ALBERT

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: While climate information from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are usually too coarse for climate impact modelers or decision makers from various disciplines (e.g., hydrology, agriculture), Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and Regional Earth System Models (RESMs) provide feasible solutions for downscaling GCM output to finer spatiotemporal scales. However, it is well known that the model performance depends largely on the choice of the physical parameterization schemes, but optimal configurations may vary from region to region. Besides land-surface processes, the most crucial processes to be parameterized in ESMs include radiation (RA), cumulus convection (CU), cloud microphysics (MP), and planetary boundary layer (PBL), partly with complex interactions. Before conducting long-term climate simulations, it is therefore indispensable to identify a suitable combination of physics parameterization schemes for these processes. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product ERA-Interim as lateral boundary conditions, we derived an ensemble of 16 physics parameterization runs for a larger domain in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA), northwards of the equator, using two different CU-, MP-, PBL-, and RA schemes, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Version v3.9) for the period 2006-2010 in a resolution of 0.1 degree horizontal resolution. Conclusions about suitable physical parameterization schemes may vary within the study area. We therefore want to stimulate the development of own performance evaluation studies for climate simulations or subsequent impact studies over specific (sub-)regions in NSSA. For this reason, selected climate surface variables of the physics ensemble (i.e. the 16 experiments from 2006-2010) are provided. For more information about the setup of the experiments, please see: Laux et al., 2021: A high-resolution regional climate model physics ensemble for Northern sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Earth Science (under revision).

Description: This datasets contains simulation output for the global hydrological models HydroPy and MPI-HM. Both used meteorological forcing from the GSWP3 dataset for the period 1979-2014 and a 50 years spinup period. The analysis of this simulations is published at https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-53 .

Description: The data was produced employing the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) version 4.1.2 (Skamarock et al., 2019) for the dynamical downscaling of GCM data. WRF is a fully compressible non-hydrostatic atmospheric simulation system. Two sensitivity simulations were conducted using 15-year time slices for the present day and the mid-Pliocene simulated by ECHAM5 as initial and boundary conditions (Mutz et al., 2018; Botsyun et al., 2020). Except for the atmospheric forcing data, other parameters were the same in both simulations. The model domain has a grid spacing of 30 km. In the vertical direction, 28 terrain-following eta-levels were used. The model time steps are 120 seconds with a 6 hourly data output and are aggregated to daily values in post processing. The boundary conditions were updated every 6 h. The daily re-initialization strategy from Maussion et al. (2011) and Maussion et al. (2014) were employed: each simulation starts at 12 UTC and contains 36 h, with the first 12 h as the spin-up time. This strategy kept the large-scale circulation patterns simulated by WRF closely constrained by the forcing data, while concurrently allowing WRF to develop the mesoscale atmospheric features. Physical parameterization schemes were consistent with the ones used for high-resolution dynamical downscaling in High Mountain Asia in Wang et al. (2021). The data format follows the guidelines of the [UC]² Data Standard (http://www.uc2-program.org/uc2_data_standard.pdf).

Description: Workflow and scripts to build preliminary qualitative system dynamic model from individual models.

Description: The experiment aims to investigate how the representation of convection influences the West African Monsoon during the mid-Holocene. Atmospheric and SST input data originate from the MPI-ESM Holocene simulations reflecting Holocene condition. External Parameters (surface condition) reflect present-day conditions similar to the experimental setup of PMIP1: The Sahara remains a desert. We use the ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) model framework version 2.5.0 (see Zängl et al. (2014) for more details). The provided data covers one simulation from June to October (JJASO) for the year 7023 before present (BP) with the year 2000 as the reference year. The time axes of the NetCDF files reflect the model year which is based on the time axes of the MPI-ESM slo0021a Holocene simulations. The artificial model year 1001 in slo0021a refers to the year 8000 BP. Therefore, the model year 1977 refers to the year 7023 BP. The experiment compares a 5km horizontal resolution, cloud-resolving simulation with a 40km-horizontal resolution, parameterized convection simulation. The 40km-domain (DOM01) covers a range from 70.5°W - 99.5°E; 49°S - 59°N The 5km-domain (DOM04) covers a range from 37°W - 53°E; 0°N - 40°N The dataset provides daily mean values on the triangular ICON grid. The datasets provide atmospheric (3D), surface (2D) and precipitation (2D) data an the following variables: rain_con_rate, rain_gsp_rate, clct, geopot, temp, rh, qv, u, v, w, w_so, runoff_g, runoff_s, lhfl_s, shfl_s, soiltyp

Description: This experiment comprises data that have been used in Hagemann et al. (submitted). It comprises daily data of surface runoff and subsurface runoff from HydroPy and simulated daily discharges (river runoff) of the HD model. The discharge data close the water cycle at the land-ocean interface so that the discharges can be used as lateral freshwater input for ocean models applied in the European region. a)HD5-ERA5 ERA5 is the fifth generation of atmospheric reanalysis (Hersbach et al., 2020) produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). It provides hourly data on many atmospheric, land-surface, and sea-state parameters at about 31 km resolution. The global hydrology model HydroPy (Stacke and Hagemann, 2021) was driven by daily ERA5 forcing data from 1979-2018 to generate daily input fields of surface and subsurface runoff at the ERA5 resolution. It uses precipitation and 2m temperature directly from the ERA5 dataset. Furthermore, potential evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated from ERA5 data in a pre-processing step and used as an additional forcing for HydroPy. Here, we applied the Penman-Monteith equation to calculate a reference evapotranspiration following (Allen et al., 1998) that was improved by replacing the constant value for albedo with a distributed field from the LSP2 dataset (Hagemann, 2002). In order to initialize the storages in the HydroPy model and to avoid any drift during the actual simulation period, we conducted a 50-years spin-up simulation by repeatedly using year 1979 of the ERA5 dataset as forcing. To generate river runoff, the Hydrological discharge (HD) model (Hagemann et al., 2020; Hagemann and Ho-Hagemann, 2021) was used that was operated at 5 arc minutes horizontal resolution. The HD model was set up over the European domain covering the land areas between -11°W to 69°E and 27°N to 72°N. First, the forcing data of surface and sub-surface runoff simulated by HydroPy were interpolated to the HD model grid. Then, daily discharges were simulated with the HD model. b)HD5-EOBS The E-OBS dataset (Cornes et al., 2018) comprises several daily gridded surface variables at 0.1° and 0.25° resolution over Europe covering the area 25°N-71.5°N x 25°W-45°E. The dataset has been derived from station data collated by the ECA&D (European Climate Assessment & Dataset) initiative (Klein Tank et al., 2002; Klok and Klein Tank, 2009). In the present study, we use the best-guess fields of precipitation and 2m temperature of vs. 22 (EOBS22) at 0.1° resolution for the years 1950-2018. HydroPy was driven by daily EOBS22 data of temperature and precipitation at 0.1° resolution from 1950-2019. The potential evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated following the approach proposed by (Thornthwaite, 1948) including an average day length at a given location. As for HD5-ERA5, the forcing data of surface and sub-surface runoff simulated by HydroPy were first interpolated to the HD model grid. Then, daily discharges were simulated with the HD model. Main reference: Hagemann, S., Stacke, T. Complementing ERA5 and E-OBS with high-resolution river discharge over Europe. Oceanologia. Submitted.

Description: The data of this experiment have been used in (Hagemann et al., 2020). It comprise daily data of surface runoff and subsurface runoff (drainage) from JSBACH and MPI-HM and simulated daily discharges (river runoff). To generate river runoff, the Hydrological discharge (HD) model (Hagemann et al., 2020; Hagemann and Ho-Hagemann, 2021) was used that was operated at 5 arc minutes horizontal resolution. Different to the published version of HD model parameters (5.0) on Zenodo, an earlier version (4.0) of flow directions and model parameters has been used that is provided as an auxiliary data file. The HD model was set up over the European domain covering the land areas between -11°W to 69°E and 27°N to 72°N. First, the respective forcing data of surface and sub-surface runoff were interpolated to the HD model domain using conservative remapping. Then, daily discharges were simulated with the HD model for the period 1979-2009 (1999-2009 for HD5-MESCAN). In addition, daily discharges were analogously simulated using only JSBACH forcing with the global 0.5° version 1.10 of the HD model. The associated flow directions and model parameters of vs. 1.10 are provided as an auxiliary data file. The HD forcing data are: a)HD5-JSBACH In order to generate daily input fields of surface runoff and drainage, the land surface scheme JSBACH (vs. 3 + frozen soil physics; (Ekici et al., 2014)) was forced globally at 0.5° with daily atmospheric forcing data based on the Interim Re-Analysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ERA-Interim; (Dee et al., 2011)). These forcing data are bias-corrected (see (Beer et al., 2014)) towards the so-called WATCH forcing data (WFD; (Weedon et al., 2011)) that have been generated in the EU project WATCH. b)HD5-MPIHM The MPI-M hydrology model MPI-HM (Stacke and Hagemann, 2012) was driven by daily WATCH forcing data based on ERA-Interim (WFDEI; (Weedon et al., 2014)) from 1979-2009 to generate daily input fields of surface runoff and drainage at global 0.5° resolution. c)HD5-MESCAN Six hourly data of surface runoff and drainage (variable name: percolation) were retrieved from the MESCAN-SURFEX regional surface reanalysis (Bazile et al., 2017) created in the EU project UERRA (Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional ReAnalysis; www.uerra.eu). SURFEX (Masson et al., 2013) is a land surface platform that was driven by atmospheric forcing at 5.5 km. The forcing comprises 24h-precipitation, near-surface temperature and relative humidity analyzed by the MESCAN surface analysis system as well as radiative fluxes and wind downscaled at 5.5 km from the 3DVar re-analysis conducted with the HARMONIE system at 11 km (Ridal et al., 2017). The latter has been generated using six-hourly fields of the ERA-Interim reanalysis as boundary conditions and covers a domain comprising Europe and parts of the Atlantic, which is similar to the European domain of the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) at 11 km.

Description: The Bias Corrected CESMv1 data for current (2006-2015) and future (2091-2100) for RCP8.5 emission scenario at coarser resolution has been downscaled to 10km resolution over India using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The climate variables included are 2m Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total precipitation, mean surface shortwave flux, top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation, mean surface latent and sensible heat fluxes along with the latitude, longitude, and time information. The dataset covers the Indian National Territory region at a 369 x 369 grid. The data is available at three temporal resolutions: Daily TS, Monthly TS, and Monthly Climatology. The dataset has been structured into a total of 60 files (10 variables x 3 temporal resolutions x 2 periods packed in self-explanatory NetCDF format. The daily, monthly, and monthly climatology files contain 369x369x3650, 369x369x30, and 369x369x12 data points, respectively. The entire dataset is about 100 GB in size. The WRF version used for this project is WRF 3.8.1. . The WRF-ARW source codes and suitable tutorials are available free to users as an open-source model in the NCAR’s https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_sources.html website.

Description: Data output from the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). A set of 6 core experiments (a base, co2x2, ch4x3, solar, bcx10, sulx5 where the solar experiment has increased incoming solar radiation), 5 regional experiments (bcx10asia, sulx10asia, sulx10eur, sulred, sulasiared) and 7 phase 2 experiments (base2, cfc12, cfc11, n2o1p, ozone, lndus, bcslt) have been run by one or more of the participating models; CanESM2, MPI-ESM, NorESM1, NCAR-CESM1-CAM4, NCAR-CESM1-CAM5, MIROC-SPRINTARS, HadGEM2, HadGEM3, GISS-E2-R, IPSL-CM5A, ECHAM-HAM. Each of the experiments has been run (for the most part) both in coupled and fixed sst ocean setups. Time designations varry from model to model, however, all models have ran the coupled ocean experiments for 100 years and 15 years in the fixed sst experiments. Outputs varry between models, but include 2D and 3D monthly variables, 2D daily variables and fixed 2D fields.

Description: This directory contains volcanic SO2 data derived from limb viewing satellites for the lower stratosphere from 1990 to 2019. The usage of the data is described in Timmreck et al., (2018), datasets VolcDB1 and VolcDB1_3D. We provide 3D-plumes of observed volume mixing ratio perturbations in the lower stratosphere / upper troposphere typically derived from 10-day periods as nc-file and integrated values of injected SO2 mass with peak latitudes and altitudes as Fortran formatted ascii file (33X,A11,5X,6(I3,1X),I4,1X,5(I3,1X),6(I3,1X),I5,1X,4(I3,1X),I3) for at maximum 6 events at one time. Instead of A11 I2,A4,I5 can be used to read in the components of time. The data from Jan. 1990 to Jan. 2002 are based on L2-files of SAGE II (V7.0) provided by the NASA DAAC (Thomason et al., 2008). The data from Jul. 2002 to Mar. 2012 use the updated 5-day time series of MIPAS (Hoepfner et al., 2015), supplemented by SO2 derived from GOMOS extinctions (Bingen et al., 2017, with a corresponding table, scaled for lower resolution). After March 2012 based on OSIRIS (Rieger et al., 2019). volc_SO2-3D-vmr-perturbation-1990-2019.nc: 3D SO2 for 258 days with eruptions in T63L90 resolution (ECHAM-grid in grid-T63L90.nc). Latitude from South to North, for use with ECHAM please reverse. The levels on the hybrid-grid in the grid files are defined as lev(x,y,z)=hyam(z)+hybm(z)*apsave(x,y), in Pa (apsave annual average of surface pressure or orography), surface to 80km (update of VolcDB1_3D). volc-so2-inventory.ps: plot of zonal averages of SO2 perturbation at 3 altitudes (gaps not shown, widths of bars have no meaning). volc-SO2-mass.txt: integrated SO2 mass injected (in kt), SAGE, ENVISAT and OSIRIS period (update of VolcDB1). The volcano names are in the first column, see also http://www.volcano.si.edu (Smithsonian volcano database), Schallock et al. (2021) and SSIRC_1 (doi:10.1594/WDCC/SSIRC_1). AEROCOM-DIEHL-degassing-volc-SO2.nc: Fluxes from outgassing volcanoes in the troposphere (below 210hPa), taken from AEROCOM (Diehl et al., 2012). Caution, filled with odd climatology after 2009, monthly (subset beginning Jan. 1990). volc-globalforcing-tropo.nc: EMAC results for instanteneous global radiative radiative forcing by stratospheric aerosol near the tropopause (in W/m2), figure see Schallock et al. (2021)

Description: This directory contains volcanic SO2 data derived from limb viewing satellites for the lower stratosphere from 1990 to 2019. The usage of the data is described in Timmreck et al., (2018), datasets VolcDB1 and VolcDB1_3D. We provide 3D-plumes of observed volume mixing ratio perturbations in the lower stratosphere / upper troposphere typically derived from 10-day periods as nc-file and integrated values of injected SO2 mass with peak latitudes and altitudes as Fortran formatted ascii file (33X,A11,5X,6(I3,1X),I4,1X,5(I3,1X),6(I3,1X),I5,1X,4(I3,1X),I3) for at maximum 6 events at one time. Instead of A11 I2,A4,I5 can be used to read in the components of time. The data from Jan. 1990 to Jan. 2002 are based on L2-files of SAGE II (V7.0) provided by the NASA DAAC (Thomason et al., 2008). The data from Jul. 2002 to Mar. 2012 use the updated 5-day time series of MIPAS (Hoepfner et al., 2015), supplemented by SO2 derived from GOMOS extinctions (Bingen et al., 2017, with a corresponding table, scaled for lower resolution). After March 2012 based on OSIRIS (Rieger et al., 2019). volc_SO2-3D-vmr-perturbation-1990-2019.nc: 3D SO2 for 258 days with eruptions in T63L90 resolution (ECHAM-grid in grid-T63L90.nc). Latitude from South to North, for use with ECHAM please reverse. The levels on the hybrid-grid in the grid files are defined as lev(x,y,z)=hyam(z)+hybm(z)*apsave(x,y), in Pa (apsave annual average of surface pressure or orography), surface to 80km (update of VolcDB1_3D). This version contains the factors of Brühl et al. (2018) for MIPAS included in the ascii-file with the integrals and which were missing in Version 2 (SSIRC_2). volc-so2-inventory.ps: plot of zonal averages of SO2 perturbation at 3 altitudes (gaps not shown, widths of bars have no meaning). volc-SO2-mass.txt: integrated SO2 mass injected (in kt), SAGE, ENVISAT and OSIRIS period (update of VolcDB1). The volcano names are in the first column, see also http://www.volcano.si.edu (Smithsonian volcano database), Schallock et al. (2021) and SSIRC_1 (doi:10.1594/WDCC/SSIRC_1). AEROCOM-DIEHL-degassing-volc-SO2.nc: Fluxes from outgassing volcanoes in the troposphere (below 210hPa), taken from AEROCOM (Diehl et al., 2012). Caution, filled with odd climatology after 2009, monthly (subset beginning Jan. 1990). volc-globalforcing-tropo.nc: EMAC results for instanteneous global radiative radiative forcing by stratospheric aerosol near the tropopause (in W/m2), figure see Schallock et al. (2021)

Description: Multi-years (2014-2019) observations of dual-pol X-band weather radar (BoXPol) with 10 different elevations (1 to 28 degree). The spatial resolution is one degree azimuthal and 25m to 150m in range. The Temporal resolution is 5 minutes.

Description: RCM forcing data from the 1st realisation (r1i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp126, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp126: SSP-based RCP scenario with low radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP2.6 global forcing pathway with SSP1 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 2.6 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

Description: RCM forcing data from the 1st realisation (r1i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp585, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp585: SSP-based RCP scenario with high radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP8.5 global forcing pathway with SSP5 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 8.5 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

Description: RCM forcing data from 2 realisations (r*i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp245, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp245: SSP-based RCP scenario with medium radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP4.5 global forcing pathway with SSP2 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 4.5 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

Description: The dataset ‘Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go?’ contains a consistent long-term Earth system heat gain over the past 58 years. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is a fundamental metric of climate change. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system - is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This dataset is based on a study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory, and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2018.

Description: ‘Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go?’ contains a consistent long-term Earth system heat inventory over the period 1960-2018. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is the most critical number defining the prospects for continued global warming and climate change. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system - is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This dataset is based on a study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory, and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2018. Changes in version 2: a) uncertainties have been added and updated in the netcdf file b) Ocean heat content 〉 2000m depth: update of one time series, and thus revised ensemble mean c) Atmospheric heat content: update of the time series as received by experts on the 29/05/2020 d) Available heat cyropshere: update of the time series as received by experts on the 27/05/2020. e) some attributes have been added for more details.

Description: This experiment comprises 3 different simulations: - future simulations scenario RCP6.0 - model data output mostly as 10-hourly global snapshots, monthly averages or as monthly accumulated variables, on model levels or pressure levels, respectively RC2-base-04: SSTs/SICs: taken from coupled HADGEM2-ES simulation T42L90MA 1960-2099 RC2-base-05: same as RC2-base-04 but with resolution T42L47MA 1960-2099 RC2-oce-01: with interactive MPI ocean T42L47MA/GR30L40 1960-2100 For further studies based on simulations of the ESCiMo project and on the EMAC model please also refer to: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue812.html https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue10_22.html https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue22.html http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~PatrickJoeckel/ESCiMo/publications/escimo_publications.html

Description: This experiment comprises 4 different simulations: - hind-cast simulations, free-running - SSTs/SICs: global data set HadISST provided by the UK Met Office Hadley Centre - model data output mostly as 10-hourly global snapshots, monthly averages or as monthly accumulated variables, on model levels or pressure levels, respectively RC1-base-07: T42L90MA 1960–2011 RC1-base-07a: same as RC1-base-07, with corrected optical properties of stratospheric aerosol 1990-2010 RC1-base-08: T42L47MA 1960-2011 RC1-base-08a: same as RC1-base-08, with corrected optical properties of stratospheric aerosol 1990-2010 For further studies based on simulations of the ESCiMo project and on the EMAC model please also refer to: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue812.html https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue10_22.html https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue22.html http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~PatrickJoeckel/ESCiMo/publications/escimo_publications.html

Description: This experiment aims to investigate the impact of anthropogenic climate change to the stratification of the Brazilian shelf waters under a strong warming scenario (RCP8.5). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict a stronger increase in stratification over the equatorial regions, due to the increased surface warming. However, they cannot account for all relevant regional processes due to their coarse horizontal resolution. One of the more relevant local processes unresolved by ESMs is the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water along subtropical Brazil. It brings cold and nutrient-rich waters towards the coast to the most productive shelf regions along the Brazilian coastal waters and is known to play an important role in the stratification of the South Brazil Bight. By including this process in our analysis through our downscaling experiment, we can provide a more complete assessment of the effects of increased greenhouse gas emissions in the stratification of the Brazilian continental shelf.

Description: EKF400 version 2 is a monthly resolved paleo-reanalysis covering the period 1603 to 2003. Early instrumental temperature, surface pressure and precipitation (new in version 2) observations, temperature indices derived from historical documents and temperature and moisture sensitive tree-ring measurements (largely increased number in version 2) were assimilated into an atmospheric general circulation model ensemble using a Kalman filtering technique. This data set combines the advantage of traditional reconstruction methods of being as close as possible to observations with the advantage of climate models of being physically consistent and having 3-dimensional information about the global state of the atmosphere at 2x2 degree resolution for various variables and at all points in time. While version 1 was using time-dependent covariances from the 30-member ensemble, version 2 uses a blended covariance matrix. It consists of 50% time-dependent and 50% climatological covariances. This leads to a better covariance estimation, not only between various locations in space but in between various variables, too.

Description: RCM forcing data from the 2nd realisation (r2i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp585, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Cray supercomputer of the DWD Offenbach. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp585: SSP-based RCP scenario with high radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP8.5 global forcing pathway with SSP5 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 8.5 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

Description: We detect and quantify NOx point sources from the divergence of the horizontal NOx flux based on the continuity equation. The analysis steps are: - The NOx flux is determined for each TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) orbit by upscaling the TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 column to NOx and multiplying it with horizontal wind fields from ECMWF (300m above ground). - The NOx fluxes are averaged for 2018-2019. - The divergence, i.e. spatial derivative, of the mean NOx flux is calculated, which is particularly sensitive for point sources. - NOx point sources are detected in the divergence map by an automated search algorithm for local maxima, and quantified by fitting a Gaussian function to these maxima. Ambiguous cases are skipped. TROPOMI is the satellite instrument on board of the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The approach of deriving emission information from the divergence of the NOx flux is described in Beirle et al., 2019: Beirle, S., Borger, C., Dörner, S., Li, A., Hu, Z., Liu, F., Wang, Y. and Wagner, T.: Pinpointing nitrogen oxide emissions from space, Science Advances, 5(11), eaax9800, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax9800, 2019. The details and modifications made for the automated detection of NOx point sources on global scale are provided in Beirle et al., 2020: Beirle, S., Borger, C., Dörner, S., Eskes, H., Kumar, V., de Laat, A., and Wagner, T.: Catalog of NOx emissions from point sources as derived from the divergence of the NO2 flux for TROPOMI, to be submitted to Earth System Science Data, 2020.

Description: Polar regions are data sparse regions. Research ships operating in polar regions often record sea-ice conditions during their transects through ice infested waters. Such observations of the sea-ice conditions are often the only information that can be provided in addition to satellite-based estimates of the sea-ice conditions, such as sea-ice concentration or sea-ice thickness. Such observations have been carried out and gathered using two protocols. For the Antarctic, this is the so-called ASPeCt protocol [Worby and Allison, 1999; Worby and Dirita, 1999; Worby et al., 2008]. For the Arctic, this is the so-called ASSIST/IceWatch protocol [Hutchings et al., 2018]. The latter builds on the ASPeCt protocol, incorporating surface melt conditions being more ubiquitous in the Arctic during summer. Ship-based observations of the sea-ice conditions are conducted manually, visually, i.e. by eye, regularly every hour taking into account an area around the ship of about one kilometer radius. Note that this area distorts to an elliptically shaped area as a function of observers' experience, ships' cruising speed and ice and visibility conditions. Each observation comprises the total sea-ice concentration, and the concentration, level ice thickness, level ice snow depth, fraction and height of ridges, ice type, snow type, and floe size for the up to three thickest ice types. For the Arctic, melt-pond fraction and stage-of-melt are also part of the observables. In addition to the ships' position often auxiliary parameters such as visibility, wind speed and direction, or air and water temperature are recorded. For development and evaluation of satellite-based sea-ice products, such ship-based observations are of great value. Because of this, within the ESA-CCI sea-ice ECV project (ESA-SICCI), phase 2, a standardized data set of such ship-based observations was generated for both polar regions. It comprised data from June 2002 through December 2015. This time period was motivated by the purpose to evaluate sea-ice concentration data retrieved from AMSR-E and AMSR2 brightness temperature measurements which, at the time the project was initiated, were planned to be retrieved until the end of 2015. In this version 2 of this data set the temporal coverage has been extended until the end of 2019. The data set incorporates observational data from various collections, e.g. a part of the original ASPeCt collection [Worby et al., 2008], which ended in May 2005. More information about all data sources is given in the global attributes of the netCDF files and in two separate reference lists. All data have been manually standardized to the same format (i.e., number of decimals, unit), using the same value to describe missing data, using the same temporal ordering, and filling gaps with the respective missing-data value. Double data entries have been removed. Dubious / obviously wrong entries have been set to missing values. The data set is available as two separate netCDF files, one for the Arctic, one for the Antarctic. It is additionally available as two separate ascii-text files under https://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de/en/seaiceparameter-shipobs.html , where the netCDF files are available as well. The data set has been successfully used to evaluate sea-ice concentration and thickness products of the ESA-SICCI phase 2 project.

Description: Version messy_2.54.0p7, release date: 11. April 2019

Description: RCM forcing data from the 2nd realisation (r2i1p1f1) of the CMIP6/ScenarioMIP experiment ssp126, conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Cray supercomputer of the DWD Offenbach. The experiment covers the years 2015 to 2100 and branches from realisations of the CMIP6/CMIP historical experiment. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). ScenarioMIP website: https://cmip.ucar.edu/scenario-mip ScenarioMIP paper: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 Experiment description ssp126: SSP-based RCP scenario with low radiative forcing by the end of the century. Following approximately RCP2.6 global forcing pathway with SSP1 socioeconomic conditions. Radiative forcing reaches a level of 2.6 W/m2 in 2100. Concentration-driven.

Description: The module allows for taking into account wind farms in atmospheric modelling via the wind farm parametrization by Fitch et al, 2012 in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM. Prerequisite is a wind farm mask file. Further details are given in the " Step-by-step implementation" document.

Description: This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D02 (Rio São Francisco, Brazil). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

Description: This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D01 (Karun Basin, Iran). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

Description: This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D03 (Tekeze-Atbara and Blue Nile Basins, Sudan and Ethiopia). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

Description: This dataset group contains the regionalised seasonal forecasts for the SaWaM study domain D04 (Catamayo-Chira Basin, Ecuador and Peru). The data is based on the latest seasonal forecast product SEAS5 from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which has been Bias-Corrected and Spatially Disaggregated (BCSD) towards the ERA5-Land high-resolution replay of the land component of ECMWF's ERA5 climate reanalysis. It hence provides a temporally and spatially consistent set of land surface variables for driving e.g. hydrological models or assessing the regional forecast skill of seasonal forecasts. Currently, the dataset group contains daily and monthly ensemble (re)forecasts during the period 1981 to 2019. In particular, each forecast with 25 (before 2017) and 51 (since 2017) ensemble members contains daily and monthly forecasts for precipitation, maximum, minimum, and average temperature as well as radiation from the issue date for the next 215 days.

Description: The Simple Urban Radiation Model (SURM) is a model to calculate mean radiant temperature in an idealised symmetric street canyon. The model can be used either stand-alone with standard meteorological parameters as inputs or for radiation modifications in a built-up area with radiation fluxes from a mesoscale model or measurements.

Description: RCM forcing data from the first realisation r1i1p1f1 of the CMIP6/CMIP DECK experiment amip (original name of the simulation "amip-HR"), conducted with the MPI-ESM1-2-HR on the Mistral supercomputer of the DKRZ. The experiment covers the years 1979 to 2014. The file format is gzip-compressed GRIB (*.grb.gz). CMIP6 website: https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6 CMIP6 paper: https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/9/1937/2016/gmd-9-1937-2016.html Experiment description amip: An atmosphere only climate simulation using prescribed sea surface temperature and sea ice concentrations but with other conditions as in the Historical simulation.