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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (60,225)
  • 2000-2004  (14,197)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper estimates econometrically the economic return on schooling among Portuguese cooperative managers, based on a survey carried out in 1999. The main findings indicate that the rate of return is in line with previous published research. The results also indicate that in this sector, the return on education does not depend on the dimensions of the cooperative in which the individual works.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop an approach to studying new business governance models and we illustrate how these models take the general interest into account. We outline the main prevailing trends, in the context of the Québec model of development, and discuss the new conceptions of the state and of its role in governance. As a result of this, organizations and institutions are playing a new role in the pursuit of the general interest, which we examine using the ‘Solidarity Fund’ of the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec (FTQ). We suggest that a partnership-based governance model may help support the emergence of a new mixed economy that weds the general interest with individual and collective interests in an original way.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines issues in the design of a co-operative member's contractual relationship with the other agents (including the remaining members) using organizational economics. The paper assumes that the central defining characteristic of a co-op is the residual claim specification. Agency theory identifies certain inherent problems of the co-op form, the horizon problem, common property problem, and non-transferability. Non-transferability both reduces the incentive to monitor and imposes limits on portfolio diversification. This paper argues that features such as claim incompleteness and non-transferability are not inherent to the co-op but may be transaction-cost economizing. The paper also argues that the pre-emptive payoff feature by which the residual claimants (the co-op members) also become fixed payoff agents can affect the risk of other agents, and is an important determinant of co-op risk. A co-op may have more than one potential residual claim base. Five generic design choices are available for handling possible multiple claim bases: battleground, pre-specified allocation, limited return, alignment, and fixed payoff. The paper uses the design of residual claims in sugar co-ops to show how a co-op can partly overcome some of the problems identified by agency theory. This illustration ties together the issues of claim incompleteness and non-transferability, pre-emptive payoff, and multiple claim bases.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the definitions that have found the greatest acceptance among the scientific community, this paper identifies the business formulas that comprise the Social Economy in the agri-food sector with reference to the case of Spain, for which the latest data and figures are presented. At the same time, it presents a comparative study with agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, using the cluster analysis method, in order to place the business situation of Spanish cooperatives within this context.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract: Theory suggests that a united charity helps to economize on fundraising costs by reducing competition for donations among member charities. However, donors often cannot control the allocation of their donations, and charities may dislike the monitoring of their activities. This paper examines these and other issues relating to the Community Chest of Singapore. The results, based on analysis of financial positions and fundraising costs of a large number of charities, suggest that the Community Chest does possess important fundraising advantages. Thus charities in financial difficulties or in need of funds for additional programs tend to seek membership. However, organizations that value their autonomy and independence, and that are able to achieve low fundraising costs tend to remain as non-members. Thus a monopoly agency raising funds for all charities in the future is unlikely in the case of Singapore.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nous mesurons à l’aide du DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) l’efficacité des caisses populaires acadiennes en utilisant la valeur des produits d’intermédiation ainsi que le nombre de transactions réalisées par chaque caisse entre 1997 et 2000, au moment où un important programme de fusions et de réingénierie financière était mis en place. Cette analyse permet d’établir plusieurs résultats. Tout d’abord, l’inclusion des produits transactionnels réduit environ de moitié l’inefficacité technique et économique par rapport à l’inefficacité obtenue lorsque l’output des caisses est limité seulement aux produits transactionnels. Un algorithme d’auto-amorçage permet de vérifier que ce résultat est statistiquement significatif. Ensuite, nous montrons que le programme de fusions a touché surtout les caisses moins efficaces et a permis d’augmenter de façon importante leur efficacité grâce à une baisse du nombre d’employés en équivalent temps complet. Finalement, nous montrons que d’importants progrès technologiques ont été réalisés entre 1997 et 2000 en raison de l’accroissement du nombre de transactions informatisées. Des gains additionnels de productivité ont été rendus possible grâce à l’amélioration de l’efficacité des caisses ayant participéà une fusion tandis que les caisses n’ayant pas fusionné, bien que plus efficaces au départ que les autres, n’ont pas réalisé de gains d’efficacité.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The study quantifies the differences in the level of return from investing in deposit (savings) accounts provided by depository institutions, which are either ‘mutual’ or ‘proprietary’. It is shown that for most types of deposit accounts offered in the UK, mutual building societies provide higher returns than proprietary firms. Surprisingly, it is also shown that returns from deposit accounts issued by converted or non-mutual building societies are, generally, lower than either mutual building societies or proprietary firms. These findings are consistent for interest rate data adjusted for the effect of non-price product characteristics and for unadjusted interest rate data.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The general necessary optimality conditions for second-best discrete multipart tariffs are rather complex. In this paper, we derive a simplified characterization of these conditions for two-part tariffs and for block-rate tariffs for given thresholds of these tariffs. The simplified necessary optimality conditions are equivalent to the necessary conditions for a Ramsey-optimum for goods with continuously variable individually demanded quantities. We demonstrate that this characterization of second-best multipart tariffs can be helpful, when applying the usual regulatory mechanisms to these tariffs. In particular, we consider Vogelsang–Finsinger (1979) regulation as well as a particular form of price-cap regulation which is related to the Laspeyres index of prices.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Why do charitable nonprofit, service-providing organizations save? What are the tradeoffs between using income to build up cash reserves and serving more clients? Saving may generate income, protect the organization against a drop in donations, and increase the organization's chances of survival. Saving, though, may affect the likelihood that nonprofits receive private and public funding. We model the relationship among private and public income, economic conditions, and nonprofit savings. We find that anticipation of government help during difficult times tends to reduce the amount of saving done by the nonprofit. This effect is strengthened if government officials view unspent donations as indicative of a lack of need. Both these effects provide a strong incentive for nonprofits to spend on current consumption rather than to save for the future, and thus to increase the burden on the public purse.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Within this paper we chart the link between class and the politics of Loyalism in Northern Ireland. In so doing we argue that sectarianism is a socio-cultural construct which undermines the potential for political stability. The paper analyzes the evolution of Loyalism and in so doing contends that the extreme political violence which emanated from certain paramilitary groups was conditioned by socio-economic and political alterations in Northern Ireland. The paper indicates how class relationships clearly cross-cut politics, economics, ideology and culture.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articles:Gideon S. Golany Ethics and Urban Design: Culture, Form and Environment.Thomas Richards (1993) The Imperial Archive.J. M Blaut The Coloniser's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History.Dolores Hayden, (1995) The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History.Paela Shurmer-Smith and Kevin Hannam (1994) Worlds of Desire, Realms of Power: A Cultural Geography.C. Greed, (1994) Women and Planning: Creating Gendered Realities
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: In the context of national trade union decline, this paper explores the geography of trade union organization through case study research at the Shredded Wheat Factory in Welwyn Garden City (Herfordshire, UK). This example highlights the geographical constitution of trade union traditions, focusing upon the ways in which collective practices and ideas are forged in particular places but also how trade union traditions can be translated across space, from one place to another. This translation is argued to take place in three ways: (i) through the direct migration of workers, (ii) through the “demonstration effects” of strikes, trade union defeats and the ensuing media and trade union coverage of these events, and (iii) through solidarity initiatives taken by workers themselves. Rather than understanding workers' traditions as being historical products in place, I argue they are simultaneously geographical in their constitution. Trade unionism is shown to be processual, constantly evolving in and across time and space. Through such insights the research enhances existing geographical work in the field, advocating an approach which focuses upon the agency involved in trade union organization, the processual nature of trade union organization and the importance of the spatial translation of trade union traditions.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Critical geography must go beyond the spaces of power to political ecology. Human activity is necessarily ecological, and so too are politics and democracy. Thus, the regulation of environmental contradictions raises fundamental issues of democratic politics and principles of social justice. The answers to environmental crises are not to be found in the state or the market, the two leviathans, but in the ability of humans to govern themselves democratically and justly in relation to the earth. Because landscape is the sedimented history of human transformations of nature, love of landscapes and their Otherness is a testing ground for a moral and democratic relation to nature.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper explores the beliefs and practices of the mythopoetic men's movement. More specifically, it focuses on the movement's adherents' representations of “racial” identity and wilderness. After introducing the movement, I argue that, a) the mythopoetic men's movement creatively reworks colonialist fantasies of non-Western societies and landscapes, and b) that this process acts to naturalize the movement's adherents' contradictory experiences of power. The paper concludes with some observations on primitivist cultural appropriation.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 22
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Thomas A. Markus, Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types. John Pickles, editor, Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. M. Camoy, M. Castells, S. S. Cohen and F. H. Cardoso, The New Global Economy in the Information Age: Reflections on Our Changing World. Anne Power, Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850.
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  • 23
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Research on environmental racism has emphasized positive rationality. While useful for policy and legal interventions, this is problematic from a radical political and theoretical viewpoint. By examining two key research questions–is “race” or class responsible for discriminatory patterns? which came first, the people or the hazard?–I explore the implicit assumptions concerning racism within this framework. This reveals a large, pervasive set of misconceptions, including a tendency to reduce racism to overt actions, denying racism as ideology, and insisting on a fixed, unitary idea of racism. Both scholars committed to antiracism and those who challenge environmental justice activists' claims reproduce these conceptualizations.
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  • 24
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 25
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Historical preservation often reveals more about contemporary culture than about history. The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, is just such a case. No other large US city is so dominated by a single historical event, and the Alamo plays a central role as a cultural icon for regional Anglo identity, a symbol of the Anglo-dominated social hierarchy. Its preservation and restoration have coincided with modern identity formation contextualized by commodities. Thus, a critical part of this project is the development of a consumer landscape as an economic extension of the Alamo that promotes consumption by harmonizing with prevailing Anglo conceptions of ethnic identities; not simply a strategically located commercial zone, but an integral part of the pilgrimage to the monument, providing a mechanism for socialization, including “racialization”, contextualized by commodities.
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  • 26
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The gruesome murder of Elizabeth Short, a sex worker nicknamed the “Black Dahlia,” created a real-life film noir tale in postwar Los Angeles. In the unsuccessful search for her killer, the tabloid press and psychiatric “experts” indicted all forms of the open sexual expression brought on by the war as complicit. The problematic connection made at the time between the sexually dangerous woman and the corruptions of postwar Los Angeles has been reinforced in the numerous fictional retellings of the case written in the past fifteen years.
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  • 27
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: A controversial new Criminal Justice and Public Order Act in Great Britain contains measures to curb the lifestyles of a group known collectively as “New Age Travellers”. This paper examines these travellers as “folk devils” of the Conservative “New Right” on a number of levels: their lifestyle does not conform to that espoused by authoritarian or libertarian Conservatism; moreover, they violate the spatial order of contemporary British society by trespassing against the dominant social representation of the countryside — the “rural idyll”. In Parliamentary debates speakers drew on the rural idyll to defend the exclusivity of access to the countryside. Notably, whilst Gypsies were seen as having a legitimate if highly marginalized position in the rural representation, few saw any place for New Age travellers.
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  • 28
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    Antipode 28 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Sarah A. Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood (Eds.) ‘Viva’. Women and popular protest in Latin America. J. Little, Gender, Planning and the Policy Process. Vivian Kinnaird and Derek Hall (Eds.) Tourism: A Gender Analysis. Anne Buttimer, Geography and the Human Spirit. Graham Huggan. Territorial Disputes: Maps and Mapping Strategies in Contemporary Canadian and Australian Fiction.
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  • 29
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: In the past decade a shift in ecological politics has set off a scramble to “protect” and “defend” putatively pristine ecosystems in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. This aggressive program bespeaks a new sense of manifest ecological destiny among environmental organizations and donors and has given rise to a “politics of stabilization” characterized by new forms of property and labor relationships. This paper traces the impact of ecological policies on commodity production in Gambia where communal market gardens run by women's groups are being converted into privatized orchards managed by male landholders in a state-directed, donor-funded initiative designed to meet stabilization goals. The zealous pursuit of commercial objectives has come at the expense of critical food entitlement and livelihood strategies which currently form the basis of the rural Gambian political economy. The paper uses this evidence to urge reconsidering the politics of environmental intervention.
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  • 30
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the politics of land and forest rights in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Forest mapping by government forestry planners allocates rights of resource use and land access according to forest types and economic objectives, only rarely recognizing indigenous occupancy rights or forest territories customarily claimed or managed by local people. As maps and official plans based on them ignore, and in some cases criminalize, traditional rights to forest, forest products, and forest land for temporary conversion to swidden agriculture, indigenous activists are using sketch maps to re-claim territories - a process that requires re-defining many traditional forest rights. The paper considers the political implications of mapping and the implications of a focus on land use rather than forest use.
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The people of the Rural Federation of Zambrana-Chacuey, in the Dominican Republic, are engaged in complex and multivalent struggles over resources in a forest and farm landscape subject to rapid land use change. Acacia mangium, a fast growing tree recently introduced as a timber cash crop, has become an object, a site and a tool of struggle in conflicts between local and state interests, and between women and men. Until recently, tree cutting has been illegal, so the government-approved acacia has reversed the role of trees from liabilities to assets in land tenure. The acacia has also begun to alter the pattern of land use, land cover, and the species composition of the region's forests, gardens, and fields, and could replace women's diverse gardens with single species blocks of timber.
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  • 32
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
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  • 33
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This article weighs recent scientific evidence that the urbanization of Southern California has taken place during one of the most unusual episodes of climatic and seismic benignity in the last 3500 years. Official disaster and resource planning, moreover, has been based on record-keeping shorter than the temporal wavelengths of the most important landscape processes. Indeed, the “biblical” flood, fire, and earthquake disasters of the last three years may only be a prelude to seismic and climatic events of far greater magnitude. What will be the future of the Los Angeles area if Congress refuses to continue federal disaster subsidies?
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Indonesia, among the world's most culturally diverse countries, has long grappled with the issues of national unity. This paper explores the meanings of Medan Merdeka [Independence Square] in central Jakarta, Indonesia - a particular site in which symbols for the abstract ideals of political unity and national identity were constructed in an urban space honoring the struggle for national independence. These symbols, however, also expose the struggle to define “Indonesianness” within the international geopolitical milieu of the post-independence years. As such they offer a glimpse into competing interpretations of identity and the real world struggle to impose meaning on the built environment.
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    Antipode 27 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Doug Aberly (Ed.) Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment. James Duncan and David Ley (Eds.) place/culture/representation. Robin Fisher and Hugh Johnston (Eds.) From Maps to Metaphors: Charles Jencks. Heteropolis: Los Angeles, the riots and the strange beauty of hetero-architecture. J. Norwine. A Postmodern Tao: A Guide to Apprehending Ways of Meaning in Pathless Lands. Doreen Massey. Space. place and gender.
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  • 37
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  • 38
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  • 39
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    Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Olsson, Gunnar, Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird REPLaY A Critical Review of The Political Economy of the Welfare State, by Ian Cough. The Geography of Public Finance, by R. J. Bennett
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    Notes: The article gives an overview of the development of creativity techniques in Germany starting with the routes in the 1960s. Typical German methods are described; namely: Brainwriting, Visual Confrontation and Morphological Techniques. Also a software-tool supporting the process of creative problem solving in all phases is presented. The last section deals with a survey in German industry showing significantly that companies applying creativity techniques more frequently and more systematically realize higher levels of business success.
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    Notes: Japan's economic miracle results from a combination of factors including governmental support for selected industries, labor factors, cultural factors, management factors, and corporate strategy. When corporate strategy is examined, it becomes clear that to Japanese firms, strategy is a market share game, with constant striving for lower costs and relative differentiation achieved largely through continuous improvement. At the core of this strategy are product and process innovation. This article describes the typical large- and medium-sized Japanese firms' innovation strategies in terms of several decisions which taken together constitute innovation strategy.
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    Notes: As the world economy begins to shift from the industrial states of the past toward marketable service orientations, the need for those adults under highly stressful circumstances to reduce their stress levels becomes imperative. The peak performer, whether in business and industry, education and teaching or any other field, should regard, accept and anticipate stress indicators by using appropriate methods to alleviate that stress before it becomes highly detrimental to employment and personal performance. The utilization of those activities we played as children can become modified tools and techniques for the stressed personality.
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    Notes: 1995 promises to become a sparkling year in the development of the European Association for Creativity and Innovation. Patrick Colemont, director of E.A.C.I., invites you to clink a glass and to propose a toast for success.
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleHaridimos Tsoukas (editor), 1994, New Thinking in Organizational Behaviour: From social engineering to reflective actionPatrick D. T. O'Connor, 1994, The Practice of Engineering Management - A New ApproachJohn Naisbitt, 1994, Global Paradox: The bigger the world economy, the more powerful its Smallest PlayersBen-Zion Sandler, 1994, Computer-Aided Creativity.Louis Kraar, Seiichi Takikawa, Japanese MaverickBurkard Sievers, 1994, Work, Death and Life Itself: Essays on Management and Organization
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    Notes: The inventors of creativity techniques, such as brainstorming, brainwriting, synectics, bionics, and morphological analysis, leave no doubt about the effectiveness of these instruments for generation of new ideas. But definite empirical proof is still lacking. We argue that differences in assessing the creativity techniques exist as a result of ignoring difficulties of users in coping with information behaviour. Most of the structures neglect the problem of information overload. They favour uncontrollable information generation and processing. This leads mainly to slogans, catch-phrases, and aphorisms. Complex follow-up work is required. We argue that an optimal fit is needed between the problem to be solved and the respective creativity technique.
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    Notes: This article examines the premise that increasing concentration of power in large, multinational organizations will eventually necessitate the political control of such organizations to ensure the interests and well-being, however defined, of their host countries. This view assumes that centralized control is necessary to prevent abuses of power by private organizations who are not necessarily concerned with the public good. Another view is the anarchist paradigm, where it is assumed that people and groups, left to sort things out among themselves, will eventually produce outcomes beneficial for the whole. Aligned with this approach is the transformational or emerging paradigm. I will examine the assumptions that underlie each paradigm and leave the reader to decide their relative validity.
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    Notes: Former Socialist Central and Eastern European Countries are working to achieve economic self-sufficiency. The creation of high-value-added jobs to retain their skilled workpeople and the achievement of international economic competitiveness are major challenges they face. In this article the author proposes the strategy of regional economic development through entrepreneurial innovation, with emphasis on technological companies. The viability of this approach, and the lessons learned from it, are assessed using case study material from Poland and Ukraine.
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 19 (1998), S. 0 
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The paper investigates the consequences of code-sharing agreements among airline firms competing on international routes, where some passengers interconnect to flights originating or terminating at cities not served by foreign airlines. The authors calculate the precise market share captured by flights operated under code sharing. They compare airfares, market shares, profits, and passengers’ welfare before and after the implementation of a code-sharing agreement and demonstrate that code sharing is Pareto-improving.
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    Notes: The paper examines the impact of regionalism on the process of multilateral trade liberalization when countries are asymmetric. The author uses a three-country, three-good, competing exporters model, with countries being symmetric in everything but their discount factors. The equilibrium regional agreement is found to be a customs union between a patient and an impatient country and that the impact of regionalism depends on the discount factors. The impact of regionalism on multilateral trade liberalization depends critically on which countries engage in regionalism.
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    Notes: During the last decade, more than 600,000 people have been forced to leave rural areas and migrate to regional urban centres in Colombia as a result of political violence in which guerrilla and paramilitary groups and the armed forces are the principal actors. The number of displaced people is still increasing. Nearly 60 per cent of them are women, and at least 25 per cent of the displaced households are headed by women, most of whom are widows. Focusing on three regions of the country - the northern Caribbean Coast, the central Middle Magdalena region and the Eastern Plains - the effects of forced displacement on women and men are analysed in terms of intra-household relationships, survival strategies and gender identities. The paper evaluates the gains and losses for women and men in the process of displacement. It argues that displacement has the strongest impact on women during the stage of “destruction”, while men, confronted with unemployment and loss of identity, are most affected during the stage of “reconstruction”.
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    Notes: The growing of crops on open and undeveloped spaces within urban zones in eastern and southern African cities has become an important source of food security. Urban populations have expanded without a corresponding increase in economic opportunities for employment. Economic reforms have led to the removal of subsidies on food commodities and retrenchments in the formal employment sectors. It is reported that a result of this is that vulnerable households have resorted to urban agriculture to sustain their livelihoods. Though a widespread practice, urban agriculture is not planned for or supported by urban planners and managers as a legitimate form of urban land use in Harare, Zimbabwe. As women are the main participants in urban agriculture, their activities come into direct conflict with planning provisions for urban space. This study examines the role of women in urban agriculture and views and perceptions of the use of urban space for agricultural activities in Harare. It shows that urban agriculture is useful in meeting household food needs by those who undertake it. The study offers empirical insight on the perceptions of the use of space in an urban tropical environment for agriculture, where conflicts can arise as a result of different perceptions and alternative uses.
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    Notes: This paper examines the validity of the public/private and reproductive/productive dichotomies commonly adopted in the analysis of gender and employment. It considers three aspects of the dualisms: spatial division, activity patterns and the construction of identities. The discussion is based on fieldwork undertaken in three districts of Oaxaca City, Mexico, between 1992 and 1995. While recognising the usefulness of spatial dualisms within Mexican cities, the paper seeks to identify the ways in which class and location within the urban space affect the construction of the boundary between “public” and “private”, women's “employment” experiences, and women's identities.
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    Notes: In this paper, we investigate the links between place and time, and the intersections between the geographical imagination and the historical mind. These issues are explored in the context of Singapore by looking at the links between place and three concepts usually associated with the temporal sense — history, nostalgia and heritage. We argue that the two imaginations can be simultaneously engaged by means of a focus on the concept of place. The making of a place is closely intertwined with individual biographies and collective histories; at the same time, place does not record history in an unproblematic way. We next argue that a sense of nostalgia is a yearning to return to a lost period and place and why memory is often best served by anchoring it in the materiality of place. This is precisely the case in the inscription of heritage into the concrete elements of specific sites as a state strategy to codify and naturalise its own version of heritage as part of the the everyday, visible world. In concluding, we reflect on the salience of place. While it lends itself to ideological uses by the powerful, a sense of place is also equally significant in the experiences and aspirations of a people.
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    Notes: The paper examines a firm's cost of expropriation risk in a framework that links it to the government's incentive to expropriate. The author develops a pricing model for the firm's cost of expropriation risk that includes the positions of both government and firm. The government's decision to expropriate is modeled as an American-style call option. The cost of expropriation risk is modeled as the value of an insurance policy that pays off all losses resulting from expropriation. The firm's cost of expropriation risk is determined by the government acting to optimize the value of its option to expropriate. The author identifies the parameters that link the government's option to expropriate to the firm's cost of expropriation risk, and shows how the model can be used in capital budgeting decisions and the ongoing management of expropriation risk.
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper explores the empirical relationship of net exports, domestic output, and foreign output. It presents evidence supporting a consumption-smoothing motive for trade in goods. Classical models of the international macroeconomy typically allow for trade in claims on both home and foreign output. This paper lends empirical support to this setup by showing that highly transitory shocks to output cause net exports from the country experiencing the shock to rise. Persistent shocks have opposite effects—a result consistent with the role persistent shocks play in signaling future investment opportunities.
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    Notes: The paper asks whether exports are affected by importers’ patent rights regimes using a gravity trade equation. US export data to 71 countries from 1970 to 1992 are used. A two-way random-effects panel indicates that patent rights regimes per se do not matter; they matter with importing countries’ imitative abilities. For a country with an “average” imitative ability, US R&D-intensive exports increase by 4–9% for a unit increase in the patent rights index; a unit increase in the patent rights index leads to a drop in US non-R&D-intensive exports by about 8–11%.
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    Notes: The paper presents an overlapping-generations model where agents vote on whether to open or close the economy to international capital flows. Political decisions are shaped by the risk over capital and labor returns. In an open economy, the capitalists (old) completely hedge their savings income. In contrast, in a closed economy, the workers (young) partially insulate wages from the productivity shocks. There are three possible equilibrium outcomes: economies that eventually remain open; those that eventually remain closed; and those that cycle between open and closed. In line with the stylized facts, cycles are more common in economies with intermediate development levels.
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    Notes: In a homogeneous-good duopoly game with a home and a foreign firm, which compete on prices, it has been shown that the optimal way to assist the domestic industry is by a production subsidy. The argument here is that the subsidy is used to keep potential competitive pressure on the foreign firm. This paper analyzes under which conditions this threat of entry of a subsidized home firm is credible. It is shown that in markets where the firms move before the government, a subsidy is not credible and dominated by a tariff in terms of welfare.
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    Notes: The authors incorporate equilibrium unemployment due to imperfect matching into a model of trade in intermediate inputs. Firms are assumed to be price-takers and their size is given by technology. Firms enter the market as long as expected profits cover the search cost they incur initially; jobs are endogenously destroyed by random shocks that affect firms’ price–cost margins. Trade increases productivity in the final good and then demand for each intermediate input. Steady-state unemployment is reduced after trade integration because the rate of job destruction is reduced, which in turn induces an indirect positive effect on job creation. A more volatile environment faced by firms does not necessarily increase unemployment. However, the rate of job destruction unambiguously rises, and rises more under free trade.
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    Notes: Books reviewed in this article: Women's Voices from the Rainforest. Janet Gabriel Townsend (in collaboration with U. Arrevillaga, J. Bain, S. Cancino, S. Frenk, S. Pacheo and E. Pérez). Divisions and Solidarities: Gender, Class and Employment in Latin America. Alison MacEwen Scott. Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice. Deborah Fahy Bryceson (ed.). Women and Industrialisation in Asia. Susan Horton (ed.). Women and Work in South Asia. Saraswati Raju and Deipica Bagchi (eds.) ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in Developing Southeast Asia. Wazir Jahan Karim (ed.) Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development. Sylvia Chant and Cathy Mcllwaine. People who Count: Population and Politics, Women and Children. Dorothy Stein. Reversed Realities. Naila Kabeer Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. Marianne Marchand and Jane Parpart (eds.) Reversing or postmodersing? New books on feminism and development
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    Notes: This paper considers some of the ways in which travellers, administrators and academics in the colonial period sought to categorise the indigenous groups of Borneo. It focuses on Sarawak and North Borneo between about 1850 and 1920, and examines the use of stereotypical images of exoticism, fear and loathing in constructing different categories of peoples in the region. The paper argues that such categorisations were important in structuring the relationships between ruler and ruled, and in the development of particular regional and local identities.
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Rapid deforestation is a major problem throughout the tropical world. The conditions and the pace under which societies and economies of the Third World are currently evolving and growing, combined with the specificities of tropical forests, render the latter increasingly vulnerable. Among the major tropical areas of the world, Southeast Asia is perhaps the one where these conditions have had the most impact on the retreat of the forest cover over the last quarter of this century. This is illustrated through the presentation of two maps of the distribution of five basic forest formations in Southeast Asia circa 1970 and circa 1990. The maps are examined and compared, as well as confronted with statistical assessments of deforestation. Finally, the complex causes behind the retreat of the tropical forests as well as the implications of this retreat are briefly discussed.
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  • 87
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 17 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was followed by the forced uprooting of an estimated 18 million people. This paper focuses on the predicament of the minority communities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who were uprooted and forced to seek shelter in the Indian province of West Bengal. It considers the responses of Indian federal and provincial governments to the challenge of refugee rehabilitation. A study is made of the Dandakaranya scheme which was undertaken after 1958 to resettle the refugees by colonising forest land: the project was sited in a peninsular region marked by plateaus and hill ranges which the refugees, originally from the riverine and deltaic landscape of Bengal, found hard to accept. Despite substantial official rehabilitation efforts, the refugees demanded to be resettled back in their “natural habitat” of Indian Bengal. However, this was resisted by the state. Notwithstanding this opposition, a large number of East Bengal refugees moved back into regions which formed a part of erstwhile undivided Bengal where, without any government aid and planning, they colonised lands and created their own habitats. Many preferred to become squatters in the slums that sprawled in and around Calcutta. The complex interplay of identity and landscape, of dependence and self-help, that informed the choices which the refugees made in rebuilding their lives is analysed in the paper.
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  • 88
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 17 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Landscape art provides a window on the world of subjective interpretation and shared perceptions of place. Portraits of places are therefore simultaneously portraits of a society, its preferences and prejudices, and the meaning it imparts to the world. In the nineteenth century, settlers in Africa felt alienated, uncomfortable, abandoned and detached, and their landscape art—both paintings and poetry—was testimony to their emotional and psychological responses to the foreign environment. Both the imported artistic techniques for portraying nat?re and the symbols populating the landscape images revealed the temperament of the pioneers’ attitudes to place.
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  • 89
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 11 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines whether Japanese exporters changed their strategic pricing behavior as a result of the profit squeeze of the late 1980s. It shows that shocks such as the end-of-bubble, the prolonged yen depreciation, and the Asian crisis affected export prices. These effects, however, are too small to change the long-run equilibrium relation between sectoral export prices and their determinants. In particular, results suggest that Japanese exporters are not using the depreciation of the yen to gain market share.
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  • 90
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 91
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 98
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 4 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Governments in more-developed economies partially compensate import-competing industries when world prices fall, i.e., they lean against the wind. Less-developed economies often liberalize in response to the same shock. We use a political-support maximization model with revenue motives to derive conditions under which a rational policymaker would respond to lower woild prices by reducing tariff protection for an import-competing industry. An initial tariff that exceeds the maximum revenue level proves necessary but not sufficient for politically optimal liberalization following a fall in the world price of the importable good.
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  • 99
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 4 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the second-best strategy of correcting a wide variety of trade distortions in a small open economy with perfect competition in all markets. Using the tools of duality, we obtain some general properties of the structure and the levels of the optimal taxlsubsidy rates. The paper also analyzes the welfare effects of unilateral piecemeal trade policy reforms when some of the quota distortions—imposed by the foreign countries—are unalterable. It is shown that the merits of unilateral trade policy reforms that are emphasized in the literature crucially depend on the absence of unalterable foreign imposed quotas.
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  • 100
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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