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  • 1
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    The Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre (2023)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2023. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Timmermans, M.-L., & Toole, J. The Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre. Annual Review of Marine Science, 15(1), (2023): 223-248, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-012034.
    Description: The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre is a dominant feature of the Arctic system, a prominent indicator of climate change, and possibly a control factor for high-latitude climate. The state of knowledge of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre is reviewed here, including its forcing, relationship to sea-ice cover, source waters, circulation, and energetics. Recent decades have seen pronounced change in all elements of the Beaufort Gyre system. Sea-ice losses have accompanied an intensification of the gyre circulation and increasing heat and freshwater content. Present understanding of these changes is evaluated, and time series of heat and freshwater content are updated to include the most recent observations.
    Description: Support was provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Beaufort Gyre ; Circulation ; Sea ice ; Freshwater ; Ocean heat content
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Designing More Informative Multiple-Driver Experiments (2024)
    Annual Reviews
    In:  EPIC3Annual Review of Marine Science, Annual Reviews, 16(1), pp. 513-536, ISSN: 1941-1405
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: 〈jats:p〉 For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and more. However, the most commonly used experimental designs—present-versus-future and ANOVA—fail to contribute to general understanding or predictive power. Linking experimental design to process-based mathematical models would help us predict how ecosystems will behave in novel environmental conditions. We review a range of experimental designs and assess the best experimental path toward a predictive ecology. Full factorial response surface, fractional factorial, quadratic response surface, custom, space-filling, and especially optimal and sequential/adaptive designs can help us achieve more valuable scientific goals. Experiments using these designs are challenging to perform with long-lived organisms or at the community and ecosystem levels. But they remain our most promising path toward linking experiments and theory in multiple-driver research and making accurate, useful predictions. 〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 3
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    Phaeocystis: A Global Enigma (2024)
    Annual Reviews
    In:  EPIC3Annual Review of Marine Science, Annual Reviews, 16(1), pp. 417-441, ISSN: 1941-1405
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The genus Phaeocystis is globally distributed, with blooms commonly occurring on continental shelves. This unusual phytoplankter has two major morphologies: solitary cells and cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Only colonies form blooms. Their large size (commonly 2 mm but up to 3 cm) and mucilaginous envelope allow the colonies to escape predation, but data are inconsistent as to whether colonies are grazed. Cultured Phaeocystis can also inhibit the growth of co-occurring phytoplankton or the feeding of potential grazers. Colonies and solitary cells use nitrate as a nitrogen source, although solitary cells can also grow on ammonium. Phaeocystis colonies might be a major contributor to carbon flux to depth, but in most cases, colonies are rapidly remineralized in the upper 300 m. The occurrence of large Phaeocystis blooms is often associated with environments with low and highly variable light and high nitrate levels, with Phaeocystis antarctica blooms being linked additionally to high iron availability. Emerging results indicate that different clones of Phaeocystis have substantial genetic plasticity, which may explain its appearance in a variety of environments. Given the evidence of Phaeocystis appearing in new systems, this trend will likely continue in the near future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 4
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    Ocean Acidification and Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Tracking CO2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell (2020)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: In the last few decades, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of simulated ocean acidification on marine species and communities, particularly those inhabiting dynamic coastal systems. Despite these research efforts, there are many gaps in our understanding, particularly with respect to physiological mechanisms that lead to pathologies. In this review, we trace how carbonate system disturbances propagate from the coastal environment into marine invertebrates and highlight mechanistic links between these disturbances and organism function. We also point toward several processes related to basic invertebrate biology that are severely understudied and prevent an accurate understanding of how carbonate system dynamics influence organismic homeostasis and fitness-related traits. We recommend that significant research effort be directed to studying cellular phenotypes of invertebrates acclimated or adapted to elevated seawater pCO2 using biochemical and physiological methods.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Organic Matter Supply and Utilization in Oxygen Minimum Zones (2022)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Organic matter (OM) plays a significant role in the formation of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and associated biogeochemical cycling. OM supply processes to the OMZ include physical transport, particle formation, and sinking as well as active transport by migrating zooplankton and nekton. In addition to the availability of oxygen and other electron acceptors, the remineralization rate of OM is controlled by its biochemical quality. Enhanced microbial respiration of OM can induce anoxic microzones in an otherwise oxygenated water column. Reduced OM degradation under low-oxygen conditions, on the other hand, may increase the CO2 storage time in the ocean. Understanding the interdependencies between OM and oxygen cycling is of high relevance for an ocean facing deoxygenation as a consequence of global warming. In this review, we describe OM fluxes into and cycling within two large OMZs associated with eastern boundary upwelling systems that differ greatly in the extent of oxygen loss: the highly oxygen-depleted OMZ in the tropical South Pacific and the moderately hypoxic OMZ in the tropical North Atlantic. We summarize new findings from a large German collaborative research project, Collaborative Research Center 754 (SFB 754), and identify knowledge gaps and future research priorities.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    The Land–Sea Connection: Insights Into the Plant Lineage from a Green Algal Perspective (2022)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The colonization of land by plants generated opportunities for the rise of new heterotrophic life forms, including humankind. A unique event underpinned this massive change to earth ecosystems-the advent of eukaryotic green algae. Today, an abundant marine green algal group, the prasinophytes, alongside prasinodermophytes and nonmarine chlorophyte algae, is facilitating insights into plant developments. Genome-level data allow identification of conserved proteins and protein families with extensive modifications, losses, or gains and expansion patterns that connect to niche specialization and diversification. Here, we contextualize attributes according to Viridiplantae evolutionary relationships, starting with orthologous protein families, and then focusing on key elements with marked differentiation, resulting in patchy distributions across green algae and plants. We place attention on peptidoglycan biosynthesis, important for plastid division and walls; phytochrome photosensors that are master regulators in plants; and carbohydrate-active enzymes, essential to all manner of carbohydratebiotransformations. Together with advances in algal model systems, these areas are ripe for discovering molecular roles and innovations within and across plant and algal lineages
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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