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  • Oxford University Press  (36,494)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (49,500)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Unknown
    Thinking it through : an introduction to contemporary philosophy (2003)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Philosophy, Introductions.
    Notes: Mind -- Knowledge -- Language -- Science -- Morality -- Politics -- Law -- Metaphysics -- Philosophy
    Pages: xviii, 412 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518393-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120898
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Unknown
    In defense of globalization (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Anti-globalization movement. ; Globalization, Economic aspects. ; Globalization, Social aspects.
    Notes: I. Coping with anti-globalization -- 1. Anti-globalization: why? -- 2. Globalization: socially, not just economically, benign -- 3. Globalization is good but not good enough -- 4. Non-government organizations -- II. Globalization's human face: trade and corporations -- 5. Poverty: enhanced or diminished? -- 6. Child labor: increased or reduced? -- 7. Women: harmed or helped? -- 8. Democracy at bay? -- 9. Culture imperiled or enriched? -- 10. Wages and labor standards at stake? -- 11. Environment in peril? -- 12. Corporations: predatory or beneficial? -- III. Other dimensions of globalization -- 13. The perils of Gung-Ho International Financial capitalism -- 14. International flows of humanity -- IV. Appropriate governance: making globalization work better -- 15. Appropriate governance: an overview -- 16. Coping with downsides -- 17. Accelerating the achievement of social agendas -- 18. Managing transitions: optimal, not maximal, speed -- V. In conclusion -- 19. And so, let us begin anew
    Pages: xi, 308 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530391-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129267
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Handbook of affective sciences : Affective sciences (2003)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Details
    Keywords: Affect (Psychology) ; Electronic books ; Emotions
    Pages: xvii, 1199 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530205-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129691
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Encounters with God : an approach to the theology of Jonathan Edwards (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Religion in America series  
    Details
    Keywords: Edwards, Jonathan,, 1703-1758.
    Pages: xii, 194 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-30895-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23547
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  • 5
    Unknown
    Understanding truth (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Truth.
    Pages: ix, 268 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-32455-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23592
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  • 6
    Unknown
    American Lazarus : religion and the rise of African-American and native American literatures (2003)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Occom, Samson,, 1723-1792. ; African Americans in literature. ; African Americans, Intellectual life. ; American literature, African American authors, History and criticism. ; American literature, Indian authors, History and criticism. ; American literature, 1783-1850, History and criticism. ; American literature, Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775, History and criticism. ; American literature, Revolution, 1775-1783, History and criticism. ; Christian literature, American, History and criticism. ; Christianity and literature, United States, History, 18th century. ; Hymns, English, United States, History and criticism. ; Indians in literature. ; Indians of North America, Intellectual life.
    Pages: vi, 255 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518567-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92702
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  • 7
    Unknown
    Welfare as we knew it : a political history of the American welfare state (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Social policy. ; Public welfare, United States, History.
    Pages: 210 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35667-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=53587
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  • 8
    Unknown
    Memory and emotion (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Details
    Keywords: Autobiographical memory. ; Brain, physiology. ; Emotions. ; Emotions, physiology. ; Memory, physiology. ; Mental Disorders, psychology. ; Psychiatry. ; Psychophysiology.
    Notes: Memory for emotional events / Daniel Reisberg and Friderike Heuer -- The neuroanatomy of emotional memory in humans / Tony W. Buchanan and Ralph Adolphs -- The biopsychology of trauma and memory / Jessica D. Payne ... [et al.] -- Forgetting trauma? / Richard J. McNally, Susan A. Clancy, and Heidi M. Barrett -- Selective memory effects in anxiety disorders : an overview of research findings and their implications / Colin MacLeod and Andrew Mathews -- Memory for emotional and nonemotional events in depression : a question of habit? / Paula Hertel -- Emotion, memory, and conscious awareness in schizophrenia / Jean-Marie Danion ... [et al.] -- Children's memories of emotional events / Robyn Fivush and Jessica McDermott Sales -- Aging and emotional memory / Mara Mather -- Emotion and eyewitness memory / Robin S. Edelstein ... [et al.] -- Emotional memory in survivors of the Holocaust : a qualitative study of oral testimony / Robert N. Kraft
    Pages: xiv, 413 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518650-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121006
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  • 9
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    The Oxford dictionary of saints (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford paperback reference  
    Details
    Keywords: Christian saints, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Christian saints, Great Britain, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Christian saints, Ireland, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Saints chrétiens, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Saints chrétiens, Grande-Bretagne, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Saints chrétiens, Irlande, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais.
    Pages: xxv, 547 p.
    Edition: 4th ed
    ISBN: 0-585-11034-4
    URL: http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=12301
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  • 10
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    Evangelicals and science in historical perspective (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Religion in America series  
    Details
    Keywords: Evangelicalism, History. ; Religion and science, History.
    Notes: The history of science and religion : some evangelical dimensions / John Hedley Brooke -- The Puritan thesis revisited / John Morgan -- Christianity and early modern science : the Foster thesis reconsidered / Edward B. Davis -- Science, theology, and society : from Cotton Mather to William Jennings Bryan / Mark A. Noll -- Science and evangelical theology in Britain from Wesley to Orr / David W. Bebbington -- Science, natural theology, and evangelicalism in early nineteenth-century Scotland : Thomas Chalmers and the Evidence controversy / Jonathan R. Topham -- Scriptural geology in America / Rodney L. Stiling -- Situating evangelical responses to evolution / David N. Livingstone -- Telling tales : evangelicals and the Darwin legend / James Moore -- Creating creationism : meanings and uses since the age of Agassiz / Ronald L. Numbers -- A sign for an unbelieving age : evangelicals and the search for Noah's ark / Larry Eskridge -- "The science of duty" : moral philosophy and the epistemology of science in nineteenth-century America / Allen C. Guelzo -- Toward a Christian social science in Canada, 1890-1930 / Michael Gauvreau and Nancy Christie -- Evangelicals, Biblical scholarship, and the politics of the modern American academy / D.G. Hart -- The meaning of science for Christians : a new dialogue on Olympus / George Marsden
    Pages: vi, 351 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-18275-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23620
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  • 11
    Unknown
    When information came of age : technologies of knowledge in the age of reason and revolution, 1700-1850 (2000)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Europe, Intellectual life, 18th century. ; Europe, Intellectual life, 19th century. ; Europe, Vie intellectuelle, 18e siècle. ; Europe, Vie intellectuelle, 19e siècle. ; Enlightenment. ; Information resources, Europe, History, 18th century. ; Information resources, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Learning and scholarship, Europe, History, 18th century. ; Learning and scholarship, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Savoir et érudition, Europe, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Savoir et érudition, Europe, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Siècle des lumières. ; Sources d'information, Europe, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Sources d'information, Europe, Histoire, 19e siècle.
    Pages: viii, 246 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518040-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92690
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  • 12
    Unknown
    Studies in classical history and society (2002)
    Oxford [England] ; New York : Oxford University Press
    American classical studies  
    Details
    Keywords: Greece, History, To 146 B.C. ; Grèce, Histoire, Jusqu'à 146 av. J.-C. ; Rome, Histoire. ; Rome, History. ; Civilisation ancienne. ; Civilization, Classical.
    Pages: xi, 151 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518490-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121005
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  • 13
    Unknown
    Gendarmes and the state in nineteenth-century Europe (2000)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Police, Europe, Histoire. ; Police, Europe, History. ; Police, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Police, France, Histoire. ; Police, France, History.
    Pages: x, 288 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48633-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100298
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  • 14
    Unknown
    Englishness identified : manners and character, 1650-1850 (2000)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 17e siècle. ; Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 18e siècle. ; Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 19e siècle. ; England, Social life and customs, 17th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 17th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 18th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 19th century. ; Anglais dans la littérature. ; Anglais, Histoire. ; English literature, History and criticism. ; Littérature anglaise, Histoire et critique. ; National characteristics, English, in literature. ; National characteristics, English, History.
    Notes: Energy -- Candour -- Decency -- Taciturnity -- Reserve -- Eccentricity -- Manners and character
    Pages: x, 389 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48625-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100309
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  • 15
    Unknown
    Armies without nations : public violence and state formation in Central America, 1821-1960 (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Central America, Politics and government. ; Political violence, Central America, History. ; State-sponsored terrorism, Central America, History.
    Notes: Part 1 : 1821-1939. Historical dimensions of public violence in Latin America -- Binding hatreds : public violence, state, and nation in Central American history -- Guatemala : organizing for war -- El Salvador : a democracy of violence -- Honduras : caudillos in search of an army -- Nicaragua : a new army finds its caudillo -- Costa Rica : caudillos in search of a state -- Part 2 : 1940-1960. Transformations -- Defining collaboration : the United States and Central America -- Guatemala : "Showcase of Latin America" -- El Salvador : distrustful collaborator -- Honduras : remaking an "armed rabble" -- Nicaragua : "Ready to receive orders from Uncle Sam" -- Costa Rica : an army renamed -- Conclusions -- Statistical appendix -- Notes
    Pages: x, 336 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518573-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121469
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  • 16
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    The conscious mind : in search of a fundamental theory (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Philosophy of mind series  
    Details
    Keywords: Consciousness. ; Dualism. ; Mind and body. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Pages: xvii, 414 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35313-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=55770
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  • 17
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    Sight unseen : an exploration of conscious and unconscious vision (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Vision disorders ; Visual perception
    Pages: ix, 135 p.
    ISBN: 1-423-70567-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=130746
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  • 18
    Unknown
    American mobbing, 1828-1861 : toward Civil War (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, History, Civil War, 1861-1865, Causes. ; United States, Race relations. ; United States, Social conditions, To 1865. ; Antislavery movements, United States, History, 19th century. ; Riots, United States, History, 19th century. ; Slavery, Government policy, United States. ; Violence, United States, History, 19th century.
    Pages: xx, 372 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530397-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120981
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  • 19
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    The changing shape of English nonconformity, 1825-1925 (2000)
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Dissenters, Religious, England, History, 19th century. ; Dissenters, Religious, England, History, 20th century. ; Dissidents (Religion), Angleterre, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Dissidents (Religion), Angleterre, Histoire, 20e siècle. ; Theology, Study and teaching, England, History, 19th century. ; Theology, Study and teaching, England, History, 20th century. ; Théologie, Étude et enseignement, Angleterre, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Théologie, Étude et enseignement, Angleterre, Histoire, 20e siècle.
    Pages: 248 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-16245-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23559
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  • 20
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    Charles Dickens in cyberspace : the afterlife of the nineteenth century in postmodern culture (2003)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Great Britain, Civilization, 19th century. ; United States, Civilization, British influences. ; United States, Civilization, 20th century. ; Dickens, Charles,, 1812-1870, Appreciation, United States. ; Criticism, United States, History, 20th century. ; English literature, Appreciation, United States. ; English literature, 19th century, History and criticism, Theory, etc. ; Literature and science, Great Britain. ; Literature and science, United States. ; Postmodernism (Literature), United States. ; Romanticism, Great Britain.
    Pages: x, 270 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518078-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92722
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  • 21
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    The Gospel according to John : a literary and theological commentary (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Bible., N.T., John. ; Bible., N.T., John, Commentaries.
    Pages: xiii, 625 p.
    Edition: Pbk. rpt. ed., 1997
    ISBN: 0-585-27829-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23535
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  • 22
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    Minds and bodies : philosophers and their ideas (2000)
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Philosophy of mind series  
    Details
    Keywords: Ethics, Book reviews. ; Mind and body, Book reviews. ; Philosophy of mind, Book reviews.
    Pages: viii, 264 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-16169-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23637
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  • 23
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    Warranted Christian belief (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Apologetics. ; Christianity, Philosophy. ; Faith and reason, Christianity.
    Pages: xx, 508 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35267-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=55794
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  • 24
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    Mobilizing the information society : strategies for growth and opportunity (2000)
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Information society. ; Société informatisée.
    Pages: xxiii, 516 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35755-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=56409
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  • 25
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    Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (2001)
    Oxford [England] ; New York, N.Y. [USA] : Oxford University Press
    Rutgers series on self and social identity  
    Details
    Keywords: Conflict management. ; Ethnic relations. ; Gestion des conflits. ; Group identity. ; Identité collective. ; Relations interethniques.
    Notes: Introduction : social identity and intergroup conflict / Lee Jussim, Richard D. Ashmore, and David Wilder / Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict : when does ingroup love become outgroup hate? / Marilynn B. Brewer -- Ethnic identity, national identity, and intergroup conflict : the significance of personal experiences / Thomas Hylland Eriksen -- The meaning of american national identity : patterns of ethnic conflict and consensus / Jack Citrin, Cara Wong, and Brian Duff -- Communal and national identity in a multiethnic state : a comparison of three perspectives / Jim Sidanius and John R. Petrocik -- Social and role identities and political violence : identity as a window on violence in northern ireland / Robert W. White -- Individual and group identities in genocide and mass killing / Ervin Staub -- The role of national identity in conflict resolution : experiences from Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops / Herbert C. Kelman -- Conclusion : toward a social identity framework for intergroup conflict / Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, David Wilder, and Jessica Heppen
    Pages: xii, 270 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530241-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129724
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  • 26
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    The handbook of culture & psychology : Handbook of culture and psychology (2001)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Ethnopsychology. ; Personality and culture.
    Notes: Culture and psychology at a crossroad : historical perspective and theoretical analysis / John Adamopoulos and Walter J. Lonner -- Individualism and collectivism : past, present, and future / Harry C. Tirandis -- Culture, science, and indigenous psychologies : an integrated analysis / Uichol Kim -- The evolution of cross-cultural research methods / Fons van de Vijver -- Culture, context, and development / Harry W. Gardiner -- Cognition across cultures / R.C. Mishra -- Everyday cognition : where culture, psychology, and education come together / Analúcia D. Schliemann and David W. Carraher -- Culture and moral development / Joan G. Miller -- Culture and emotion / David Matsumoto -- Gender and culture / Deborah L. Best and John E. Williams -- Culture and control orientations / Susumu Yamaguchi -- Culture and human inference : perspectives from three traditions / Kaiping Peng, Daniel R. Ames, and Eric D. Knowles -- Abnormal psychology and culture / Junko Tanaka-Matsumi -- Clinical psychology and culture / Jayne Lee and Stanley Sue -- Polishing the jade : a modest proposal for improving the study of social psychology across cultures / Michael Harris Bond and James T. Tedeschi -- Culture and social cognition : toward a social psychology of cultural dynamics / Yoshihisa Kashima -- Cross-cultural studies of social influence / Peter B. Smith -- Social justice from a cultural perspective / Kwok Leung and Walter G. Stephan -- The A, B, Cs of acculturation / Colleen Ward
    Pages: xvi, 458 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530227-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129712
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  • 27
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    Thinking about feeling : contemporary philosophers on emotions (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Details
    Keywords: Emotions (Philosophy)
    Notes: Emotions, physiology, and intentionality.Primitive emotions /John Deigh --Emotion : biological fact or social construction /Jenefer Robinson --Embodied emotions /Jesse Prinz --Emotion, appraisal, and cognition.Emotions : what I know, what I'd like to think I know, and what I'd like to think /Ronald de Sousa --Emotions, thoughts, and feelings : emotions as engagements with the world /Robert C. Solomon --Emotions and feelings.Emotion, feeling, and knowledge of the world /Peter Goldie --Subjectivity and emotion /Cheshire Calhoun --Emotions and rationality.Emotions, rationality, and mind/body /Patricia Greenspan --Some considerations about intellectual desire and emotions /Michael Stocker --Emotions, action, and freedom.Emotion and action /Jon Elster --Emotions and freedom /Jerome Neu --Emotion and value.Emotions as judgments of value and importance /Martha Nussbaum --Feelings that matter /Annette Baier --Perturbations of desire : emotions disarming morality in the "Great song" of The Mahabharata /Purushottama Bilimoria --On theories of emotion.Is emotion a natural kind? /Paul E. Griffiths --Emotion as a subtle mental mode /Aaron Ben-Zeev --Enough already with "Theories of emotions" /Amelie Oksenberg Rorty.
    Pages: x, 297 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530334-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129793
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  • 28
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    The foundations of mind : origins of conceptual thought (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford series in cognitive development  
    Details
    Keywords: Cognition in infants. ; Cognition, physiology, Infant. ; Concepts in infants. ; Thinking, physiology, Infant.
    Notes: How to build a baby : prologue -- Piaget's sensorimotor infant -- Kinds of representation : seeing and thinking -- Perceptual meaning analysis and image-schemas : the infant as interpreter -- Some image-schemas and their functions -- Some differences between percepts and concepts : the case of the basic level -- Some preverbal concepts -- Conceptual categories as induction machines -- Continuity in the conceptual system : acquisition, breakdown, and reorganization -- Recall of the past -- Language acquisition -- Consciousness and conclusions
    Pages: xiii, 359 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530396-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129820
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  • 29
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    The quest for reality : subjectivism and the metaphysics of colour (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Color (Philosophy)
    Pages: xv, 228 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-36474-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=55844
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  • 30
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    Twentieth century sprawl : highways and the reshaping of the American Landscape ; Highways transformed America (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Denver (Colo.), History, 20th century. ; Middlebury (Vt. : Town), History, 20th century. ; Smyrna (Rutherford County, Tenn.), History, 20th century. ; Cities and towns, United States, Growth, History, 20th century, Case studies. ; Interstate Highway System, History, 20th century. ; Roads, Government policy, United States, History, 20th century. ; Transportation, Automotive, United States, History, 20th century.
    Notes: Highway federalism -- Denver meets the automobile -- The decentralization of post-World War II Denver -- Automobiles and a small town -- Bridges, bypasses, and boulevards -- AutoCity : Smyrna, Tennessee
    Pages: xiv, 297 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530264-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129257
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  • 31
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    A leap in the dark : the struggle to create the American republic (2003)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, History, 1783-1815. ; United States, History, Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. ; United States, History, Revolution, 1775-1783.
    Notes: Preface -- 1754-1763 : Join, or die -- 1763-1766 : Loss of respect and affection -- 1766-1770 : To crush the spirit of the colonies -- 1770-1774 : Cause of Boston now is the cause of America -- 1775-1776 : To die freemen rather than to live slaves -- 1776-1777 : Leap into the dark -- 1778-1782 : This wilderness of darkness and dangers -- 1783-1787 : Present paroxysm of our affairs -- 1787-1789 : So much unanimity and good will -- 1790-1793 : Prosperous at home, respectable abroad -- 1793-1796 : Colossus to the Antirepublican party -- 1797-1799 : Game where principles are the stake -- 1799-1801 : Gigg is up -- 1801 : Age of revolution and reformation
    Pages: xv, 558 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518418-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120918
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    Garden spot : Lancaster County, the old order Amish, and the selling of rural America (2002)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Amish Country (Pa.) ; Lancaster County (Pa.), Rural conditions. ; Rural development, Pennsylvania, Lancaster County.
    Notes: Introduction: a fertile soil -- Cultivating the garden : the invention of Lancaster County -- Pride and progress : education, literacy, and the little red schoolhouse -- Dutch country : the Amish and tourism -- Domain of abundance : food and farming -- Landscape of progress : urbanization and planning -- Preserving the garden : development and farm preservation -- Epilogue: the harvest -- Appendix : Farms and population of Lancaster County, 1900-2000
    Pages: x, 258 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518029-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92724
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    The human side of M & A : how CEOs leverage the most important asset in deal making ; Human side of M and A ; Human side of mergers and acquisitions ; Leveraging the most important factor in deal making (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Consolidation and merger of corporations. ; Human capital. ; Organizational effectiveness.
    Pages: xi, 193 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518406-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120907
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    Thought experiments (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Thought experiments.
    Pages: xii, 318 p.
    Edition: [Pbk. reprint 1998]
    ISBN: 0-585-16074-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23526
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    Postmodernism : a very short introduction (2002)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Very short introductions  
    Details
    Keywords: Postmodernism.
    Pages: 142 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48631-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100292
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    Organizational participation : myth and reality (2000)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Industrial relations. ; Organizational behavior. ; Organizational sociology.
    Pages: x, 294 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-36603-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=56038
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  • 37
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    Understanding genocide : the social psychology of the Holocaust (2002)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Influence. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Psychological aspects. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Social aspects. ; Social sciences, Philosophy.
    Notes: The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers / Ervin Staub -- What is a "social-psychological" account of perpetrator behavior? The person versus the situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's willing executioners / Leonard S. Newman -- Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: some cognitive and affective implications / Peter Suedfeld and Mark Schaller -- Perpetrator behavior as destructive obedience: an evaluation of Stanley Milgram's perspective, the most influential social-psychological approach to the Holocaust / Thomas Blass -- Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves' clothing: envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews / Peter Glick -- Group processes and the Holocaust / R. Scott Tindale ... [et al.] -- Examining the implications of cultural frames on social movements and group action / Daphna Oyserman and Armand Lauffer -- Population and predators: preconditions for the Holocaust from a control-theoretical perspective / Dieter Frey and Helmut Rez -- The zoomorphism of human collective violence / R.B. Zajonc -- The Holocaust and the four roots of evil / Roy F. Baumeister -- Instigators of genocide: examining Hitler from a social-psychological perspective / David R. Mandel -- Perpetrators with a clear conscience: lying self-deception and belief change / Ralph Erber -- Explaining the Holocaust: does social psychology exonerate the perpetrators? / Arthur G. Miller, Amy M. Buddie, and Jeffrey Kretschmar -- Epilogue: Social psychologists confront the Holocaust / Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber
    Pages: xi, 360 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518618-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120998
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    The American dream : a short history of an idea that shaped a nation (2003)
    Oxford [England] ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Civilization, Philosophy. ; United States, Politics and government, Philosophy. ; National characteristics, American. ; Social values, United States.
    Notes: Introduction: A dream country -- Dream of the good life (I) : the Puritan enterprise -- Dream charter : The declaration of independence -- Dream of the good life (II) : upward mobility -- King of America : the dream of equality -- Detached houses : the dream of home ownership -- Dream of the good life (III) : the coast -- Conclusion: Extending the dream
    Pages: x, 214 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530398-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129263
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  • 39
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    Feminism and history : Feminism & history (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford readings in feminism  
    Details
    Keywords: Feminist theory. ; Women, History.
    Notes: Does a sex have a history? /Denise Riley --The dialects of Black womanhood /Bonnie Thornton Dill --Theorizing woman:Funu, Guojia, Jiating (Chinese women, Chinese state, Chinese family) /Tani Barlow --'Women's history' in transition: the European case /Natalie Zemon Davis --The traffic in women: notes on the 'political economy' of sex /Gayle Rubin --Gender: a useful category of historical analysis /Joan Wallach Scott --African-American women's history and the metalanguge of race /Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham --Carnal knowledge.
    Pages: ix, 611 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-15703-0
    URL: http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=12418
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  • 40
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    New directions in American religious history (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Church history, Congresses. ; Christianity, United States, Congresses.
    Pages: ix, 502 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-30487-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23593
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  • 41
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    At war with ourselves : why America is squandering its chance to build a better world (2004)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Foreign relations, Philosophy. ; United States, Foreign relations, 2001- ; Globalization, Political aspects. ; National characteristics, American.
    Pages: xiv, 288 p.
    Edition: [Pbk. ed.]
    ISBN: 0-19-518433-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120929
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  • 42
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    Feminism and science : Feminism & science (2000)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Oxford readings in feminism  
    Details
    Keywords: Feminist theory. ; Science, Philosophy. ; Science, Social aspects. ; Women in science.
    Pages: vii, 289 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-12065-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=12414
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  • 43
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    When flesh becomes word : an anthology of early eighteenth-century libertine literature (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: English literature, 18th century. ; Erotic literature, English. ; Libertinism, Literary collections.
    Notes: British libertine literature before Fanny Hill (1749) -- 1: The school of Venus (1680) -- 2: The pleasure of a single life (1701), The fifteen comforts of Cuckoldom (1706), and the fifteen plagues of a maiden-head (1707) -- 3: Gonosologium Novum (1709) -- 4: Venus in the cloister (1725) -- 5: A dialogue between a married lady and a maid (1740) -- 6: A new description of merryland (1741) -- 7: The female husband (1746)
    Pages: xxxiii, 332 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518577-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120996
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  • 44
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    Democracies in flux : the evolution of social capital in contemporary society (2002)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Capital social (Sociologie) ; Civil society. ; Democracy. ; Démocratie. ; Social capital (Sociology) ; Société civile.
    Notes: Introduction /Robert D. Putnam and Kristin A. Goss --Great Britain: the role of government and the distribution of social capital /Peter A. Hall --United States: bridging the privileged and the marginalized? /Robert Wuthnow --United States: from membership to advocacy /Theda Skocpol --France: old and new civic and social ties in France /Jean-Pierre Worms --Decline of social capital?: the German case /Claus Offe and Susanne Fuchs --From civil war to civil society: social capital in Spain from the 1930s to the 1990s /Victor Pérez-Díaz --Sweden: social capital in the social democratic state /Bo Rothstein --Australia: making the lucky country /Eva Cox --Broadening the basis of social capital in Japan /Takashi Inoguchi --Conclusion /Robert D. Putnam.
    Pages: 516 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518460-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=120945
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    The Oxford companion to philosophy (2000)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Philosophie, Encyclopédies. ; Philosophy, Encyclopedias.
    Pages: xviii, 1009 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-18263-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=22941
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  • 46
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    Holy war, holy peace : how religion can bring peace to the Middle East (2002)
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Arab-Israeli conflict, Religious aspects. ; Arab-Israeli conflict, 1993-, Peace. ; Religion and politics, Middle East.
    Pages: viii, 269 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518512-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121463
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    There are no slaves in France : the political culture of race and slavery in the Ancien ReÌgime (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: France, Race relations, History, 18th century. ; Blacks, Legal status, laws, etc., France, History, 18th century. ; Political culture, France, History, 18th century. ; Racism, France, History, 18th century.
    Pages: x, 210 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-32788-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=53439
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  • 48
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    Bowing to necessities : a history of manners in America, 1620-1860 (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Etiquette, United States, History.
    Notes: Part I -- Hierarchy: manners in a vertical social order, 1620-1740.Manners for gentlemenManners over minorsManners maketh menPart II --Revolution: an opening of possibilities, 1740-1820.Middle class risingYouth risingWomen risingPart III -- Resolution: manners for democrats, 1820-1860.Manners for the middle classManners for adultsLadies first?
    Pages: x, 310 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530339-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129794
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  • 49
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    The Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Judaism, Dictionaries.
    Pages: xviii, 764 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-38345-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=53320
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  • 50
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    Marriage wars in late Renaissance Venice (2001)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Studies in the history of sexuality  
    Details
    Keywords: Venice (Italy), Social conditions, To 1797 ; Electronic books ; Marriage, History, Italy, Venice ; Renaissance, Italy, Venice
    Pages: xi, 221 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518018-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92688
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  • 51
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    Joyce's revenge : history, politics, and aesthetics in Ulysses (2002)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Great Britain, Relations, Ireland. ; Ireland, In literature. ; Ireland, Relations, Great Britain. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941., Ulysses. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941, Aesthetics. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941, Political and social views. ; Literature and history, Ireland, History, 20th century. ; Politics and literature, Ireland, History, 20th century.
    Pages: xii, 306 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48623-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100300
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  • 52
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    The Oxford dictionary of philosophy : Dictionary of philosophy (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford paperback reference  
    Details
    Keywords: Philosophie, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Philosophy, Dictionaries.
    Pages: ix, 418 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-11072-7
    URL: http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=12313
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  • 53
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    Susanna Wesley : the complete writings (2000)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Wesley, Susanna Annesley,, 1669-1742. ; Wesley, Susanna Annesley,, 1670-1742. ; Anglicans, England, Biography.
    Pages: xiv, 504 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-24572-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=23631
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  • 54
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    The crime in mind : criminal responsibility and the Victorian novel (2003)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Crime in literature. ; Criminal liability in literature. ; Criminals in literature. ; English fiction, 19th century, History and criticism. ; Law and literature, History, 19th century. ; Legal stories, English, History and criticism. ; Responsibility in literature.
    Notes: Organizing crime : conduct and character in Oliver Twist : prologue to George Eliot's crimes -- "To fix our minds on that consequence" : minding consequences in Adam Bede and Felix Holt -- Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda, and the crime in mind -- James Fitzjames Stephen and the responsibilities of narrative -- Modern responsibilities
    Pages: viii, 275 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518524-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121487
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  • 55
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    Defending Ireland : the Irish state and its enemies since 1922 (2000)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Ireland, Defenses, History, 20th century. ; Ireland, Foreign relations, 1922- ; Ireland, Military policy, History, 20th century. ; Ireland, Politics and government, 1922- ; National security, Ireland, History, 20th century.
    Pages: 382 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48615-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100313
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  • 56
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    Playing the races : ethnic caricature and American literary realism (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Ethnic relations, History, 19th century. ; United States, Race relations, History, 19th century. ; American fiction, 19th century, History and criticism. ; Caricatures and cartoons, United States, History, 19th century. ; Ethnicity in literature. ; Race in literature. ; Realism in literature. ; Stereotype (Psychology) in literature.
    Notes: Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- "I want a real coon": Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton's flamboyant copy -- The "curious realism" of Charles Chesnutt
    Pages: viii, 196 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518578-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121496
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  • 57
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    The Great War and the language of modernism (2003)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Eliot, T. S., (Thomas Stearns),, 1888-1965, Views on war. ; Pound, Ezra,, 1885-1972, Views on war. ; Woolf, Virginia,, 1882-1941, Views on war. ; American poetry, 20th century, History and criticism. ; Americans, Great Britain, History, 20th century. ; Modernism (Literature), Great Britain. ; Modernism (Literature), United States. ; World War, 1914-1918, Great Britain, Literature and the war.
    Pages: xiii, 395 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518055-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=92703
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    Consciousness lost and found : a neuropsychological exploration (2000)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Consciousness. ; Neuropsychology.
    Pages: 272 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-24486-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=27427
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  • 59
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    Social movements : identity, culture, and the state (2002)
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: Mouvements sociaux. ; Social movements.
    Notes: pt. I. Introduction. Opportunities and identities: bridge-building in the study of social movements / David S. Meyer -- pt. II. States and policies. State repression and democracy protest in three southeast Asian countries / Vincent Boudreau -- Mobilization on the South African gold mines / T. Dunbar Moodie -- Multiple meditations: the state and the women's movements in India / Manisha Desai -- The contradictions of gay ethnicity: forging identity in Vermont / Mary Bernstein -- Creating social change: lessons from the civil rights movement / Kenneth T. Andrews -- pt. III. Organization and strategies. The "meso" in social movement research / Suzanne Staggenborg -- Strategizing and the sense of context: reflections on the first two weeks of the Liverpool docks lockout, September-October 1995 / Colin Barker and Michael Lavalette -- Factions and the continuity of political challengers / Mildred A. Schwartz -- More than one feminism: organizational structure and the construction of collective identity / Jo Reger -- The development of individual identity and consciousness among movements of the left and right / Rebecca E. Klatch -- pt. IV. Collective identities, discourse, and culture. Toward a more dialogic analysis of social movement culture / Marc W. Steinberg -- Materialist feminist discourse analysis and social movement research: mapping the changing context for "community control" / Nancy A. Naples -- From the "beloved community" to "family values": religious language, symbolic repertoires, and democratic culture / Rhys H. Williams -- External political change, collective identities, and participation in social movement organizations / Belinda Robnett -- pt. V. Conclusion. Meaning and structure in social movements / Nancy Whittier
    Pages: xvi, 366 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530277-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129231
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ventricular Fibrillation: Mechanisms of Initiation and Maintenance (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 25-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the major immediate cause of sudden cardiac death. Traditionally, VF has been defined as turbulent cardiac electrical activity, which implies a large amount of irregularity in the electrical waves that underlie ventricular excitation. During VF, the heart rate is too high (〉 550 excitations/minute) to allow adequate pumping of blood. In the electrocardiogram (ECG), ventricular complexes that are ever-changing in frequency, contour, and amplitude characterize VF. This article reviews prevailing theories for the initiation and maintenance of VF, as well as its spatio-temporal organization. Particular attention is given to recent experiments and computer simulations suggesting that VF may be explained in terms of highly periodic three-dimensional rotors that activate the ventricles at exceedingly high frequency. Such rotors may show at least two different behaviors: (a) At one extreme, they may drift throughout the heart at high speeds producing beat-to-beat changes in the activation sequence. (b) At the other extreme, rotors may be relatively stationary, activating the ventricles at such high frequencies that the wave fronts emanating from them breakup at varying distances, resulting in complex spatio-temporal patterns of fibrillatory conduction. In either case, the recorded ECG patterns are indistinguishable from VF. The data discussed have paved the way for a better understanding of the mechanisms of VF in the normal, as well as the diseased, human heart. When the heart is diseased, its work is imperfectly performed: the vessels proceeding from the heart become inactive, so that you cannot feel them ... If the heart trembles, has little power and sinks, the disease is advancing and death is near. Ebers Papyrus ~3500 BC
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.25
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flight Respiration and Energetics (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 179-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract We use a comparative approach to examine some of the physiological traits that make flight possible. Comparisons of related fliers and runners suggest that fliers generally have higher aerobic metabolic capacities than runners but that the difference is highly dependent on the taxa studied. The high metabolic rates of fliers relative to runners, especially in insects, are correlated with high locomotory muscle cycle frequencies and low efficiences of conversion of metabolic power to mechanical power. We examine some factors that produce variation in flight respiration and energetics. Air temperature strongly affects the flight metabolic rate of some insects and birds. Flight speed interacts with flier mass, so that small fliers tend to exhibit a Jshaped power curve and larger fliers a U-shaped power curve. As body size increases, mass-specific aerobic flight metabolism decreases in most studies, but mass-specific power output is constant or increases, leading to an increase in efficiency with size. Intraspecific studies have revealed specific genetically based effects on flight metabolism and power output and multiple ecological correlates of flight capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.179
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 439-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thyroid hormone is essential for normal development, differentiation, and metabolic balance. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by multiple thyroid hormone receptor isoforms derived from two distinct genes. The thyroid hormone receptors belong to a nuclear receptor superfamily that also includes receptors for other small lipophilic hormones. Thyroid hormone receptors function by binding to specific thyroid hormone-responsive sequences in promoters of target genes and by regulating transcription. Thyroid hormone receptors often form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors. Heterodimerization is regulated through distinct mechanisms that together determine the specificity and flexibility of the sequence recognition. Amino-terminal regions appear to modulate thyroid hormone receptor function in an isoform-dependent manner. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor represses transcription through recruitment of a corepressor complex, which also includes Sin3A and histone deacetylase. Ligand binding alters the conformation of the thyroid hormone receptor in such a way as to release the corepressor complex and recruit a coactivator complex that includes multiple histone acetyltransferases, including a steroid receptor family coactivator, p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF), and CREB binding protein (CBP). The existence of histone-modifying activities in the transcriptional regulatory complexes indicates an important role of chromatin structure. Stoichiometric, structural, and sequence-specific rules for coregulator interaction are beginning to be understood, as are aspects of the tissue specificity of hormone action. Moreover, knockout studies suggest that the products of two thyroid hormone receptor genes mediate distinct functions in vivo. The increased understanding of the structure and function of thyroid hormone receptors and their interacting proteins has markedly clarified the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.439
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloride Secretion by the Intestinal Epithelium: Molecular Basis and Regulatory Aspects (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 535-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloride secretion is the major determinant of mucosal hydration thoughout the gastrointestinal tract, and chloride transport is also pivotal in the regulation of fluid secretion by organs that drain into the intestine. Moreover, there are pathological consequences if chloride secretion is either reduced or increased such as in cystic fibrosis and secretory diarrhea, respectively. With the molecular cloning of many of the proteins and regulatory factors that make up the chloride secretory mechanism, there have been significant advances in our understanding of this process at the cellular level. Similarly, emerging data have clarified the intercellular relationships that govern the extent of chloride secretion. The goal of our article is to review this area of investigation, with an emphasis on recent developments and their implications for the physiology and pathophysiology of chloride transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Branching Morphogenesis During Kidney Development (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 595-620 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epithelial tissues such as kidney, lung, and breast arise through branching morphogenesis of a pre-existing epithelial structure. They share common morphological stages and a need for regulation of a similar set of developmental decisions-where to start; when, where, and in which direction to branch; and how many times to branch-decisions requiring regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, and cell motility. It is likely that similar molecular mechanisms exist for the epithelial branching program. Here we focus on the development of the collecting system of the kidney, where, from recent data using embryonic organ culture, cell culture models of branching morphogenesis, and targeted gene deletion experiments, the outlines of a working model for branching morphogenesis begin to emerge. Key branching morphogenetic molecules in this model include growth factors, transcription factors, distal effector molecules (such as extracellular matrix proteins, integrins, proteinases and their inhibitors), and genes regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation.
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    Neural Adaptation in the Generation of Rhythmic Behavior (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 723-753 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Motor systems can adapt rapidly to changes in external conditions and to switching of internal goals. They can also adapt slowly in response to training, alterations in the mechanics of the system, and any changes in the system resulting from injury. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying short- and long-term adaptation in rhythmic motor systems. The neuronal networks underlying the generation of rhythmic motor patterns (central pattern generators; CPGs) are extremely flexible. Neuromodulators, central commands, and afferent signals all influence the pattern produced by a CPG by altering the cellular and synaptic properties of individual neurons and the coupling between different populations of neurons. This flexibility allows the generation of a variety of motor patterns appropriate for the mechanical requirements of different forms of a behavior. The matching of motor output to mechanical requirements depends on the capacity of pattern-generating networks to adapt to slow changes in body mechanics and persistent errors in performance. Afferent feedback from body and limb proprioceptors likely plays an important role in driving these long-term adaptive processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.723
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    Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Interactions with Cytoskeletal and Signaling Proteins (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 755-778 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, it has become apparent that ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) in the neuronal plasma membrane interact via their cytoplasmic domains with a multitude of intracellular proteins. Different classes of ligand-gated channels associate with distinct sets of intracellular proteins, often through specialized scaffold proteins containing PDZ domains. These specific interactions link the receptor channel to the cortical cytoskeleton and to appropriate signal transduction pathways in the cell. Thus ionotropic receptors are components of extensive protein complexes that are likely involved in the subcellular targeting, cytoskeletal anchoring, and localized clustering of the receptors at specific sites on the neuronal surface. In addition to structural functions, receptor-associated proteins can play important roles as activity modulators or downstream effectors of ligand-gated channels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.755
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    Lung Development and Function in Preterm Infants in the Surfactant Treatment Era (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 825-846 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mortality of infants of 〈1-kg birth weight has decreased because of surfactant treatments, antenatal glucocorticoid treatments, and new ventilation strategies. However, many of these infants develop a chronic lung disease characterized by an arrest of lung development and interference with alveolarization. Antenatal glucocorticoids can induce early lung maturation clinically, but new information from transgenic and other experimental models indicates that traditional explanations for glucocorticoid effects on the developing lung are inadequate. These very preterm infants have lungs with small lung gas volumes and delicate lung tissue that are susceptible to injury with the initiation of ventilation and subsequent ventilation. Antenatal proinflammatory exposures are frequent in very preterm infants, and postnatal injury is associated with elevations of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. One hypothesis is that proinflammatory cytokines can promote or interfere with lung development as well as promote lung injury. Mechanisms of lung injury being characterized in the adult lung may have unique characteristics in the developing lung.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.825
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    MEDICINE OR PHYSIOLOGY: My Personal Mix (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.1
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    SPECIFIC Ca2+ SIGNALING EVOKED BY CHOLECYSTOKININ AND ACETYLCHOLINE: The Roles of NAADP, cADPR, and IP3 (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 99-117 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to control cell functions, hormones and neurotransmitters generate an amazing diversity of Ca2+ signals such as local and global Ca2+ elevations and also Ca2+ oscillations. In pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates secretion of digestive enzyme and promotes cell growth, whereas acetylcholine (ACh) essentially triggers enzyme secretion. Pancreatic acinar cells are a classic model for the study of CCK- and ACh-evoked specific Ca2+ signals. In addition to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3), recent studies have shown that cyclic ADPribose (cADPr) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) release Ca2+ in pancreatic acinar cells. Moreover, it has also been shown that both ACh and CCK trigger Ca2+ spikes by co-activation of IP3 and ryanodine receptors but by different means. ACh uses IP3 and Ca2+, whereas CCK uses cADPr and NAADP. In addition, CCK activates phospholipase A2 and D. The concept emerging from these studies is that agonist-specific Ca2+ signals in a single target cell are generated by combination of different intracellular messengers.
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    CONTROL OF GROWTH BY THE SOMATROPIC AXIS: Growth Hormone and the Insulin-Like Growth Factors Have Related and Independent Roles1 (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 141-164 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The traditionally accepted theory has been that most of the biological effects of growth hormone (GH) are mediated by circulating (endocrine) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). This dogma was modified when it was discovered that most tissues express IGF-I that can act via an autocrine/paracrine fashion. In addition, both GH and IGF-I had independent effects on various target tissues. Using tissue-specific gene deletion of IGF-I in the liver, it has been shown that circulating IGF-I is predominantly liver-derived but is not essential for normal postnatal growth. Therefore, it is proposed that non-hepatic tissue-derived IGF-I may be sufficient for growth and development. Thus the original somatomedin hypothesis has undergone further modifications.
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    THE GUANYLYL CYCLASE FAMILY AT Y2K (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 215-233 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the 1980s the purification, cloning, and expression of various forms of guanylyl cyclase (GC) revealed that they served as receptors for extracellular signals. Seven membrane forms, which presumably exist as homodimers, and four subunits of apparent heterodimers (commonly referred to as the soluble forms) are known, but in animals such as nematodes, much larger numbers of GCs are expressed. The number of transmembrane segments (none, one, or multiple) divide the GC family into three groups. Those with no or one transmembrane segment bind nitric oxide/carbon monoxide (NO/CO) or peptides. There are no known ligands for the multiple transmembrane segment class of GCs. Mutational and structural analyses support a model where catalysis requires a shared substrate binding site between the subunits, whether homomeric or heteromeric in nature. Because some cyclases or cyclase ligand genes lack specific GC inhibitors, disruption of either has been used to define the functions of individual cyclases, as well as to define human genetic disease counterparts.
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    MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF PACEMAKER ION CHANNELS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 235-257 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ionic currents activated by hyperpolarization and regulated by cyclic nucleotides were first discovered more than 20 years ago. Recently the molecular identity of the underlying channels has been unveiled. The structural features of the protein sequences are discussed and related to the mechanisms of activation, selectivity for cyclic nucleotides, and ion permeation. Coverage includes a comparison of the biophysical properties of recombinant and native channels and their significance for the physiological functions of these channels.
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    THE GASTRINS: Their Production and Biological Activities (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 119-139 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gastric epithelial organization and function are controlled and maintained by a variety of endocrine and paracrine mediators. Peptides encoded by the gastrin gene are an important part of this system because targeted deletion of the gene, or of the gastrin-CCKB receptor gene, leads to decreased numbers of parietal cells and decreased gastric acid secretion. Recent studies indicate that the gastrin precursor, preprogastrin, gives rise to a variety of products, each with a distinctive spectrum of biological activity. The conversion of progastrin to smaller peptides is regulated by multiple mechanisms including prohormone phosphorylation and secretory vesicle pH. Progastrin itself stimulates colonic epithelial proliferation; biosynthetic intermediates (Gly-gastrins) stimulate colonic epithelial proliferation and gastric epithelial differentiation; and C-terminally amidated gastrins stimulate colonic proliferation, gastric epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and acid secretion. The effects of progastrin-derived peptides on gastric epithelial function are mediated in part by release of paracrine factors that include histamine, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor ligands, and Reg. The importance of the appropriate regulation of this system is shown by the observation that prolonged moderate hypergastrinemia in transgenic mice leads to remodelling of the gastric epithelium, and in the presence of Helicobacter, to gastric cancer.
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    ROLE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA IN ESTROGEN ACTION (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 165-192 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract There was a time when the classification of sex hormones was simple. Androgens were male and estrogens female. What remains true today is that in young adults androgen levels are higher in males and estrogen levels higher in females. More recently we have learned that estrogens are necessary in males for regulation of male sexual behavior, maintenance of the skeleton and the cardiovascular system, and for normal function of the testis and prostate. The importance of androgen in females was never in doubt, it is after all the precursor of estrogen as the substrate for aromatase, the enzyme that produces estrogen. In addition, the tissue distribution of androgen receptors suggests that androgens themselves are important in the ovary, uterus, breast, and brain. New information promises to clarify some of the complex issues of the physiological roles of estrogen and the contribution of estrogen to the development of neoplastic diseases in humans. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor, the creation of mutant mice defective in both estrogen receptors and in the aromatase gene, the solution of the structures of the ligand-binding domains of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), the finding of novel routes through which estrogen receptors can modulate transcription, and the identification of a man with a bi-allelic disruptive mutation of the ERalpha gene are but some of the milestones. This review focuses on the mechanistic aspects of signal transduction mediated by ERs and on the physiological consequences of deficiency of estrogen or estrogen receptor in the available mouse models.
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    ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS OF TELEOST FISHES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 359-390 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1oC colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative lowering of the freezing point. AFPs are typically secreted by the liver into the blood. Recently, however, it has become clear that AFP isoforms are produced in the epidermis (skin, scales, fin, and gills) and may serve as a first line of defense against ice propagation into the fish. The basis for the adsorption of AFPs to ice is something of a mystery and is complicated by the extreme structural diversity of the five antifreeze types. Despite the recent acquisition of several AFP three-dimensional structures and the definition of their ice-binding sites by mutagenesis, no common ice-binding motif or even theme is apparent except that surface-surface complementarity is important for binding. The remarkable diversity of antifreeze types and their seemingly haphazard phylogenetic distribution suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciation occurring just 1-2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10-30 million years ago around Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the expression of AFP genes from different origins can also be quite dissimilar. The most intensively studied system is that of the winter flounder, which has a built-in annual cycle of antifreeze expression controlled by growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary in tune with seasonal cues. The signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, and promoter elements involved in this process are just beginning to be characterized.
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    MOLECULAR REGULATION OF LUNG DEVELOPMENT (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 471-494 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence suggesting that formation of the tracheobronchial tree and alveoli results from heterogeneity of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along the developing respiratory tract. Recent genetic data support this idea and show that this heterogeneity is likely the result of activation of distinct networks of signaling molecules along the proximal-distal axis. Among these signals, fibroblast growth factors, retinoids, Sonic hedgehog, and transforming growth factors appear to play prominent roles. We discuss how these and other pattern regulators may be involved in initiation, branching, and differentiation of the respiratory system.
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    INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 407-429 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent discoveries have revolutionized our conceptions of enzyme-substrate specificity in signal transduction pathways. Protein kinases A and C are localized to discreet subcellular regions, and this localization changes in an isozyme-specific manner upon activation, a process referred to as translocation. The mechanisms for translocation involve interactions of soluble kinases with membrane-bound anchor proteins that recognize individual kinase isoenzymes and their state of activation. Recently, modulation of kinase-anchor protein interactions has been used to specifically regulate, positively or negatively, the activity of C kinase isozymes. Also described in this review is a role for the Rab family of small G proteins in regulating subcellular protein trafficking. The pathophysiological significance of disrupted subcellular protein transport in cell signaling and the potential therapeutic utility of targeted regulation of these events are in the process of being characterized.
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    A HUNDRED YEARS OF SODIUM PUMPING (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: This article gives a history of the evidence (a) that animal cell membranes contain pumps that expel sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions; (b) that the pump derives energy from the hydrolysis of ATP; (c) that it is thermodynamically reversible-artificially steep transmembrane ion gradients make it run backward synthesizing ATP from ADP and orthophosphate; (d) that its mechanism is a ping-pong one, in which phosphorylation of the pump by ATP is associated with an efflux of three sodium ions, and hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme is associated with an influx of two potassium ions; (e) that each half of the working cycle involves both the transfer of a phosphate group and a conformational change-the phosphate transfer being associated with the occlusion of ions bound at one surface and the conformational change releasing the occluded ions at the opposite surface.
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    RESURGENCE OF SODIUM CHANNEL RESEARCH (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 871-894 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of isoforms of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels have been described. Ten genes encoding sodium channel alpha subunits have been identified, and nine of those isoforms have been functionally expressed in exogenous systems. The alpha subunit is associated with accessory beta subunits in some tissues, and three genes encoding different beta subunits have been identified. The alpha subunit isoforms have distinct patterns of development and localization in the nervous system, skeletal and cardiac muscle. In addition, many of the isoforms demonstrate subtle differences in their functional properties. However, there are no clear subfamilies of the channels, unlike the situation with potassium and calcium channels. The subtle differences in the functional properties of the sodium channel isoforms result in unique conductances in specific cell types, which have important physiological effects for the organism. Small alterations in the electrophysiological properties of the channel resulting from mutations in specific isoforms cause human diseases such as periodic paralysis, long QT syndrome, and epilepsy.
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    BILE SALT TRANSPORTERS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 635-661 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bile salts are the major organic solutes in bile and undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation. Hepatocellular bile salt uptake is mediated predominantly by the Na+-taurocholate cotransport proteins Ntcp (rodents) and NTCP (humans) and by the Na+-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptides Oatp1, Oatp2, and Oatp4 (rodents) and OATP-C (humans). After diffusion (bound by intracellular bile salt-binding proteins) to the canalicular membrane, monoanionic bile salts are secreted into bile canaliculi by the bile salt export pump Bsep (rodents) or BSEP (humans). Both belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. Dianionic conjugated bile salts are secreted into bile by the multidrug-resistance-associated proteins Mrp2/MRP2. In bile ductules, a minor portion of protonated bile acids and monomeric bile salts are reabsorbed by non-ionic diffusion and the apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter Asbt/ASBT, transported back into the periductular capillary plexus by Mrp3/MRP3 [and/or a truncated form of Asbt (tAsbt)], and subjected to cholehepatic shunting. The major portion of biliary bile salts is aggregated into mixed micelles and transported into the intestine, where they are reabsorbed by apical Oatp3, the apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT), cytosolic intestinal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP), and basolateral Mrp3/MRP3 and tAsbt. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of these enterohepatic bile salt transporters is closely related to the regulation of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. Furthermore, defective expression and function of bile salt transporters have been recognized as important causes for various cholestatic liver diseases.
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    Endocrinology: Survival as a Discipline in the 21st Century? (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 947-950 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.947
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    Toward the New Millennium (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 961-963 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.961
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    REGULATION OF TRP CHANNELS VIA LIPID SECOND MESSENGERS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 65 (2003), S. 735-759 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila photoreceptors, the light-sensitive current is mediated downstream of phospholipase C by TRP (transient receptor potential) channels. Recent evidence suggests that Drosophila TRP channels are activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) or its metabolites (polyunsaturated fatty acids), possibly in combination with the reduction in phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2). Consistent with this view, diacylglycerol kinase is identified as a key enzyme required for response termination. Signaling is critically dependent upon efficient PIP2 synthesis; mutants of this pathway in combination with genetically targeted PIP2 reporters provide unique insights into the kinetics and regulation of PIP2 turnover. Recent evidence indicates that a growing number of mammalian TRP homologues are also regulated by lipid messengers, including DAG, arachidonic acid, and PIP2.
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    AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY: A Matter of Life and Death (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 65 (2003), S. 701-734 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maintenance of membrane lipid asymmetry is a dynamic process that influences many events over the lifespan of the cell. With few exceptions, most cells restrict the bulk of the aminophospholipids to the inner membrane leaflet by means of specific transporters. Working in concert with each other, these proteins correct for sporadic incursions of the aminophospholipids to the outer membrane leaflet as a result of bilayer imbalances created by various cellular events. A shift in the relative contribution in each of these activities can result in sustained exposure of the aminophospholipids at the cell surface, which allows capture of the cells by phagocytes before the integrity of the plasma membrane is compromised. The absence of an efficient recognition and elimination mechanism can result in uncontrolled and persistent presentation of self-antigens to the immune system, with development of autoimmune syndromes. To prevent this, phagocytes have developed a diverse array of distinct and redundant receptor systems that drive the postphagocytic events along pathways that facilitate cross-talk between the homeostatic and the immune systems. In this work, we review the basis for the proposed mechanism(s) by which apoptotic ligands appear on the target cell surface and the phagocyte receptors that recognize these moieties.
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    PHOSPHOINOSITIDE REGULATION OF THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 65 (2003), S. 761-789 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoinositides [PPIs, which collectively refer to phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PI)] have a pivotal role as precursors to important second messengers and as bona fide signaling and scaffold targeting molecules. This review focuses on recent advances that elucidate how PPIs, particularly PI(4,5)P2 (PIP2), directly regulate the actin cytoskeleton in vivo by modulating the activity and targeting of actin regulatory proteins. The role of PIP2 in stimulating actin polymerization and in establishing cytoskeleton-plasma membrane linkages is emphasized. In addition, the review presents tantalizing evidence that suggests how binding of selected cytoskeletal proteins to membrane PPIs may promote PPI clustering into raft lipid microdomains, alter their accessibility to other proteins, and even distort the bilayer conformation. These actions have profound implications for many other PPI-regulated membrane functions that are beginning to be uncovered, and they suggest how PPIs can mediate crosstalk between the actin cytoskeleton and an expanding spectrum of essential cellular functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142517
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    G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR RHODOPSIN: A Prospectus (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 65 (2003), S. 851-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodopsin is a retinal photoreceptor protein of bipartite structure consisting of the transmembrane protein opsin and a light-sensitive chromophore 11-cis-retinal, linked to opsin via a protonated Schiff base. Studies on rhodopsin have unveiled many structural and functional features that are common to a large and pharmacologically important group of proteins from the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, of which rhodopsin is the best-studied member. In this work, we focus on structural features of rhodopsin as revealed by many biochemical and structural investigations. In particular, the high-resolution structure of bovine rhodopsin provides a template for understanding how GPCRs work. We describe the sensitivity and complexity of rhodopsin that lead to its important role in vision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142611
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    Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 239-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Although it is well established that during periods of torpor heterothermic mammals and birds can reduce metabolic rates (MR) substantially, the mechanisms causing the reduction of MR remain a controversial subject. The comparative analysis provided here suggests that MR reduction depends on patterns of torpor used, the state of torpor, and body mass. Daily heterotherms, which are species that enter daily torpor exclusively, appear to rely mostly on the fall of body temperature (Tb) for MR reduction, perhaps with the exception of very small species and at high torpor Tb, where some metabolic inhibition may be used. In contrast, hibernators (species capable of prolonged torpor bouts) rely extensively on metabolic inhibition, in addition to Tb effects, to reduce MR to a fraction of that observed in daily heterotherms. In small hibernators, metabolic inhibition and the large fall of Tb are employed to maximize energy conservation, whereas in large hibernators, metabolic inhibition appears to be employed to facilitate MR and Tb reduction at torpor onset. Over the ambient temperature (Ta) range where torpid heterotherms are thermo-conforming, the Tb-Ta differential is more or less constant despite a decline of MR with Ta; however, in thermo-regulating torpid individuals, the Tb-Ta differential is maintained by a proportional increase of MR as during normothermia, albeit at a lower Tb. Thermal conductance in most torpid thermo-regulating individuals is similar to that in normothermic individuals despite the substantially lower MR in the former. However, conductance is low when deeply torpid animals are thermo-conforming probably because of peripheral vasoconstriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105
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    Learning Mechanisms in Addiction: Synaptic Plasticity in the Ventral Tegmental Area as a Result of Exposure to Drugs of Abuse (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 447-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: One of the central questions in neurobiology is how experience modifies neural function, and how changes in the nervous system permit an animal to adapt its behavior to a changing environment. Learning and adaptation to a host of different environmental stimuli exemplify processes we know must alter the nervous system because the behavioral output changes after experience. Alterations in behavior after exposure to addictive drugs are a striking example of chemical alterations of nervous system function producing long-lasting changes in behavior. The alterations produced in the central nervous system (CNS) by addictive drugs are of interest because of their relationship to human substance abuse but also because these CNS alterations produce dramatic, easily observed alterations in behavior in response to discrete stimuli. Considerable study has been given to behavioral and biochemical correlates of addiction over the past 50 or more years; however, our understanding of the cellular physiological responses of affected CNS neurons is in its infancy. This review focuses on alterations in cellular and synaptic physiology in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in response to addictive drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112534
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    Localization of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels IN Mammalian Brain (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 477-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The intrinsic electrical properties of neurons are shaped in large part by the action of voltage-gated ion channels. Molecular cloning studies have revealed a large family of ion channel genes, many of which are expressed in mammalian brain. Much recent effort has focused on determining the contribution of the protein products of these genes to neuronal function. This requires knowledge of the abundance and distribution of the constituent subunits of the channels in specific mammalian central neurons. Here we review progress made in recent studies aimed at localizing specific ion channel subunits using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We then discuss the implications of these results in terms of neuronal physiology and neuronal mechanisms underlying the observed patterns of expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.113328
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    Myosin-1c, the Hair Cell's Adaptation Motor (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 521-545 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Given their prominent actin-rich subcellular specializations, it is no surprise that mechanosensitive hair cells of the inner ear exploit myosin molecules-the only known actin-dependent molecular motors-to carry out exotic but essential tasks. Recent experiments have confirmed that an unconventional myosin isozyme, myosin-1c, is a component of the hair cell's adaptation-motor complex. This complex carries out slow adaptation, provides tension to sensitize transduction channels, and may participate in assembly of the transduction apparatus. This review focuses on the detailed operation of the adaptation motor and the functional consequences of the incorporation of this specific myosin isozyme into the motor complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112842
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    Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions in the Developing Lung (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 625-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Classical experiments in embryology have shown that normal growth, morphogenetic patterning, and cellular differentiation in the developing lung depend on interactive signaling between the endodermal epithelium and mesenchyme derived from splanchnic mesoderm. These interactions are mediated by a myriad of diffusible factors that are precisely regulated in their temporal and spatial expression. In this review we first describe factors regulating formation of the embryonic foregut. We then discuss the experiments demonstrating the importance of tissue interactions in lung patterning and differentiation. Finally, we detail the roles that a few key signaling systems-fibroblast growth factors and their receptors, sonic hedgehog and Gli genes, Wnt genes and beta-catenin, and BMP4-play as mediators of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the developing lung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.135749
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    Control of the Size of the Human Muscle Mass (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 799-828 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: This review is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the cell and molecular biology of muscle in terms of growth and wasting and the second being an account of current knowledge of physiological mechanisms involved in the alteration of size of the human muscle mass. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to interrelate the information in each part and to provide the most likely explanation for phenomena that are currently only partially understood. The review should be of interest to cell and molecular biologists who know little of human muscle physiology and to physicians, physiotherapists, and kinesiologists who may be familiar with the gross behavior of human muscle but wish to understand more about the underlying mechanisms of change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444
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    G PROTEINS AND PHEROMONE SIGNALING (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 129-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract All cells have the capacity to respond to chemical and sensory stimuli. Central to many such signaling pathways is the heterotrimeric G protein, which transmits a signal from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors. Recent studies using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have produced important advances in our understanding of G protein activation and inactivation. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which G proteins transmit a signal from peptide pheromone receptors to the mating response in yeast and how mechanisms elucidated in yeast can provide insights to signaling events in more complex organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081701.133448
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    G PROTEINS AND OLFACTORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 189-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory system sits at the interface of the environment and the nervous system and is responsible for correctly coding sensory information from thousands of odorous stimuli. Many theories existed regarding the signal transduction mechanism that mediates this difficult task. The discovery that odorant transduction utilizes a unique variation (a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors) based upon a very common theme (the G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase cascade) to accomplish its vital task emphasized the power and versatility of this motif. We now must understand the downstream consequences of this cascade that regulates multiple second messengers and perhaps even gene transcription in response to the initial interaction of ligand with G protein-coupled receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082701.102219
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    G PROTEINS AND PHOTOTRANSDUCTION (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 153-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phototransduction is the process by which a photon of light captured by a molecule of visual pigment generates an electrical response in a photoreceptor cell. Vertebrate rod phototransduction is one of the best-studied G protein signaling pathways. In this pathway the photoreceptor-specific G protein, transducin, mediates between the visual pigment, rhodopsin, and the effector enzyme, cGMP phosphodiesterase. This review focuses on two quantitative features of G protein signaling in phototransduction: signal amplification and response timing. We examine how the interplay between the mechanisms that contribute to amplification and those that govern termination of G protein activity determine the speed and the sensitivity of the cellular response to light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082701.102229
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    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DENDRITIC SPINES (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 313-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spines are neuronal protrusions, each of which receives input typically from one excitatory synapse. They contain neurotransmitter receptors, organelles, and signaling systems essential for synaptic function and plasticity. Numerous brain disorders are associated with abnormal dendritic spines. Spine formation, plasticity, and maintenance depend on synaptic activity and can be modulated by sensory experience. Studies of compartmentalization have shown that spines serve primarily as biochemical, rather than electrical, compartments. In particular, recent work has highlighted that spines are highly specialized compartments for rapid large-amplitude Ca2+ signals underlying the induction of synaptic plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.160008
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    MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF RENAL ANIONIC DRUG TRANSPORT (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 563-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multiple organic anion transporters in the proximal tubule of the kidney are involved in the secretion of drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites. Many of these compounds are potentially hazardous on accumulation, and it is therefore not surprising that the proximal tubule is also an important target for toxicity. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made in the cloning of these transporters and their functional characterization following heterologous expression. Members of the organic anion transporter (OAT), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP), multidrug resistance protein (MRP), sodium-phosphate transporter (NPT), and peptide transporter (PEPT) families have been identified in the kidney. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on their localization, molecular and functional characteristics, and substrate and inhibitor specificity. A major challenge for the future will be to understand how these transporters work in concert to accomplish the renal secretion of specific anionic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155913
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    MECHANISMS OF IRON ACCUMULATION IN HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 663-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common inborn error of iron metabolism characterized by excess dietary iron absorption and iron deposition in several tissues. Clinical consequences include hepatic failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, cardiac failure, impotence, and arthritis. Despite the discovery of the mutation underlying most cases of HH, considerable uncertainty exists in the mechanism by which the normal gene product, HFE, regulates iron homeostasis. Knockout of the HFE gene clearly confers the HH phenotype on mice. However, studies on HFE expressed in cultured cells have not yet clarified the mechanism by which HFE mutations lead to increased dietary iron absorption. Recent discoveries suggest other genes, including a second transferrin receptor and the circulating peptide hepcidin, participate in a shared pathway with HFE in regulation of iron absorption. This review summarizes our current understanding of the relationship between iron stores and absorption and presents models to explain the dysregulated iron homeostasis in HH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155838
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    REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE: Location, Location, Location (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 749-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is expressed in vascular endothelium, airway epithelium, and certain other cell types where it generates the key signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). Diminished NO availability contributes to systemic and pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, and airway dysfunction. Complex mechanisms underly the cell specificity of eNOS expression, and co- and post-translational processing leads to trafficking of the enzyme to plasma membrane caveolae. Within caveolae, eNOS is the downstream target member of a signaling complex in which it is functionally linked to both typical G protein-coupled receptors and less typical receptors such as estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI displaying novel actions. This compartmentalization facilitates dynamic protein-protein interactions and calcium- and phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction events that modify eNOS activity. Further understanding of these mechanisms will enable us to take preventive and therapeutic advantage of the powerful actions of NO in multiple cell types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155952
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    EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL AND THE CONTROL OF SODIUM BALANCE: Interaction Between Genetic and Environmental Factors (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 64 (2002), S. 877-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expressed in aldosterone-responsive epithelial cells of the kidney and colon plays a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. In lung, ENaC has a distinct role in controlling the ionic composition of the air-liquid interface and thus the rate of mucociliary transport. Loss-of-function mutations in ENaC cause a severe salt-wasting syndrome in human pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA-1). Gain-of-function mutations in ENaC beta and gamma subunits cause pseudoaldosteronism (Liddle's syndrome), a severe form of salt-sensitive hypertension. This review discusses genetically defined forms of a salt sensitivity and salt resistance in human monogenic diseases and in animal models mimicking PHA-1 or Liddle's syndrome. The complex interaction between genetic factors (ENaC mutations) and the risk factor (salt intake) can now be studied experimentally. The role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in determining salt sensitivity or salt resistance in general populations is one of the main challenges of the post-genomic era.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082101.143243
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