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  • American Chemical Society (ACS)  (58,792)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • 2010-2014  (84,209)
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  • 1
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    Storage Capacity and Duration of Methane Hydration in a Slurry of Solid n-Tetradecane (2014)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-12
    Description: Energy & Fuels DOI: 10.1021/ef502371u
    Print ISSN: 0887-0624
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5029
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Fuel Gas Hydrate Formation Probability Distributions on Quasi-free Water Droplets (2014)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-12
    Description: Energy & Fuels DOI: 10.1021/ef502369e
    Print ISSN: 0887-0624
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5029
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    Boundary-Element Method for the Calculation of Port Inductances in Parallel-Plane Structures (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A very efficient boundary-element method for the calculation of the quasi-static port inductances of vertical interconnections within parallel-plate structures is developed. It requires only a one-dimensional discretization along the contour of the plate pair and can be applied to arbitrary geometries. The algorithm is validated by the exact analytical solution for the circular geometry. The low-frequency response of an arbitrary multiport structure can be directly analyzed by the coupled port-inductance network together with the plate capacitance. As examples a circular-shaped and two irregularly shaped plane pairs are considered. The comparison with exact analytical solutions and three-dimensional-full-wave field simulation shows a very good agreement.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
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    Supercritical Water Gasification of Coal with Waste Black Liquor as Inexpensive Additives (2014)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Energy & Fuels DOI: 10.1021/ef502110d
    Print ISSN: 0887-0624
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5029
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    An Analytical Method for Estimation of Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines Based on a Leader Progression Model (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The leader progression model (LPM) is a tool for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. However, the large computation time remains a problem for the engineering application of this model. An analytical method is proposed in this paper to mitigate the aforementioned problem. First, nonlinear trajectory equations describing the movement of upward and downward leaders are obtained, starting with differential equations. Based on the trajectory equations, the average electric field between the upward and downward leader tips is represented with a comprehensive nonlinear equation. The final strike point is determined by solving the equations. Results show that the proposed method effectively mitigates the large computation time problem of traditional (numerical) LPM.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 6
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    Comparison of Complex Principal and Independent Components for Quasi-Gaussian Radiated Emissions From Printed Circuit Boards (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) for radiated emissions from printed circuits are critically intercompared, revealing similarities and differences of the extracted components between both methods. The input data in this analysis are measured wideband complex-valued magnetic radiated and evanescent fields with quasi-Gaussian spatial distributions. PCA and ICA lead to similar maps of their components when considered as spatial eigenmodes, but independent components exhibit simpler field structure than principal components.
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  • 7
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    Closed-Form Formulas for Frequency-Dependent Per-Unit-Length Inductance and Resistance of Microstrip Transmission Lines That Provide Causal Response (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Closed-form expressions for the approximation of frequency variations of per-unit-length resistance and inductance of microstrip transmission lines are presented. The provided expressions guarantee causality of the time-domain response. They are valid from dc up to the highest frequencies for which the quasi-static analysis of microstrip transmission lines is applicable. Additionally, the expressions take into account the finite width of the ground plane and can deal with a broad range of dimensions of microstrip lines. The correctness of the formulas is experimentally verified.
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  • 8
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    Convergence Analysis of the Distributed Analytical Representation and Iterative Technique (DARIT-Field) for the Field Coupling to Multiconductor Transmission Lines (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper investigates the convergence and error evaluation of the distributed analytical representation and iterative technique (DARIT-field) which is a new approach for the analysis of field coupling to multiconductor transmission lines. The DARIT-field method has the advantage of high computational efficiency over the other methods. In order to know the convergence speed and the error at each iteration step of DARIT-field, an analytic expression of iterative error is derived by combining the two telegrapher's equations into a matrix equation and using the euclidean norm to explore its upper bound. The expression shows that the convergence speed is mainly influenced by three parameters, namely coupling factor (CF), terminal loads, and the line length to excitation field wavelength ratio $(d/lambda)$ . The convergence speed is a function of CF, terminal loads, and the line length to excitation field wavelength ratio $(d/lambda)$ . These results allow the users to make a compromise between computational cost and accuracy by selecting the number of iterations.
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  • 9
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    Efficient Evaluation of Multiconductor Transmission Lines With Random Translation Over Ground Under a Plane Wave (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents an efficient evaluation method for multiconductor transmission lines with random translation over an infinite and perfectly conducting ground under a plane wave. Based on the assumption of small translation quantity, the equations for the estimation of average induced voltage, induced voltage variation, and the probability distribution of the voltage variation are derived. The average induced voltages and the probability distribution of the voltage variation estimated by the proposed method are in a good agreement with those via the Monte Carlo method but the proposed method is more efficient. The relative sensitivity of the induced voltage to the height approximately equals the inverse of the line height, which can be applied to evaluate the influence induced by the random translation of the line quickly, especially in the low frequency range.
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  • 10
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    A Foster-Type Field-to-Transmission Line Coupling Model for Broadband Simulation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A passive and inherently stable multiport equivalent circuit for lossy transmission lines is presented. The convergence of the infinite modal representation is accelerated by appropriate inductances, for which an exact closed-form expression is developed. The order number of the truncated modal circuit is estimated by a simple relation, according to the required signal bandwidth. The coupling of arbitrary external electromagnetic fields is incorporated by a limited number of corresponding modal sources. The accuracy and versatility of the suggested SPICE-compatible equivalent circuit is demonstrated by examples in frequency and time-domain, including nonlinear terminations.
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  • 11
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    Wave Propagation on an Overhead Multiconductor in a High-Frequency Region (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Carson's, Pollaczek's, Wise's, and Sunde's earth-return impedances of an overhead line have been examined, and errors involved in the formulas are explained. Modified Pollaczek's and Carson's/Sunde's formulas are described. Wave propagation characteristics on a multiconductor in a high-frequency region are evaluated by adopting the modified earth-return impedance and Wise's earth-return admittance. Sommerfeld–Goubau propagation in a high-frequency region, which shows transition between transverse electromagnetic and transverse magnetic propagation, has been confirmed in the calculated results which agree with those predicted by Kikuchi for a single conductor. On a multiconductor system, it is found that the aerial mode also shows Sommerfeld–Goubau propagation when the separation between conductors is large and the earth resistivity is high.
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  • 12
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    Analysis of Induced Currents on a Thin Wire Located Symmetrically Inside a Cylinder (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper deals with the electromagnetic interaction of a straight thin wire located inside a cylinder with the cylinder walls. The wire runs parallel to the cylinder axis and connects its two opposite caps. A lumped source is chosen, which feeds the terminated conductor. For this configuration, an exact analytical solution for the induced current on the conductor is presented. On the basis of a two-sum Green's function expressed in cylindrical coordinates, the current is derived from the boundary conditions for the total electrical field on the surface of the conductor and the Fourier expansion series for the unknown current and the (known) exciting electrical field. The obtained analytical results are compared to those obtained from a full-wave method and show excellent agreement. They clearly document that the electromagnetic interaction between the cylinder and wire can strongly influence the shape of the transmitted signal. In particular, at higher frequencies, more and more resonance frequencies of the cylinder occur in the current spectrum. Therefore, the application of classical transmission-line theory on conductors, which are housed in resonators, is not allowed in general.
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  • 13
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    An Equivalent Two-Port Model for a Transmission Line of Finite Length Accounting for High-Frequency Effects (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The aim of this paper is the definition of an equivalent two-port model of a transmission line that is able to take into account high frequency radiation effects. Such a model is particularly useful when one has to represent the line into a more complex power system, modeled in a lumped way. To reach this goal, it is necessary to produce a reliable and computationally effective solution to the problem of the high-frequency electromagnetic field coupling with a terminated transmission line. From a mathematical standpoint, this problem can be presented by means of an integral equation whose solution can be achieved with regularization procedures for linear inverse problems. In order to obtain a computationally efficient result, the unknown current is first developed in a Fourier series and then the Landweber iterative algorithm is applied to identify the series coefficients. The proposed method is then tested taking as reference the numerical results obtained using the Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2), reaching a good agreement.
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  • 14
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    Analysis of Delay and Dynamic Crosstalk in Bundled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Mixed carbon nanotube bundles (MCBs) are considered to be highly potential interconnect solutions in the current nanoscale regime. Different MCBs with random and spatial arrangements are proposed based on the placements of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (SWNTs and MWNTs) in a bundle. Propagation delay and dynamic crosstalk performances are analyzed using the modified equivalent single conductor model of proposed MCB topologies. Encouragingly, a significant reduction in propagation delay and crosstalk delay is observed for a spatial arrangement of an MCB wherein MWNTs are placed peripherally to the centrally located SWNTs. Typically, the average delay with and without crosstalk is improved by 82.8% and 80%, respectively, compared to the MCB having randomly distributed SWNTs and MWNTs.
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  • 15
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    Parametric Macromodels for Efficient Design of Carbon Nanotube Interconnects (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The continuous increase of the operating frequency and density of integrated circuits leads to consider single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the most promising candidates for future interconnect technology because of their high current-carrying capacity and conductivity in the nanoscale, and immunity to electromigration. Several modeling methods for SWCNT and MWCNT interconnects have been based on the multiconductor transmission line (MTL) theory. These methods are limited to nanostructures with predefined values of electrical and geometrical parameters. Since process technology continues to scale downward and physical interconnect dimensions become smaller, the impact of design parameters (e.g., layout features) on the system behavior has to be carefully investigated for a successful design by performing design space exploration, optimization, and variability analysis. These design activities require multiple system simulations for different values of design parameters, and using MTL-based solvers is not an efficient choice. Parametric macromodels can be used to accurately and efficiently model these parameter effects, avoiding the brute-force use of MTL-based solvers.
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  • 16
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    Building and Analysis of Integrated Wideband Models for Key Components in HVDC Converter Valve Systems (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: As the key devices of an HVDC transmission system, converter valves should bear different forms of overvoltage. Additionally, the wideband frequency electromagnetic noises caused by the switching of thyristor may impact the normal operation of the communication and control systems in an HVDC converter substation. Consequently, it is of great significance to build the model that is suitable for wide frequency range for the key components of converter valve system. Based on the elementary wideband model, the integrated wideband model is proposed and the estimation method for corresponding parameters is also addressed for different kinds of components in this paper. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the integrated wideband model has high accuracy and simplicity; it also can provide the results with rigorous passivity and specific physical meaning. As for the application, the proposed method is used to model the key components of an HVDC converter valve and proved to be correct and effective.
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  • 17
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    Evaluation of Lightning-Induced Currents on Cables Buried in a Lossy Dispersive Ground (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The paper discusses the effect of frequency dependence of soil electrical parameters (also called soil dispersion) on lightning currents induced on the shield of buried cables. To this aim, a full-wave approach based on the finite element method is used in which soil dispersion is incorporated into the model using available analytical formulae obtained from experimental data. It is shown that the soil dispersion can affect the induced currents only for soils with very low conductivities ( $leq 0.003, {rm S/m}$ ). It is also shown that, depending on the burial depth of the cable, for poorly conducting soils with conductivities lower than 0.0005 S/m or so, the soil dispersion can result either in an increase or in a decrease of the induced current peak.
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  • 18
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    High-Performance MnBi Alloy Prepared Using Profiled Heat Treatment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The profiled heat treatment (PHT) method has been used to synthesize MnBi alloys with high-purity low-temperature phase (LTP). In the PHT method, the arc-melted MnBi alloy was remelted then slowly cooled by a pseudo-equilibrium solidification process to promote the formation of LTP phase. The PHT-treated MnBi alloys had an LTP phase up to 94 wt.% and a magnetization of 73 emu/g under a field of 9 T. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there exist some micrometer-sized Mn-rich inclusions in the LTP matrix of the PHT MnBi alloy. The PHT MnBi alloys were crushed into powders with an average size of $sim $ 3 $mu $ m by low-energy ball milling. These MnBi powders were aligned in an 18 kOe field and warm compacted into a bulk magnet at 300 °C for 30 min. The magnet had a density of 8.2 g/cm $^{3}$ and magnetic properties of $M_{s} =6.7$ kG, $M_{r} =5.3$ kGs, ${_{i}}{H}_{c}=5$ kOe, and (BH) $_{mathrm {max}} =6.1$ MGOe.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Magnetics Society.
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  • 19
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    Immunity Analysis and Experimental Investigation of a Low-Noise Amplifier Using a Transient Voltage Suppressor Diode Under Direct Current Injection of HPM Pulses (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This study evaluates the immunity of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) using a transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode under direct current injection high-power microwave (HPM) pulses. The ac behavior of the TVS diode is examined. Both experiments and analysis demonstrate that the injected HPM power to failure of the LNA is increased by a factor of about 6 through the introduction of a TVS diode, the power to failure of the LNA is also related to the proportion of the direct current injected into the TVS diode and LNA. This analysis is useful for further discussion regarding semiconductor protection under HPM pulses.
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  • 20
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    Particle Swarm Optimization for Multiple Dipole Modeling of Space Equipment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An advanced modeling algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been developed to solve multiple dipole modeling (MDM) problems in space applications. MDM is a method to represent spacecraft units as a set of equivalent magnetic dipoles able to reconstruct, in the far-field distance, the same magnetostatic field. This procedure allows preparing a magnetic model of the spacecraft during design and development phases. Moreover, it allows refined prediction of magnetic cleanliness for space missions with equipment susceptible to magnetic fields. Indeed, owing to the increase of missions requiring magnetostatic cleanliness, such characterization becomes increasingly important. To validate the PSO procedure, synthetic data have been initially used, generated using a software simulator. Algorithm performance has been tested through measured data acquired using the Mobile Coil Facility located at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in The Netherlands. Starting from measured data, the algorithm iteratively identifies the values of the unknowns, positions, and magnetic moments of the equivalent dipoles that best match the measured field. Since the problem is ill posed, several solutions are possible. To develop a reliable algorithm, some test cases have been analyzed where the expected solution is known. This allowed improving the algorithm leading to satisfying results.
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  • 21
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    Analysis of Eddy Currents in Rectangular Coils by Integral Equation Method in Sub-Domains (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The magnetic field of bitter type rectangular coils is calculated accounting for eddy currents in the copper solid turns. The solution is found first by an integral equation method applied to the stacks of solid plates of finite cross section and length. Then, the results are compared with the solution by the 3-D finite element code in the exact formulation. The proximity effect of the finite length of the conductor on the eddy current distribution is discussed. The example of the design of the coil with the targeted field orientation is presented. The unidirectional magnetization of isotropic permanent magnets is then discussed.
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  • 22
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    Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Internal Inductive Coupling Effect in a Magnetohydrodynamic Pump (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The equivalent electric circuit of an electrical machine is a powerful tool for analysis and it can also be very helpful in the design stage. In this paper, we present the work carried out to obtain the equivalent circuit of an electromagnetic pump, which consist of two other machines series connected. Each of these machines, a transformer-type one and an electromagnet, are affected by the magnetic field created by the other. This means that the simpler equivalent circuit formed by joining the well-known equivalent circuits of each machine is not valid. To understand the discrepancy between this simpler equivalent circuit and the real behavior of the electromagnetic pump, numerical simulation and experimental validation were used. As a result, a new equivalent circuit is proposed that considers an inductive coupling that exists between both machines.
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  • 23
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    Simulation on Microstructure and Optical Property of Magnetic Fluid Photonic Crystal (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Magnetic fluid is a new functional material for optical sensors. The microstructure will be changed with various applied magnetic fields. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method based on rod-like particle was first used to simulate the microscopic movements of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic fluid with the volume fraction of 1%. Simulation results showed that magnetic nanoparticles could aggregate to form a new type of magnetic fluid photonic crystal when the applied magnetic field intensity exceeded 180 Oe. Then, the tunability of the magnetic fluid photonic crystal was studied. It was found that the average diameter of magnetic columns would decrease when the applied magnetic field intensity was increased from 180 to 320 Oe. Furthermore, based on the simulation results, optical property of the magnetic fluid photonic crystal was studied. When the direction of the incident light was parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field, the transmissivity would increase from 0.5944 to 0.6475, whereas when the direction of the incident light was perpendicular to the direction of the applied magnetic field, the two photonic bandgaps of transverse electric mode and TM mode all moved to higher frequency, and the two bandwidths decreased about 17% and 87%, respectively. Through the above research studies, it was proved that the magnetic fluid photonic crystal processed the magnetic tunability and would be used as a novel magnetic field sensor in the future.
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  • 24
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    Investigation of Cerium-Substituted Europium Iron Garnets Deposited by Biased Target Ion Beam Deposition (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We report on the deposition, crystallization, and magnetic properties of cerium-substituted europium iron garnet having the general form of (CeEu) 3 (FeGa) 5 O 12 . The films were deposited on gallium gadolinium garnet and fused quartz substrates using biased target ion beam deposition at a rate of 2.7 nm/min. The Ce:EIG thin film has a composition of Ce 1.3 Eu 1.7 Fe 3 Ga 1.6 O 12 , with 30% of the Ce in the 4+ oxidation state and the remainder as Ce 3+ . The film exhibits the primary peaks of the garnet phase in X-ray diffraction patterns. In the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the film on GGG exhibits a Faraday rotation of 3.3°/ $mu $ m with coercivity of 0.58 kOe, whereas the film on fused quartz exhibits 1.1°/ $mu $ m with a coercivity of 0.8 kOe. The film on the fused quartz substrate has a saturation magnetization of 17 emu/ $mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at room temperature.
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  • 25
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    Event Logs Generated by an Operating System Running on a COTS Computer During IEMI Exposure (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Many studies were devoted to the analysis and the detection of electromagnetic attacks against critical electronic systems at the system or the component levels. Some attempts have been made to correlate effects scenarios with events logged by the kernel of the operating system (OS) of commercial-off-the-shelf computer running Windows. Due to the closed principle of the last OS, we decided to perform such an analysis on a computer running a Linux distribution in which a complete access to logs is available. It will be demonstrated that a computer running such an open OS allows detecting the perturbations induced by intentional electromagnetic interferences at different levels of the targeted computer.
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  • 26
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    Topology Optimization for Magnetic Circuits Dedicated to Electric Propulsion (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we present a method to solve inverse problems of electromagnetic circuit design, which are formulated as a topology optimization problem. Indeed, by imposing the magnetic field inside a region, we search the best material distribution into variable domains. To perform this, we minimize the quadratic error between the prescribed magnetic field and the one computed by a finite element method (FEM). A dedicated software was developed in MATLAB using fmincon routine and FEM Magnetics (FEMM) software; this code is named ${rm ATOP}^{rm TO}$ for algorithm to optimization propulsion using topology optimization. To perform the first derivative of the objective function, we implemented an adjoint variable method. Indeed, this approach makes it possible to provide the derivative by only two uses of the finite element tool. Nevertheless, the problem is discrete because we take only two possibilities: with or without material. Thus, the solid isotropic material with penalization method was used to penalize intermediate values to have discrete solutions. Some numerical experiments with 40 and 800 variables concerning circuit designs validated our approach. This represents a first study to design a Hall effect thruster.
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    Experimental Verification of a Simulation Model for Partial Demagnetization of Permanent Magnets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper aims to verify a finite element method simulation model for demagnetization of permanent magnets (PMs). The model is designed to determine the remaining magnetization within the PM after it has been exposed to high demagnetizing fields and/or temperature. An experimental setup was built and a PM of SmCo type was experimentally tested. Good agreement is shown between the simulation and experimental results. A maximal deviation of 3% of the simulation results in relative to the experimental results were achieved for most part of the magnet. During the calibration of the simulation model, it was found that the coercivity had to be significantly more negative compared with the PMs reference value to match simulation results to the experimental results.
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    FMR and Magnetization Study of ZnFe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles in 0.40Fe 2 O 3 /0.60ZnO Nanocomposite (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals containing Fe 2 O 3 have been synthesized by the calcination method. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and dc magnetization measurements of 0.40(Fe 2 O 3 )/0.60(ZnO) nanocomposite have been carried out in the 4–300 K range to study the magnetic properties of agglomerated magnetic zinc ferrite ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZFO) nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 12 nm. Temperature dependence of the resonance field, linewidth, and the integrated intensity calculated from FMR spectra have been determined to obtain the value of the uniaxial anisotropy field and to establish the ranges of different relaxation types. Magnetization measurements in ZFC and FC modes as well as the study of hysteresis loops allowed calculating different magnetic characteristics—blocking/freezing temperature, magnetic moment, anisotropy constant, and anisotropy field. The observed magnetic properties of 0.40(Fe 2 O 3 )/0.60(ZnO) nanocomposite were explained based on the core-shell model of ZFO nanoparticles. From comparison of FMR and dc magnetization measurements, the temperature ranges of magnetic phases existing in ZFO nanoparticles in 0.40Fe 2 O 3 /0.60ZnO nanocomposite are proposed.
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    Computation of Torque of an Electrical Machine With Different Types of Finite Element Mesh in the Air Gap (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In the numerical analysis of electrical machines, accurate computation of the electromagnetic torque is desired. Maxwell stress tensor method and Coulomb’s method are the most commonly used methods for computing torque numerically. However, several other methods have also been developed and are being used. These methods are observed to have several accuracy issues related to the finite element discretization used in the air gap of the machine. In this paper, the effect of various finite element meshes in the air gap of the machine and the effect of the shape of the elements used to compute the torque are studied and discussed. This paper carefully compares the torques obtained from a direct method and a method based on the power balance of the machine.
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    Design and Analysis of the New High-Reliability Motors With Hybrid Permanent Magnet Material (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper proposes a new type of motor with hybrid permanent magnet material (HPMM); termed HPMM motor. The key of the proposed HPMM motor is the excitations, which combined rare-earth PM (REPM) with ferrite PM (FPM). To investigate the HPMM motor extensively, the HPMM motors with parallel magnetic circuit (PMC) and serial magnetic circuit (SMC) are designed. Because of the property difference between the REPM and the FPM, both PMC-HPMM motor and SMC-HPMM motor can offer low total harmonic distortion at high winding factor. Besides, the PMC-HPMM motor needs low consumption of REPM and offers low cogging torque, while the SMC-HPMM motor needs the extraordinary consumption of FPM, but offers little lower cogging torque. In addition, the reliabilities of both PMC-HPMM motor and SMC-HPMM motor are improved because of the single-layer concentrated winding and fault-tolerant teeth. Finally, the demagnetization of two motors has been studied, which indicates that the partial demagnetization will occur in the FPM. All these theoretical analyses are evaluated by the time-stepping finite element method.
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    Analytical Modeling of Surface PMSM Using a Combined Solution of Maxwell–s Equations and Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a complete analytical model for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). A new simple and fast technique was developed to obtain accurate results in the calculation of machine parameters electromotive force (EMF), torque, and losses. This technique is based upon the combined solution of two models. The first model generates an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations in the air gap area applied to a very simple geometry. The second model gives an accurate solution in the detailed parts with complex geometry, based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) to obtain fast and accurate results in a simple way. The machine’s global quantities are then obtained and validated using the results of a finite element model (FEM) for different loading conditions and geometries. Compared with FEM, the proposed combined solution has the advantage of flexibility in the geometrical machine parameters, significantly less CPU time and an accuracy for the considered PMSM up to 4.85% in the EMF, 4.41% in the torque, and 4.44% in the iron losses. Finally, the relation between grid refinement in the MEC (coarse or fine grid of reluctances) and accuracy is pointed out, showing that the EMF can be accurately computed with a rather coarse grid, while accurate loss computation requires a fine grid.
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    Modeling of a Two Degrees-of-Freedom Moving Magnet Linear Motor for Magnetically Levitated Positioners (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a novel analytical model that accurately predicts the current-force characteristic of a 2 degrees-of-freedom moving magnet linear motor (MMLM), where its translator is formed by a Halbach permanent magnet (PM) array. Unlike existing theoretical models, the uniqueness of this proposed model is based on a derived magnetic field model that accounts for the magnetic flux leakage at the edges of the Halbach PM array. Hence, it can be used to model an MMLM that employs a low-order Halbach PM array effectively. To implement the proposed model in high sampling rate control system, a model-based approximation approach is proposed to simplify the model. The simplified model minimizes the computation complexity while guarantees the accuracy of the current-force prediction. MMLM prototype with two separate translators, i.e., one with a single magnetic pole Halbach PM array and the other with six magnetic poles Halbach PM array, were developed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed models.
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    2-D Analytical Prediction of Eddy Currents, Circuit Model Parameters, and Steady-State Performances in Solid Rotor Induction Motors (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a 2-D analytical method in the complex domain for the computation of magnetic field distribution, eddy currents, circuit model parameters, and steady-state performances in solid rotor induction motors. The proposed static analytical model considers stator slotting with tooth-tips. The rotor motion is simulated by varying the slip. The analytical magnetic field distribution is computed in polar coordinates from 2-D subdomain method (i.e., based on the formal resolution of Maxwell’s equations applied in subdomain) in each region, i.e., semiclosed stator slots, air gap, solid rotor, and shaft. The electromagnetic torque is obtained from both the electrical equivalent circuit and Maxwell stress tensor that is given by the magnetic field distribution. Analytical results are validated by the static finite-element method.
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    Force Optimization of a Double-Sided Tubular Linear Induction Motor (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An innovative double-sided tubular linear induction motor is presented, and its optimal design in terms of thrust force is discussed. A dedicated semi-analytical model of the device is developed allowing for fast and accurate evaluation of all the electromechanic quantities in the device, including the thrust force, back-electromotive force, distribution of the induced current, and average magnetic flux density in the teeth. This provides a basis for the design optimization, which has been performed by a novel evolutionary algorithm based on the self-organizing maps. Using the semi-analytical formulation, the characterization of the machine is greatly facilitated, thus allowing a fast evaluation of the cost function and design constraints. Finally, the obtained optimal design is validated by comparison with finite elements method analysis.
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science publication information (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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    A Novel Steady-State Model of a Hybrid Dual Rotor Motor Comprising Electrical Equivalent Circuit and Performance Equations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Dual rotor motors (DRMs) for the electric vehicle application are a competitive alternative to the multi-motor drivetrain configuration to meet the high-power density and better vehicle drive performance. In this paper, a steady-state model of a hybrid DRM is developed using electromechanical energy conversion principles. The developed model comprises electrical equivalent circuit and torque equation. The model helps in understanding the motor operation and can be used for quick performance evaluation. The finite element method has been used to validate the developed model and a good agreement has been achieved for the results obtained.
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    Frequency-Dependent Resistance of Planar Coils in Printed Circuit Board With Litz Structure (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Printed circuit board (PCB) windings are convenient for many applications given their ease of manufacture, high repeatability, and low profile. In many cases, the use of multistranded litz wires is appropriate due to the rated power, frequency range, and efficiency constraints. This paper proposes a manufacturing technique and a semianalytical loss model for PCB windings using planar litz structure to obtain a similar ac loss reduction to that of conventional windings of round wires with litz structure. Different coil prototypes have been tested in several configurations to validate the proposal.
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    Honoring our colleagues: COMSOC awards [The President's Page] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The December page is devoted to IEEE Communications Society Awards and the Awards Committee that receives the nominations and processes them to identify the recipients. ComSoc Awards are meant to honor colleagues who in some ways, either via scientific/technical contributions or exemplary services, have reached significant, widely recognized achievements in our telecommunications community. Owing to their high significance and value, they need to be awarded through a fair and transparent process, and this is the essential, yet difficult and heavy task of the Awards Committee. It is my pleasure to introduce Lajos Hanzo, the Chair of the IEEE Communications Society Awards Committee, who will describe the awards and the procedure followed by the Awards Committee.
    Print ISSN: 0163-6804
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    IEEE Communications Magazine - cover (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Presents the front cover for this issue of the publication.
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    Emergenet: robust, rapidly deployable cellular networks (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Cellular phone networks are often paralyzed after a disaster, as damage to fixed infrastructure, loss of power, and increased demand degrade coverage and quality of service. To ensure disaster victims and first responders have access to reliable local and global communication, we propose EmergeNet, a portable, rapidly deployable, small-scale cellular network. In this article, we describe EmergeNet, which addresses the challenges of emergency and disaster areas. EmergeNet provides free voice calling and text messaging within a disaster area, and enables users of unmodified GSM handsets to communicate with the outside world using the Skype VoIP network. We evaluate EmergeNet???s ability to provide robust service despite high load, limited bandwidth, and software or hardware failures. EmergeNet is uniquely well suited to providing reliable, fairly allocated voice and text communication in emergency and disaster scenarios.
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    Exploiting the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to provide resilience in wireless sensor networks (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A wireless sensor network is liable to suffer faults for several reasons, which include faulty nodes or even the fact that nodes have been destroyed by a natural disaster, such as a flood. These faults can give rise to serious problems if WSNs do not have a reconfiguration mechanism at execution. It should be noted that many WSNs designed to detect natural disasters are deployed in inhospitable places and depend on multihop communication to allow the data to reach a sink node. As a result, a fault in a single node can leave a part of the system inoperable until the node recovers from this failure. In light of this, this article outlines a solution that entails employing unmanned aerial vehicles to reduce the problems arising from faults in a sensor network when monitoring natural disasters like floods and landslides. In the solution put forward, UAVs can be transported to the site of the disaster to mitigate problems caused by faults (e.g., by serving as routers or even acting as a data mule). Experiments conducted with real UAVs and with our WSN-based prototype for flood detection (already deployed in S??o Carlos, State of S??o Paulo, Brazil, have proven that this is a viable approach.
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    Prediction of Leak Flow Rate Using Fuzzy Neural Networks in Severe Post-LOCA Circumstances (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Providing information about the leak flow rate caused by a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) to nuclear power plant (NPP) operation personnel is a key to the management and mitigation of severe post-LOCA circumstances at NPPs where active safety injection systems do not actuate. The leak flow rate is a function of break size, differential pressure (i.e., difference between internal and external reactor vessel pressure), temperature, and so on. In this study, the break position and size were first identified and predicted, and then, the leak flow rate was predicted using a fuzzy neural network (FNN). The FNN was developed using training data and validated using independent test data. The data were generated from simulations of the optimized power reactor 1000 (OPR1000) using MAAP4 code. The data for training the FNN model were selected among the acquired data using the subtractive clustering method, and FNN performance was improved. The developed FNN model was sufficiently accurate to be used for predicting leak flow rate, which is useful information for managing severe post-LOCA situations.
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    High-Speed, Radiation-Tolerant Laser Drivers in 0.13 $mu$ m CMOS Technology for HEP Applications (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The gigabit laser driver (GBLD) and low-power GBLD (LpGBLD) are two radiation-tolerant laser drivers designed to drive laser diodes at data rates up to 4.8 Gb/s. They have been designed in the framework of the gigabit-transceiver (GBT) and versatile-link projects to provide fast optical links capable of operation in the radiation environment of future high-luminosity high-energy physics experiments. The GBLD provides laser bias and modulation currents up to 43 mA and 24 mA, respectively. It can thus be used to drive vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and edge-emitting laser diodes. A pre-emphasis circuit, which can provide up to 12 mA in 70 ps pulses, has also been implemented to compensate for high external capacitive loads. The current driving capabilities of the LpGBLD are 2 times smaller that those of the GBLD as it has been optimized to drive VCSELs in order to minimize the power consumption. Both application-specific integrated circuits are designed in 0.13 $~mu$ m commercial complementary metal–oxide semiconductor technology and are powered by a single 2.5 V supply. The power consumption of the core circuit is 89 mW for the GBLD and 55 mW for the LpGBLD.
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    An Area Efficient SEU-Tolerant Latch Design (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a new SEU-tolerant latch design based on Quatro and NMOS feedback transistors. By using these feedback transistors, the SEU susceptibility is decreased because of the cutoff feedback loop. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design is immune to static single node upsets. The proposed latch and the reference Quatro were designed and fabricated on a 130 nm process. The test chip was exposed to heavy ions at the TAMU Cyclotron facility. The testing results show that the proposed design has a higher upset LET threshold and lower cross-section when compared to the reference latch. Its lower SEU vulnerability comes with small area penalty.
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    The Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) on Board PROBA-V: Description of a New Science-Class Instrument for Particle Detection in Space (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper provides a detailed description of the Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) accommodated on board the PROBA-V satellite launched on May 7th, 2013 on a LEO, 820 km altitude, 98.7 $^circ $ inclination and a 10:30–11:30 Local Time at Descending Node. The EPT is an ionizing particle spectrometer that was designed based on a new concept and the most advanced signal processing technologies: it performs in-flight electron and ion discrimination and classifies each detected particle in its corresponding physical channels from which the incident spectrum can be readily reconstructed. The detector measures electron fluxes in the energy range 0.5–20 MeV, proton fluxes in the energy range 9.5–300 MeV and He-ion fluxes between 38 and 1200 MeV. The EPT is a modular configurable instrument with customizable maximum energy, field of view angle, geometrical factor and angular resolution. Therefore, the features of the currently flying instrument may slightly differ from those described in past or future configurations. After a description of the instrument along with the data acquisition and analysis procedures, the first particle fluxes measured by the EPT will be shown and discussed. The web-site located at http://web.csr.ucl.ac.be/csr_web/probav/ which daily displays measured fluxes and other related studies will also be briefly described.
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    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics institutional listings (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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    Total Ionizing Dose Effects on DRAM Data Retention Time (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) data retention time degradation induced by radiation exposure is investigated in this paper. We present the experimental setup and the results of total ionizing dose (TID) test on a COTS SDRAM device. We observed a significant retention time reduction related to the absorbed dose and we assume radiation induced interface trap generation as the origin of the retention time reduction. By measuring individual cells retention time before and after radiation exposures, we found out that the reduction is not homogeneous among cells: the amount of leakage current increase depends on the position and the energy level of the generated trap, leading to a wide distribution of retention time reduction. Of particular interest is the fact that device was unbiased during irradiation and that no post-irradiation recovery was observed.
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    Microstrip Transmission-Line Electrodes for Position Sensitive Radiation Detection (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A serpentine transmission-line in a microstrip configuration is used to enable fine position sensing in semiconductor radiation detectors. Specifically demonstrated with silicon substrates coupled to standard charge-sensitive preamplifiers, a meandering electrode is used to enable lateral position sensing to within an approximately 1 cm length along the electrode. Configured in a rectilinear shape, the lateral resolution is therefore equivalent to the strip pitch, which we have made as small as $4 ~muhbox{m}$ . The position-of-interaction is extracted using either timing or amplitude techniques, both enabled by the slow-wave propagation structure inherent to the standard metal-semiconductor-insulator configuration of the bounding electrodes, the analysis of which is summarized and compared experimentally.
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    A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) TDC for the Fermilab SeaQuest (E906) Experiment and Its Test with a Novel External Wave Union Launcher (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We developed a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) TDC module for the tracking detectors of the Fermilab SeaQuest (E906) experiment, including drift chambers, proportional tubes, and hodoscopes. This 64-channel TDC module had a 6U VMEbus form factor and was equipped with a low-power, radiation-hardened Microsemi ProASIC3 Flash-based FPGA. The design of the new FPGA firmware (Run2-TDC) aimed to reduce the data volume and data acquisition (DAQ) deadtime. The firmware digitized multiple input hits of both polarities while allowing users to turn on a multiple-hit elimination logic to remove after-pulses in the wire chambers and proportional tubes. A scaler was implemented in the firmware to allow for recording the number of hits in each channel. The TDC resolution was determined by an internal cell delay of 450 ps. A measurement precision of 200 ps was achieved. We used five kinds of tests to ensure the qualification of 93 TDCs in mass production. We utilized the external wave union launcher in our test to improve the TDC’s measurement precision and also to illustrate how to construct the Wave Union TDC using an existing multi-hit TDC without modifying its firmware. Measurement precision was improved by a factor of about two (108 ps) based on the four-edge wave union. Better measurement precision (69 ps) was achieved by combining the approaches of Wave Union TDC and multiple-channel ganging.
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    Feasibility Study of Time-of-Flight Compton Scatter Imaging Using Picosecond Length X-Ray Pulses (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: By measuring the time of flight of scattered X-ray photons, the point of interaction, assuming a single scatter, can be determined, providing 3-D information about an object under inspection. This paper describes experimental ToF Compton scatter measurements conducted at the versatile electron linear accelerator (VELA), a picosecond pulsewidth electron source situated in Daresbury, U.K. The ToF of scattered X-ray photons was measured using a CeBr3 detector, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of between 29  and 36 cm was achieved with a 5-cm-thick plastic test object. By implementing a low-energy cutoff, the FWHM was reduced to between 12 and 26 cm. Two test objects placed in series with a 50-cm space between were separable in the data after applying the low energy cutoff.
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    Radiation Hardness Assurance Methodology of Radiation Tolerant Power Converter Controls for Large Hadron Collider (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This work describes in detail the Radiation Hardness Assurance methodology applied to the development of new radiation tolerant power converter control system for the Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). This system is based primarily on commercial-off-the-shelf components for which the extensive testing scheme is applied to decrease the probability of radiation failures during the operation of the LHC machine in the high-luminosity operating conditions era.
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    A Digital Beam-Phase Control System for a Heavy-Ion Synchrotron With a Dual-Harmonic Cavity System (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: As it is planned to switch the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 from single- to dual-harmonic cavity operation after construction of the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), its closed-loop control system for the damping of coherent longitudinal oscillations needs an appropriate adjustment. To damp dipole oscillations, the phase shift, applied by the control system to the first cavity voltage (running with harmonic number ${h_1}$ ) has to be doubled for the second cavity (running with double frequency and harmonic number ${h_2} = 2 cdot {h_1}$ ). Furthermore, the dipole oscillation frequency can no longer be estimated by linearization of the applied voltage like it is done in a single-harmonic cavity setting. In a dual-harmonic cavity setting as it is presented here, the dipole oscillation frequency depends nonlinearly on the bunch length. The control loop is closed by a digital signal processor, an optical splitter, and direct digital synthesizers. This paper describes the control loop and its theoretical background, and presents measurement results. In addition, simulation results and theoretical predictions are given, which are all in good agreement. Furthermore, optimal filter parameter settings are derived.
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    Development of an 83.2 MHz, Three-Stage RF Amplifier for the SKKUCY-9 Cyclotron (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we describe the whole process of designing and manufacturing an 83.2 MHz, three-stage radio frequency (RF) amplifier for a SKKUCY-9 cyclotron. It consisted of a preamplifier, intermediate power amplifier (IPA), and power amplifier (PA) stage. The maximum power value for each stage is 0.05 kW, 1.5 kW, then 20 kW RF power. Formula calculation, circuit design, and electromagnetic analysis were implemented in the RF amplifier design. Along with the power stage and anode power supply, an RF amplifier control system for the RF amplifier was developed. After design and manufacturing, we conducted impedance matching measurements with a network analyzer to achieve $50Omega $ for the IPA and PA. Finally, we analyzed the RF amplifier characteristics by implementing RF testing with both a dummy load and a RF coupler. The expected and measured RF characteristics were in agreement, and a detailed analysis is described.
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    IEEE Magnetics Society Information (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
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    Charge Collection Characteristics of A Super-Thin Diamond Membrane Detector Measured With High-Energy Heavy Ions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A transmission particle detector based on a super-thin diamond membrane film which can also be used simultaneously as a vacuum window for ion beam extraction has been developed. Charge collection characteristics of a $6.8~mu{hbox{m}}$ -thick diamond membrane detector for high-energy heavy ions including 75 MeV Ne, 150 MeV Ar, 322 MeV Kr, and 454 MeV Xe have been investigated for the first time. Charge collection signals under single particle flux from the thin part are stable and are well distinguishable from background signals. This behavior suggests that the diamond membrane detector could be used for counting single ions. On the other hand, charge collection efficiency is found to decrease with increasing of charge generated in the diamond membrane detector. This suggests that the pulse height defect, which has been previously reported for Si and SiC detectors, also occurs in the diamond membrane detector.
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    Trends in consumer communications [Series Editorial] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The last 15 years have heralded many developments and advances in consumer communications, from early developments of device-specific challenges in interoperability and configuration that are well captured by the concept of plug and play to a more recent emphasis on mobility and service personalization. The one constant technical challenge, and to a great extent a business success, is home networking in its many forms. There is not a modern home without some variant of a set-top box. The three articles in this issue provide a good overview of current and topical requirements in consumer communications.
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    IEEE 802.11ad: directional 60 GHz communication for multi-Gigabit-per-second Wi-Fi [Invited Paper] (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: With the ratification of the IEEE 802.11ad amendment to the 802.11 standard in December 2012, a major step has been taken to bring consumer wireless communication to the millimeter wave band. However, multi-gigabit-per-second throughput and small interference footprint come at the price of adverse signal propagation characteristics, and require a fundamental rethinking of Wi-Fi communication principles. This article describes the design assumptions taken into consideration for the IEEE 802.11ad standard and the novel techniques defined to overcome the challenges of mm-Wave communication. In particular, we study the transition from omnidirectional to highly directional communication and its impact on the design of IEEE 802.11ad.
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    Homenet3D: a new view on home network state (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Although it performs an increasingly important role in our lives, the home network remains a bit of a mystery when end users wish to know what is ???happening on the inside.??? This article introduces Homenet3D, an open source project that allows users to view their home network???s state as objects in 3D space within a web browser window. Homenet3D maps quantitative state to the shape, size, spin, bounce, and/or color of selected objects to qualitatively communicate what is happening on the network. We describe our Homenet3D implementation for routers running OpenWRT, and discuss the potential for visualizing multirouter/ multi-subnet home networks.
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    Mimo precoding and combining solutions for millimeter-wave systems (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Millimeter-wave communication is one way to alleviate the spectrum gridlock at lower frequencies while simultaneously providing high-bandwidth communication channels. MmWave makes use of MIMO through large antenna arrays at both the base station and the mobile station to provide sufficient received signal power. This article explains how beamforming and precoding are different in MIMO mmWave systems than in their lower-frequency counterparts, due to different hardware constraints and channel characteristics. Two potential architectures are reviewed: hybrid analog/digital precoding/combining and combining with low-resolution analog- to-digital converters. The potential gains and design challenges for these strategies are discussed, and future research directions are highlighted.
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    Implementing virtual traffic lights with partial penetration: a game-theoretic approach (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Virtual traffic lights (VTL) is a new technology that holds the promise of revolutionizing traffic control in urban areas. The original VTL idea was based on 100 percent penetration of VTL technology. In this article, contrary to conventional wisdom, it is shown that 100 percent penetration is not a necessary condition for deploying VTL technology as it can be implemented with partial or low levels of penetration. Furthermore, based on game-theoretic arguments, it is shown that the adoption of VTL technology can be accelerated by providing incentives to vehicles equipped with VTL technology.
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    The greening of spectrum sensing: a minority game-based mechanism design (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Cognitive radio technology allows the reuse of the underutilized frequency spectrum on an opportunistic and non-interfering basis by means of introducing, besides the legitimate primary users of the spectrum, a new kind of users called cognitive or secondary users. Thus, reliable spectrum sensing is critical to dynamically detect available licensed frequency bands and mitigate the primary signals, but it remains realistically difficult to carry out. In fact, although distributed collaborative sensing has turned out to be fruitful for the cognitive radio environment, its accuracy is often affected by the selfish and autonomous behavior of users. In this article, we model distributed spectrum sensing and channel allocation as a non-cooperative game, and apply the minority game to bring forth and study the cooperative behavior of users. The novelty brought by our study consists of alleviating the number of users contending for primary channels by giving them the opportunity to choose between the two, either sensing the channel or being inactive during the time slot. To address the trade-off faced by the SUs, we evaluate the performance of two secondary systems in a green communications context: energy consumption and transmission delay.
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    Advertisers' Index (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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    Automotive networking and applications [Series Editorial] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this 14th issue of the Automotive Networking and Applications Series, we are pleased to present three articles that address ??? Release 1 of the cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) standards in Europe ??? The implementation of a virtual traffic lights application with only partial market penetration ??? The usage of multihop wireless communications for intra-car sensor networking By timely information exchanges among vehicles, and between vehicles and roadway infrastructure, vehicles can transform from autonomous systems into cooperative systems, thereby enabling applications such as active road safety and traffic efficiency. Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) standards are crucial to achieve interoperability among communications equipment made by different manufacturers for vehicles and roadway infrastructure. Release 1 of the C-ITS standards was completed in early 2014, and it covers base standards for ITS-G5 radio (also named wireless access in vehicular environment, or WAVE, in the United States), ad hoc networking and transport with GeoNetworking and Basic Transport Protocol (BTP), the facilities layer such as messaging protocols CAM and DENM, security, privacy and requirements for applications, among others. The first article, "Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems Standards in Europe" by A. Festag, provides a comprehensive overview of release 1 of the C-ITS standards in Europe. The article first gives a brief overview of the C-ITS core standards set and compares it with the U.S. dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standards in IEEE 1609 and SAE J2735. The author then provides more detailed overviews of the Release 1 C-ITS standards covering the access layer, the networking and transport layers, the facilities layer, and applications, security, and management in the subsequent sections of the article. The article concludes with a brief outlook on the expected C-ITS corridor pilots in Europe starting in 2015, as well- as future standardization directions.
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    Communications Standards [A Supplement To IEEE Communications Magazine] - cover (2014)
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    Standards collisions around SDN (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A review of a number of ongoing SDN standardization and open-source activities, this article also discusses the interactions both actual and potential in various standards bodies.
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    Welcome to the inaugural issue [Guest Editorial] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: I am honored to have been given the opportunity to initiate this supplement on Communications Standards. It is clear to me that standards enable the global market place to offer interoperable products and services at affordable cost. Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) bring together stake holders to develop consensus standards for use by a global industry. The importance of standards to the work and careers of communications practitioners motivated the creation of this publication on standards. This new quarterly publication will be incubated as a Communication Standards Supplement to IEEE Communications Magazine, which if successful, may transition into a new magazine. It is a platform for presenting and discussing standards-related topics in the areas of communications, networking, and related disciplines.
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    Launching point: the openstand vision [Commentary] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: As I serve the remaining days of my tenure as the president of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA), I ponder the future of technology: what's been achieved today and where would this amazing world be without standards?
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    Expanding the coverage of Communications Standards [Welcome Message] (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: As Vice President of Standards Activities of the IEEE Communications Society, I want to welcome you to the first issue of the IEEE Communications Magazine supplement on Communications Standards. This supplement is the culmination of the efforts of many people to create a publication that serves the interests of the members of the global standards community who develop, use, or are otherwise interested in communications and networking standards. The aim of this publication is to cover a broad spectrum of communications and networking standards as well as standards-related disciplines, including innovation and standardization theory and methodologies, standards-related research, and standards regulations, as well as the intellectual property and socio-economic aspects of standards.
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    Standards news (2014)
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    Subdomain Propagation Method for an Efficient Modal Analysis of Photonic Waveguides (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The modal analysis is needed for the design of photonic waveguide devices to determine propagation constants of guided modes and their field pattern. Rigorous methods based on finite-difference or finite-element methods for the approximation of wave equations rely on the solution of eigenvalue problems. Imaginary-distance beam propagation methods require the solution of matrix equations of high order. The computation time needed for both approaches can be tedious. A modal analysis method based on a beam propagation scheme is proposed, which allows an efficient computation of field patterns and propagation constants, as the resulting algorithm is based on simple matrix vector multiplications. This allows the choice of a large number of discretization points and a dense discretization. The beam propagation operator is designed to include the eigenvalue spectrum of corresponding guided modes only. For this reason, the method can be interpreted as a subdomain propagation method. The concept will be validated by utilizing a single-mode and multimode rib waveguide.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
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    Self-organizing networks in 3GPP: standardization and future trends (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a common term for mobile network automation, critical to the cost-efficient deployment, operation and maintenance of mobile networks. This article provides an overview of SON standardization in 3GPP, including both existing and planned functionalities. It also provides an operator perspective on the relevance and use of 3GPP SON functionalities at different stages of the network design-and-operations cycle. In the long-term it is envisaged that automation will become a natural component in network operations, although the success of SON will depend on automation???s benefits in relation to its cost.
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    Modal Properties of 2-D Implant-Defined Coherently Coupled Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Array (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We have investigated the dependence of modal behavior on the structures of 2-D implant-defined coherently coupled vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays experimentally and theoretically. 2-D VCSEL arrays with different interelement spacing have been designed and fabricated. Through the experimental analysis of near-field and far-field distribution, in-phase and out-of-phase mode are obtained from the arrays, depending on the interelement spacing. Considering the effect of thermal and carrier injection, the refractive index distribution of the arrays under operation is calculated. Then, FDTD Solutions software is employed to calculate the near-field distributions of the arrays through establishing a simplified refractive index model. The simulation results agree well with the experiments. Meanwhile, according to the phase characteristics of in-phase and out-of-phase mode, as observed from the near-field profiles, the far-field distributions are calculated, in an excellent agreement with the experiments.
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    Detection of Replication Origin Sites in Herpesvirus Genomes by Clustering and Scoring of Palindromes with Quadratic Entropy Measures (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Replication in herpesvirus genomes is a major concern of public health as they multiply rapidly during the lytic phase of infection that cause maximum damage to the host cells. Earlier research has established that sites of replication origin are dominated by high concentration of rare palindrome sequences of DNA. Computational methods are devised based on scoring to determine the concentration of palindromes. In this paper, we propose both extraction and localization of rare palindromes in an automated manner. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT-II), a widely recognized image compression algorithm is utilized here to extract palindromic sequences based on their reverse complimentary symmetry property of existence. We formulate a novel approach to localize the rare palindrome clusters by devising a Minimum Quadratic Entropy (MQE) measure based on the Renyi’s Quadratic Entropy (RQE) function. Experimental results over a large number of herpesvirus genomes show that the RQE based scoring of rare palindromes have higher order of sensitivity, and lesser false alarm in detecting concentration of rare palindromes and thereby sites of replication origin.
    Print ISSN: 1545-5963
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Determining Semantically Related Significant Genes (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: GO relation embodies some aspects of existence dependency. If GO term x is existence-dependent on GO term y , the presence of y implies the presence of x . Therefore, the genes annotated with the function of the GO term y are usually functionally and semantically related to the genes annotated with the function of the GO term x . A large number of gene set enrichment analysis methods have been developed in recent years for analyzing gene sets enrichment. However, most of these methods overlook the structural dependencies between GO terms in GO graph by not considering the concept of existence dependency. We propose in this paper a biological search engine called RSGSearch that identifies enriched sets of genes annotated with different functions using the concept of existence dependency. We observe that GO term x cannot be existence-dependent on GO term y , if x and y have the same specificity (biological characteristics). After encoding into a numeric format the contributions of GO terms annotating target genes to the semantics of their lowest common ancestors (LCAs), RSGSearch uses microarray experiment to identify the most significant LCA that annotates the result genes. We evaluated RSGSearch experimentally and compared it with five gene set enrichment systems. Results showed marked improvement.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
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    Intensity Noise Properties of Midinfrared Injection Locked Quantum Cascade Lasers: II. Experiments (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We present experimental investigations of the intensity noise properties of injection-locked midinfrared emitting quantum cascade lasers. Following the theoretical approach by Simos et al. , the injection locking is realized below and near the threshold of the free running slave laser, resulting in an efficient technique to achieve low-noise operation. We find that below the threshold, the locking characteristics as locking range, shape and bandwidth, are different in comparison with those above threshold. In addition, we also investigate injection locking into longitudinal side modes of the slave laser apart by several longitudinal mode hops, and observe similar characteristics, however, with the potential to achieve higher relative intensity noise suppression. The measurements are confirmed by additional numerical simulations with a new model, which considers the multimode spectrum of the slave laser and the spectral profile of the material gain. Under the actual experimental conditions, a reduction of the relative intensity noise of the slave laser of up to 10 dB (above threshold) and up to 20 dB (below threshold) in comparison to the free running slave laser noise level is achieved.
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    16-Wavelength DFB Laser Array With High Channel-Spacing Uniformity Based on Equivalent Phase-Shift Technique (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The high accuracy of lasing wavelength spacing is one of the key requirements of a distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser array. However, the nonuniformity of the wavelength spacing is increasingly deteriorating with the increase in the channel number in the laser array. In this paper, theoretical study was made to investigate the effects of sampling pattern deviation and seed grating, as well as waveguide dispersion on the wavelength-spacing uniformity for multiwavelength DFB semiconductor laser arrays (MLAs) fabricated using the reconstruction equivalent chirp (REC) technique. A simple measurement method of dispersion for DFB semiconductor lasers based on the REC technique is also proposed. With the dispersion compensation being included in the sampling period design and small deviation in the seed grating period being guaranteed, a high-channel-count (16-channel) DFB laser array with precise channel spacing of 0.7944 nm/channel (design value of 0.80 nm/channel) was achieved in our experiment. It shows excellent channel-spacing uniformity, and most wavelength residuals are within $pm$ 0.10 nm.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
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    An Equivalent-Asymmetric Coupling Coefficient DFB Laser With High Output Efficiency and Stable Single Longitudinal Mode Operation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An equivalent–asymmetric coupling coefficient (EACC) distributed feedback laser (DFB) semiconductor laser with equivalent-half apodization grating (EHAG) structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time; the EHAG profile is equivalently realized by linearly changing the duty cycle of a sampled Bragg grating along the one half cavity, while that of the other half cavity is kept uniform. Compared with the equivalent–symmetric coupling coefficient DFB laser, the simulated intensity distribution of the EACC DFB laser shows that the light power is concentrated not only on near the phase-shift region and that the power at the front end is enlarged. Therefore, the longitudinal spatial hole burning may be reduced; the output efficiency and the single-mode stability may be improved. The experimental results show that the output power ratio between the front and rear facets is about 2.17 and the side-mode suppression ratios are over 50 dB when the injection current is in the range from 60 to 200 mA.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Widely Tunable Intracavity Phasematched Cascaded Second-Order Interaction for the Generation of Multicolor Radiation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A theoretical and experimental study of all-solid-state barium borate (BBO)-based optical parametric oscillator with wide tunability from visible to near-infrared by means of intracavity second-order cascaded nonlinear interaction has been demonstrated for simultaneous generation of multicolor radiation. Radiations in the wavelength range of 600–661 nm in the visible and 892–1322 nm in the near-infrared range are generated by a combination of optical parametric oscillation and simultaneous second harmonic generation in BBO crystal. The effective third-order susceptibility is measured to be 885.18 $mathrm{pm}^{2}$ / $mathrm{V}^{2}$ , which is greater than intrinsic third-order susceptibility by one order of magnitude.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Integrated High-Contrast-Grating Optical Sensor Using Guided Mode (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In finite-size high-contrast gratings (HCGs) guided modes with low $Q$ values can occur. On the one hand, this is a resonant mode with a $Q$ value of some hundreds only, on the other hand it can transform part of the finite-size incident wave into the in-plane direction. Such finite-size HCGs with guided modes are proposed here for optical sensors with an on-chip integrated p-i-n photodiode in the same HCG layer. The mode characteristics of the guided mode and the performance of the proposed integrated HCG-based optical sensors are investigated. The proposed integrated HCG-based optical sensors are compact, cost-effective, label-free, and highly sensitive, and can be extended to an array format increasing the throughput.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Micromachined In-Plane Pressure-Gradient Piezoelectric Microphones (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents the fabrication, modeling, and characterization of a micromachined piezoelectric directional microphone. The microphone structure consists of a 20- $mu $ m-thick semirigid beam structure that rotates about torsional pivots in response to in-plane pressure gradients across the length of the beam. The motion of the beam structure is transduced by piezoelectric cantilevers, which deflect when the structure rotates. While the structure has been introduced in prior publications, this is the first paper summarizing rigorous acoustic characterization of first generation prototypes. An analytical model and multimode, multiport network model utilizing finite-element analysis for parameter extraction are presented and compared with acoustic sensitivity measurements. Directivity measurements are interpreted in terms of the multimode model. A noise model for the sensor and readout electronics is presented and compared with measurements.
    Print ISSN: 1530-437X
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1748
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Sensors Council.
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    Wearable Sensors for Human Activity Monitoring: A Review (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An increase in world population along with a significant aging portion is forcing rapid rises in healthcare costs. The healthcare system is going through a transformation in which continuous monitoring of inhabitants is possible even without hospitalization. The advancement of sensing technologies, embedded systems, wireless communication technologies, nano technologies, and miniaturization makes it possible to develop smart systems to monitor activities of human beings continuously. Wearable sensors detect abnormal and/or unforeseen situations by monitoring physiological parameters along with other symptoms. Therefore, necessary help can be provided in times of dire need. This paper reviews the latest reported systems on activity monitoring of humans based on wearable sensors and issues to be addressed to tackle the challenges.
    Print ISSN: 1530-437X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Sensors Council.
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    Nonparametric Tikhonov Regularized NMF and Its Application in Cancer Clustering (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The Tikhonov regularized nonnegative matrix factorization (TNMF) is an NMF objective function that enforces smoothness on the computed solutions, and has been successfully applied to many problem domains including text mining, spectral data analysis, and cancer clustering. There is, however, an issue that is still insufficiently addressed in the development of TNMF algorithms, i.e., how to develop mechanisms that can learn the regularization parameters directly from the data sets. The common approach is to use fixed values based on a priori knowledge about the problem domains. However, from the linear inverse problems study it is known that the quality of the solutions of the Tikhonov regularized least square problems depends heavily on the choosing of appropriate regularization parameters. Since least squares are the building blocks of the NMF, it can be expected that similar situation also applies to the NMF. In this paper, we propose two formulas to automatically learn the regularization parameters from the data set based on the L-curve approach. We also develop a convergent algorithm for the TNMF based on the additive update rules. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the proposed algorithm in cancer clustering tasks.
    Print ISSN: 1545-5963
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9964
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    On the Number of Ranked Species Trees Producing Anomalous Ranked Gene Trees (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Analysis of probability distributions conditional on species trees has demonstrated the existence of anomalous ranked gene trees (ARGTs), ranked gene trees that are more probable than the ranked gene tree that accords with the ranked species tree. Here, to improve the characterization of ARGTs, we study enumerative and probabilistic properties of two classes of ranked labeled species trees, focusing on the presence or avoidance of certain subtree patterns associated with the production of ARGTs. We provide exact enumerations and asymptotic estimates for cardinalities of these sets of trees, showing that as the number of species increases without bound, the fraction of all ranked labeled species trees that are ARGT-producing approaches $1$ . This result extends beyond earlier existence results to provide a probabilistic claim about the frequency of ARGTs.
    Print ISSN: 1545-5963
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9964
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Shifting-and-Scaling Correlation Based Biclustering Algorithm (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The existence of various types of correlations among the expressions of a group of biologically significant genes poses challenges in developing effective methods of gene expression data analysis. The initial focus of computational biologists was to work with only absolute and shifting correlations. However, researchers have found that the ability to handle shifting-and-scaling correlation enables them to extract more biologically relevant and interesting patterns from gene microarray data. In this paper, we introduce an effective shifting-and-scaling correlation measure named Shifting and Scaling Similarity (SSSim), which can detect highly correlated gene pairs in any gene expression data. We also introduce a technique named Intensive Correlation Search (ICS) biclustering algorithm, which uses SSSim to extract biologically significant biclusters from a gene expression data set. The technique performs satisfactorily with a number of benchmarked gene expression data sets when evaluated in terms of functional categories in Gene Ontology database.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    ILP/SMT-Based Method for Design of Boolean Networks Based on Singleton Attractors (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Attractors in gene regulatory networks represent cell types or states of cells. In system biology and synthetic biology, it is important to generate gene regulatory networks with desired attractors. In this paper, we focus on a singleton attractor, which is also called a fixed point. Using a Boolean network (BN) model, we consider the problem of finding Boolean functions such that the system has desired singleton attractors and has no undesired singleton attractors. To solve this problem, we propose a matrix-based representation of BNs. Using this representation, the problem of finding Boolean functions can be rewritten as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem and a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problem. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by a numerical example on a WNT5A network, which is related to melanoma. The proposed method provides us a basic method for design of gene regulatory networks.
    Print ISSN: 1545-5963
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
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    Improving Detection of Driver Genes: Power-Law Null Model of Copy Number Variation in Cancer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we study Copy Number Variation (CNV) data.The underlying process generating CNV segments is generally assumed to be memory-less, giving rise to an exponential distribution of segment lengths. In this paper, we provide evidence from cancer patient data, which suggests that this generative model is too simplistic , and that segment lengths follow a power-law distribution instead . We conjecture a simple preferential attachment generative model that provides the basis for the observed power-law distribution. We then show how an existing statistical method for detecting cancer driver genes can be improved by incorporating the power-law distribution in the null model.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    On Representing Protein Folding Patterns Using Non-Linear Parametric Curves (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Proteins fold into complex three-dimensional shapes. Simplified representations of their shapes are central to rationalise, compare, classify, and interpret protein structures. Traditional methods to abstract protein folding patterns rely on representing their standard secondary structural elements (helices and strands of sheet) using line segments. This results in ignoring a significant proportion of structural information. The motivation of this research is to derive mathematically rigorous and biologically meaningful abstractions of protein folding patterns that maximize the economy of structural description and minimize the loss of structural information. We report on a novel method to describe a protein as a non-overlapping set of parametric three dimensional curves of varying length and complexity. Our approach to this problem is supported by information theory and uses the statistical framework of minimum message length (MML) inference. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our non-linear abstraction to support efficient and effective comparison of protein folding patterns on a large scale.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Organized Modularity in the Interactome: Evidence from the Analysis of Dynamic Organization in the Cell Cycle (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The organization of global protein interaction networks (PINs) has been extensively studied and heatedly debated. We revisited this issue in the context of the analysis of dynamic organization of a PIN in the yeast cell cycle. Statistically significant bimodality was observed when analyzing the distribution of the differences in expression peak between periodically expressed partners. A close look at their behavior revealed that date and party hubs derived from this analysis have some distinct features. There are no significant differences between them in terms of protein essentiality, expression correlation and semantic similarity derived from gene ontology (GO) biological process hierarchy. However, date hubs exhibit significantly greater values than party hubs in terms of semantic similarity derived from both GO molecular function and cellular component hierarchies. Relating to three-dimensional structures, we found that both single- and multi-interface proteins could become date hubs coordinating multiple functions performed at different times while party hubs are mainly multi-interface proteins. Furthermore, we constructed and analyzed a PPI network specific to the human cell cycle and highlighted that the dynamic organization in human interactome is far more complex than the dichotomy of hubs observed in the yeast cell cycle.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Big data processing in computational biology and bioinformatics (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Print ISSN: 1545-5963
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Analysis of Biological data (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Information for Authors (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society ; The IEEE Computer Society ; The IEEE Control Systems Society ; The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ; The Association for Computing Machinery.
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    Separable Beamforming For 3-D Medical Ultrasound Imaging (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging is a promising medical imaging technology because of its ease of use and improved accuracy in diagnosis. However, its high computational complexity and resulting high power consumption has precluded its use in hand-held applications. In this paper, we present a separable beamforming method that greatly reduces computational complexity. Our method is based on decomposing the delay term in a way that minimizes the root-mean-square error caused by the decomposition. We analyze tradeoffs between the approximation error caused by the decomposition and computational complexity. Then, we present enhancements to the Sonic Millip3De hardware accelerator for ultrasound beamforming to implement separable beamforming. Using hardware synthesis targeting standard cells in 45 nm, we show that the proposed method allows us to boost the Sonic Millip3De frame rate from 1–2 Hz to 32 Hz while maintaining power consumption at 15 W. We validate image quality of our method using cyst phantom simulations in Field II. Our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed separable beamforming method can produce 3-D images with high quality that are comparable to those generated by non-separable beamforming.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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    Matrix-Monotonic Optimization for MIMO Systems (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: For MIMO systems, due to the deployment of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver, the design variables, e.g., precoders, equalizers, and training sequences, are usually matrices. It is well known that matrix operations are usually more complicated compared with their vector counterparts. In order to overcome the high complexity resulting from matrix variables, in this paper, we investigate a class of elegant multi-objective optimization problems, namely matrix-monotonic optimization problems (MMOPs). In our work, various representative MIMO optimization problems are unified into a framework of matrix-monotonic optimization, which includes linear transceiver design, nonlinear transceiver design, training sequence design, radar waveform optimization, the corresponding robust design and so on as its special cases. Then, exploiting the framework of matrix-monotonic optimization the optimal structures of the considered matrix variables can be derived first. Based on the optimal structure, the matrix-variate optimization problems can be greatly simplified into the ones with only vector variables. In particular, the dimension of the new vector variable is equal to the minimum number of columns and rows of the original matrix variable. Finally, we also extend our work to some more general cases with multiple matrix variables.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Signal Processing Society.
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    Selected Articles from the 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS 2012) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The articles in this special section were presented at the 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS 2012) that was held in Washington DC from December 2nd to 4th.
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    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
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    A Multi-Point Contact HPGe Detector (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A novel, multi-point contact high-purity germanium detector has been developed for applications in high-rate gamma environments. The planar detector was fabricated with seven point contacts, a high-voltage steering grid and bias electrode using amorphous germanium technology. We have characterized this detector and report herein on the depletion profile, leakage current, energy resolution, and charge-sharing behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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    Bias analysis of maximum likelihood target location estimator (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper investigates the bias of the maximum likelihood target location estimate resulting from the Gaussian data measurement noise and sensor position errors. The bias components from them are interrelated, except when they are independent and identically distributed. The bias behaviors of time of arrival, time difference of arrival, and angle of arrival positionings are contrasted, and geometric conditions under which the location bias becomes zero are elaborated.We illustrate the developed results for bias compensation in improving the performance of target tracking.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Target tracking in a collaborative sensor network (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In a collaborative sensor network (CSN), the conventional target tracking algorithms employed are Kalman filtering (KF) or extended Kalman filtering (EKF). However, these techniques have a presumed probability distribution of the system noise and prediction noise. They also need some a priori information that may be unavailable in some circumstances. Therefore, the system is not flexible for a complicated scenario. With the help of a machine learning technique called expert prediction (EP), a novel target tracking approach for CSNs is developed. This scheme makes use of the aforementioned EP in parameter estimation course for the target of interest, instead of exploiting the filtering method as typically found in available literature. This idea is further unfolded with comparisons regarding the CSN using Kalman filters, extended Kalman filters, and decentralized sigma-point information filters (DSPIFs). The new tracking algorithm is investigated with both linear and nonlinear prediction methods. Simulation results demonstrate that this proposed measure will deliver forecasting output with more precision because of the built-in multimodel mode among different experts, the learning ability, and the self-perfection characteristic. Not only does this performance occur in a more robust way than those of the existing approaches – particularly in the presence of heavy clutter, highly maneuvering targets, and/or multiple targets – but it simultaneously requires the least a priori information and imposes the least limitation on the observation model.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Aerial-terrestrial communications: terrestrial cooperation and energy-efficient transmissions to aerial base stations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Hybrid aerial-terrestrial communication networks based on low-altitude platforms are expected to meet optimally the urgent communication needs of emergency relief and recovery operations for tackling large-scale natural disasters. The energy-efficient operation of such networks is important given that the entire network infrastructure, including the battery-operated ground terminals, exhibits requirements to operate under power-constrained situations. In this paper, we discuss the design and evaluation of an adaptive cooperative scheme intended to extend the survivability of the battery-operated aerial-terrestrial communication links. We propose and evaluate a real-time adaptive cooperative transmission strategy for dynamic selection between direct and cooperative links based on the channel conditions for improved energy efficiency. We show that the cooperation between mobile terrestrial terminals on the ground could improve energy efficiency in the uplink, depending on the temporal behavior of the terrestrial and aerial uplink channels. The corresponding delay in having cooperative (relay-based) communications with relay selection is also addressed. The simulation analysis corroborates that the adaptive transmission technique improves overall energy efficiency of the network whilst maintaining low latency, enabling real-time applications.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Direction finding algorithms based on joint iterative subspace optimization (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, a reduced-rank scheme with joint iterative optimization is presented for direction of arrival estimation. A rank-reduction matrix and an auxiliary reduced-rank parameter vector are jointly optimized to calculate the output power with respect to each scanning angle. Subspace algorithms to estimate the rank-reduction matrix and the auxiliary vector are proposed. Simulations are performed to show that the proposed algorithms achieve enhanced performance over existing algorithms in the studied scenarios.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Formation flying with nonlinear partial integrated guidance and control (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Using the dynamic inversion philosophy, a nonlinear partial integrated guidance and control approach is presented in this paper for formation flying. It is based on the evolving philosophy of integrated guidance and control. However, it also retains the advantages of the conventional guidance then control philosophy by retaining the timescale separation between translational and rotational dynamics explicitly. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed technique is effective in bringing the vehicles into formation quickly and maintaining the formation.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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