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  • 2015-2019  (4,201,495)
  • 1960-1964  (438,946)
  • 1945-1949  (130,850)
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  • 1
  • 2
    Call number: MOP 19538/1d-6d
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 111 S.
    ISSN: 0486-2287
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Call number: Z 06.0500
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: 30 cm
    ISSN: 1824-7741
    Former Title: Vorgänger Geologisch-paläontologische Mitteilungen, Innsbruck
    Language: German , English
    Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 4
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Garmisch-Partenkirchen : Institut für atmosphärische Umweltforschung der Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft
    Call number: MOP 44829 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 25 S. , graph. Darst.
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 5
    Call number: S 90.0066(162,1)
    In: Geologisches Jahrbuch / A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 261 Seiten , Ill., 1 DVD-ROM (12 cm) und 1 Tafel-Beil. ([2] S.)
    ISBN: 9783510968534
    Series Statement: Geologisches Jahrbuch 162
    Classification:
    Engineering Geophysics
    Language: German
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 6
    Call number: AWI A3-20-93434-2
    In: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin, Band XXXII, Heft 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 218 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin 32,2
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 7
    Call number: IASS 15.89494
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Losebl.-Ausg.
    Edition: Stand: Oktober 2010
    ISBN: 9783768501828
    Language: German
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 8
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Edgecumbe, N.Z.] : A. Muller
    Call number: M 15.89146
    Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 223 S., , Ill.
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 9
    Call number: PIK N 453-17-91096
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 50 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Language: German
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 10
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Leiden : Nijhoff ; 1.2009 -
    Call number: IASS 17.92082
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    ISSN: 1876-8814
    Language: English
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 11
    Call number: (DE-599)GBV03709842X
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Language: German
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 12
    Call number: 3/S 07.0034(2016)
    In: Annual report
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 51 Seiten
    ISSN: 1865-6439 , 1865-6447
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Annual report ... / Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeorolog. Izd.
    Call number: MOP 33767
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 663 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 14
    Call number: AWI G6-19-92375
    In: Berichte / Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Nr. 9
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 278 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0175-9302
    Series Statement: Berichte / Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften 9
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 15
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Madrid : Secc
    Call number: PIK N 456-17-90913
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 536 Seiten
    Series Statement: Ministerio de Transportes Turismo Y Comunicaciones : Publicación Serie A 114
    Parallel Title: 1,1=6; 2,1=13 von Publicaciones / D / Ministerio del Aire, Subsecretaria de Aviación Civil, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
    Language: Spanish
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 16
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London : Penguin Books
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    ISBN: 9780141985206
    Language: English
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 17
    Call number: AWI A3-20-93434
    In: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin, Band XXXII, Heft 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 121 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin 32,1
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 18
    Journal available for loan
    Journal available for loan
    Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck ; 1.1884 - 48.1931; N.F. 1.1932/33 - 10.1943/44(1945),3; 11.1948/49(1949) -
    Call number: ZS 22.95039
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1614-0974 , 0015-2218 , 0015-2218
    Language: German , English
    Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.
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  • 19
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Stuttgart : Schweizerbart Science Publishers ; Volume 1, number 1 (1978)-
    Call number: M 18.91571
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 134 Seiten
    ISSN: 2363-7196
    Series Statement: Global tectonics and metallogeny : special issue Vol. 10/2-4
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global tectonics and metallogeny
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 20
    Journal available for loan
    Journal available for loan
    München : Altop Verlag ; 2007 -
    Call number: Z 19.92410
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: 30 cm
    ISSN: 1865-4266
    Former Title: Vorg. Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in Deutschland
    Language: German
    Note: Ungezählte Beil. ab 2010: Special , Ersch. jährl. 4x
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 21
    Call number: IASS 22.95033
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 378 S , 225 mm x 135 mm
    ISBN: 3899421876 , 978-3-89942-187-3
    Series Statement: Edition panta rei
    Language: German
    Note: Zugl.: Marburg (Lahn), Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2004 u.d.T.: Gutmann, Mathias: Die Medialität des Erfahrens
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Wien : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 22.1910/25(1925),3; 23.1914/31(1929/31),2-3; 24.1927,1-2; 25.1939,1; 26.1948,1; 27.1971-Band 76 (2022)
    Call number: S 91.1179
    ISSN: 0375-5797 , 0378-0864
    Parallel Title: 35=2 von European Conodont Symposium (ZDB) Guidebook, abstracts / European Conodont Symposium
    Parallel Title: 41=2 von Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera (ZDB) Proceedings / Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Geologische Bundesanstalt
    Parallel Title: 39=3 von International Nannoplankton Association Proceedings of the ... International Nannoplankton Association conference
    Parallel Title: 60=11 von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften. Fachsektion GeoTop Internationale Jahrestagung der Fachsektion GeoTop der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften
    Former Title: Vorg. Geologische Reichsanstalt Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch Abhandlungen
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-10-15
    Description: Assessment of the ongoing activity of volcanoes is one of the key factors to reduce volcanic risks. In this paper, two Machine Learning (ML) approaches are presented to classify volcanic activity using multivariate geophysical data, namely the Decision Tree (DT) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN). The models were implemented using a data set recorded at Mount Etna (Italy), in the period 01 January 2011 – 31 December 2015, encompassing lava fountain events and intense Strombolian activity. Here a data set consisting of five geophysical features, namely the root-mean-square of seismic tremor (RMS) and its source depth, counts of clustered infrasonic events, radar RMS backscattering power and tilt derivative, was considered. Model performances were assessed by using a set of statistical indices commonly considered for classification approaches. Results show that between the investigated approaches the DT model is the most appropriate for classification of volcano activity and is suitable for early warning systems applications. Furthermore, the comparison with a different classifier approach, reported in literature, based on Bayesian Network (BN), is performed.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO231
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Recent Global Positioning System observations of major earthquakes such as the 2014 Chile megathrust show a slow preslip phase releasing a significant portion of the total moment (Ruiz et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256074). Despite advances from theoretical stability analysis (Rubin & Ampuero, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686; Ruina, 1983, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb088ib12p10359) and modeling (Kaneko et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071569), it is not fully understood what controls the prevalence and the amount of slip in the nucleation process. Here we present laboratory observations of slow slip preceding dynamic rupture, where we observe a dependence of nucleation size and position on the loading rate (laboratory equivalent of tectonic loading rate). The setup is composed of two polycarbonate plates under direct shear with a 30‐cm long slip interface. The results of our laboratory experiments are in agreement with the preslip model outlined by Ellsworth and Beroza (1995, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.851) and observed in laboratory experiments (Latour et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50974; Nielsen et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04444.x; Ohnaka & Kuwahara, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90138-X), which show a slow slip followed by an acceleration up to dynamic rupture velocity. However, further complexity arises from the effect of (1) rate of shear loading and (2) inhomogeneities on the fault surface. In particular, we show that when the loading rate is increased from 10−2 to 6 MPa/s, the nucleation length can shrink by a factor of 3, and the rupture nucleates consistently on higher shear stress areas. The nucleation lengths measured fall within the range of the theoretical limits Lb and urn:x-wiley:jgrb:media:jgrb53198:jgrb53198-math-0001 derived by Rubin and Ampuero (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686) for rate‐and‐state friction laws.
    Description: Published
    Description: 689-708
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: This work investigates physical mechanisms triggering phase scintillations on L-band signals under strong stormy conditions. Thanks to selected ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, located both in Antarctica and in the Arctic, an interhemispheric comparison between high latitude ionospheric observations in response to the peculiar solar wind conditions occurred on June 22, 2015 is here shown. To trace back the observed phase scintillations to the physical mechanisms driving it, we combine measurements from GNSS receivers with in-situ and ground-based observations. Our study highlights the ionospheric scenario in which irregularities causing scintillation form and move, leveraging on a multi-observation approach. Such approach allows deducing that scintillations are caused by the presence of fast-moving electron density gradients originated by particle precipitation induced by solar wind variations. In addition, we show how the numerous and fast oscillations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz,IMF) result to be less effective in producing moderate/intense scintillation events than during period of long lasting negative values. Finally, we also demonstrate how the in-situ electron density data can be used to reconstruct the evolution of the ionospheric dynamics, both locally and globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: GM454
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: In the first months of 2018, a parametric table (flatfile) related to the Engineering Strong Motion (ESM) database was released and disseminated through a website (http:// esm.mi.ingv.it/flatfile-2018). The flatfile contains intensity measures of engineering interest and associated metadata of three-components manually processed waveforms. The uniform collection of strong motion data and the compiling of quality-checked metadata allow the users among practitioners and seismologists, to test and calibrate Ground Motion Models (GMMs) for hazard assessment purposes or for the analysis of the seismic structural response. In 2013, a database used for similar purposes was constructed in the framework of the NGA-West2 project, whose main objective is to update and improve the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models for active tectonic regions, such as California. In this framework, a flatfile containing several parameters, such as peak parameters and ordinates of the pseudo-acceleration elastic response spectra, along with metadata of events and stations was released. The scope of this paper is to highlight the main differences between the two tables in terms of structure, data statistics and qualification of metadata.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343-356
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: We study ionospheric scintillation on GNSS signals at equatorial latitudes to draw a climatological picture of the low latitude ionosphere in the Brazilian sector during the ascending phase of the upcoming 2013 solar maximum. Such data have been acquired during the early stage of the CIGALA project (http://cigala. galileoic.org/), funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Program and the outcome of this work is part of the scientific achievements of the project itself. The considered network is based on the novel PolaRxS receivers, developed and deployed specifically to comply with the aims of the FP7 project. The PolaRxS is able to monitor ionospheric scintillation for all operational and upcoming GNSS constellations (GPS, GLONASS, Compass, GALILEO) and corresponding frequencies in the L-band. The ionosphere over the Brazilian territory, being close to the southern crest of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA), is heavily affected by intense scintillation conditions. The sector under investigation is also very peculiar with respect to other low latitude regions, because of its proximity to the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). The application of the Ground Based Scintillation Climatology (GBSC) technique, for the first time simultaneously on GPS and GLONASS data and on both L1 and L2 frequencies, highlights the joint effect of the EIA and of the SAMA in producing the irregularities leading to scintillation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 199-206
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: A new version of the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map, released last summer, gives greater insight into the structure and history of Earth's crust and upper mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: The term “monsoon-desert mechanism” indicates the relationship between the diabatic heating associated with the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall and the remote response in the western sub-tropics where long Rossby waves anchor strong descent with high subsidence. In CMIP5 twenty-first century climate scenarios, the precipitation over South Asia is projected to increase. This study investigates how this change could affect the summer climate projections in the Mediterranean region. In a linear framework the monsoon-desert mechanism in the context of climate change would imply that the change in subsidence over the Mediterranean should be strongly linked with the changes in South Asian monsoon precipitation. The steady-state solution from a linear model forced with CMIP5 model projected precipitation change over South Asia shows a broad region of descent in the Mediterranean, while the results from CMIP5 projections differ having increased descent mostly in the western sector but also decreased descent in parts of the eastern sector. Local changes in circulation, particularly the meridional wind, promote cold air advection that anchors the descent but the barotropic Rossby wave nature of the wind anomalies consisting of alternating northerlies/southerlies favors alternating descent/ascent locations. In fact, the local mid-tropospheric meridional wind changes have the strongest correlation with the regions where the difference in subsidence is largest. There decreased rainfall is mostly balanced by changes in moisture, omega and in the horizontal advection of moisture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2361–2371
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Sirung is a frequently active volcano located in the remote parts of Western Timor (Indonesia). Sirung has a crater with several hydrothermal features including a crater lake. We present a timeseries of satellite images of the lake and chemical and isotope data from the hyperacid hydrothermal system. The fluids sampled in the crater present the typical features of hyperacidic systems with high TDS, low pH and d34SHSO4 –d34SS0 among the highest for such lakes. The cations concentrations are predominantly controlled by the precipitation of alunite, jarosite, silica phases, native sulfur and pyrite which dominate the shallow portions of the hydrothermal system. These minerals may control shallow sealing processes thought to trigger phreatic eruptions elsewhere. Sparse Mg/Cl and SO4/Cl ratios and lake parameters derived from satellite images suggest gradual increase in heat and gas flux, most likely SO2-rich, prior to the 2012 phreatic eruption. An acidic river was sampled 8 km far from the crater and is genetically linked with the fluids rising toward the active crater. This river would therefore be a relevant target for future remote monitoring purposes. Finally, several wells and springs largely exceeded the World Health Organization toxicity limits in total arsenic and fluoride.
    Description: Published
    Description: 186-199
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Ionospheric scintillation can seriously impair the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver signal tracking performance, thus affecting the required levels of availability, accuracy and integrity of positioning that supports modern day GNSS based applications. We present results from the research work carried out under the Horizon 2020 European Commission (EC) funded Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS) project. The statistical models developed to estimate the standard deviation of the receiver Phase Locked Loop (PLL) tracking jitter on the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency as a function of scintillation levels are presented. The models were developed following the statistical approach of generalized linear modelling on data recorded by networks in operation at high and low latitudes during the years of 2012–2015. The developed models were validated using data from different stations over varying latitudes, which yielded promising results. In the case of mid-latitudes, as the occurrence of strong scintillation is absent, an attempt to develop a dedicated model proved fruitless and, therefore, the models developed for the high and low latitudes were tested for two mid-latitude stations. The developed statistical models can be used to generate receiver tracking jitter maps over a region, providing users with the expected tracking conditions. The approach followed for the development of these models for the GPS L1 frequency can be used as a blueprint for the development of similar models for other GNSS frequencies, which will be the subject of follow on research.
    Description: Published
    Description: A51
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Lava flow modeling is important in many practical applications, such as the simulation of potential hazard scenarios and the planning of risk mitigation measures, as well as in scientific research to improve our understanding of the physical processes governing the dynamics of lava flow emplacement. Existing predictive models of lava flow behavior include various methods and solvers, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Codes differ in their physical implementations, numerical accuracy, and computational efficiency. In order to validate their efficiency and accuracy, several benchmark test cases for computational lava flow modeling have been established. Despite the popularity gained by the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), very few validations against lava flows have been successfully conducted. At the Tecnolab of INGVCatania we designed GPUSPH, an implementation of the weakly-compressible SPH method running fully on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). GPUSPH is a particle engine capable of modeling both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, solving the three-dimensional Navier– Stokes equations, using either a fully explicit integration scheme, or a semi-implicit scheme in the case of highly viscous fluids. Thanks to the full coupling with the thermal equation, and its support for radiation, convection and phase transition, GPUSPH can be used to faithfully simulate lava flows. Here we present the preliminary results obtained with GPUSPH for a benchmark series for computational lava-flow modeling, including analytical, semi-analytical and experimental problems. The results are reported in terms of correctness and performance, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks deriving from the use of SPH to simulate lava flows.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO224
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2020-11-20
    Description: Rhyolite and felsite cuttings were collected at Krafla volcano during the perforation of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project Well 1 (IDDP-1). The perforation was stopped at a depth of 2100m due to intersection with a rhyolite magma that intruded the felsite host rock. Rhyolite cuttings are vitrophiric (glass ~95%, RHL) and exhibit a mineral assemblage made of plagioclase+augite+pigeonite+titanomagnetite. Felsite cuttings display evidences of partial melting, responding to variable degrees of quartz+plagioclase+alkali feldspar+augite+ titanomagnetite dissolution. The interstitial glass analyzed close to (i.e., FLS1) and far from (i.e., FLS2) the reaction surface of pyroxene from felsite cuttings shows continuous changes between the two end-members. FLS1 is compositionally similar to RHL, showing Na2O+K2O+REE depletions, counterbalanced by MgO+CaO enrichments. Conversely, FLS2 exhibits opposite chemical features. REE-exchange thermobarometric calculations reveal that plagioclase and augite cores from rhyolite and felsite formed under identical conditions, along a thermal path of 940–960 °C. However, in terms of major and trace element concentrations, plagioclase and augite crystal cores are not in equilibrium with the rhyolite magma, suggesting the incorporation of these minerals directly from the host felsite. To better understand the petrogenetic relationship between rhyolite and felsite, two sets of crystallization and partial melting experiments have been carried out at P=150 MPa and T=700–950 °C. Rhyolite crystallization experiments (RCE) reproduce the two-pyroxene assemblage of IDDP-1 rhyolite cuttings only at T≤800 °C, when the crystal content (≥19%) is higher than that observed in the natural rhyolite (~5%). Under such conditions, the RCE glass is much more differentiated (i.e., marked CaO depletion and Eu anomaly) than RHL. On the other hand, felsite partial melting (FPM) experiments show interstitial glass with a bimodal composition (i.e., FPM1 and FPM2) comparable to FLS1 (≈RHL) and to FLS2, only at T=950 °C. This effect has been quantified by fractional crystallization and batch melting modeling, denoting that FLS1 (≈RHL) and FLS2 reflect high (≥70%) and low (≤8%) degrees of felsite partialmelting, respectively. In contrast, modeling RHL by crystal fractionation requires the removal of an amount (~22%) of solid material that is inconsistent with the low crystal content of the natural IDDP-1 rhyolite. It is therefore concluded that natural rhyolite and felsite represent, respectively, the near-liquidus and sub-solidus states of a virtually identical silicic magma, either feeding aphyric to subaphiric rhyolitic eruptions, or solidifying at depth as phaneritic quartzofeldspathic rocks. Felsite lenses from the Krafla substrate may explore variable degrees of remelting and remobilization processes. The intrusion into felsite of a fresh silicic magma from depth may lead to low degrees of partial melting, whereas the persistent heat release from intense basaltic intrusive events at Krafla may be the source of high degrees of felsite partial melting and consequent rejuvenation of the previously solidified silicic magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 603-618
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Volcanic activity is often preceded or accompanied by different types of seismo-volcanic signals. Among these signals, the so-called tornillo (Spanish for "screw") events are considered to belong to a unique class of volcano-seismicity characterised by a long-duration coda, amplitude modulation and high-quality factor. These data constitute important evidence for the gas fraction inside magmatic fluids. However, the mechanism behind this unique signal remains not fully understood. Here we report new laboratory evidence showing that two different processes have either scale-invariant or scale-dependent effects in generating tornillo-like events. These processes are respectively the gas pressure gradient, which triggers the event and regulates the slow decaying coda, and the fluid resonance into small scale structures which, in turn, control the frequency content of the signal. Considering that the gas pressure gradient is proportional to the fluid flow, these new findings, as applied to volcanoes, provide new information to better quantify both gas rate and volume, and the dimension of the resonator.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 7338
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Ground deformations are among the main volcanic phenomena occurring within the caldera system and pres- ently recorded at different volcanoes worldwide including the Campi Flegrei active caldera (southern Italy). A new stratigraphic, sedimentological and paleontological survey carried out in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera both along the already known La Starza succession and through a new excavated tunnel provided new insights into the ground movement episodes occurred in the last 15 kyr. This study, which has also benefited of unpublished boreholes stratigraphic data, shows that the most uplifted sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera, presently marked by the morphological structure of the La Starza cliff close to the Pozzuoli coastline, was charac- terized by a complex sedimentary evolution. It results from different phases of alternating marine transgressions and regressions, the latter marked by both continental volcanic and/or palustrine/lacustrine sediments. These al- ternations result from the interplay between (i) subsidence and uplift episodes of the caldera floor and (ii) sea level variations during the Holocene. A rest period of volcanism accompanied by a sea level rise determined a sig- nificant submersion phase in about 3000 years between 8.59 and 5.5 ka. This phase was defined by a sea level with a maximum water depth value of 60–80 m and a late stage recording significant episodes of ground move- ments. Subsequently, between 5.5 and 3.5 ka, a ground uplift of about 100 m occurred, with short subsidence around 4.5 ka following the Plinian Agnano-Monte Spina eruption. The net vertical displacement represents the recorded deformation linked with a volcanism period in which ~2.5 km3 of magma were erupted by different vents within the caldera. It is worth to note as the general trend of ground movement through the time indicates a similarity in the pattern, beyond its scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 143-158
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ground deformation ; Campi Flegrei ; Paleoenvironment ; Coastal marine sediments ; Volcanism ; Unrest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: The succession of the Late Quaternary La Starza terrace, located within the Campi Flegrei caldera, on the Tyrrhenian side of southern Italy, represents a wellknown example of deposition under the combined influence of bathymetric and physico- chemical variations due to volcanic activities. One hundred and seven samples collected in six outcrops and some tunnel excavation fronts, with an age between ~12 and ~4 k.y.a, comprise both barren and fossiliferous sediments. The latter contain siliceous and/or calcareous microfossil remains, including benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages indicative of a marine paleodepth ranging from the upper infralittoral to the upper circalittoral zone, with phases of intense environmental stress typical of a hydrothermal system. A detailed reconstruction of the Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of the succession is presented. The majority of foraminiferal and ostracod species is illustrated and brief taxonomic and ecological notes are given for each of them.
    Description: Published
    Description: 41A
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: The purpose of this work is to study the subsoil structure (from shallow to deep layers) of the Campi Flegrei area using both spectral ratios and array techniques applied to seismic noise. The dataset consists of seismic noise recorded in the underground by the seismic Array “ARF” and the broadband stations of the mobile network. We estimated the dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves propagating through the array by applying the Frequency–Wavenumber (f-k) technique and the MSPAC method. The phase velocity dispersion curve of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves was obtained by plotting the inverse of slowness, as a function of frequency, and selecting the part of the curve bounded by the resolution limits defined through kmin and kmax. For the MSPAC method we divided the array in semi-circular sub arrays called Rings, which radius are defined by the sensor’s spacing, and we calculated the spatial autocorrelation coefficients for all the possible pairs of sensors. Further constrains on the dispersion curves are obtained from the estimate of the phase velocity of transient coherent signals recorded by the array. We used the DINVER computer code to perform a joint inversion of the autocorrelation coefficients, the dispersion curves, the single coherent noise values and the mean HVSR of the mobile network station to obtain a shallow shear wave velocity model for the first 200 m, which is in a good agreement with the stratigraphic information of the wells available in the area. The study of the velocity models is crucial to recognize anomalies due to the presence of fluids connected to the volcanic activity and a high quality characterization of the medium allows us to correctly identify, in the geophysical observables, the contribution of the volcanic source.
    Description: Published
    Description: Naples
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; velocity structure
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: A coupled aerosol‐atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice climate model is used to explore the interaction between aerosols and the Indian summer monsoon precipitation on seasonal‐to‐interannual time scales. Results show that when increased aerosol loading is found on the Himalayas slopes in the premonsoon period (April–May), intensification of early monsoon rainfall over India and increased low‐level westerly flow follow, in agreement with the elevated‐heat‐pump mechanism. The increase in rainfall during the early monsoon season has a cooling effect on the land surface. In the same period, enhanced surface cooling may also be amplified through solar dimming by more cloudiness and aerosol loading, via increased dust transported by low‐level westerly flow. The surface cooling causes subsequent reduction in monsoon rainfall in July–August over India. The time‐lagged nature of the reasonably realistic response of the model to aerosol forcing suggests that absorbing aerosols, besides their potential key roles in impacting monsoon water cycle and climate, may influence the seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8712-8723
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: We present a new surface-atmospheric dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis (JRA-55), referred to here as JRA55-do. The JRA55-do dataset aims to replace the CORE interannual forcing version 2 (hereafter called the CORE dataset), which is currently used in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs) and the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP). A major improvement in JRA55-do is the refined horizontal grid spacing (∼ 55 km) and temporal interval (3 hr). The data production method for JRA55-do essentially follows that of the CORE dataset, whereby the surface fields from an atmospheric reanalysis are adjusted relative to reference datasets. To improve the adjustment method, we use high-quality products derived from satellites and from several other atmospheric reanalysis projects, as well as feedback on the CORE dataset from the ocean modelling community. Notably, the surface air temperature and specific humidity are adjusted using multi-reanalysis ensemble means. In JRA55-do, the downwelling radiative fluxes and precipitation, which are affected by an ambiguous cloud parameterisation employed in the atmospheric model used for the reanalysis, are based on the reanalysis products. This approach represents a notable change from the CORE dataset, which imported independent observational products. Consequently, the JRA55-do dataset is more self-contained than the CORE dataset, and thus can be continually updated in near real-time. The JRA55-do dataset extends from 1958 to the present, with updates expected at least annually. This paper details the adjustments to the original JRA-55 fields, the scientific rationale for these adjustments, and the evaluation of JRA55-do. The adjustments successfully corrected the biases in the original JRA-55 fields. The globally averaged features are similar between the JRA55-do and CORE datasets, implying that JRA55-do can suitably replace the CORE dataset for use in driving global ocean–sea-ice models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-139
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: A GIS-based procedure for mapping pluvial flood risk in urban areas is proposed; risk is expressed through an index calculated as the sum of susceptibility and potential impact, combined in a matrix. The susceptibility is defined as the probability of a flooding to occur, because of the ground morphology and the spatial probability density of historical floodings. The potential impact was evaluated by considering the consequences of damages on human health, environment, cultural heritages and economic activities, and accounts for the potential cost of damage. Both the susceptibility and the potential impact are calculated by elaborations of base-data in GIS environment. Despite many limitations, the methodology furnishes a tool for a preliminary screening of areas potentially subjected to pluvial flood, useful for a municipal scale mapping. It permits comparative analysis for detecting areas higher at risk, helping prioritizing the emergency management and the planning of mitigation actions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-84
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: This paper presents how the magnetosphere-plasmasphere-ionosphere system was affected as a whole during the geomagnetic storm peaking on 27 May 2017. The interplanetary conditions, the magnetospheric response in terms of the magnetopause motion, and the ionospheric current flow pattern were investigated using data, respectively, from the WIND spacecraft, from GOES15, GOES13, THEMIS E, THEMIS D and THEMIS A satellites and from the INTERMAGNET magnetometer array. The main objective of the work is to investigate the plasmaspheric dynamics under disturbed conditions and its possible relation to the ionospheric one; to reach this goal, the equatorial plasma mass densities derived from geomagnetic field line resonance observations at the European quasi-Meridional Magnetometer Array (EMMA) and total electron content values obtained through three GPS receivers close to EMMA were jointly considered. Despite the complexity of physical mechanisms behind them, we found a similarity between the ionospheric and plasmaspheric characteristic recovery times. Specifically, the ionospheric characteristic time turned out to be ~ 1.5 days, ~ 2 days and ~ 3.1 days, respectively, at L ~ 3, L ~ 4 and L ~ 5, while the plasmaspheric one, for similar L values, ranged from ~ 1 day to more than 4 days.
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 77
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: The main aim of this work is to recognize the occurrence of seismic VT activity and its discrimination among other active and persistent natural and/or artificial sources, such as meteo-marine and anthropogenic noise. This task is of interest because it would support the routine practices of the observatories, considering that on the hourly scale events of very small energy are often completely hidden and not even the tedious work of operators can be resolved. To achieve that goal we adopt a robust automatic method, namely the Convolutive Independent Component Analysis (CICA), which in involves higher-order statistics in frequency domain. This technique is successful in seismological framework in the case of seismic signals, which can be considered as the convolution of time delayed source signals. In this work, we focus on Volcano Tectonic (VT) activity at Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) during the 2006 ground uplift. The activity is characterized approximately by 300 low-magnitude (Md 〈 2; for the definition of duration magnitude, see Petrosino et al., [2008]) VT earthquakes. Most of them were concentrated in distinct seismic sequences with hypocentres mainly clustered beneath the Solfatara-Accademia area, at depths ranging between 1 and 4 km b.s.l.. CICA is fruitfully applied to massive data on hourly scale obtaining a separation among different independent sources. Specifically, the identification of meteo-marine (〈 1 Hz), anthropogenic noise (mainly affecting [8-14] Hz frequency range), and hydrothermal tremor (at about 0.8 Hz) is achieved in absence of VT activity, defining the background level. Variations of that underlying condition appear in approaching to the period of intense low-energy VT activity. Namely, a further component in 13-15 Hz compatible with the typical corner frequency of VTs is extracted. We propose a coarse-grained procedure directly applied to massive data separated through CICA, which would provide fast alert on the occurrence of even very-small VTs representing a suitable “observable” to monitor in the observatory practice.
    Description: Published
    Description: Naples
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; ICA
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: Small landslides to large debris flows and debris avalanches affected the Neapolitan territory surrounding the active volcanoes of the area: Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia. Their variable intensity explosive eruptions produced significant quantities of loose pyroclastic material on the slopes of the volcanoes and of the surrounding reliefs. Remobilization processes of this material occurred during and soon after large explosive eruptions, although their intensity and frequency decreased during inter-eruptive periods. The intensity of these processes varies with the different eruptions and is strongly dependent on availability of fine ash in proximal and distal areas. The areas involved varies from hundreds to millions square meters. The syn-eruptive debris flows of the Vesuvius 472 AD eruption are described in detail. Huge ground uplift of the central part of the Ischia resurgent caldera generated debris/rock avalanches, which likely caused tsunamis. Archaeological sites affected by syn-eruptive debris flows have been selected to show the effects of their deposition. Hydraulic risk and risk mitigation actions, emergency management and preparedness measures will be discussed in one of the areas mostly affected by recent debris flows. At Ischia the characteristics of debris/rock avalanches and lahars related to the resurgence and to the reactivation of volcanism will be discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-53
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanism ; landslides ; debris flows ; debris avalanches ; hydraulic risk ; risk mitigation ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: In the years between 2010 and 2015 in the Apennines-Calabrian arc boundary, in the Pollino massif, a long seismic sequence took place. The area is subject to Northeast- Southwest extension, which results in a complex system of normal faults striking Northwest-Southeast, nearly parallel to the Apenninic mountain range. The seismic sequence includes more than 6000 earthquakes in the Pollino region, the maximum magnitude recorded is Ml=5.0 and it happened in October 25th 2012 after about two years of ongoing activity; the peculiar temporal evolution of the seismic sequence allows us to catalogue it as a swarm. Here we describe the main seismological characteristics of this seismic sequence and characterise the fracture field of the region. We analyse thousands of seismograms, deriving accurate locations crust velocity model and anisotropic parameters in the crust. These parameters yield clues and insights that may help understanding the physical mechanisms behind the seismic swarm. Since the late 60s-early 70s era seismologists started developing theories that included variations of the elastic properties of the Earth crust and the state of stress and its evolution prior to the occurrence of a large earthquake. Among the others the theory of the dilatancy: when a rock is subject to stress, the rock grains are shifted generating microcracks, thus the rock itself increases its volume. Inside the fractured rock, fluid saturation and pore pressure play an important role in earthquake nucleation, by modulating the effective stress. Thus, measuring the variations of wave speed and of anisotropic parameter in time can be highly informative on how the stress leading to a major fault failure builds up. We systematically look at seismic-wave propagation properties to possibly reveal short-term variations in the elastic properties of the Earth crust. In active fault areas, tectonic stress variation influences fracture field orientation and fluid migration processes, whose evolution over time can be monitored through the measurement of the anisotropic parameters. We analysed waveforms recorded at permanent and temporary stations hold by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104° Congresso Nazionale della Società Italiana di Fisica - Università della Calabria - dal 17 al 21 settembre 2018
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: Pollino ; seismic sequence ; swarm ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: The study of the dynamic properties of small-scale magnetic fields in the solar photosphere (magnetic elements, MEs) provides a fundamental tool to investigate some still unknown aspects of turbulent convection, and gain information on the spatial and temporal scales of evolution of the magnetic field in the quiet Sun. We track the MEs in a set of magnetogram long-time series acquired by the Hinode mission, and take advantage of a method based on entropy (the diffusion entropy analysis, DEA) to detect their dynamic regime, under the assumption that MEs are passively transported by the photospheric plasma flow. DEA has been proven to perform better than other standard techniques, and for the first time it is successfully used to provide the scaling properties of the displacement of MEs in the quiet Sun. The main results of this work, which represents an extension of the analysis presented in previous literature, can be summarized as two points: (i) MEs in the quiet Sun undergo a common dynamic turbulent regime independent of the local environment; (ii) the displacement of MEs exhibits a complex transport dynamics that is consistent with a Lévy walk.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 33
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: Volatile elements play an important role in many aspects of the physicochemical architecture of sub-volcanic plumbing systems, from the liquid line of descent to the dynamics of magma storage and eruption. However, it remains difficult to constrain the behaviour of magmatic volatiles on short timescales before eruption using established petrological techniques (e.g. melt inclusions); specifically, in the final days to months of magma storage. This study presents a detailed model of pre-eruptive volatile behaviour in the Campi Flegrei system (Italy), through combined analyses of apatite crystals and glass. The deposits of eight eruptions were examined, covering the full spectrum of melt compositions, eruptive styles and periods of activity at Campi Flegrei in the past 15 kyr. Measured apatite compositions are compared with thermodynamic models that predict the evolution of the crystal compositions during different fractional crystallization scenarios, including (1) volatile-undersaturated conditions, (2) H2O-saturated conditions and (3) varying P–T conditions. The compositions of clinopyroxene-hosted and biotite-hosted apatite inclusions are consistent with crystallization under volatile-undersaturated conditions that persisted until late in magmatic evolution. Apatite microphenocrysts show significantly more compositional diversity, interpreted to reflect a mixed cargo of crystals derived from volatile-undersaturated melts at depth and melts that have undergone cooling and degassing in discrete shallow-crustal magma bodies. Apatite microphenocrysts from lavas show some re-equilibration during cooling at the surface. Clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions within the samples typically contain 2–4 wt % H2O, indicating that they have been reset during temporary magma storage at 1–3km depth, similar to the depth of sill emplacement during recent seismic crises at Campi Flegrei. Comparable apatite compositional trends are identified in each explosive eruption analysed, regardless of volume, composition or eruption timing. However, apatites from the different epochs of activity appear to indicate subtle changes in the H2O content of the parental melt feeding the Campi Flegrei system over time. This study demonstrates the potential utility of integrated apatite and glass analysis for investigating pre-eruptive volatile behaviour in apatite-bearing magmas
    Description: Published
    Description: 2463-2491
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: We present the first high-quality catalog of early aftershocks of the three mainshocks of the 2016 central Italy Amatrice-Visso-Norcia normal faulting sequence. We located 10,574 manually picked aftershocks with a robust probabilistic, non-linear method achieving a significant improvement in the solution accuracy and magnitude completeness with respect to previous studies. Aftershock distribution and relocated mainshocks give insight into the complex architecture of major causative and subsidiary faults, thus providing crucial constraints on multi-segment rupture models. We document reactivation and kinematic inversion of a WNW-dipping listric structure, referable to the inherited Mts Sibillini Thrust (MST) that controlled segmentation of the causative normal faults. Spatial partitioning of aftershocks evidences that the MST lateral ramp had a dual control on rupture propagation, behaving as a barrier for the Amatrice and Visso mainshocks, and later as an asperity for the Norcia mainshock. We hypothesize that the Visso mainshock re-activated also the deep part of an optimally oriented preexisting thrust. Aftershock patterns reveal that the Amatrice Mw5.4 aftershock and the Norcia mainshock ruptured two distinct antithetic faults 3-4 km apart. Therefore, our results suggest to consider both the MST cross structure and the subsidiary antithetic fault in the finite-fault source modelling of the Norcia earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6921
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 2016 Amatrice-Visso-Norcia seismic sequence (central Italy) ; high-quality catalog of early Aftershocks ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils and plants) was carried out at Lakki Plain, an intra-caldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus Creticus and Salvifolius and Erica Arborea and Manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 µg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil-pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (〈0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 4783514
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fumarolic mercury ; Atmospheric mercury ; Soil mercury ; Plant mercury ; Mercury output ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
    Description: A systematic inspection of the magnetic field and electron density, recorded by Swarm three-satellite constellation over the seismic region hit by the 2016-2017 Amatrice-Norcia (Central Italy) seismic sequence, has allowed us to identify some possible precursory anomalies, when disturbed periods of the geomagnetic conditions are properly taken into account and/or avoided. This paper aims at studying and interpreting the electromagnetic phenomena that have occurred before and during the 2016-2017 Amatrice-Norcia (Central Italy) seismic sequence, in order to look for any possible evidence of precursory anomalies. Results show magnetic field and electron density anomalies of four tracks that precede the major earthquakes of the seismic sequence. After an inspection of the geomagnetic conditions, a Swarm Charlie track, acquired on 20/08/2016 that precedes by 3.2 days the beginning of the whole seismic sequence, remains unexplainable with the normal geomagnetic disturbance phenomena of the Earth's magnetic field. Furthermore, we made carry out a blind study of possible relationship between abnormal magnetic field signals detected by Swarm satellites during geomagnetic quiet conditions and major seismic events from about 4 months before the start of the seismic sequence until about the first 8 months from the seismic sequence (i.e. a total of one year of analysed data). We found find a very interesting increase of such anomalies starting about 40 days before the beginning of the seismic sequence. It coincides and follows surface and atmospheric alterations, resulting in a temporal sequence of anomalies from Earth’s surface up to ionosphere, supporting the possibility of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 305–319
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial-interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 256–260
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: paleoclimate Mediterranean Pleistocene ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2021-03-10
    Description: The seismic to geodetic moment ratio (Mo/MG) related to seven magma intrusion episodes, occurring at Mt. Etna volcano between 1981 and 2008, are considered. The lateral eruptions show a moment ratio of 0.04–0.06; meaning that only about 5% of the stress energy accumulated with ground deformation was released by earthquakes. Significantly higher values instead characterized vertical (0.25–0.50) and non-eruptive (0.17) dike intrusions. This paper proposes a simple relationship, in order to estimate, during the early phases of an eruption, the intruding magma volumes by the cumulative seismic moment (of the ongoing seismicity) and elapsed time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-6
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2021-03-05
    Description: The Nirano mud volcano is located in the western sector of the Modena Apennine margin (Italy). It represents one of the most spectacular phenomena of sedimentary volcanism in the entire Italian territory and is among the largest in Europe. Here numerous aligned gryphon clusters and seeping pools constantly burst gas and mud inside a morphological depression. Besides the obvious surface expressions of these emission spots, until now the type and amount of gas released in the rest of the large Nirano caldera zone remained unknown. An extensive geochemical soil gas survey (O2, N2, CO2, CH4, 222Rn, He, H2, and light hydrocarbons) and exhalation fluxes (CO2 and CH4), was carried out inside the mud volcano field with the aim of identifying soil degassing distribution, and to estimate the micro- and macro-seepage budget for both CO2 and CH4. Soil gas data highlight the presence of two zones characterized by high concentrations and flux values. These enhanced seepage zones are located in the SW and NE sectors of the mud volcano suggesting that the enhanced gas emissions present in the peripheral zones, are controlled by caldera collapse structures. The most significant CO2 flux (up to 91 g m-2 d-1) and 222Rn anomalies are located in the central part of the crater in correspondence of a morphological escarpment. Here we infer the presence of a buried tectonic system of collapsed terraces that facilitate fluids degassing. In contrast, CH4 fluxes show a scattered distribution and low values (mean 221 mg m-2 d-1). Overall the CH4 degassing budget is low (27.09 t km-2 y-1) when compared with other Italian mud volcanoes. This could be related to a relative low emission activity during the period of the geochemical survey and to a more homogeneous dilution of surface distribution of the emission point-s. Chemical and isotopical composition of the gas discharged from the active gryphons is methane-dominated and the thermogenic signature (ranging from -41 to -47‰) suggests a deep reservoir source. This conclusion is supported by noble-gas measurements (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) conducted in the pore water phase of the emitted mud, indicating a secondary gas exchange occurring at a depth of a few kilometers. The geochemical anomalies found in this study, successfully predicted the occurrence of new degassing phenomena towards the NE sector of the caldera. Indeed recently (i.e. after the survey data acquisition) new manifestations of mud and gas emissions appeared in the north-eastern edge of the caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-87
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: Volcanoes are usually monitored through observations of many physical and chemical phenomena. In the most dangerous cases, as the one of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), great amount of data are collected, both in discrete or continuously, and regularly stored. However, how to transform such mass of data in a deeper understanding of the volcano dynamics is still an open question. Dissimilar information are in fact always hard to compare, but just integrating all the available knowledge hazardous events could be prevented in a reliable way. Fluids, as water and gasses mobilized in the subsoil by the heat induced by deep magmatic sources, are widely recognized as the first engine of similar occurrences and the volcanic gas emissions represent, together with the seismic activity, one of the most considered precursors. At the same time, the electrical geophysical methods are the most applied in order to detect and characterize the fluid patterns in the subsoil. So, the integration of geoelectrical and geochemical observations should represent one of the most pursued approach in volcanoes monitoring. On the contrary, standard way to compare such data has been not yet codified. The ERT tomograms capability to individuate that parts of the subsoil where gasses cumulate is well understood in literature. However, we look for indications about its proficiency in associating the electrical resistivity changes relative to these zones, once compared to the geochemical time series, to deep related contributes, distinguishing them from the seasonal ones. The electrical signature of the fluid patterns, reconstructed through a time-lapse ERT approach, could be of relevance to better characterize the volcanic phenomena and their origins. In this paper a first test of ERT and geochemical time series integration was performed to enhance the understanding of the Pisciarelli fumarolic field evolution, now the most active area in the whole Campi Flegrei caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: 32-42
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: MarsiteCruise was undertaken in October/November 2014 in the Sea of Marmara to gain detailed insight into the fate of fluids migrating within the sedimentary column and partially released into the water column. The overall objective of the project was to achieve a more global understanding of cold-seep dynamics in the context of a major active strike-slip fault. Five remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives were performed at selected areas along the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults. To efficiently detect, select and sample the gas seeps, we applied an original procedure. It combines sequentially (1) the acquisition of ship-borne multibeam acoustic data from the water column prior to each dive to detect gas emission sites and to design the tracks of the ROV dives, (2) in situ and real-time Raman spectroscopy analysis of the gas stream, and (3) onboard determination of molecular and isotopic compositions of the collected gas bubbles. The in situ Raman spectroscopy was used as a decision-making tool to evaluate the need for continuing with the sampling of gases from the discovered seep, or to move to another one. Push cores were gathered to study buried carbonates and pore waters at the surficial sediment, while CTD-Rosette allowed collecting samples to measure dissolved-methane concentration within the water column followed by a comparison with measurements from samples collected with the submersible Nautile during the Marnaut cruise in 2007. Overall, the visited sites were characterized by a wide diversity of seeps. CO2- and oil-rich seeps were found at the westernmost part of the sea in the Tekirdag Basin, while amphipods, anemones and coral populated the sites visited at the easternmost part in the Cinarcik Basin. Methane-derived authigenic carbonates and bacterial mats were widespread on the seafloor at all sites with variable size and distributions. The measured methane concentrations in the water column were up to 377 μmol, and the dissolved pore-water profiles indicated the occurrence of sulfate depleting processes accompanied with carbonate precipitation. The pore-water profiles display evidence of biogeochemical transformations leading to the fast depletion of seawater sulfate within the first 25-cm depth of the sediment. These results show that the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults are important migration paths for fluids for which a significant part is discharged into the water column, contributing to the increase of methane concentration at the bottom seawater and favoring the development of specific ecosystems
    Description: Published
    Description: 36-47
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: The availability of high‐quality waveforms recorded in epicentral areas of moderate‐to‐strong earthquakes is a key factor for investigating ground‐motion characteristics close to the seismic source. In this study, near‐source strong‐motion waveforms (named NESS1) were collected from worldwide public archives with the aim of building a flat file of high‐quality metadata and intensity measures (IMs) of engineering interest. Particular attention was paid to the retrieval of reliable information about event sources, such as geometries and rupture mechanisms that are necessary to model near‐source effects for engineering seismology and earthquake engineering applications. The accelerometric records are manually and uniformly processed, and the associated information is fully traceable. NESS1 consists of about 800 three‐component waveforms relative to 700 accelerometric stations, caused by 74 events with moment magnitude larger than 5.5 and hypocentral depth shallower than 40 km, with Joyner–Boore distance up to 140 km. Ground‐motion data were selected to have a maximum source‐to‐site distance within one fault length, defined through seismological scaling relations. About 40 records exhibit peak acceleration or peak velocity exceeding 1g or 120cm/s ⁠, and they represent some of the largest ground motion ever recorded. Evidence of near‐source effects was recognized in the NESS1 dataset, such as velocity pulses, large vertical ground motions, directional and hanging‐wall amplifications and fling step. In particular, around 30% of the records was found to exhibit pulse‐like characteristics that are possibly due to forward rupture directivity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2299-2313
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2021-03-04
    Description: Kamarina, located in southern Sicily (Italy), was an important Greek colony since its foundation in the sixth century BC. Archaeological excavations, carried out since the twentieth century, uncovered only limited portions of the site so far. Despite the importance of the Greek colony, the presence of remarkable buildings that archaeologists expected to bring to light has not found fully correspondence in the archaeological excavations. Consequently, the integrated geophysical prospection carried out in the study area is aimed to support and address the future archaeological investigations. After the photographic and thermographic survey obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle, we performed a systematic survey through ground magnetic and GPR methods over an area of 6200 m2. The acquisition procedures have been optimized in order to get the best results combining high resolution and elevated speed of acquisition. The results derived from the three geophysical techniques have been conveniently combined by means of a cluster analysis, allowing us to clearly identify a series of buried archaeological features. Because of their geometrical characteristics, often in good agreement with the spatial arrangement of the archaeological remains at the surface, these buried archaeological features can be interpreted as roads, walls, or buildings foundations in which the various construction phases of the city can be clearly recognized. The integrated approach has proven to be essential for a robust interpretation of the archaeogeophysical investigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1181–1200
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2021-03-11
    Description: The seismicity of Stromboli comprises explosion-quakes, volcanic tremor and volcano-tectonic (VT) events. We applied the double-difference approach of Waldhauser and Ellsworth (2000) on 42 VT events recorded during 2005–2016 in order to improve their standard locations. This approach has allowed to cluster hypocentres in two seismogenic sectors (G1 and G2), respectively, located inside and south of Stromboli at depths of 3.5–6 and 10–12 km. The seismicity belonging to G1 is located between the deep and intermediate magma storages of Stromboli and seems to precede the 2007 and 2014 effusive eruptions. This suggests that faulting episodes occur as a response to local stress linked to the pressurization of the magmatic system caused by magma ascent.
    Description: 1-6
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2021-03-04
    Description: Since 2016, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) has produced and disseminated an ensemble of four global ocean reanalyses produced at eddy-permitting resolution for the period from 1993 to present, called GREP (Global ocean Reanalysis Ensemble Product). This dataset offers the possibility to investigate the potential benefits of a multi-system approach for ocean reanalyses, since the four reanalyses span by construction the same spatial and temporal scales. In particular, our investigations focus on the added value of the information on the ensemble spread, implicitly contained in the GREP ensemble, for temperature, salinity, and steric sea level studies. It is shown that in spite of the small ensemble size, the spread is capable of estimating the flow-dependent uncertainty in the ensemble mean, although proper re-scaling is needed to achieve reliability. The GREP members also exhibit larger consistency (smaller spread) than their predecessors, suggesting advancement with time of the reanalysis vintage. The uncertainty information is crucial for monitoring the climate of the ocean, even at regional level, as GREP shows consistency with CMEMS high-resolution regional products and complement the regional estimates with uncertainty estimates. Further applications of the spread include the monitoring of the impact of changes in ocean observing networks; the use of multi-model ensemble anomalies in hybrid ensemble-variational retrospective analysis systems, which outperform static covariances and represent a promising application of GREP. Overall, the spread information of the GREP product is found to significantly contribute to the crucial requirement of uncertainty estimates for climatic datasets.
    Description: Data from the reanalyses presented in this work are available from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS, http://marine.copernicus.eu/). Part of this work was supported by the EOS COST Action (“Evaluation of Ocean Synthesis”, http://eos-cost.eu/) through its Short Term Scientific Missions program. The full C-GLORS dataset is available at http://c-glors.cmcc.it. This work has received funding from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS).
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-312
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Even modest ash-rich volcanic eruptions can severely impact a range of human activities, especially air travel. The dispersal of ash in these eruptions depends critically on aggregation and sedimentation processes - however these are difficult to quantify in volcanic plumes. Here, we image ash dynamics from mild explosive activity at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, by measuring the depolarisation of scattered sunlight by non-spherical ash particles, allowing the dynamics of diffuse ash plumes to be investigated with high temporal resolution (〉1 Hz). We measure the ash settling velocity downwind from the main plume, and compare it directly with ground sampled ash particles, finding good agreement with a sedimentation model based on particle size. Our new, cost-effective technique leverages existing technology, opening a new frontier of integrated ash visualisation and ground collection studies which could test models of ash coagulation and sedimentation, leading to improved ash dispersion forecasts. This will provide risk managers with improved data quality on ash location, reducing the economic and societal impacts of future ash-rich eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15680
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: The assessment of satellite image classifications is usually carried out using a test sample assumed as the ground truth, from which a confusion matrix is derived. There are cases where the reference data, even those coming from a ground survey, are affected by errors and do not represent a reliable truth. In the field of geophysical parameter retrieval, the triple collocation (TC) technique is applied for validating remotely sensed products when the source of test data (e.g., ground data) does not represent a reliable reference. TC is able to retrieve the error variances of three systems observing the same target parameter, assuming that their errors are independent. In this paper, we exploit the same idea to test the classification accuracy in cases where the ground truth is not available. We extend the TC approach to the classification problem for a general number of classes, but we solve it numerically for a two-class problem (i.e., collapsed and noncollapsed buildings). The specific case refers to the detection of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake damage from very high-resolution optical data. The image classification, performed by exploiting an object-based analysis, is compared with those from two different ground surveys carried out after the earthquake by different teams and with different purposes. This paper demonstrates the power of the TC approach for assessing the classification accuracy with no reliable ground truth available, and provides an insight into the problem of assessing damage, from satellite and on ground, in a very critical and unsafe situation, like the one occurring after an earthquake. Moreover, it was found that the remotely sensed product can have an order of accuracy comparable to that of at least one of the ground surveys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 485-496
    Description: 1VV. Altro
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Recent studies have focused on the capability of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) instruments to detect volcanic plumes by means of either variation in signal-to-noise ratio or products from positioning processing. These new approaches can be extremely useful for volcanoes worldwide, which may not have advanced monitoring systems or during bad weather conditions when other techniques may fail. In this letter, we show how the GNSS stations can provide a new tool to locate the volcanic crater during highly explosive events. The proposed method has been tested on the lava fountains at Mt. Etna (Italy) that has characterized most of the eruptive activity from different craters since 2011. Our results confirm that not only there are evidences of detectable interaction between volcanic plumes and GNSS data but also, for the first time on a large data set, we are able to discriminate the erupting crater with great precision.
    Description: Published
    Description: 697-701
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: Mixed‐mode fluid‐filled cracks represent a common means of fluid transport within the Earth's crust. They often show complex propagation paths which may be due to interaction with crustal heterogeneities or heterogeneous crustal stress. Previous experimental and numerical studies focus on the interplay between fluid over-pressure and external stress but neglect the effect of other crack parameters. In this study, we address the role of crack length on the propagation paths in the presence of an external heterogeneous stress field. We make use of numerical simulations of magmatic dike and hydrofracture propagation, carried out using a two‐dimensional boundary element model, and analogue experiments of air‐filled crack propagation into a transparent gelatin block. We use a 3‐D finite element model to compute the stress field acting within the gelatin block and perform a quantitative comparison between 2‐D numerical simulations and experiments. We show that, given the same ratio between external stress and fluid pressure, longer fluid‐filled cracks are less sensitive to the background stress, and we quantify this effect on fluid‐filled crack paths. Combining the magnitude of the external stress, the fluid pressure, and the crack length, we define a new parameter, which characterizes two end member scenarios for the propagation path of a fluid‐filled fracture. Our results have important implications for volcanological studies which aim to address the problem of complex trajectories of magmatic dikes (i.e., to forecast scenarios of new vents opening at volcanoes) but also have implications for studies that address the growth and propagation of natural and induced hydrofractures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2064–2081
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magmatic dykes ; hydrofractures ; Numerical symulations ; Analogue experiments ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: Airborne gravimetry is an important method for measuring gravity over large un- surveyed areas. This technology has been widely applied in Canada, Antarctica and Greenland to map the gravity fields of these regions and in recent years, in the oil industry. In 2005, two tests in the Italian area were performed by ENI in cooperation with the Politecnico di Milano and the Danish National Space Center. To the knowl- edge of the authors, these were the first experiments of this kind in Italy and were performed over the Ionian coasts of Calabria and the Maiella Mountains. The Cal- abria test field is characterized by strong gravity variations due to the geophysical and topographic structure of the area. The ground gravity coverage is also quite dense. It was thus possible to compare airborne gravity with the ground observed values in order to check the precision of the airborne gravimetry. The second campaign was performed in an unsurveyed area centred on the Maiella Mountains, thus filling the data gap of this zone. Comparisons with existing ground data were also carried out in this area. After smoothing, the collected data have an accuracy of 2–3 mgal, as derived by cross-over analysis. Moreover, the collocation method applied to compare and merge ground-based and airborne data proved to be efficient and reliable. The standard de- viation of the discrepancies between airborne data and collocation upward continued gravity is, in both cases, less than 8 mgal. In the Maiella test, the gravity field obtained by merging airborne and ground data using collocation also provides a more detailed description of the high-frequency pattern of the geopotential field in this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 625–632
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2021-05-25
    Description: The complex processes occurring in the initial phases of an eruption are often recorded in the products of its opening stage,which are usually characterized by small volume and limited dispersal, and thus generally poorly studied. The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) represents a unique opportunity for these investigations thanks to the good preservation of tephra deposits within the ice/snow pack. A detailed geochemical investigation on the glassy groundmass of single ash clasts disclosed a population of fragmentswith unusual high 87Sr/86Sr (up to 0.70668) for Icelandic magmatism, and anomalous elemental composition with respect to most of the juvenile material of the eruption. This suggests that during its rise, before intruding into the ice cover, magma at a dyke tip selectively assimilated hydrothermal minerals with seawater-related, high-Sr isotopic ratios (zeolites, silica phases, anhydrite) hosted in altered volcanic/epiclastic rocks. According to the observed precursory seismicity, only restricted to few hours before the onset of the eruption, this process could have accompanied subcritical aseismic fracture opening during the days before the eruption, possibly related to stress corrosion-cracking processes, which enhanced the partial dissolution/melting and subsequent selective assimilation of the host rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 449-458
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2021-05-25
    Description: On active volcanoes, ambient noise-based seismic interferometry can be a very useful monitoring tool as it allows to detect very slight variations in seismic velocity associated with magma transport towards the surface. In this work, we performed the autocorrelation of ambient seismic noise recorded at Mt. Etna volcano, by three stations located close to the active summit craters, during April 2013 - October 2014. Such an interval was chosen because of the number and variety of eruptions. In place of the classical cross-correlation, we implemented the phase cross-correlation of each component with itself, which does not require normalization of the signals. The detected seismic velocity variations were very consistent for all three stations throughout the study period, mainly ranging between 0.3 and -0.2%, and were time-related to both sequences of paroxysmal eruptions and more effusive activities. In particular, we observed seismic velocity decreases accompanying paroxysmal eruptions, suggesting an intense pressurization within the plumbing system, which created an area of extensional strain with crack openings. It is worth noting that classical cross-station approach failed to detect seismic velocity changes related to volcano activity. In addition, seismic velocity variations over time were integrated with ground deformation data recorded by GPS stations and volcanic tremor centroid locations. Finally, we showed that, although the investigated frequency band (1-2 Hz) contains most of the volcanic tremor energy, our results did not indicate a particular contamination of seismic velocity variation measurements by variations of tremor sources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcano monitoring, ambient seimic noise, autocorrelation, Mt. Etna volcano, seismic noise interferometry, volcanic tremor, seismic velocity variation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We report the results of a multidisciplinary investigation performed across the normal Quaternary faults that ruptured the surface during the August 24 (Mw 6.0) and October 30 (Mw 6.5), 2016 strong earthquakes in the Mt. Vettore-Mt. Bove areas, central Italy. Our aim is to test the effectiveness of the contribution of a multi-scale gravimetric analysis in characterizing seismogenic faults’ geometry at hypocentral depths on well-known outcropping faulty systems with known earthquake distribution. We adopted a multi-scale geophysical/geological approach consisting in the comparison of gravity lineaments inferred by Multiscale Derivative Analysis with the Quaternary structural setting mapped in the study area, the primary coseismic surface ruptures of the 2016-2017 sequence and the earthquakes’ epicentral distribution. Moreover, we performed a combined interpretation of 2D hypocentral sections of the 2016-2017 seismic sequences with images resulting from the Depth from Extreme Points method, to infer the faults’ geometry at depth. Based on our results, the investigated NW-SE Mt. Vettore-Mt. Bove fault system is dipping 60°-70° westward. We also detected the splays of this primary fault and its blind antithetic NW-SE structure, dipping northeastward. In the Norcia basin we highlight two main faults bordering the basin with a dip of about 45°. The one edging the eastern side dips westward, whereas the fault edging the western side dips eastward. Thanks to our analysis we could identify and characterize the geometry of the Norcia and Vettore master faults, as well as other blind/buried and/or silent faults that are related to the 2016 seismogenic structure. Our results show the effectiveness of this approach in potentially high-hazard areas that are structurally poorly known.
    Description: Published
    Description: DA558
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: Results from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements and shallow ice cores carried out during a scientific traverse between Dome Concordia (DC) and Vostok stations are presented in order to infer both spatial and temporal characteristics of snow accumulation over the East Antarctic Plateau. Spatially continuous accumulation rates along the traverse are computed from the identification of three equally spaced radar reflections spanning about the last 600 years. Accurate dating of these internal reflection horizons (IRHs) is obtained from a depth–age relationship derived from volcanic horizons and bomb testing fallouts on a DC ice core and shows a very good consistency when tested against extra ice cores drilled along the radar profile. Accumulation rates are then inferred by accounting for density profiles down to each IRH. For the latter purpose, a careful error analysis showed that using a single and more accurate density profile along a DC core provided more reliable results than trying to include the potential spatial variability in density from extra (but less accurate) ice cores distributed along the profile. The most striking feature is an accumulation pattern that remains constant through time with persistent gradients such as a marked decrease from 26mmw.e. yr-1 at DC to 20mmw.e. yr-1 at the south-west end of the profile over the last 234 years on average (with a similar decrease from 25 to 19mmw.e. yr-1 over the last 592 years). As for the time dependency, despite an overall consistency with similar measurements carried out along the main East Antarctic divides, interpreting possible trends remains difficult. Indeed, error bars in our measurements are still too large to unambiguously infer an apparent time increase in accumulation rate. For the proposed absolute values, maximum margins of error are in the range 4mmw.e. yr-1 (last 234 years) to 2mmw.e. yr-1 (last 592 years), a decrease with depth mainly resulting from the time-averaging when computing accumulation rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1831–1850
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Despite the growing spatio‐temporal density of geophysical observations at subduction zones, predicting the timing and size of future earthquakes remains a challenge. Here, we simulate multiple seismic cycles in a laboratory‐scale subduction zone. The model creates both partial and full margin ruptures, simulating magnitude Mw 6.2‐8.3 earthquakes with a coefficient of variation in recurrence intervals of 0.5, similar to real subduction zones. We show that the common procedure of estimating the next earthquake size from slip‐deficit is unreliable. On the contrary, Machine Learning predicts well the timing and size of laboratory earthquakes by reconstructing and properly interpreting the spatio‐temporally complex loading history of the system. These results promise substantial progress in real earthquake forecasting, as they suggest that the complex motion recorded by geodesists at subduction zones might be diagnostic of earthquake imminence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1303-1311
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2020-09-15
    Description: Determining the volume of the various types of products of a highly frequent active volcano can be very difficult, especially if most of them are deposited on a growing volcanic cone. The New South-East Crater (NSEC) of Mt Etna, Italy, may be considered one of the best case studies because of tens of paroxysmal episodes which it produced in the last few years. On 25-26 October 2013, a lava fountain at the NSEC produced magma jets up to 500 m high, a maximum similar to 8 km high column, a multilobate lava flow field 1.3-1.5 km long, and almost 30 m of growth in height of the NSEC cone. Mapping of explosive and effusive deposits allowed us to calculate the total volume of erupted products, including lava flows, proximal, and distal tephra fallout, and the amount of coarse pyroclastics on the cone. The estimation of the latter products was also confirmed subtracting digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained at different stages of the NSEC growth. Results show that the volume of tephra fallout away from the cone was only 〈5 % of the total erupted magma, while the total volume of pyroclasts (distal plus proximal fallout) was about a third of the lava volume. Our analysis suggests that, at least for the studied event, three fourth of the involved magma was already partially degassed and thus emitted as lava flows. Hence, the main distinctive character of lava fountains at Etna, i.e., formation of eruption column and propagation of tephra-laden volcanic plumes to tens of km away from the volcano, would not contribute significantly to the final budget of erupted magma of the 25-26 October 2013 eruption. We therefore propose that the same magma dynamics, i.e., similar magma distribution, probably occur also during most of the common lava fountain episodes. Finally, we infer that quantifying the magma budget from lava and tephra volumes erupted during the 25-26 October lava fountain can give new insights into the mechanisms driving the eruptive behavior of Etna during paroxysmal activity from the summit craters, and provide useful indications also in terms of volcanic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 116
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: The newly launched imaging spectrometer TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite provides atmospheric column measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other gases with a pixel resolution of 3.5 × 7 km2. This permits mapping emission plumes from a vast number of natural and anthropogenic emitters with unprecedented sensitivity, revealing sources which were previously undetectable from space. Novel analysis using back-trajectory modelling of satellite-based SO2 columns allows calculation of SO2 flux time series, which would be of great utility and scientific interest if applied globally. Volcanic SO2 emission time series reflect magma dynamics and are used for risk assessment and calculation of the global volcanic CO2 gas flux. TROPOMI data make this flux time series reconstruction approach possible with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, but these new data must be tested and validated against ground-based observations. Mt. Etna (Italy) emits SO2 with fluxes ranging typically between 500 and 5000 t/day, measured automatically by the largest network of scanning UV spectrometers in the world, providing the ideal test-bed for this validation. A comparison of three SO2 flux datasets, TROPOMI (one month), ground-network (one month), and ground-traverse (two days) shows acceptable to excellent agreement for most days. The result demonstrates that reliable, nearly real-time, high temporal resolution SO2 flux time series from TROPOMI measurements are possible for Etna and, by extension, other volcanic and anthropogenic sources globally. This suggests that global automated real-time measurements of large numbers of degassing volcanoes world-wide are now possible, revolutionizing the quantity and quality of magmatic degassing data available and insights into volcanic processes to the volcanological community.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 957
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2020-10-22
    Description: The storage concession "Minerbio Stoccaggio" (Bologna, Northern Italy) covers a 69 km 2 area, 65% of hich is located in the Minerbio municipality. Since 1979, a microseismic network for the monitoring of seismicity, eventually induced by gas storage activities, has been installed in this area. The network was operated by Stogit S.p.A, a subsidiary company of Snam, which is the largest storage operator in Italy. In 2016, the microseismic network, consisting of three surface stations and one 100-m-deep borehole sensor with minimum interstation distances of about 3.0 km, was integrated with 12 regional stations installed in an 80 × 80 km 2 area centered on the surface projection of the reservoir. In 2018, the microseismic network was enhanced by adding one surface and three 150-m-deep borehole stations. In this work, we evaluate the detection improvement of the microseismic network, integrated with the regional stations. We define two crustal volumes for earthquake detection: the inner domain of detection, IDD (10 × 10 × 5) km 3 , within which we should ensure the highest network performance, and the extended domain of detection, EDD (22 × 22 × 11) km 3 . By comparing the simulated power spectral density of hypothetical seismic sources located in EDD with the average power spectra of ambient seismic noise observed at each station site, we calculate detection and localization thresholds for the two above-mentioned networks. Under unfavourable noise conditions, we find that the present operative seismic network allows locating earthquakes with M L ≥ 0.8 occurring at the depth of the reservoir and with M L ≥ 1.0 if located within IDD.
    Description: Funding information This study received financial support from BComune di Minerbio^ under the grant BSperimentazione ILG Minerbio^ (grant number 0913.010)
    Description: Published
    Description: 967–977
    Description: 3SR TERREMOTI - Attività dei Centri
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Induced seismicity ; Earthquake detection ; Ambient seismic noise ; Microseismic monitoring ; MiSE ; oilfield monitoring guidelines
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: t has been suggested that a better knowledge of fault locations and slip rates improves seismic hazard assessments. However, the importance of detailed along‐fault‐slip‐rate profiles and variable fault geometry has not yet been explored. We quantify the importance for modeled seismicity rates of using multiple throw‐rate measurements to construct along‐fault throw‐rate profiles rather than basing throw‐rate profiles on a single measurement across a fault. We use data from 14 normal faults within the central Italian Apennines where we have multiple measurements along the faults. For each fault, we compared strain rates across the faults using our detailed throw‐rate profiles and degraded data and simplified profiles. We show the implied variation in average recurrence intervals for a variety of magnitudes that result. Furthermore, we demonstrate how fault geometry (variable strike and dip) can alter calculated ground‐shaking intensities at specific sites by changing the source‐to‐site distance for ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Our findings show that improved fault‐based seismic hazard calculations require detailed along‐fault throw‐rate profiles based on well‐constrained local 3D fault geometry for calculating recurrence rates and shaking intensities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110-123
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: This paper presents the results of a blind experiment that is performed using two pairs of dihedral reflectors. The aim of the experiment was to demonstrate that interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements can indeed allow a displacement time series estimation with submillimeter accuracy (both in horizontal and vertical directions), provided that the data are properly processed and the impact of in situ as well as atmospheric effects is minimized. One pair of dihedral reflectors was moved a few millimeters between SAR acquisitions, in the vertical and east–west (EW) directions, and the ground truth was compared with the InSAR data. The experiment was designed to allow a multiplatform and multigeometry analysis, i.e., each re- flector was carefully pointed in order to be visible in both Envisat and Radarsat acquisitions. Moreover, two pairs of reflectors were used to allow the combination of data gathered along ascending and descending orbits. The standard deviation of the error is 0.75 mm in the vertical direction and 0.58 mm in the horizontal (EW) direction. GPS data were also collected during this experiment in order to cross-check the SAR results.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1142-1153
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Artificial reflector ; global positioning system (GPS) ; InSAR ; permanent scatter (PS)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: Purpose of Review Subtropical highs are an important component of the climate system with clear implications on the local climate regimes of the subtropical regions. In a climate change perspective, understanding and predicting subtropical highs and related climate is crucial to local societies for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. We review the current understanding of the subtropical highs in the framework of climate change. Recent Findings Projected changes of subtropical highs are not uniform. Intensification, weakening, and shifts may largely differ in the two hemispheres but may also change across different ocean basins. For some regions, large inter-model spread representation of subtropical highs and related dynamics is largely responsible for the uncertainties in the projections. The understanding and evaluation of the projected changes may also depend on the metrics considered and may require investigations separating thermodynamical and dynamical processes. Summary The dynamics of subtropical highs has a well-established theoretical background but the understanding of its variability and change is still affected by large uncertainties. Climate model systematic errors, low-frequency chaotic variability, coupled ocean-atmosphere processes, and sensitivity to climate forcing are all sources of uncertainty that reduce the confidence in atmospheric circulation aspects of climate change, including the subtropical highs. Compensating signals, coming from a tug-of-war between components associated with direct carbon dioxide radiative forcing and indirect sea surface temperature warming, impose limits that must be considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 371–382
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Although geological, seismological, and geophysical evidence indicates that fracture damage and physical properties of fault‐related rocks are intimately linked, their relationships remain poorly constrained. Here we correlate quantitative observations of microfracture damage within the exhumed Gole Larghe Fault Zone (Italian Southern Alps) with ultrasonic wave velocities and permeabilities measured on samples collected along a 1.5‐km‐long transect across the fault zone. Ultrasonic velocity and permeability correlate systematically with the measured microfracture intensity. In the center of the fault zone where microfractures were pervasively sealed, P wave velocities are the highest and permeability is relatively low. However, neither the crack porosity nor the permeability derived by modeling the velocity data using an effective‐medium approach correlates well with the microstructural and permeability measurements, respectively. The applied model does not account for sealing of microfractures but assumes that all variations in elastic properties are due to microfracturing. Yet we find that sealing of microfractures affects velocities significantly in the more extensively altered samples. Based on the derived relationships between microfracture damage, elastic and hydraulic properties, and mineralization history, we (i) assess to what extent wave velocities can serve as a proxy for damage structure and (ii) use results on the present‐day physical and microstructural properties to derive information about possible postseismic recovery processes. Our estimates of velocity changes associated with sealing of microfractures quantitatively agree with seismological observations of velocity recovery following earthquakes, which suggests that the recovery is at least in part due to the sealing of microfractures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7661-7687
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Extreme climate events over the La Plata basin (LPB) can produce significant impacts due to the importance of the regional agriculture and hydroelectric power production for the local economy. Progress on describing, projecting and understanding extremes in LPB, in the framework of the CLARIS-LPB Europe-South America Network for Climate Change Assessment and Impact Studies in La Plata Basin Project, are reviewed. The paper is based on recent studies and publications, as well as some new diagnostics as indicators of works in progress, and can be considered as an update for the LPB region of previous reviews by Cavalcanti et al. (2015; J Hydrol 523:211–230) and Rusticucci (2012; Atmos Res 106:1–17. Despite the significant advances on regional extremes, some gaps have been identified, and many challenges remain. Much of the recent progress considers temperature and precipitation extremes on timescales varying from synoptic to long-term variability and climate change, essential for impact and vulnerability assessments. Research lines on extremes requiring further efforts include the relative roles of local versus remote forcings, the impact of land use and land management changes, the specific role of soil moisture and land-atmosphere feedbacks as catalysts for heat waves, the impact of the local inhomogeneities in soil moisture, feedback and uncertainties in projections of extremes, as well as seasonal forecast and climate change attribution studies. We suggest combining intensive monitoring and modelling to address these issues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 95–116
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The formation of intermediate and deep water masses is one of the most important processes occurring in the Mediterranean Sea, being a component of its general overturning circulation, and it has crucial implications on the ecosystem. The objective of the proposed work is to revise the main water mass formation events occurred during the latest 30 years (1987-2016) in the Mediterranean Sea and analyse their impact on biogeochemical properties considering the CMEMS Med-MFC physical and biogeochemical reanalysis data sets (https://doi.org/10.25423/medsea_reanalysis_phys_006_004 and https://doi.org/10.25423/MEDSEA_REANALYSIS_BIO_006_008 respectively). The analysis takes into consideration the four regions where events of intermediate and deep water formation are known to occur: 1) the Gulf of Lions for the Western Mediterranean Deep Waters; 2) the Southern Adriatic Pit for the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters; 3) the Cretan Sea for Cretan Intermediate Waters and Cretan Deep Waters; 4) the Rhodes Gyre, the area of formation of the so- called Levantine Intermediate Waters and Levantine Deep Waters. Annual water mass formation rates have been computed using daily mixed layer depth estimates considering the annual maximum volume of water above mixed layer depth with potential density within or higher than specific thresholds, and then divided by seconds per year. The use of different density thresholds reported in literature to identify water masses allows to detect variations of their characteristics over time, as observed from observations. The adopted methodology might underestimate the actual water mass formation rate but, thanks to the assimilation of in situ temperature and salinity profiles and the interactive heat flux correction based on observed satellite sea surface temperature, it permits an accurate estimation of the mixed layer depth and to detect the main open ocean convection events from the selected reanalysis data set. The analysis of chlorophyll and nutrient dynamics during the most significant episodes of water mass formation in North West Mediterranean and South Adriatic Sea highlights that these intense physical processes have an impact on the biogeochemical properties. We verified that dense water formation changes the structure of nutrients fields and might cause precondition for chlorophyll blooms, highlighting a strong link between vertical transport mechanisms and primary productivity. The CMEMS Mediterranean Sea physical reanalysis is able to reproduce both Eastern Mediterranean Transient and Western Mediterranean Transition phenomena and catches the principal water mass formation events reported in literature. This result is promising because it allows a constant monitoring of the open ocean deep convection process in the Mediterranean Sea, a better understanding of the multiple drivers of the general overturning circulation at interannual and multidecadal time scales and the possible effects on the Mediterranean ecosystems.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Keywords: deep convection ; water masses
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Space weather events related to solar activity can affect both ground and space-based infrastructures, potentially resulting in failures or service disruptions across the globe and causing damage to equipment and systems. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) represent one of such infrastructures that can suffer from electromagnetic phenomena in the atmosphere, in particular due to the interaction of the RF signals with the ionosphere. The Ionosphere Prediction Service (IPS) is a project funded by European Commission to provide a prototype platform for a monitoring and prediction service of potential ionosphere-related disturbances affecting GNSS user communities. It is designed to help these communities cope with the effects of the ionospheric activity and mitigate the impacts of these effects on the specific GNSS-based application/service. The IPS development has been conceived of two concurrent activities: the design and implementation of the prototype service and the research activity, which represents the scientific backbone of IPS and is at the base of all the models and algorithms used for the computation of the products. The products are the basic IPS output that translate the nowcasting or forecasting information from the whole IPS system down to the final user. They are fine-tuned to match the different needs of the communities (scientific, aviation, high accuracy, etc.) which the service is targeted to and to warn the GNSS users about possible performance degradations in the presence of anomalous solar and atmospheric phenomena. To achieve this overarching aim, four different blocks of products dealing with solar activity, ionospheric activity, GNSS receiver and system performance figures have been developed and integrated into a unique service chain. The service is available to a set of invited users since July 2018 through a web portal and its provision with all the necessary operations will last 6 months. The prototype will be also ported to the Joint Research Centre (JRC). This phase will be useful to further test the platform, and to assess whether and how a dedicated prediction service for International Technical Symposium on Navigation and Timing (ITSNT) 2018 13-16 Nov 2018 ENAC, Toulouse, France Galileo users is to be implemented as part of the service facilities of the Galileo infrastructure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2020-11-20
    Description: This paper presents the results obtained by an audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) survey carried out crossing the western sector of Montemurro village (Southern Italy) affected by an intense hydrogeological instability. The AMT investigation was aimed to settle the question concerning the possible prosecution toward SE of the Eastern Agri Fault System whose surficial evidences could be blinded by extensive landslides phenomena and by anthropization of the territory. The AMT profile was oriented in NE-SW direction, orthogonal to the main geological structures of the investigated area. It crossed longitudinally the area affected by instability. The AMT model provides new insights on already known faults (i.e. Montemurro Faults) and imaged their in-depth immersion thus answering to still open geological question in the investigated areas. Furthermore, the high resolution of the model allowed the imaging of the boundaries, in terms of resistivity contrast, between material affected/unaffected by the sliding dynamics or characterized by an higher water content. The results provide new knowledge about the geological and geoelectrical structures in the area. They will be fully integrated with the results of the on-going research activities in the area and will represent an additional step for the multiscale and multiparametrical characterization of the Agri Valley geological setting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1156-1171
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: The dense AlpArray network allows studying seismic wave propagation with high spatial resolution. Here we introduce an array approach to measure arrival angles of teleseismic Rayleigh waves. The approach combines the advantages of phase correlation as in the two-station method with array beamforming to obtain the phase-velocity vector. 20 earthquakes from the first two years of the AlpArray project are selected, and spatial patterns of arrival-angle deviations across the AlpArray are shown in maps, depending on period and earthquake location. The cause of these intriguing spatial patterns is discussed. A simple wave-propagation modelling example using an isolated anomaly and a Gaussian beam solution suggests that much of the complexity can be explained as a result of wave interference after passing a structural anomaly along the wave paths. This indicates that arrival-angle information constitutes useful additional information on the Earth structure, beyond what is currently used in inversions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–144
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: Widespread wrench tectonics have been described along the northern Andes. The Bucaramanga fault, described as sinistral strike-slip, bounds the high Santander Massif. We combine structural and thermochronological data from the centralsouthern portion of the fault to investigate the vertical displacement. The structural survey data show old phases of activity preserved in the host rocks along the fault trace, with the superimposition of different generations of slickenlines, and both strike-slip and dip-slip kinematics indicators. New and previous thermochronological data show that differential exhumation of the fault walls has been ongoing for the last 50 Ma. The hanging wall, the Santander Massif, records, in the central portion, decreasing exhumation rates from the early Miocene to the mid- to late Miocene and, in the southern portion, constant rates from the Late Oligocene to the Pliocene. Combining such observations, the thermochronological offset resulting from the relative motion of the two fault walls is comparable with the observed drop in elevation across the fault, suggesting that the present topography of the Santander Massif is related to vertical movement along the Bucaramanga fault. We infer that the fault has a significant Neogene reverse component, consistent with the present day horizontal global positioning system vector data, longterm exhumation rates and the structural assemblage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 14-30
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 84
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    E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 70176 Stuttgart,Germany
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: The new mineral sbacchiite (IMA 2017-097), Ca2AlF7, was found in a fossil fumarole (1944 eruption, T ! 80 !C) at the rim of the crater of the Vesuvius volcano, Napoli, Italy, associated with gearsksutite, usovite, creedite and opal. It forms elongated crystals up to about 60 lm in length. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction data and chemical analysis, the mineral was recognized to be identical to the corresponding synthetic phase. Crystals are transparent or translucent and colourless, with vitreous lustre and white streak. The tenacity is brittle. The measured density is 3.08(2) g/cm3, the calculated density is 3.116 g/cm3. The empirical formula, (based on 10 atoms per formula unit, apfu) is Ca2.02Mg0.03Al0.99F6.97. Sbacchiite is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 7.665(2), b = 6.993(1), c = 9.566(2) Å, V = 512.2(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The eight strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 3.840(45)(200), 3.563(85)(201), 3.499(100)(020), 2.899(55)(013), 2.750(30)(212), 2.281(20)(104), 2.255(52)(302) and 2.173(36)(131). The structure was refined to R = 0.0479 for 457 reflections with I 〉 2r(I). The asymmetric unit contains one Al3+ and two independent Ca2+ cations and five fluorine anions. Aluminium is octahedrally coordinated by six fluorine atoms; the arrangement of F around the 7-coordinated Ca(1) conforms to a distorted pentagonal bipyramid and that around Ca(2) to a very distorted polyhedron (in 7 + 1 coordination). All the fluorine atoms are threefold coordinated. The structure framework shows ‘‘isolated’’ [AlF6] octahedra, whereas the coordination polyhedra around Ca are linked by common edges [sequence: Ca(1)–Ca(2)– Ca(1). . .] along [010] and the same holds for the connection along [001]. Along [100], however, only the pentagonal bipyramids around Ca(1) are connected by bridging corners.
    Description: Published
    Description: 153-158
    Description: 3V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: sbacchiite ; new mineral ; calcium aluminium fluoride ; crystal structure ; fumarole ; vesuvius volcano ; 04.04.05
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: Volcanic gas emissions are intimately linked to the dynamics of magma ascent and outgassing and, on geological time scales, constitute an important source of volatiles to the Earth's atmosphere. Measurements of gas composition and flux are therefore critical to both volcano monitoring and to determining the contribution of volcanoes to global geochemical cycles. However, significant gaps remain in our global inventories of volcanic emissions, (particularly for CO2, which requires proximal sampling of a concentrated plume) for those volcanoes where the near‐vent region is hazardous or inaccessible. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provide a robust and effective solution to proximal sampling of dense volcanic plumes in extreme volcanic environments. Here we present gas compositional data acquired using a gas sensor payload aboard a UAS flown at Volcán Villarrica, Chile. We compare UAS‐derived gas time series to simultaneous crater rim multi‐GAS data and UV camera imagery to investigate early plume evolution. SO2 concentrations measured in the young proximal plume exhibit periodic variations that are well correlated with the concentrations of other species. By combining molar gas ratios (CO2/SO2 = 1.48–1.68, H2O/SO2 = 67–75, and H2O/CO2 = 45–51) with the SO2 flux (142 ± 17 t/day) from UV camera images, we derive CO2 and H2O fluxes of ~150 t/day and ~2,850 t/day, respectively. We observe good agreement between time‐averaged molar gas ratios obtained from simultaneous UAS‐ and ground‐based multi‐GAS acquisitions. However, the UAS measurements made in the young, less diluted plume reveal additional short‐term periodic structure that reflects active degassing through discrete, audible gas exhalations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 730-750
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: UAS ; volcanic plume ; villarrica ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: Archaeoseismology can provide a useful chronological tool for constraining earthquakes and documenting significant evidence that would otherwise be lost. In this paper, we report a case of surface faulting on ancient man-made structures belonging to the archaeological site of Santa Venera al Pozzo situated along the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano in eastern Sicily (southern Italy), which is affected by well-developed tectonic faults. Geological surveys highlight a set of fractures affecting the archaeological ruins, suggesting the occurrence of a capable fault zone across the area. An integrated geophysical survey was carried out in order to identify the main subsurface tectonic discontinuity ascribable to the fault zone. The information derived from different geophysical techniques, such as electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction tomography, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetic surveys allowed us to infer that the fractures observed at the surface could have been produced by coseismic rupture. They are conceivably linked to a strong earthquake that probably occurred in the Roman period, around mid-end of the third-century AD; time constraints are inferred through the dating of buildings of the archaeological site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1263–128
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: Land subsidence associated with overexploitation of aquifers is a hazard that commonly affects large areas worldwide. The Lorca area, located in southeast Spain, has undergone one of the highest subsidence rates in Europe as a direct consequence of long-term aquifer exploitation. Previous studies carried out on the region assumed that the ground deformation retrieved from satellite radar interferometry corresponds only to vertical displacement. Here we report, for the first time, the two- and three-dimensional displacement field over the study area using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1A images and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations. By modeling this displacement, we provide new insights on the spatial and temporal evolution of the subsidence processes and on the main governing mechanisms. Additionally, we also demonstrate the importance of knowing both the vertical and horizontal components of the displacement to properly characterize similar hazards. Based on these results, we propose some general guidelines for the sustainable management and monitoring of land subsidence related to anthropogenic activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 14782
    Description: 1TR. Studi per le Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: This report summarizes the seismicity in Switzerland and surrounding regions in the years 2015 and 2016. In 2015, the Swiss Seismological Service detected and located 735 earthquakes in the region under consideration. With a total of 20 earthquakes of magnitude ML C 2.5, the seismic activity of potentially felt events in 2015 was close to the average of 23 earthquakes over the previous 40 years. Seismic activity was above average in 2016 with 872 located earthquakes of which 31 events had ML C 2.5. The strongest event in the analyzed period was the ML 4.1 Salgesch earthquake, which occurred northeast of Sierre (VS) in October 2016. The event was felt in large parts of Switzerland and had a maximum intensity of V. Derived focal mechanisms and relative hypocenter relocations of aftershocks image a SSE dipping reverse fault, which likely also hosted an ML 3.9 earthquake in 2003. Another remarkable earthquake sequence in the Valais occurred close to Sion with four felt events (ML 2.7–3.2) in 2015/16. We associate this sequence with a system of WNW-ESE striking fault segments north of the Rhoˆne valley. Similarities with a sequence in 2011, which was located about 10 km to the NE, suggest the existence of an en-echelon system of basement faults accommodating dextral slip along the Rhoˆne-Simplon line in this area. Another exceptional earthquake sequence occurred close to Singen (Germany) in November 2016. Relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms image a SW dipping transtensional fault segment, which is likely associated with a branch of the Hegau-Bodensee Graben. On the western boundary of this graben, micro-earthquakes close to Schlattingen (TG) in 2015/16 are possibly related to a NE dipping branch of the Neuhausen Fault. Other cases of earthquakes felt by the public during 2015/16 include earthquakes in the region of Biel, Vallorcine, Solothurn, and Savognin.
    Description: SwissEnergy (http:// www.energieschweiz.ch) and the Swiss Federal Office of Energy for the financial support of project GEOBEST-CH; Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research—Supply of Electricity (http://www.sccer-soe.ch); Swiss-AlpArray SINERGIA project CRSII2_154434/1 by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
    Description: Published
    Description: 221–244
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio
    Description: 5IT. Osservatori
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Magnitude of completeness ; Focal mechanisms ; Seismotectonics ; Rhone-Simplon line ; Hegau-Bodensee graben ; Basel ; Aar massif ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: The island of Ischia has a land area of 46.3 square kilometers and a population of 64.115 inhabitants by 2019. The territorial density is 1,385 inhabitants per square kilometer. The environmental sustainability of Ischia is about 22 thousand inhabitants. In the year 2017 there were about 2.3 million tourists. The remarkable expansion of historical settlements on the Island in recent decades, without adequate planning that would pay attention to the geological hazard, has produced an exponential increase in risk, as it was shown by the disastrous earthquake that occurred in Casamicciola on 21 August 2017. The underestimation of volcanic, seismic and hydrogeological risks on the Island is incomprehensible due to the catastrophes that occurred with the historic eruption of 1302, the strong earthquakes of 1881 and 1883 and the disastrous flood of 1910.
    Description: Published
    Description: PARMA
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: natural risk assessment ; Ischia Island ; sustainable development
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Extended abstract
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: We reconstructed the late Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) evolution of the ancient harbour of Naples, one of the largest coastal conurbations in the Mediterranean. We carried out multiproxy investigations, coupling archaeological evidence with biological indicators. Our data robustly constrain 2000 yr of non-monotonic changes in sea level, chiefly controlled by the complex volcano-tectonic processes that characterize the area. Between ∼200 BC and AD ∼0, a subsidence rate of more than ∼1.5 mm/yr enhanced the postglacial RSL rise, while negligible or moderate land uplift 〈 ∼0.5 mm/yr triggered a RSL stabilization during the Roman period (first five centuries AD). This stabilization was followed by a post-Roman enhancement of the sea-level rise when ground motion was negative, attested by a subsidence rate of ∼0.5 to ∼1 mm/yr. Our analysis seems to indicate very minor impacts of this nonmonotonic RSL evolution on the activities of the ancient harbour of Naples, which peaked from the third century BC to the second century AD. After this period, the progressive silting of the harbour basin made it impossible to safely navigate within the basin, leading to the progressive decline of the harbour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 284-298
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geo-archeology ; Sea-level changes ; Ancient harbours ; Naples ; Volcano-tectonics ; Mediterranean Sea ; Parthenope-Neapolis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: Abstract – The Campanian Plain: a geological monument of 5.000 km2 from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Apennines - The Campanian Plain is the region in Southern Italy which extends between the Apennine Chain and Tyrrhenian Sea over an area of 5,000 km2 from Mt. Massico, in the north, to Sorrento Peninsula in the south of the Plain. The ancient name of this area was Campania Felix. This territory is an extraordinary geological monument characterized by volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, slow ground vertical movements (bradiseism) which generated myths, legends, archeological findings, historical documents. The Campanian Plain is affected by extensional tectonics related to the spreading of the Tyrrhenian Basin. The onset of this process occurred between the Mid–Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene, when large morpho-structural depressions began to develop, giving rise to the Bay of Naples. The whole range of phenomena observed, in particular the recent tectonics and chemism of magmas feeding active volcanoes can be accounted for the local upwelling of the Mantle, the lytosphere plate bending and subsequent collapses. The measure of the collapse in the Campanian Plain, due to the stretching of the crust produced by the Mantle migration, is obtained by the thickness of sediments forming Campanian Plain. These data and the time lapse of the process furnish a value of about 1-2 mm/yr for the velocity of the subsidence during the Quaternary. Coeval to the deformation of this morphostructural depression was the onset of intense magmatic activity with the formation of the polygenic apparatus of Mt. Vesuvius and the volcanic fields of Phlegraean Fields and Ischia Island. In the Phlegrean Fields and Ischia caldera collapses, ignimbrite eruptions, and caldera resurgences occurred; instead at Vesuvius numerous Plinian eruptions were recorded. The most recent eruptions in the Neapolitan area occurred in 1302 at Ischia, 1538 at Phlegrean Fields and 1944 at Vesuvius. At present large fumarolic fields and thermal springs outcrop in several sites, while in the Phlegrean Fields slow oscillations of ground are recorded. The eruptive history of neapolitan volcanoes, the seismic history of Southern Appennines as well as the geological features of Campanian Plain characterize this area as a geological multirisk territory. Thus it is a “laboratory” for volcanic, seismic and hidrogeological risk assessment, from wich to draw lessons for integrated planning of pleasant places in risk areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bologna
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Piana Campana
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Extended abstract
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Volcanic-Intrusive complexes often formed along lateral slab-edges as a consequence of subduction-induced mantle flow. We investigate this process in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea by integrating multibeam bathymetry, seismic-reflection data, regional magnetic anomalies data, and seismological data. The interpretation of the data highlights the presence of magmatic intrusions that locally reach the seafloor forming volcanic edifices. Chimneys, lava flows, and laccoliths are observed beneath and surrounding the volcanoes. The emplacement and cooling of the magma occurred during the Brunhes Chron. The volcanoes are not active even if the hydrothermal activity occurs. The volcanic-intrusive complex can be subdivided in a western domain (Diamante and Enotrio seamounts) where strike-slip transpressional faults deform the volcanic edifices, and an eastern domain (Ovidio volcanic seamounts) characterized by flat-topped volcanic edifices. The flat-topped morphology is the result of the interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation and sea-level change. The Ovidio volcanic seamounts formed in an area that experienced at least 60 m of subsidence. Magnetic signatures over the northern side of the Ovidio and Diamante seamounts highlight the presence of a deep-rooted, magnetized feeding system remnant. Volcanic edifices extend above a magma feeding system, characterized by low Vp/Vs ratios. The Diamante-Enotrio-Ovidio volcanic-intrusive complex formed as a consequence of the ascent of subduction-induced mantle flow originated in the northern-western edge of the retreating Ionian slab. We speculate that the magma ascent was controlled by a strike-slip deformation belt, which accommodated the bulk of the shear strain resulting from the formation of a roughly E-W trending, Subduction-Transform Edges Propagator fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2581–2605
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calabrian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea, Subduction-induced mantle flow, STEP fault, slab tearing, flat-topped seamount
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2021-02-26
    Description: The compilation of reliable and complete seismic catalogs represents a fundamental issue for most studies in seismology. Nowadays, the availability of an ever-increasing number of stations and, therefore, the huge amount of recordings to be processed and analyzed require a lot of effort in terms of man-hours. In the present work, we present a fully automatic procedure for compiling seismic catalogs starting from continuous recordings. The procedure relies on a multistep algorithm that includes event detection tool, automatic P- and S-phase picker, hypocenter locator, and magnitude and strong-motion parameter calculator. This automatic procedure is applied for compiling seismic catalogs for two real-world usage scenarios starting from the openaccess waveform database provided by European Integrated Data Archive. The first scenario concerns the monitoring of the seismicity of northwestern Italy; the second one concerns the analysis of the data recorded during the first month of the 2016 sequence in central Italy. The comparison between reference manually revised and automatic seismic catalogs points out negligible differences in terms of both P- and S-phase pickings, hypocentral coordinates, and local magnitude values, thus showing the overall reliability of the procedure. The ability of the proposed automatic procedure in detecting and locating very low-magnitude events is prominent to compile automatic catalogs characterized by a magnitude of completeness significantly lower than that of reference manual catalogs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1308-1317
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismic Catalogue ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: We derive a unifying formulation, reliable at all scales, linking Anderson’s faulting theory with the earthquake size-distribution, whose exponent is known as the b-value. Anderson’s theory, introduced in 1905, related fault orientation to stress conditions. Independently, laboratory measurements on acoustic emissions have established that the applied differential stress controls their b-value. Our global survey revealed that observed spatial variations of bare controlled by different stress regimes, generally being lower in compressional (subduction trenches and continental collisional systems) and higher in extensional regimes (oceanic ridges). This confirmed previous observations that the b-value depends on the rake angle of focal mechanisms. Using a new plunge/dip-angles-based b-value analysis, we also identified further systematic influences of faulting geometry: steep normal faults (also typical of the oldest subduction zones) experience the highest proportion of smaller events, while low-angle thrust faults (typical of youngest subduction zones) undergo proportionally larger, more hazardous, events, differently from what would be expected by only allowing for rake-angle dependency. To date, however, no physical model has ever been proposed to explain how earthquakes size-distribution, differential stress and faulting styles relate to each other. Here, we propose and analytically derive a unifying formulation for describing how fault orientation and differential stresses determine b-value. Our formulation confirms that b-values decay linearly with increasing differential stress, but it also predicts a different dip-dependent modulation according to the tectonic environment, opening up new ways of assessing a region’s seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115791
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: statistical seismology earthquake size-distribution faulting styles Anderson’s theory of faulting Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion ; Anderson’s theory of faulting ; faulting styles ; earthquake size-distribution ; statistical seismology ; Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: Data-intensive science communities are progressively adopting FAIR practices that enhance the visibility of scientific breakthroughs and enable reuse. At the core of this movement, research objects contain and describe scientific information and resources in a way compliant with the FAIR principles and sustain the development of key infrastructure and tools. This paper provides an account of the challenges, experiences and solutions involved in the adoption of FAIR around research objects over several Earth Science disciplines. During this journey, our work has been comprehensive, with outcomes including: an extended research object model adapted to the needs of earth scientists; the provisioning of digital object identifiers (DOI) to enable persistent identification and to give due credit to authors; the generation of content-based, semantically rich, research object metadata through natural language processing, enhancing visibility and reuse through recommendation systems and third-party search engines; and various types of checklists that provide a compact representation of research object quality as a key enabler of scientific reuse. All these results have been integrated in ROHub, a platform that provides research object management functionality to a wealth of applications and interfaces across different scientific communities. To monitor and quantify the community uptake of research objects, we have defined indicators and obtained measures via ROHub that are also discussed herein.
    Description: Published
    Description: 550-564
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earth science ; research objects ; FAIR principles ; Semantic technologies ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: Understanding gas-magma dynamics in volcanic conduits and linking them with the associated geophysical signals at the surface is of fundamental importance in monitoring active volcanoes. In the past, a significant number of studies have been devoted to this topic, addressing the onset, the key factors governing each degassing regime and the related markers at the surface, particularly at basaltic volcanoes. Here, we first review such a broad and increasing literature, focusing on the main approaches used in the attempt of deciphering conduit dynamics by indirect observations: 1) analogue laboratory experiments; and 2) seismo-acoustic measurements. Then, we combine the two techniques into a novel set of experiments, addressing a crucial, yet unexplored, issue: the irregularity (i.e. the departure from an ideal smooth cylindrical shape) of the conduit surface. We built a set of epoxy conduits with various fractal dimensions (Dc; i.e. irregularity) of the internal surface, using silicone oil as a proxy for magma. Different degassing patterns (bubbly, slug and churn-annular flow) were reproduced by changing systematically: 1) injected gas flux (5 to 180×10−3 l/s); 2) analogue magma viscosity (10 to 1000 Pas); 3) fractal dimension (Dc) of the conduit surface (i.e. Dc=2, Dc=2.18 and Dc=2.99). The experiments were monitored by means of a video-camera and a set of sensor aimed to detect the seismic and acoustic signals. Results show that viscosity strongly influences the transition among degassing patterns and the recurrence rate of slug bursts at the surface. Moreover, we observed an increase of the exponent of the power law equation linking squared seismic amplitude to gas flow rate with conduit roughness; the opposite trend was noticed with increasing liquid viscosity. These results have important implications for linking seismic tremor to eruption source parameters such as the volume discharge rate at different volcanoes or for investigating its temporal evolution at a single vent.
    Description: Published
    Description: 317-336
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-03-08
    Description: Here we present the first tephrostratigraphic, palaeomagnetic, and multiproxy data from a new ~98 m deep sediment core retrieved from the Fucino Basin, central Italy, spanning the last ~430 kyr. Palaeoenvironmental proxy data (Ca-XRF, gamma ray and magnetic susceptibility) show a cyclical variability related to interglacial-glacial cycles since the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12-MIS 11 transition. More than 130 tephra layers are visible to the naked eye, 11 of which were analysed (glass-WDS) and successfully correlated to known eruptions and/or other equivalent tephra. In addition to tephra already recognised in the previously investigated cores spanning the last 190 kyr, we identified for the first time tephra from the eruptions of: Tufo Giallo di Sacrofano, Sabatini (288.0 ± 2.0 ka); Villa Senni, Colli Albani (367.5 ± 1.6 ka); Pozzolane Nere and its precursor, Colli Albani (405.0 ± 2.0 ka, and 407.1 ± 4.2 ka, respectively) and Castel Broco, Vulsini (419e490 ka). The latter occurs at the bottom of the core and has been 40Ar/39Ar dated at 424.3 ± 3.2 ka, thus providing a robust chronological constrain for both the eruption itself and the base of the investigated succession. Direct 40Ar/39Ar dating and tephra geochemical fingerprinting provide a preliminary radioisotopic-based chronological framework for the MIS 11-MIS 7 interval, which represent a foundation for the forthcoming multiproxy studies and for investigating the remaining ~110 tephra layers that are recorded within this interval. Such future developments will contribute towards an improved MIS 11-MIS 7 Mediterranean tephrostratigraphy, which is still poorly explored and exploited.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106003
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: The Colli Albani volcanic complex (Lazio, Italy) hosts areas characterized by anomalously high emissions of CO2-rich gases (e.g. Tivoli, Cava dei Selci, Tor Caldara, Solforata). The source of these gases is a regional aquifer within the Mesozoic carbonate rock sequences. These degassing zones release significant concentrations of H2S and other toxic gases (e.g. GEM: Gaseous Elemental Mercury, and Rn) and represent a serious hazard for local inhabitants, especially for those living at Cava dei Selci (near Rome, Italy), where the emitting areas are nested inside residential neighborhoods. In April 2016, a comprehensive geochemical survey was carried out in an abandoned stone quarry nearby the urban settlement aimed to: (i) investigate the gas composition from both punctual discharges and anomalously high diffuse soil degassing sites, and (ii) evaluate their environmental impact on the local air quality. The spatial distribution of the soil CO2 fluxes was mainly dependent on the local geostructural setting, whereas shallow secondary processes (e.g. oxidation and gas-water interaction) likely represent the main controlling factor on reactive and/or water-soluble gas species, such as CH4 and H2S. The total output of CO2 from the abandoned stone quarry accounted for 0.53% of total CO2 discharged from the whole Colli Albani volcanic district. The naturally emitted toxic gases (e.g. CO2, H2S, CH4, GEM) largely affect the air quality and pose a serious threat for the health of the local residents. A mobile multi-instrumental station able to continuously and simultaneously acquire CO2, H2S, SO2, CH4, GEM and CO was deployed to verify the concentrations of both the main deep-originated gas compounds and potential secondary gaseous contaminants (i.e. SO2) around and inside the urban settlement most exposed to the lethal gases. Hydrogen sulfide was found to be the most impacting gas, occasionally exceeding the 24-h air quality guideline for ambient air and causing odor annoyance at a distance up to more than 250 m downwind from the emitting area. In poorly ventilated basements, toxic gas accumulations up to hazardous levels were measured, producing anomalous outdoor air concentrations at the street level in front of the descending vehicular access to private garages and relatively far from the main emitting area. The geochemical survey, carried out via mobile station and soil gas measurements, resulted to be particularly efficient for evaluating the potential effects caused by gas emissions in inhabited areas. The multi-measurement approach adopted in the present study is of paramount importance for managing future urban development plans.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109-126
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: Earth Observation (EO) data are used to map mostly affected urban areas after an earthquake generally exploiting change detection techniques applied at pixel scale. However, Civil Protection Services require damage assessment of each building according to a well-established scale to manage rescue operations and to estimate the economic losses. Considering the earthquake that hit L'Aquila city (Italy) on April 6, 2009, this work assess the feasibility of producing damage maps at the scale of single building from Very High Resolution (VHR) optical images collected before and after the seismic event. We considered the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98) and assessed the possibility to discriminate between collapsed or heavy damaged buildings (damage grade DG equal to 5 in the EMS-98 scale) and less damaged or undamaged buildings (DG 〈 5 in the EMS-98). The proposed approach relies on a pre-existing urban map to identify image objects corresponding to building footprints. The image analysis is carried out according to many different parameters with the objective of assessing their effectiveness in singling out changes associated to the building collapse. Features describing texture and colour changes, as well statistical similarity and correlation descriptors, such as the Kullbach Leibler Distance and the Mutual Information, were included in our analysis. Two supervised classification approaches, respectively, based on the use of the Bayesian Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) criterion and on Support Vector Machines (SVM), were compared. In our experiment, we considered the whole L'Aquila historical centre comparing classification results with the ground survey performed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The work represents one of the first attempt to detect damage at the scale of single building, validated against an extensive ground survey. It addresses methodological aspects, highlighting the potential of textural features computed at object scale and SVMs, and discuss potential and limitations of EO in this field compared to ground surveys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 166-178
    Description: 1VV. Altro
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: Extreme and inaccessible environments are a new frontier that unmanned and remotely operated ve-hicles can today safely access and monitor. The Lusi mud eruption (NE Java Island, Indonesia) representsone of these harsh environments that are totally unreachable with traditional techniques. Here boilingmud is constantly spewed tens of meters in height and tall gas clouds surround the 100 m wide activecrater. The crater is surrounded by a ~600 m diameter circular zone of hot mud that prevents anyapproach to investigate and sample the eruption site. In order to access this active crater we designedand assembled a multipurpose drone.The Lusi drone is equipped with numerous airborne devices suitable for use on board of other mul-ticopters. During the missions, three cameras can complete 1) video survey, 2) high resolution photo-grammetry of desired and preselected polygons, and 3) thermal photogrammetry surveys with infra-redcamera to locate hotfluids seepage areas or faulted zones. Crater sampling and monitoring operationscan be pre-planned with aflight software, and the pilot is required only for take-off and landing. A winchallows the deployment of gas, mud and water samplers and contact thermometers to be operated withno risk for the aircraft. During the winch operations (that can be performed automatically), the aircrafthovers at a safety height until the tasks controlled by the winch-embedded processor are completed. Thedrone is also equipped with GPS-connected CO2and CH4sensors. Gridded surveys using these devicesallowed obtaining 2D maps of the concentration and distribution of various gasses over the area coveredby theflight path.The device is solid, stable even with significant wind, affordable, and easy to transport. The Lusi dronesuccessfully operated during several expeditions at the ongoing active Lusi eruption site and proved to bean excellent tool to study other harsh or unreachable sites, where operations with more conventionalmethods are too expensive, dangerous or simply impossible
    Description: LUSI LAB project, PI A. Mazzini; esearch Council of Norway through itsCenters of Excellence funding scheme, Project Number 223272; BPLS (Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo Mudflow Management Agency)
    Description: Published
    Description: 26-37
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lusi mud eruption ; Drone-UAV ; Multirotor ; Remote sampling ; Remote sensing ; Indonesia ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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