ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Megacities and Global Change. - Megacities and Climate Change: Early Adapters, Mainstream Adapters, and Capacities. - Underground cities. - Water quality and socio-ecological vulnerability regarding urban development in selected case studies of megacity Guangzhou, China. - Rice for the Megacity. Dhaka's food supply between global risks and local vulnerabilities. - Land development strategies in megacities: Guiding land use and land rights in the context of urban sprawl and informality. - The influence of foreign direct investment on land use changes and regional planning in developing-World megacities: a Bangalore case study. - Inner-city development in megacities between degradation and renewal. The case of Sao Paulo case study. - Agile Firm Organisation and Upgrading in the Greater Pearl River Delta. - Linking Global Change, National Development Goals, Urbanization and International Migration in China: The Example of African Migrants in Guangzhou and Foshan. - "Phobopolis": Violence, fear and socio-political fragmentation of the space in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - Dar es Salaam, megacity of tomorrow - informal urban expansion and the provision of technical infrastructure. - Bus Rapid Transit: the answer to transport problems in megacities? The example of TransMilenio (Bogotá / Colombia). - Governance in Megacities: Experiences, Challenges, and Implications for International Cooperation. - Managing the Metropolis: Planning in New York City. - E-Governance Initiatives in India: Case Studies from Hyderabad and Bangalore.

Description / Table of Contents: The field of uncertainty quantification is evolving rapidly because of increasing emphasis on models that require quantified uncertainties for large-scale applications, novel algorithm development, and new computational architectures that facilitate implementation of these algorithms. Uncertainty Quantification: Theory, Implementation, and Applications provides readers with the basic concepts, theory, and algorithms necessary to quantify input and response uncertainties for simulation models arising in a broad range of disciplines.The book begins with a detailed discussion of applications where uncertainty quantification is critical for both scientific understanding and policy. It then covers concepts from probability and statistics, parameter selection techniques, frequentist and Bayesian model calibration, propagation of uncertainties, quantification of model discrepancy, surrogate model construction, and local and global sensitivity analysis. The author maintains a complementary web page where readers can find data used in the exercises and other supplementary material.Uncertainty Quantification: Theory, Implementation, and Applications includes a very large number of definitions and examples that use a suite of relatively simple models to illustrate concepts; numerous references to current and open research issues; exercises that illustrate basic concepts and guide readers through the numerical implementation of algorithms for prototypical problems; a wide range of applications, including weather and climate models, subsurface hydrology and geology models, nuclear power plant design, and models for biological phenomena; and recent advances and topics that have appeared in the research literature within the last 15 years, including aspects of Bayesian model calibration, surrogate model development, parameter selection techniques, and global sensitivity analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Chinese loess and the east-asian monsoon. - 3 Asian monsoon variability recorded in other archives. - 4 Asian dust, eolian iron and black carbon-connections to climate changes. - 5 Mammalian evolution in asia linked to climate changes. - 6 Late cenozoic climate change in monsoon-arid Asia and global changes. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first of its kind on environmental change research devoted to monsoon-arid environment evolution history and its mechanism involved. Capturing the most prominent features of Asian climate and environmental changes, it gives a comprehensive review of the Asian monsoon records providing evidence for spatial and temporal climatic and environmental changes across the Asian continent since the Last Cenozoic. The dynamics underlying these changes are explored based on various bio-geological records and in particular based on the evidence of loess, speleothems as well as on mammal fossils. The Asian monsoon-arid climate system which quantifies the controlling mechanisms of climate change and the way it operates in different time scales is described. Attempts to differentiate between natural change and human-induced effects, which will help guide policies and countermeasures designed to support sustainable developement on the Chinese loess plateau and the arid west.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ ; 2 Introduction to C++ Programming; Input/Output and Operators ; 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings ; 4 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, ++ and -- Operators ; 5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators ; 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion ; 7 Class Templates array and vector; Catching Exceptions ; 8 Pointers ; 9 Classes: A Deeper Look; Throwing Exceptions ; 10 Operator Overloading; Class string ; 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance ; 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism ; 13 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look ; 14 File Processing ; 15 Standard Library Containers and Iterators ; 16 Standard Library Algorithms ; 17 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look ; 18 Introduction to Custom Templates ; 19 Custom Templatized Data Structures ; 20 Searching and Sorting ; 21 Class string and String Stream Processing: A Deeper Look ; 22 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs ; 23 Other Topics

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part 1: Economics and Adaptation ; 1. Introduction to the economics of adaptation to climate change ; 2. State of the Art on Economics of Adaptation ; 3. International Cooperation on Adaptation to Climate Change ; Part 2: Uncertainty, Equity, Valuation and Efficiency ; 4. Synergies between Adaptation and Mitigation and the Complexity of REDD+ ; 5. Incorporating climate change into adaptation programmes and project appraisal. Strategies for Uncertainty ; 6. Distributional Impacts: Intra-national, international and inter-temporal aspects of equity in Adaptation ; 7. Discounting ; 8. The Role of Economic Modelling for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies ; 9. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation ; Part 3: Adaptation in Activity Sectors ; 10. Climate Change and the Energy Sector: Impacts and Adaptation ; 11. Water for Agriculture: Some Thoughs on Adaptation to Climate Change from a Policy Perspective ; 12. Adaptation in Agriculture ; 13. Adaptation in Coastal Areas ; 14. Climate Change Adaptation and Human Health ; 15. Multi-sectoral Perspective in Modelling of Climate Impacts and Adaptation ; 16. Flood Risk Management: Assessment for Prevention with Hydro-economic Approaches ; Part 4: Other Dimensions of Adaptation ; 17. Fast Growing Countries and Adaptation ; 18. Economics of Adaptation in Low-income Countries ; 19. Regional and Local Climate Change Adaptation Policies in Developed Countries ; 20. the Role of Technology in Adaptation ; 21. Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Extreme Events: Placing Disaster Risk Management at the heart of National Economic and Fiscal Policy

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction: Contours of the International Climate Movement - Conception and Contents of the Handbook ; Part 1 Theoretical Prospects of the Climate Movement ; 2. Framing Processes in the Climate Movement: from Climate Change to Climate Justice ; 3. Democratizing the Climate Negotiations System through Improved Opportunities for Participation ; 4. Antagonistic Standpoints: The Climate Justice Coalition Viewed in Light of a Theory of Societal Relationships with Nature ; 5. The Climate Justice Movement and the Hegemonic Discourse of Technology ; 6. Climate Justice from the Perspective of Philosophy ; Part 2 Components of the Climate Movement Regional Climate Movements ; 7. The Green Movement in Britain ; 8. The Climate Movement in Germany ; 9. Movements for Climate Justice in the US and Worldwide ; 10. The Australian Climate Movement: A disparate response to climate change and climate politics in a not so 'lucky country' ; 11. The Climate Movement in Brazil - Professionalism and Ideological Differences ; 12. India - The long march to a climate movement ; 13. China's Emerging Climate Change Movement - Finding a Place to Stand ; 14. Climate Justice In, By and For Africa ; 15. Activist Profile Bill McKibben ; 16. Activist Profile Naomi Klein ; 17. Activist Profile James Hansen ; 18. Activist Profile Gore ; Popular Activists 19. Activist Profile Tim DeChristopher ; 20. Activist Profile Anna Rose ; 21. Activist Profiles David Spratt und Phillip Sutton ; International NGOs and Network Organizations 22. Organization Profile Climate Action Network International ; 23. Organization Profile Climate Justice Now! ; 24. Organization Profile La Via Campesina ; 25. Organization Profile Friends of the Earth International ; 26. Organization Profile Climate Alliance ; Climate NGOs from the US 27. Organization Profile 350.org ; 28. Organization Profile Rising Tide ; 29. Organization Profile Energy Action Coalition ; Climate NGOs from Europe 30. Organization Profile Plane Stupid ; 31. Organization Profile Germanwatch ; Part 3 Arenas, Activities and Development of the Climate Movement ; 32. Between Pragmatism and Radicalization. NGOs and Social Movements in International Climate Politics ; 33. Re-Framing Climate Change: The Cochabamba Conference and Global Climate Politics ; 34. Debates and Conflicts in the Climate Movement ; 35. Small Island States and the new Climate Change: the Case of Kiribati ; 36. Ambivalent involvement: Civil-Society Actors in Forest Carbon Offsets. The case of the Climate Community and Biodiversity Standards (CCB) ; 37. In the Periphery of the Climate Movement - Humanitarian Organizations ; 38. Conclusion: Results of the Handbook - State, Influence and Future of the Climate Movement

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; PART I: Understanding the economics of climate change, policy implementation and public perceptions ; Chapter 1: The carbon tax: early experience and future prospects ; Chapter 2: Carbon pricing in Australia: an early view from the inside ; Chapter 3: How has the carbon tax affected the public 'debate' on climate change? ; Chapter 4: The carbon tax and tax reform debate ; Chapter 5: How I learned to stop worrying and love the RET ; PART III: Threats, opportunities and industry adaptation and adjustment ; Chapter 6: The impact of carbon prices on Australia's National Electricity Market ; Chapter 7: Modeling the impact of the Australian greenhouse emissions trading scheme on farm and fishery businesses ; Chapter 8: Science, transaction costs and carbon markets ; Chapter 9: Agricultural adaptation: observations and insights ; PART IV: Dealing with the uncertain future , Chapter 10: Climate change and the precautionary principle , Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Climate archives, variables and dating. - 1.2 Noise and statistical distribution. - 1.3 Persistence. - 1.4 Spacing. - 1.5 Aim and structure of this book. - 1.6 Background material. - 2 Persistence models. - 2.1 First-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.1.1 Even spacing. - 2.1.2 Uneven Spacing. - 2.2 Second-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.3 Mixed Autoregressive Moving Average Model. - 2.4 Other models. - 2.4.1 Long-memory process. - 2.4.2 Nonlinear and non-gaussian models. - 2.5 Climate theory. - 2.5.1 Stochastic climate models. - 2.5.2 Long memory of temperature fluctuations?. - 2.5.3 Long memory of river runoff. - 2.6 Background material. - 2.7 Technical issues. - 3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 3.1 Error bars and confidence intervals. - 3.1.1 Theoretical example: Mean estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.2 Theoretical example: Standard deviation estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.3 Real world. - 3.2 Bootstrap principle. - 3.3 Bootstrap resampling. - 3.3.1 Nonparametric: Moving block bootstrap. - 3.3.2 Parametric: Autoregressive Bootstrap. - 3.3.3 Parametric: Surrogate Data. - 3.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 3.4.1 Normal confidence interval. - 3.4.2 Student's t confidence interval. - 3.4.3 Percentile confidence interval. - 3.4.4 BCa Confidence Interval. - 3.5 Examples. - 3.6 Bootstrap hypothesis tests. - 3.7 Notation. - 3.8 Background material. - 3.9 Technical issues. - PART 2 UNIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 4 Regression I. - 4.1 Linear regression. - 4.1.1 Weighted least-squares and ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.2 Generalized least-squares estimation. - 4.1.3 Other estimation types. - 4.1.4 Classical confidence intervals. - 4.1.5 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 4.1.6 Monte Carlo Experiments: Ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.7 Timescale errors. - 4.2 Nonlinear regression. - 4.2.1 Climate Transition Model: Ramp. - 4.2.2 Trend-Change Model: Break. - 4.3 Nonparametric regression or smoothing. - 4.3.1 Kernel estimation. - 4.3.2 Bootstrap confidence intervals and bands. - 4.3.3 Extremes or outlier detection. - 4.4 Background material. - 4.5 Technical issues. - 5 Spectral analysis. - 5.1 Spectrum. - 5.1.1 Example: AR(1) process, discrete time. - 5.1.2 Example: AR(2) process, discrete time. - 5.1.3 Physical meaning. - 5.2 Spectral estimation. - 5.2.1 Periodogram. - 5.2.2 Welch's overlapped segment averaging. - 5.2.3 Multitaper estimation. - 5.2.4 Lomb-Scargle estimation. - 5.2.5 Peak detection: red-noise hypthesis. - 5.2.6 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum. - 5.2.7 Aliasing. - 5.2.8 Timescale errors. - 5.2.9 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum (continued). - 5.3 Background material. - 5.4 Technical Issues. - 6 Extreme value time series. - 6.1 Data types. - 6.1.1 Event times. - 6.1.2 Peaks over threshold. - 6.1.3 Block extremes. - 6.1.4 Remarks on data selection. - 6.2 Stationary models. - 6.2.1 Generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.2.2 Generalized pareto distribution. - 6.2.3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 6.2.4 Example: Elbe summer floods, 1852-2002. - 6.2.5 Persisitence. - 6.2.6 Remark: Tail estimation. - 6.2.7 Remark: Optimal estimation. - 6.3 Nonstationary models. - 6.3.1 Time-dependent generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.3.2 Inhomogenous poisson process. - 6.3.3 Hybrid: Poisson-Extreme value distribution. - 6.4 Sampling and time spacing. - 6.5 Background material. - 6.6 Technical issues. - PART 3 BIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 7. Correlation. - 7.1 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. - 7.1.1 Remark: Alternative correlation measures. - 7.1.2 Classical confidence intervals, nonpersistent processes. - 7.1.3 Bivariate time series models. - 7 .1.4 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.1.5 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.2 Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. - 7.2.1 Classical Confidence Intervals, Nonpersistent Processes. - 7.2.2 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.2.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.4 Example: Elbe Runoff Variations. - 7.5 Unequal Timescales. - 7.5.1 Binned Correlation. - 7.5.2 Synchrony Correlation. - 7.5.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.5.4 Example: Vostok Ice Core Records. - 7.6 Background Material. - 7. 7 Technical Issues. - 8 Regression II. - 8.1 Linear Regression. - 8.1.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation. - 8.1.2 Weighted Least-Squares for Both Variables Estimation. - 8.1.3 Wald-Bartlett Procedure. - 8.2 Bootstrap Confidence lntervals. - 8.2.1 Simulating Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 8.3.1 Easy Setting. - 8.3.2 Realistic Setting: Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.3 Dependence on Accuracy of Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.4 Mis-Specified Prior Knowledge. - 8.4 Example: Climate Sensitivity. - 8.5 Prediction. - 8.5.1 Example: Calibration of a Proxy Variable. - 8.6 Lagged Regression. - 8.6.1 Example: CO2 and Temperature Variations in the Pleistocene. - 8.7 Background Material. - 8.8 Technical Issues. - PART 4 OUTLOOK. - 9 Future Directions. - 9 .1 Timescale Modeling. - 9.2 Novel Estimation Problems. - 9.3 Higher Dimensions. - 9.4 Climate Models. - 9.4.1 Fitting Climate Models to Observations. - 9.4.2 Forecasting with Climate Models. - 9.4.3 Design of the Cost Function. - 9.4.4 Climate Model Bias. -9.5 Optimal Estimation. - 9.6 Background Material. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Climate is a paradigm of a complex system. Analysing climate data is an exciting challenge, which is increased by non-normal distributional shape, serial dependence, uneven spacing and timescale uncertainties. This book presents bootstrap resampling as a computing-intensive method able to meet the challenge. It shows the bootstrap to perform reliably in the most important statistical estimation techniques: regression, spectral analysis, extreme values and correlation. This book is written for climatologists and applied statisticians. It explains step by step the bootstrap algorithms (including novel adaptions) and methods for confidence interval construction. It tests the accuracy of the algorithms by means of Monte Carlo experiments. It analyses a large array of climate time series, giving a detailed account on the data and the associated climatological questions.

Description / Table of Contents: Since the National Science Foundation joined the National Institutes of Health in requiring that grant proposals include a data management plan, academic librarians have been inundated with related requests from faculty and campus-based grant consulting offices. Data management is a new service area for many library staff, requiring careful planning and implementation. This guide offers a start-to-finish primer on understanding, building, and maintaining a data management service, showing another way the academic library can be invaluable to researchers. Krier and Strasser of the California Digital Library guide readers through every step of a data management plan by - Offering convincing arguments to persuade researchers to create a data management plan, with advice on collaborating with them Laying out all the foundations of starting a service, complete with sample data librarian job descriptions and data management plans - Providing tips for conducting successful data management interviews - Leading readers through making decisions about repositories and other infrastructure - Addressing sensitive questions such as ownership, intellectual property, sharing and access, metadata, and preservation

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART I: CONFLICT: BARRIERS TO A NEW AGREEMENT ; 1. Observations from the climate negotiations in Durban, South Africa ; 2. Does fairness matter in international environmental governance ; 3. Formation of climate agreements: The role of uncertainty and learning ; 4. Burden sharing in global climate governance ; 5. Negotiating to avoid 'gradual' versus 'dangerous' climate change: An experimental test of two prisoners' dilemmas ; 6. U.S. climate policy and the shale gas revolution ; PART 2:RESOLUTION: PATHS TOWARD A NEW AGREEMENT ; 7. The role of inequality in international environmental agreements with endogenous minimum participation requirements ; 8. Climate policy coordination through institutional design: an experimental examination ; 9. Improving the design of international environmental agreements ; 10. Managing dangerous anthropogenic interference: decision rules for climate governance ; 11. Exclusive approaches to climate governance: More effective than the UNFCCC? ; 12. Bottom up or top down ; PART 3:GOVERNANCE: STRUCTURES FOR A NEW AGREEMENT ; 13. Rethinking the legal form and principles of a new climate agreement ; 14. Technology agreements with heterogenous countries ; 15. International guidance for border carbon adjustments to address carbon leakage ; 16. The effect of enforcement in the presence of strong reciprocity: an application of agent-based modeling ; 17. EU emissions trading: achievements, challenges, solutions ; 18. The EU's quest for linked carbon markets: turbulence and headwind

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Summary for policy makers ; Technical summary ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Observations: atmosphere and surface ; 3. Observations: ocean ; 4. Observations: cryosphere ; 5. Information from paleoclimate archives ; 6. Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles ; 7. Clouds and aerosols ; 8. Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing ; 9. Evaluation of climate models ; 10. Detection and attribution of climate change: from global to regional ; 11. Near-term climate change: projections and predictability ; 12. Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility ; 13. Sea level change ; 14. Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change ; Annex I. Atlas of global and regional climate projections ; Annex II. Climate system scenario tables ; Annex III. Glossary ; Annex IV. Acronyms ; Annex V. Contributors ; Annex VI. Expert reviewers

Description / Table of Contents: Humankind has pervasively influenced the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere, arguably to the point of fashioning a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. To constrain the Anthropocene as a potential formal unit within the Geological Time Scale, a spectrum of indicators of anthropogenically-induced environmental change is considered, and shown as stratigraphical signals that may be used to characterize an Anthropocene unit, and to recognize its base. This volume describes a range of evidence that may help to define this potential new time unit and details key signatures that could be used in its definition. These signatures include lithostratigraphical (novel deposits, minerals and mineral magnetism), biostratigraphical (macro- and micro-palaeontological successions and human-induced trace fossils) and chemostratigraphical (organic, inorganic and radiogenic signatures in deposits, speleothems and ice and volcanic eruptions). We include, finally, the suggestion that humans have created a further sphere, the technosphere, that drives global change.

Description / Table of Contents: The Caledonides are a major orogenic belt that stretches from the Arctic, through Scandinavia, East Greenland, Britain and Ireland into the Atlantic coast of North America. Following the break-up of Rodinia, the Caledonides formed in the Palaeozoic by the drifting of various continents and their eventualaggregation in the Silurian and Devonian. The orogen subsequently fragmented during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. This volume brings together 25 papers presenting the results of modern research that investigates the orogenic processes and the provenance of specific components of the belt. The contributions reflect different lines of research, linking traditional field studies with modern analytical techniques.In addition three overview papers summarize the main features of the belts in Scandinavia, Svalbard,East Greenland, Britain and Ireland, highlighting the advances made since the last major synthesis of theScandinavian Caledonides 30 years ago, and discussing important open questions.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface ; Part 1 - A new perspective ; 1. The role played by water in the biosphere ; Part 2 - Living in a human-dominated world ; 2. Human modification of the earth system ; 3. Balancing on a threshold of alternate development paths: regime shift, traps and transformations ; 4. Crucial functioning of and human dependence on the global water system ; Part 3 - Food production globally: in hotspot regions and in the landscape ; 5. Food production: a mega water challenge ; 6. Closing the yield gap in the savannah zone ; 7. Water resources and functions for agro-ecological systems at the landscape scale ; Part 4 - Governance and pathways ; 8. Governance for navigating the novel freshwater dynamics of the Anthropocene ; 9. Pathway to the future ; References ; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; 1. A Climate-Constrained World ; 2. Shifting the Boundary: The Role of Innovation ; 3. Getting to Yes ; 4. Coping with Uncertainty ; 5. Climate Policy and the Forestry Sector: The Role of Non-energy Emissions ; 6. Adaptation and Mitigation: What is the Optimal Balance? ; 7. A Focus on the Latest Developments in the Modelling of Mitigation Options ; 8. Conclusions ; 9. Complete List of Publications that Use WITCH

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 The Multi Agent-Based Computational Model of an Artificial Economy ; 3 The Implementation in NetLogo of the Multi Agent-Based Model ; 4 The Computational Experiments ; 5 Conclusions

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Published annually, this volume contains data for the last two years for which final data is available on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances. Data are expressed in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise production, trade and final consumption data as well as key energy and economic indicators. Other tables show preliminary estimates of last year's production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. This book also includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on the individual country data and conversion factors from original units to energy units.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; Arctic Warming and Extreme Events in the Mid-Latitudes: A Possible Link? ; The Role of Arctic Warming in the Context of Other Forcing Factors ; Observational Evidence of Trends ; Theoretical and Modeling Studies ; ACID Test to Assess Proposed Linkages ; Future Needs and Opportunities ; Appendixes

Description / Table of Contents: Das Buch führt Anfänger auf einem mittleren Niveau in die Physik der Erde ein. Das heißt, es reicht deutlich über eine rein phänomenologische Beschreibung hinaus, indem es die physikalischen Grundlagen der behandelten Phänomene systematisch erläutert, jedoch ohne eine der weiteren Spezialisierung vorbehaltene Detailtiefe. Die Erde wird anhand von Prozessen und Feldern beschrieben, die die Erde als Ganzes betreffen. Zunächst wird ihre Position im Weltall skizziert sowie ihr genereller Aufbau. Danach folgt die Beschreibung von Methoden zur physikalischen Altersbestimmung ("wie alt sind Gesteine und wie kann man das messen?"; Seismologie ("Erdbeben und die innere Struktur der Erde"); Schwerefeld und Figur der Erde; Erdmagnetfeld; Temperaturfeld der Erde. Jedem Kapitel ist ein kurzer historischer Abriss des jeweiligen Themas vorangestellt. Mathematische Ableitungen werden - wo erforderlich - im Detail erläutert. Der Text führt in die jeweilige deutsche und englische Fachterminologie ein, vermeidet jedoch unnötige Verklausulierungen. Übungsaufgaben mit durchgerechneten Ergebnissen ermöglichen ein eigenständiges Überprüfen des erlangten Verständnisses. Bachelorstudierenden der Geophysik, Geowissenschaften und ähnlicher Programme sowie Nebenfachstudierende der Physik, Umweltwissenschaften und Geoökologie wird ein grundlegendes Verständnis der Phänomene, Prozesse und globalen physikalischen Felder der Erde vermittelt.

Description / Table of Contents: Early warning for geologic disasters is a subject of intensive research. Opening up the path for students and lecturers alike, this book presents innovative trends in geoscientific research in this subject. The book successfully fills a gap in this field. The past years have seen new technologies that could be utilized for early warning and real-time loss estimation. They include self-organizing sensor networks, new satellite imagery with high resolution, multi-sensor observational capacities, and crowd sourcing. From this and improved physical models, data processing and communication methodologies a significant step towards better early warning technologies has been achieved by research.At the same time, early warning systems became part of the disaster management practice for instance in Japan and Indonesia. This book marks the important point where:* Research activities continue to improve early warning * Experience with applications is expandingAt this critical point in development of early warning for geological disasters it is timely to provide a volume that documents the state-of-the-art, provides an overview on recent developments and serves as knowledge resource for researcher and practitioners.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction; 1 Social science, religions, and climate change ; PART I The Global South ; 2 A retreating Goddess? Conflicting perceptions of ecological change near the Gangotri-Gaumukh glacier ; 3 Religion, indigenous knowledge and climate change in a mountain region: A case study of Thini village, Mustang, Nepal ; 4 Climate change projects in the land of gross national happiness: Does religion play a role in environmental policy in Bhutan? 5 Pursuing diplomacy overseas, fostering adaptation at home: The Church of Bangladesh's proactive responses to climate change ; 6 From theology to a praxis of ""eco-jihad"": The role of religious civil society organizations in combating climate change in Indonesia ; 7 Churches building resiliency to climate change in Solomon Islands ; 8 Prophecies and climate change in the Mam Altiplano of Guatemala ; 9 Religious perspectives on climate change in the West Ivoirian mountainous region ; 10 Climate change and indigenous African religion: A case study of the transitional ecological zone of Ghana ; PART II The Global North ; 11 Stepping up to the plate: Climate change, faith communities and effective environmental advocacy in Canada ; 12 The U.S. Catholic response to climate change ; 13 ""How many Presbyterians does it take to change a light bulb?"" Confronting global climate change in the Presbyterian Church, U.S.A. ; 14 Keep Christianity brown! Climate denial on the Christian Right in the United States ; 15 Christian and Muslim climate activists fasting and praying for the planet: Emotional translation of ""dark green"" activism and green-faith identities ; 16 ""Healing the Land"" in the Canadian Arctic: Evangelism, knowledge, and climate change ; PART III The transnational context ; 17 An investigation of perception of climate change risk, environmental values and development programming in a faith-based international development organization ; 18 International advocacy for climate justice; Conclusion ; 19 Climate change and religion as global phenomena: Summing up and directions for further research

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 INTRODUCTION ; 2 SUSTAINABILITY IN THE REGION ; 3 RESEARCH TO INFORM SUSTAINABLE URBAN REGIONS ; 4 ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES ; APPENDIXES

Description / Table of Contents: THE FACE OF THE EARTH - The Legacy of Eduard Suess ist ein posthumes Buch vom "Vater der modernen Geologie" Eduard Suess. Viele seiner bahnbrechenden, wissenschaftlichen Thesen haben heute noch Gültigkeit, er prägte Begriffe wie Atmosphäre, Hydro-, Litho- und Biosphäre oder Tethys und Gondwana-Land. Eduard Suess war nicht nur ein Pionier der Geowissenschaften sondern auch ein Vorreiter innovativer Ideen als Politiker. Er initiierte eine weltweit beispielhafte Wasserversorgung einer Großstadt, die 1. Wiener Hochquellenwasserleitung, oder die Donauregulierung in Wien, geplant und ausgeführt als eine natürliche Schutzvorrichtung vor Überschwemmungen. Zum 100. Todestag des Kosmopoliten - er wurde in England geboren, lebte in Prag und Wien und forschte auf der ganzen Welt - am 26. April 2014 setzt "The Face of the Earth" ein Zeichen. Zitate aus der Feder des exzellenten Schreibers Eduard Suess , wissenschaftliche reflektierende Texte von einigen der besten Geologen der Gegenwart und faszinierende Bilder von einem der renommiertesten Fotografen machen das Buch zu einer würdigen Hommage.

Description / Table of Contents: The latest volume in the LTER series, this book presents the results and finding of the Long-Term Ecological Research site in the Alaskan Arctic, discussing Arctic ecology from a variety of perspectives and disciplines.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART I: Setting the scene ; 1: Introduction ; 2: The evolution of global climate governance ; PART II: Analytical framework ; 3: The concept of fragmentation ; 4: Types of regime interaction ; 5: Management of regime interactions ; PART III: Case studies ; 6: The UN climate regime and minilateral clean technology agreements ; 7: The UN climate regime and the Convention on Biological Diversity ; 8: The UN climate regime and the World Trade Organization ; PART IV: Synthesis and conclusions ; 9: Regime interactions in global climate governance ; 10: Conclusions and ways forward

Description / Table of Contents: Once ice-bound, difficult to access, and largely ignored by the rest of the world, the Arctic is now front and center in the midst of many important questions facing the world today. Our daily weather, what we eat, and coastal flooding are all interconnected with the future of the Arctic. The year 2012 was an astounding year for Arctic change. The summer sea ice volume smashed previous records, losing approximately 75 percent of its value since 1980 and half of its areal coverage. Multiple records were also broken when 97 percent of Greenland's surface experienced melt conditions in 2012, the largest melt extent in the satellite era. Receding ice caps in Arctic Canada are now exposing land surfaces that have been continuously ice covered for more than 40,000 years. What happens in the Arctic has far-reaching implications around the world. Loss of snow and ice exacerbates climate change and is the largest contributor to expected global sea level rise during the next century. Ten percent of the world's fish catches comes from Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that up to 13 percent of the world's remaining oil reserves are in the Arctic. The geologic history of the Arctic may hold vital clues about massive volcanic eruptions and the consequent release of massive amount of coal fly ash that is thought to have caused mass extinctions in the distant past. How will these changes affect the rest of Earth? What research should we invest in to best understand this previously hidden land, manage impacts of change on Arctic communities, and cooperate with researchers from other nations? The Arctic in the Anthropocene reviews research questions previously identified by Arctic researchers, and then highlights the new questions that have emerged in the wake of and expectation of further rapid Arctic change, as well as new capabilities to address them. This report is meant to guide future directions in U.S. Arctic research so that research is targeted on critical scientific and societal questions and conducted as effectively as possible. The Arctic in the Anthropocene identifies both a disciplinary and a cross-cutting research strategy for the next 10 to 20 years, and evaluates infrastructure needs and collaboration opportunities. The climate, biology, and society in the Arctic are changing in rapid, complex, and interactive ways. Understanding the Arctic system has never been more critical; thus, Arctic research has never been more important. This report will be a resource for institutions, funders, policy makers, and students. Written in an engaging style, The Arctic in the Anthropocene paints a picture of one of the last unknown places on this planet, and communicates the excitement and importance of the discoveries and challenges that lie ahead.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Into the dragon's den ; Four telling tales ; The essential role of policy ; No risk, no reward ; Competing against incumbents ; The global diffusion of cleaner energy technologies ; Appendixes

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; I. Income and Capital ; 1. Income and Output ; 2. Growth: Illusions and Realities ; II. The Dynamics of the Capital/Income Ratio ; 3. The Metamorphoses of Capital ; 4. From Old Europe to the New World ; 5. The Capital/Income Ratio over the Long Run ; 6. The Capital-Labor Split in the Twenty-First Century ; III. The Structure of Inequality ; 7. Inequality and Concentration: Preliminary Bearings ; 8. Two Worlds ; 9. Inequality of Labor Income ; 10. Inequality of Capital Ownership ; 11. Merit and Inheritance in the Long Run ; 12. Global Inequality of Wealth in the Twenty-First Century ; IV. Regulating Capital in the Twenty-First Century ; 13. A Social State for the Twenty-First Century ; 14. Rethinking the Progressive Income Tax ; 15. A Global Tax on Capital ; 16. The Question of the Public Debt ; Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Content: 4D Spectral Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) a diagnostic imaging tool f the characterization of subsurface structures and processes (4D-EIT).- From Airborne Data Inversion to In-Depth Analysis (AIDA).- Monitoring and Imaging based on Interferometric Concepts (MIIC).- Mining Environments: Continuous Monitoring and Simultaneous Inversion (MINE).- Three-dimensional Multi-Scale and Multi-Method Inversion to Determine the Electrical Conductivity Distribution of the Subsurface Using Parallel Computing Architectures (Multi-EM).- Multi-Scale S-Wave Tomography for Exploration and Risk Assessment of Development Sites (MuSaWa).- Seismic Observations for Underground Development (SOUND).- Toolbox for Applied Seismic Tomography (TOAST).- Tomographic Methods in Hydrogeology (TOMOME).

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Metal resources, use and criticality - The mining industry and the supply of critical minerals - Recycling of (critical) metals - Antimony - Beryllium - Cobal - Gallium - Germanium- Indium- Lithium - Magnesium - Platinum-group metals - Rare earth elements - Rhenium - Tantalum and niobium - Tungsten

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part I ; 1 Fiscal sustainability and fiscal risk: an analytical framework ; 2 Debt dynamics and fiscal sustainability ; 3 The determinants of the Interest-Rate-Growth Differential ; 4 Determinants of the primary fiscal balance: evidence from a panel of countries ; 5 The relationship between debt levels and growth ; Part II ; 6 Fiscal trends and fiscal stress prior to the crisis ; 7 Current debt crisis in historical perspective ; 8 The other crisis: sovereign distress in the Euro area ; 9 Has taxation contributed to the crisis? ; Part III ; 10 Fiscal policy response in advanced and emerging market economics ; 11 Fiscal policy response during the crisis in low-income African economies ; 12 Size of fiscal multipliers ; 13 Coordination of fiscal and monetary policies ; 14 Financial sector support: why did costs differ so much? ; 15 Impact of the crisis and policy response at the sub-national level ; Part IV ; 16 Fiscal outlook in advanced and emerging markets ; 17 Escaping high debt: the narrow path ahead ; 18 Institutional reforms and fiscal adjustment ; 19 Long-term fiscal challenges ; 20 Fiscal adjustment, growth, and global imbalances ; 21 Policy lessons from the crisis and the way forward

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1 Critique of Political Economy ; 1 Substance value ; 2 Market objectivity ; 3 Scarcity and status ; Part 2 The Institution of Value ; 4 Money ; 5 A new approach to value ; Part 3 Market Finance ; 6 Financial valuation ; 7 Liquidity and speculation ; Part IV Self-referential Finance and the Subprime Crisis ; 8 Euphoria: 2003 to 2007 ; 9 The crisis: 2007 to 2008 ; Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface 1. Trapped? ; 2. The Three Domains ; Pillar I: Standards and Engagement for Smarter Choices ; 3. Energy and Emissions: Technologies and systems ; 4. Why So Wasteful? ; 5. Tried and Tested: Four decades of energy efficiency policy ; Pillar II: Markets and Pricing for Cleaner Production and Products ; 6. Pricing Pollution ; 7. Cap-and-trade and offsets: From idea to practice ; 8. Who's hit? The distributional impacts of carbon pricing and how to handle them ; Pillar III: Strategic Investment for Innovation and Infrastructure ; 9. Pushing Further, Pulling Deeper: Bridging the technology valley of death ; 10. Transforming Systems ; 11. The Dark Matter of Economic Growth ; 12. Conclusions: Changing course

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I - People ; 1 Arrow's Ambitions ; 2 McKenzie's Frustrations ; 3 Debreu's Silence ; Part II - Context ; 4 Sites ; 5 Community ; Part III - Credit ; 6 Three Proofs ; 7 Aftermath ; 8 The Proofs Become History ; Conclusion ; Coda

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Einführung ; 1 Was verstehen wir unter Klima? ; 2 Die Entdeckung von Klimawandel ; 3 Was leistet Wissenschaft? ; 4 Welchen Wert haben Werte? ; 5 Woran wir glauben ; 6 Wovor wir uns fürchten ; 7 Wie kommunizieren wir Risiken? ; 8 Was ist Fortschritt? ; 9 Wer regiert das Klima? ; 10 Jenseits von Klimawandel

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: CHAPTER 1 THE EPISTEMIC VALUE OF VISUALIZATION IN CLIMATE SCIENCES ; The Creation of Global Imaginaries: The Antarctic Ozone Hole and the Isoline Tradition in the Atmospheric Sciences ; Images for Data Analysis: The Role of Visualization in Climate Research Processes ; CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATING RESULTS: THE STATUS OF CLIMATE EXPERT GRAPHS IN IPCC REPORTS ; "Tricks," Hockey Sticks, and the Myth of Natural Inscription: How the Visual Rhetoric of Climategate Conflated Climate with Character ; The Color of Risk: Expert Judgment and Diagrammatic Reasoning in the IPCC's 'Burning Embers' ; CHAPTER 3 IMAGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PRESS AND ON THE WEB ; Between Risk, Beauty and the Sublime: The Visualization of Climate Change in Media Coverage during COP 15 in Copenhagen 2009 ; Twist and Shout: Images and Graphs in Skeptical Climate Media ; Towards an Interactive Visual Understanding of Climate Change Findings on the Net: Promises and Challenges ; CHAPTER 4 FROM VISION TO ACTION? MAKING THE INVISIBLE IMAGINABLE THROUGH ART AND PHOTOGRAPHY ; Picturing the Clima(c)tic: Greenpeace and the Representational Politics of Climate Change Communication ; The Uncanny Polar Bear: Activists Visually Attack an Overly Emotionalized Image Clone ; How Photography Matters: On Producing Meaning in Photobooks on Climate Change ; The Pensive Photograph as Agent: What Can Non-Illustrative Images Do to Galvanize Public Support for Climate Change Action? ; CHAPTER 5 IMAGES OF CLIMATE CONTROL ; Picturing the State of the Nation's Environment: Early Aerial Photography in the United States from the 1930s to the late 1960s ; Picturing Climate Control: Visualizing the Unimaginable ; Images of Feasibility: On the Viscourse of Climate Engineering

Description / Table of Contents: In der betrieblichen Praxis wächst die Anzahl von Fragen ausländischer Firmen, Personal-, Steuer- und Rechtsleiter, Investoren und ausländischer Arbeitnehmer, wer im deutschen Arbeitsrecht die beteiligten Parteien sind (Arbeitnehmer, freie Mitarbeiter, Arbeitgeber, Betriebsrat, Gewerkschaften, Schwerbehindertenvertretung, Arbeitgeberverbände etc.), sowie danach, wie in Deutschland ein Arbeitsverhältnis mit Deutschen oder Ausländern unter Anwendung deutschen Rechts begründet, geführt und beendet werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll das Werk dem ausländischen Anwender die am häufigsten gestellten Fragen beantworten.

Description / Table of Contents: Über 30 nord- und süddeutsche Autoren haben hier den aktuellen Informationsstand des Acker- und Pflanzenbaus zusammengetragen. Die gesamte Verfahrenstechnik (»Landtechnik«) ist in die pflanzenbaulichen Kapitel integriert, sodass der Leser ganzheitliche Darstellungen der Produktionssysteme erhält. Erstmals wurden Kapitel zum Klimawandel und zur Waldwirtschaft mit aufgenommen. Die 26 Kapitel sind nach bewährtem didaktischem Konzept übersichtlich gegliedert und enthalten Beiträge zu Cross Compliance, zur guten fachlichen Praxis in Pflanzenbau und -schutz sowie zum Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenbau. Alle Kapitel sind aktualisiert und zum Teil vollständig überarbeitet.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Prologue ; Why we need to transform ourselves ; Planet Earth in the Anthropocene - the Age of Humans ; Hot stuff: climate change ; We're not that stupid. A glance into the past ; Technically, everything is possible ; A task fot the whole world ; Who is going to pay for it? ; The State also has a role to play ; Politicians can't manage it alone

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Oil and gas from the sea. - Sating our energy hunger. - Producing natural gas and mineral oil. - Oiling the oceans. - Conclusion: Less marine oil pollution - despite growing energy demand. - Sea-floor mining. - Resources for the world. - Manganese nodule treasures. - Metal-rich crusts. - Massive sulphides in smoky depths. - Conclusion: Ocean mining - not a gold rush but an option. - Energy from burning ice. - From plankton to hydrate. - Methane hydrate - a new energy source?. - The impacts of hydrate mining. - Conclusion: Valuable resource or greenhouse gas?. - Clean production and equitable distribution. - The international community's responsibility. - The coastal states' responsibility. - Conclusion: Can commercial exploitation of marine minerals be safe and equitable?. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Abbreviations. - Contributions. - Bibliography. - Table of figures. - Index. - Partners and Acknowledgements. - Publication details.

Description / Table of Contents: In focus of this volume are five emerging megacities and mega-urban regions across the globe. Located in different climatic areas, determined by different economic development conditions and political frameworks each city has to address different local challenges. Based on various case studies and pilot projects, the book shows the early conceptualisation and the further organisation of integrative spatial planning and urban design for sustainable and more energy-efficient urban structures and the adaptation of cities to climate change.