a Perkinsus species isolated from the baltic clam Macoma balthica. The rRNA genes and intergenic spacers of this Perkinsus isolate differed from those described in the currently accepted species to a degree that led to its designation as a new species, Perkinsus andrewsi. In this study, we identify an additional rRNA gene unit (rRNA-B) in the P. andrewsi holotype, and report the complete sequences of both rRNA gene units. Except for the 5. 8S, all regions of the rRNA-B gene unit exhibited sequence differences from that initially described (rRNA-A). Each rRNA gene unit is arranged in a “head-to-tail” tandem repeat. This is the first report demonstrating two distinct rRNA units in a Perkinsus species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00553.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEW (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00557.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ellobiopsids of the Genus Thalassomyces are Alveolates (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Ellobiopsids are multinucleate protist parasites of aquatic crustaceans that possess a nutrient absorbing ‘root’ inside the host and reproductive structures that protrude through the carapace. Ellobiopsids have variously been affiliated with fungi, ‘colorless algae’, and dinoflagellates, although no morphological character has been identified that definitively alh'es them with any particular eukaryotic lineage. The arrangement of the trailing and circumferential flagella of the rarely observed bi-flagellated ‘zoospore’ is reminiscent of dinoflagellate flagellation, but a well-organized ‘dinokaryotic nucleus’ has never been observed. Using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences from two species of Thalassomyces, phylogenetic analyses robustly place these ellobiopsid species among the alveolates (ciliates, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates and relatives) though without a clear affiliation to any established alveolate lineage. Our trees demonstrate that Thalassomyces fall within a dinoflagellate + apicomplexa + Perkinsidae +“marine alveolate group 1” clade, clustering most closely with dinoflagellates. However, the poor statistical support for branches within this region indicates that additional data will be needed to resolve relationships among these taxa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00555.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization by Indirect Immunofluorescence of Tetrin, Actin, and Centrin to the Oral Apparatus and Buccal Cavity of the Macrostomal Form of Tetrahymena vorax (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have taken advantage of the size of the macrostomal oral apparatus of Tetrahymena vorax to investigate the immunofluorescent localization of three cytoskeletal proteins—tetrin, actin, and centrin. Tetrin and actin antibodies co-localize to cross-connectives that anchor the membranelles. These antibodies also recognize the coarse filamentous reticulum, a filament associated with the undulating membrane. Actin-specific localization extends beyond the coarse filamentous reticulum-undulating membrane complex into a region called the specialized cytoplasm. A centrin antibody localizes to the fine filamentous reticulum which, along with micro-tubules of the oral ribs, circumscribes the cytostomal opening. Models of phagocytic contraction based on these data are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00556.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2004 Evolution of Protozoa and Other Protists (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00279.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XII International Congress of Protozoology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00282.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2006 IWOP-9 The IX International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00284.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XI European Conference of Ciliate Biology and V European Congress of Protistology (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00285.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of a “CD59-like” Protein in Naegleria fowleri Amebae by Bacteria (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Found in soil and freshwater habitats, Naegleria fowleri are free-living amebae that cause a fatal disease in humans called Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. In the natural environment, amebae feed on bacteria. In the infected host, the amebae lyse and ingest nerve tissue. Recently, we have established that N. fowleri expresses a “CD59-like” surface protein, but the function of this protein in the ameba has not been elucidated. In mammalian cells, CD59 is a complement-regulatory protein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis of cells expressing this protein. In the present study, expression of the “CD59-like” protein in response to bacteria and bacterial toxins was investigated by Western immunoblot analysis. Co-culture of N. fowleri with log phase Escherichia coli or Pseu-domonas aeruginosa resulted in differential expression of the “CD59-like” protein. Co-cultures of amebae and bacteria were examined by electron microscopy. The results of our study implicate a possible protective role of the “CD59-like” protein in response to bacterial predators and bacterial toxins, because amebae remained intact after co-culture with bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00287.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastid-Targeting Peptides from the Chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chlorarachniophytes are marine amoeboflagellate protists that have acquired their plastid (chloroplast) through secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. Like other algae, most of the proteins necessary for plastid function are encoded in the nuclear genome of the secondary host. These proteins are targeted to the organelle using a bipartite leader sequence consisting of a signal peptide (allowing entry in to the endomembrane system) and a chloroplast transit peptide (for transport across the chloroplast envelope mem branes). We have examined the leader sequences from 45 full-length predicted plastid-targeted proteins from the Chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans with the goal of understanding important features of these sequences and possible conserved motifs. The chemical characteristics of these sequences were compared with a set of 10 B. natans endomembrane-targeted proteins and 38 cytosolic or nuclear proteins, which show that the signal peptides are similar to those of most other eukaryotes, while the transit peptides differ from those of other algae in some characteristics. Consistent with this, the leader sequence from one B. natans protein was tested for function in the apicomplexan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, and shown to direct the secretion of the protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00288.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irreversible UV Inactivation of Cryptosporidium spp. Despite the Presence of UV Repair Genes (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ultraviolet light is being considered as a disinfectant by the water industry because it appears to be very effective for inactivating pathogens, including Cryptosporidium parvum. However, many organisms have mechanisms for repairing ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage, which may limit the utility of this disinfection technology. Inactivation of C. parvum was assessed by measuring infectivity in cells of the human ileocecal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell line, with an assay targeting a heat shock protein gene and using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect infections. Oocysts of five different isolates displayed similar sensitivity to ultraviolet light. An average dosage of 7.6 mj/cm2 resulted in 99.9% inactivation, providing the first evidence that multiple isolates of C. parvum are equally sensitive to ultraviolet disinfection. Irradiated oocysts were unable to regain pre-irradiation levels of infectivity, following exposure to a broad array of potential repair conditions, such as prolonged incubation, pre-infection excystation triggers, and post-ultraviolet holding periods. A combination of data-mining and sequencing was used to identify genes for all of the major components of a nucleotide excision repair complex in C. parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. The average similarity between the two organisms for the various genes was 96.4% (range, 92–98%). Thus, while Cryptosporidum spp. may have the potential to repair ultraviolet light-induced damage, oocyst reactivation will not occur under the standard conditions used for storage and distribution of treated drinking water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00291.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixotrophy in the Phototrophic Harmful Alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophycean): Prey Species, the Effects of Prey Concentration, and Grazing Impact (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We first reported here that the harmful alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides, which had been previously known as an autotrophic dinoflagellate, was a mixotrophic species. We investigated the kinds of prey species and the effects of the prey concentration on the growth and ingestion rates of C. polykrikoides when feeding on an unidentified cryptophyte species (Equivalent Spherical Diameter, ESD = 5.6 μm). We also calculated grazing coefficients by combining field data on abundances of C. polykrikoides and co occurring cryptophytes with laboratory data on ingestion rates obtained in the present study. Cocholdinium polykrikoides fed on prey cells by engulfing the prey through the sulcus. Among the phytoplankton prey offered, C. polykrikoides ingested small phytoplankton species that had ESD's ≤ 11 μm (e.g. the prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana, an unidentified cryptophyte, the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, and the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae). It did not feed on larger phytoplankton species that had ESD's ≥ 12 μm (e.g. the dinoflagellates Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella sp., Alexandrium tamarense. Prorocentrum micans, Gymnodinium catenatum, Akashiwo sanguinea, and Lingulodinium polyedrum). Specific growth rates of C. polykrikoides on a cryptophyte increased with increasing mean prey concentration, with saturation at a mean prey concentration of approximately 270 ng C ml−1 (i.e. 15,900 cells ml−1)- The maximum specific growth rate (mixotrophic growth) of C. polykrikoides on a cryptophyte was 0.324 d∼’, under a 14:10 h light-dark cycle of 50 μE m−2 s−1, while its growth rate (phototrophic growth) under the same light conditions without added prey was 0.166 d−. Maximum ingestion and clearance rates of C. polykrikoides on a cryptophyte were 0.16 ng C grazer−1d 1 (9.4 cells grazer 1d−1) and 0.33 μ1 grazer 1h−1, respectively. Calculated grazing coefficients by C. polykri koides on cryptophytes were 0.001–0.745 h−1 (i.e. 0.1–53% of cryptophyte populations were removed by a C. polykrikoides population in 1 h). The results of the present study suggest that C. polykrikoides sometimes has a considerable grazing impact on populations of cryptophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00292.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil Ciliate Species Richness and Abundance Associated with the Rhizosphere of Different Subtropical Plant Species (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Soil protozoa, and ciliates in particular, represent a microbial group abundant in the rhizosphere with an influential role on nutrient cycling. Under laboratory conditions, ciliates regulate the size and the composition of bacterial communities, and appear to stimulate ammonification and nitrification. In spite of their important ecological role, our understanding about the factors that control their diversity and abundance in natural forest ecosystems is still rudimentary. Plant species-specific interactions have been demonstrated between plants and soil bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, due in part to the release of phytohormones and C- and N-rich exudates. We tested the hypothesis that the rhizosphere environments of different plant species also influence the species richness and abundance of soil ciliates. Plant effect, soil pH, moisture content, microbial biomass C, and inorganic nitrogen were measured among five plant species to determine the best predictor variables for soil ciliate species richness and total abundance in a subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico. Based on an analysis of variance, we rejected the hypothesis that there was a plant species-specific effect on soil ciliates, unlike other microbial groups mentioned above. Using multiple regression analysis, we demonstrated that the flush of total inorganic nitrogen was the best predictor variable for both species richness and abundance of ciliates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00295.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichonosema algonquinensis n. sp. (Phylum Microsporidia) in Pectinatella magnificd (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata) from Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of microsporidian, Trichonosema algonquinensis, is described from a freshwater bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica from Ontario, Canada. The parasite develops in epithelial cells and appears as white, spherical masses throughout the tissues. Trichonosema algonquinensis is diplokaryotic, diploblastic and undergoes development in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the host cell. Mature spores are ovoid, tapered at one end, and measure 8.5 ± 0.3 × 4.4 ± 0.1 μm. The polar filament is wound in 20 to 23 helical coils. Although the parasite resembles T. pectinatellae described from the same host in Michigan and Ohio, it differs in the length of the spore and number of coils of the polar filament. Analysis of 16S rDNA by maximum likelihood, parsimony and Baysian inference, complements the morphological data in supporting the placement of T. algonquinensis as a sister species of T. pectinatellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00385.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Vorticetta microstoma Stalk Formation by Wheat Germ Agglutinin (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Fluorescently labeled conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A stained the contractile stalk but not the cell body of Vorticetta microstoma trophonts. Binding of the fluorescent conjugants did not noticeably alter the activity of the trophonts. However, unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin prevented free swimming telotrochs from adhering to a glass surface and deploying a contractile stalk during differentiation into trophonts. These observations indicated that the stalk, the material that binds the stalk to surfaces, and the precursors for these components have saccharide residues in common.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00389.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-infection of the Macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum by Free-Living Bacteria Together with the Infectious Holospora obtusa (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Infection experiments were performed incubating Paramecium caudatum with non-infectious free-living bacteria or weakly infectious intracellular bacteria together with the infectious Holospora obtusa. Two of four non-infectious free-living bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were found to get into the nuclei when added to Paramecium together with H. obtusa. The endonuclear bacterium Nonospora macronucleata that is weakly infectious by itself increases its infectivity when presented together with the infectious holosporas. The results provide evidence that H. obtusa may facilitate entry of other, non-infectious bacteria into the nuclei of Paramecium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00388.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IWOP-9
THE IX INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON OPPORTUNISTIC PROTISTS
HAVE BEEN TENTATIVELY SCHEDULED JUNE, 2006 LISBON, PORTUGAL (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00168.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the Host Cell Mitochondria and the Parasitophorous Vacuole in Cells Infected with Encephalitozoon Microsporidia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Encephalitozoon microsporidia proliferate and differentiate within a parasitophorous vacuole. Using the fluorescent probe, calcein, and the mitochondrial probe, MitoTracker-CMXRos, a vital method was developed that confirmed ultrastructural reports that the host cell mitochondria frequently lie in immediate proximity to the parasitophorous vacuole. Morphometry failed to demonstrate any infection-induced increase in host cell mitochondria as there was no correlation between the mitochondrial volume and the extent of infection as judged by the parasitophorous vacuole volume. The total ATP concentration of infected cells did not differ from that of uninfected cells in spite of the increased metabolic demands of the infection. Treatment with 10-6 M albendazole, more than ten times the antiparasitic IC50 dose, and demecolcine had no subjective effect on the proximity of mitochondria to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane when studied by either transmission electron microscopy or by confocal microscopy even though these drug concentrations affected microtubule structure. Thus, once the association between mitochondria and the parasitophorous vacuole has been established, host cell microtubule integrity is probably not required for its maintenance. It is unlikely that the antimicrosporidial action of albendazole involves physically uncoupling developing parasite stages from host cell organelle metabolic support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00166.x
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...