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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (581)
  • ddc:330
  • 1935-1939  (581)
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Years
Year
  • 101
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 375-399 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 104
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 107
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 519-553 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 109
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 110
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 17-51 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 111
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 53-78 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 112
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 79-119 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 113
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 121-153 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 187-213 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 257-295 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 119
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 241-255 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 120
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 297-321 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 121
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 323-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 122
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 123
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 383-409 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 125
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 437-469 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 126
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 411-435 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 127
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 471-495 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 128
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 549-605 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 130
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 275-302 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sexual dimorphism of Chinese cobitids consists of peculiar structures of the pectoral fins and of variations in the lengths of these as well as of the ventral fins. In all groups the paired fins are, as a rule, longer in the male sex, and the female has no lamina circularis, enlargement of pectoral rays or dilation of lateral muscles.In males of Cobitis and Misgurnus, the second rays of the pectorals are enlarged and possess at their base a bony plate (lamina circularis). In other Chinese genera the lamina circularis is absent. Males of the Misgurnus group are easily recognized by the dilation of the lateral muscles in the region of the dorsal fin. Males of Barbatula have several enlarged inner rays in the pectoral fin and numerous nuptial tubercles on the head, arranged in prepercular and preorbital groups. In the European, B. barbatula, however, tubercles on the head are wanting.In males of the Leptobotia and probably Botia groups, the first pectoral ray is enlarged, and the membrane between several of the inner rays is covered with nuptial tubercles.In general, in the Chinese cobitids the differences in sexual dimorphism are correlated with the differences between genera, i.e., each genus possesses a quite different sexual dimorphism; thus the secondary sexual characters can be used for taxonomic purposes.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 533-545 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The thyroid primordium is a solid median outgrowth from the pharynx which is attached to the truncus arteriosus at its bifuracation. The thyroid is soon detached from the pharynx and migrates to its definitive position ventral to the aorta between the bases of the third visceral pouches. After detachment the primary follicle appears in the lower part of the primordium; during migration and early growth it is divided apparently by stress and pressure to form secondary follicles. Independent follicles are formed also by secretion of colloid between solid masses of thyroid cells. Other secondary follicles are formed by pinching off evaginations from large follicles. Colloid appears soon after the primary follicle is divided. The adult thyroid is a group of follicles scatterd in a venous plexus in the ventral pharyngeal region, around the aorta.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 617-653 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three to 5 minutes after implantation of a spermatophore in Placobdella parasitica there is a pronounced granulation of the tissues in the immediate region of the capsule. During the following 20 minutes a path 81 to 120 μ across communicating with the sinuses of the body cavity is established. By a mechanical shrinkage of the distended spermatophore the spermatozoa are injected through this path into the coelomic sinuses. They are dispersed through the body by the haemolymph and possibly by muscular contractions of the recipient. Fifty to 75 hours after their introduction into the body some of them arrive in the ventral sinus. From here they penetrate the walls of the ovisacs and take up a position in the lumina in preparation for fertilization. Two to 30 hours after implantation a plug of cells composed of migrating cellular elements of the recipient's body and of cells introduced along with the spermatozoan bundles forms in the subhypodermal region of the sperm path. Twenty to 45 hours later the wound is entirely repaired. Hypodermal epithelium is replaced by a migration into the affected region of similar reserve cells. The parenchymatous tissue is restored by a differentiation and growth of some of the cellular elements making up the plug.
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  • 133
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 1-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Flatfishes lying on one side and that blind and colorless, but having the upper side two-eyed and colored are abnormal fishes which in their own group are perfectly normal. Some normally lie right side up (dextral) others point left (sinistral). Any departure from these normal conditions constitutes such a specimen an abnormal flatfish. The simplest departure is reversal-i.e., a normal dextral fish lies on its right side and points left and vice-versa. Sixteen reversed fishes have been described, but in various species from 3 to 100 per cent reversals have been noted.Reversal might be thought dependent on the structure of the optic chiasma. The Psettodidae (lowest family) have a dimorphic chiasma (right or left nerve dorsal) and are indifferently dextral or sinistral. But the dextral Soleidae and the sinistral Cynoglossidae (highest families) have dimorphic chiasmas with only five recorded reversals. In between, the monomorphic sinistral Bothidae have the right nerve dorsal even in the five indifferent species. And the monomorphic dextral Pleuronectidae include three indifferent species (one having up to 100 per cent reversed) with the left nerve dorsal even in reversed fish. The explanation of reversal must be found in genetics.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study reveals the existence of four distinct but genetically related types of upper jaw mechanisms:1. The non-protractile, with no mechanism for the protrusion of the pre-maxillae. The maxillaries form part of the upper margin of the mouth, as in Isospondyli, Apodes and Haplomi.2. The crossed ligaments in the snout as in Acanthopteri, Heterosomata and Anacanthini.3. The twisting action type in which the internal hook of the maxilla drives out the pre-maxilla as found in Cyprinodontes and Percesoces.4. The rostral or sigmoid ligament attached to the pre-maxilla as in Cyprinidae and Catostomidae.The three protractile types all possess an enlarged pre-maxilla with a medium dorsal process, suggesting a common origin of all from a single non-protractile form of upper jaw.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The shell of Cardium corbis is composed of three layers, an outer periostracum of conchyolin and two layers of aragonite. The outer aragonitic layer presents a laminated appearance, but in reality is made up of fibers which extend across several of the curved lamellar lines. Each fiber is enclosed in an organic sheath which can be dissolved in potassium hydroxide. The inner aragonitic layer is composed of vertical prisms which are made up of two sets of fibers inclined to each other at an angle of 55 to 60°. The outer layer of aragonite is secreted by glands on the mantle edge outside the pallial line; the inner layer is secreted by glands on the mantle area within the pallial line. The dentition is formed of the same material as the inner aragonitic layer.The ligament is composed of two layers, the outer being less impregnated with calcium carbonate than the inner. Both layers are continuous with the organic matrix of the shell.
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  • 136
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 137
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 355-383 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New dissections of the caudal and short posterior thigh muscles of the reptiles Iguana, Varanus, Crocodilus and Testudo, and the mammals Sciurus, Galago and Herpestes were made, and the findings correlated with those described in the literature. The condition in the lizards, Sphenodon and crocodiles is very constant; in each case there is a puboischiofemoralis externus and an ischiotrochantericus passing from the pelvis to the femur, a deep caudal mass passing from the tail to the femur, and a superficial caudal sheet attached to the ilium and ischium. In the Chelonia, with the specialization of the gait, the deep caudal musculature has lost its attachment to the femur, and has migrated onto the vertebral column and the inner surface of the pelvis, while the other muscles occupy their typical position. In the Mammalia the deep caudal musculature has undergone a change similar to that in the Chelonia, forming the pubo-, ilio-, sacro- and ischiococcygeus muscles, while the superficial caudal musculature has disappeared except for a part which forms a sphincter cloacae. The posterior part of the puboischiofemoralis externus has formed the quadratus femoris, and the ischiotrochantericus the obturator internus and the two gemelli. In specialized mammals with reduced tails the caudal musculature has taken over new functions and become respecialized in different ways.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single laver os squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitivo mid-gut. Near the of hateching, vitellophanges which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divede to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron fron the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozoon of Palaemon lamarrei is like a cricket ball having a small hole at the top. The outer leather covering of the ball represents the nucleus and the internal stuffing the cytoplasmic vesicle, in the formation of which almost the whole of the cytoplasm of the spermatid along with its mitochondrial and Golgi material is sacrificed. The hole is very efficiently plugged with a ring-like centrosome, which gives off inward a large number of axial filaments radiating through the vesicle toward the nucleus and outward a long prominent spine ending into a fine point. The acrosome is conspicuous by its absence. It has been suggested that, as in Paratelphusa spinigera, the cytoplasmic vesicle forms the mechanism, which is responsible for the explosion of the sperm at the time of fertilization. It has also been suggested that the bizarre structure of the sperm is closely associated with the necessity of ensuring the safety of this explosive vesicle until the time of fertilization. The chromatoid bodies described by Fasten in the crayfish, Cambarus virilis, must be interpreted as the Golgi masses.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The method of micro-injection was used in the study of a large number of tubules. The limits of the several parts of the tubule were determined with a high degree of accuracy without sectioning; the error of the measurements was small. Of 137 tubules studied the measurements of forty-nine comprised the entire length from renal corpuscle to collecting duct or ureter.The proximal tubule was found to be about twice as long as the distal. While the longest proximal tubule was nearly six times the length of the shortest, the great majority of tubules fell within a much shorter range. There was little or no correlation between proximal tubule length and weight of the animal.The proximal tubule is larger in diameter than the distal tubule. Calculations indicate that the area of exposed cell surface in the proximal tubule is nearly four times as great as in the distal; however, compared to tubule volume, a relatively greater cell surface is exposed in the distal tubule.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the development of ovarian ova in mature rabbit does before and during various stages of pregnancy and after the injection of thyroid and anterior-pituitary-like hormones. No appreciable ovogenesis during sexual maturity was found. Nine types of ovarian follicle are distinguished according to size and degree of development. Full ovum size is reached in pre-antral follicles, and is marked by the formation of a dictyate nucleus and slight reduction in nuclear size. Full follicle size is attained much later. The nature of follicle migration in the course of development is described. Ovum migration within the follicle is found to be a consequence of the nature of the egg's attachments to the follicular epithelium. The least atresia is found in young oocytes (10%), the larger follicles showing about 60% atretic at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The hormone preparations administered affect only the largest follicles and their contained ova.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon arises as a small mass of undifferentiated cells resting dorso-laterally on the posterior wall of the fore-gut. This mound of cells is proliferated from the narrow band of mesoderm which lies between the epithelium and the serosa of the alimentary canal. The concentration thus formed elongates slowly for 11 weeks. At the end of this time an evagination from the lumen of the right side of the oesophagus grows into it. This tube commences to elongate rapidly just previous to the time of hatching, and reaches the posterior end of the body cavity at approximately the time when the young salmon emerge from the gravel. Throughout the fresh water life of the fish this organ is a relatively large thin walled sac, lying dorsal to the body cavity. Microscopic examination reveals layers typical of those of the digestive tract.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 485-494 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents an account of the morphology of the hypophysis and adjacent hypothalamic regions of young adult Amblystoma tigrinum. The description deals primarily with reconstructed models made from blotting paper; transverse and sagittal sections are also considered. A new term, hypophysis, pars subdistalis, is used to describe a discrete portion of the hypophysis embedded in the medial and ventral portion of the pars distalis. The other portions of the hypophysis also are described in detail.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 563-579 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper correlates the various aspects of the author's previous work on embryonic columnar epithelia and deals especially with the mechanical factors that determine the form of an epithelium. The origin of the terminal bars, the various forms the terminal bars assume, and the significance of the terminal bar net in maintaining the epithelial structure are discussed. The paper also gives detailed consideration to the elongation of columnar cells after division. When this change in shape cannot be attributed to crowding from without, it is suggested that a thrusting action of elongating spindle fibers is the internal force responsible. In either case elongation is influenced by the development of the terminal web limiting the free surface. Further observations on this structure, first described by the author in 1935, are presented. The terminal web, which is generally present in columnar epithelia, is a specialized part of fixed cytoplasm, condensed, and lying in the plane of the terminal bars. It disappears in mitosis, but its reappearance as the new cell elongates limits the area of the free end of the cell. Hence, the terminal web plays an important part in determining the form of columnar cells.
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  • 145
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    Notes: The skins of normal and x-rayed tadpoles and frogs were compared. Almost no mitotic figures occurred after the tenth day of larval life. The number of mitoses and the length of the period during which mitosis occurred were reduced by x-rays in proportion to the exposure. Spindle-shaped cells were found on the vertical connective tissue fiber bundles which connect the lower layer of the dermis with the under side of the epidermis in adult frogs. After exposure to 4000 r the number of these cells, which are believed to be traveling up the vertical strands to join the epidermis, was doubled. New, uninjured cells appeared in the basal epidermal layer following this increase. Since no appreciable number of mitotic divisions and no amitotic divisions were found in the epidermis, either normally or during the regeneration following exposure to x-rays, these ‘traveling-cells’ are held to be an important source of replacement in correlation with normal desquamation as well as desquamation caused by the irradiation.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 453-483 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two genera of the Phallostethid fishes were anatomized using both the clearing and the dissection methods. While resembling Poecillids and agreeing with them in numerous anatomical features, these fish are true Acanthopterygians and apparently are correctly placed by Myers in the suborder Phallostethoidea erected for them in the order Percesoces. The two divergent types of priapia found in the group are readily derivable one from the other, corresponding bone for bone. The priapial bones can be homologized with the missing pelvic fins and girdle plus, perhaps, the post cleithrum and some of the pectoral pterygials. A comparison is made between the Phallostethid priapial skeleton and the highly modified girdle complex of the Polynemids.
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  • 147
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    Notes: The coleopteran Micromalthus debilis LeConte has two additional female reproductive forms besides the male and female adults. One of these is a paedogenetic viviparous female which produces female offspring by diploid parthenogenesis; the other is a paedogenetic ovoviviparous female which produces males by haploid parthenogenesis; The male has been shown to be somatically haploid in both early and late stages of development, while all three female types are diploid. The first spermatocyte division is completely abortive as regards division of chromosomes and cell. However, a very characteristic unipolar spindle is regularly formed. The chromosomes of the first spermatocyte anaphase move away from the single pole with their attachment regions hindermost. The spindle consists of ten fibers, each one connecting a chromosome with a single pole. They elongate during the anaphase. The second spermatocyte division is apparently normal in all respects and it ultimately results in two normal sperm. It has been shown that the theories of Belar, Bleier and Schaede concerning the problem of chromosome movement are deficient in view of the peculiarities of this monocentric mitosis.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 589-601 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The test consists of a clear matrix in which cells, fibrils, spicules and vascular tubes are embedded. It is supplied with two main blood vessels which ramify in the test substance and end in a large number of vascular ampullae near the outer surface of the test. Three different kinds of spicules are present. The test cells are of five different kinds. Besides these cells, the author has, for the first time in the history of our knowledge of the Tunicata, demonstrated the presence of nerve cells, nerve fibers and receptor cells in the test. The nerve cells are found throughout the test (except the foot) but are more numerous in the test of the siphons. The epithelial cells of the vascular ampullae act as receptor organs being supplied with nerve fibers that connect them with the nerve cells of the test. Receptor cells are also present in the regions of the test devoid of ampullae (except the foot). Stimuli are received by the receptor cells and conducted by nerve fibrils to the nerve cells, which are in turn connected with the nerve ganglion. The test, therefore, not only serves for the protection and attachment of the animal but also acts as a respiratory and receptor organ.
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  • 149
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclei of columnar epithelia of vertebrate embryos move to the free epithelial surface before a division, the movement of the nucleus accompanying a shortening of the columnar cell. After division at the free surface the daughter cells elongate, the nuclei passing away from the free surface. This is illustrated by drawings and measurements of cells of the fore-gut it of the garter snake embryo. The elongation of these cells after mitosis is associated with an elongation of the spindle fibers to produce a prominent cytoplasmic fiber which persists through the interkinetic stage and into the next mitosis. The appearance of nests of nuclei in mitosis is accounted for by the fact that descendants of an earlier cell have kept approximately in step in their divisions.
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  • 150
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    Notes: Residual germ cells larger than primary spermatogonia but similar in other respects are found throughout the testis in the walls of the lobules and in the cysts of developing germ cells. There is no evidence for germ cell migration through the testis. Spermatogonia arise in situ from residual cells.Forty-two chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial cells. Two of these chromosomes are much larger than the others and possibly represent sex chromosomes. The haploid chromosome number as seen in primary spermatocyte cells is twenty-one. A large ovoid chromosome, considered to be a sex chromosome, lags during the formation of the primary spermatocyte spindle. It divides after the division of the other chromosomes into equal chromosomes which pass to opposite poles of the spindle.The evidence for sex chromosomes as presented here is meagre but is consistent with the evidence from chromosome studies in other teleosts. It has been proposed that sex chromosomes are in a nascent condition and hence are differentiated but little from autosomes and also that the members of the sex chromosome pair are morphologically alike.
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  • 151
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    Notes: A cytological study of the hypophyses of more than 100 female bats, collected at fortnightly intervals from October to April, is reported. The bats were decapitated within 24 hours after collection. and then hypophyses fixed in Champy's fluid or Helly's fluid followed by staining by the acid fuchsin-thionin-aurantia method of Kull.The pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa lie adjacent to one another in the flattened gland. In some hypophyses the lumen of the original buccal evagination persists as a narrow residual cleft which may be expanded to form ciliated vesicles.Observations on cell size. nucleoplasmie ratio, degree of chromaticity in the nucleus, staining reactions of the cytoplasm and secretory granules, and the presence of chondriosomes, secretory granules, and vesicles in the cytosome are recorded. Secretory cells and histiocytes are idintified. Sceretoty cells are found in successive stages of growth, differentiation, secretion, and degeneration. Cells which have discharged their secretion apparently do not resynthesize secretory granules. Mitosis is not observed. The available evidence suggests utilization of a large supply of embryonic cells as the source of the fully differentiated cells. The cells of the pars intermedia are interpreted as potential secretory cells which do not differentiate under the inadequate nutrient conditions of that region.
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  • 152
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    Notes: Eleven segments are recognized in a comparative study of the abdomens in immature and adult instars of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.The abdomen of the first instar appears ten segmented but with the apparent first segment twice as long as any one of the others and with two transverse rows of hairs on the tergum while the other abdominal segments have but one. This indicates that the apparent first segment is the true first and second abdominal segments which have fused. The apparent tenth segment of the abdomen is the true eleventh segment. A fusion of the true ninth and tenth segments occurring in the third molt further reduces the number of segments to nine which is the apparent number of segments found in the adult.
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  • 153
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 261-277 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of 155 Lebistes embryos, extending from fertilization until birth of the young. A period of embryonic hermaphroditism begins soon after the formation of the genital ridges (3.0 mm.) and continues until birth (6.5 to 7.0 mm.). Development is first ovarian; evidence is the universal occurrence, in all gonads, of many germ cells in typical ovarian synapsis. The gonads of one-half of the embryos soon become testicular while those of the other half continue to develop as ovaries. In testicular gonads, all synaptic germ cells undergo pycnotic dissolution as the gonad hilus organizes into a prospective medulla. In ovaries, germ cells in synapsis continue to enlarge as definitive ovocytes. This embryonic hermaphroditism supports Witschi's explanation of sex determination in Lebistes, based on his own work on frogs and on Winge's discovery of unusual XX males in Lebistes. The embryology of gonads in Lebistes also suggests that in teleosts, as in amphibians, birds, and mammals, gonads develop from two distinct portions, a male medulla and a female cortex.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937) 
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  • 155
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 287-315 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The musculature of forearm and manus basically is divisible into dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of elbow, and dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of the podium. The former contributes to the present musculature of brachium and antibrachium, and the latter to the musculature of antibrachium and podium. The forearm muscles of the former category are divisible into humero-radial (carpi radialis), humero-podial (digitorum communis et sublimis), and humero-ulnar (carpi ulnaris) components. The deep muscles of the forearm (mm. abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius; flexores digitorum profundus et pollicis longus) have been derived from podial matrices that have migrated proximally along the ulna. The short flexors of the hand have been derived from a superficial and a deep basic series: From the former have come mm. palmaris brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor et flexor digiti 5, and lumbricales. From the deep series have been derived mm. contrahentes (including adductor pollicis), interossei, opponens pollicis, deep head of flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens digiti 5.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 393-405 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epididymis in the male bird consists of the rete testis, ductuli efferentia, and epididymal tubules. The rete testis is lined with cuboidal epithelium not resting on a basement membrane. When distended with sperm the epithelium appears squamous-like. The tubuli efferentia are lined for the most part with pseudostratied ciliated columnar epithelium resting on a basement membrane. The epithelium is thrown into permanent longitudinal ridges. The epididymal tubules are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium resting on a bastment membrane.The three types of genital ducts are intermingled to some extent, but maintain a definite sequence in their connection with one another. The rete testis drains into the tubuli efferentia, and the latter into the epididymal tubules. These drain into the vas deferens.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 459-487 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the male sexual cycles of five species of Plethodontid salamanders indicated that annually occurring non-functional regions at the anterior and posterior ends of the testis are associated with the two types of germ cell degeneration: (1) extensive degeneration of secondary spermatogonia in the anterior region; (2) complete degeneration in the posterior region, beginning with the young spermatocytes, of all germ cells except the primary spermatogonia. The improbability of the posterior degenerations being caused by a suggested climatic action is discussed. The presence only in urodeles of a caudo-cephalic polarity of spermatogenesis over the length of the testis and of these degenerations seem more than a coincidence. The abortive spermatogenetic cycle of immature males shows a caudo-cephalic sequence and the stages of degeneration that are identical with the adult. Inanition experiments indicate that the formation of secondary spermatogonia and the ability to form sperm are not synonomous. It is suggested, therefore, that normally more of the testis is activated than can be brought to a successful spermatogenesis. Since spermatogenesis moves caudo-cephalically, the posterior end will be left outside the functional zone, and consequently the cells degenerate. The anterior degenerations and the failure of anterior end of the testis to be involved in spermatogenesis, mark the anterior regulation of the spermatogenetic process. Degenerations can be regarded as the by-product of the regulation of overactivation.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
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  • 159
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    Notes: Testicular cells obtained from Manchurians were chiefly employed for the study. In the primary spermatocyte the X-chromosome presents a three-segmented structure similar to that of rats. This was not clear in our previous studies, probably due to some technical failure. Of the three segments, one frequently assumes a shape suggestive of the Y-chromosome to some authors, but this never disjoins in the first maturation division, and accordingly it cannot be regarded as a true Y. The three segments are designated as P, D1 and D2 segment, the latter two are occasionally combined to form a single D segment. The P segment presents such a great modification of shape, that it led some authors to misinterpretation. The identification of the X-chromosome was uncertain in the spermatogonial group of chromosomes, but in every case of good fixation forty-seven distinct chromosomes were found.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 165-173 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations are reported which fully establish the aglomerular nature of the kidney in the following teleostean species: Hippocampus trimaculatus, Hippocampus kuda, Hippocampus hudsonius, Microphis boaja, Batrachus grunniens and Pterophryne histrio. It is possible that we are dealing with an additional aglomerular species (Microphis sp.), but this cannot be determined from the available material. All species were taken in sea water except Microphis boaja and Microphis sp., which were taken in fresh water.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 285-307 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoplasm of Opalinid infusorians contains two principal components; the mitochondria and the vegetative granules of the endoplasm. A third component in the form of Golgi bodies has been previously described. Under the influence of radium radiations the mitochondria are re-orientated so that they assume a transverse polarity to the longitudinal axis of the organism. Later the mitochondria are segregated by the radiations so that they lie apart from the vegetative granules with which they are closely associated in the normal organism.
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  • 162
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    Notes: The development of the gonads of the marsh hawk, Circus hudsonius, Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperi, and the red-tailed hawk, Buteo borealis borealis has been investigated. The occurrence and relatively long persistence of the cortex on both testes of the marsh hawk is evidence of bilateral amphisexuality in this form. The embryonic condition of the ovaries is related to the degree of asymmetry in the adult organs. Nearly symmetrical, paired ovaries were found in three species and varying amounts of reduction of the right ovary in all others.The disappearance of the right oviduct in the ontogeny of the female red-tailed hawk and the occurrence of accessory gonad tissue in male embryos of the same species are described and figured. The extent of reduction of the right ovary of eleven species is described, figured and classified. The following species are listed in the above order of classification: Circus hudsonius, Accipiter cooperi, Accipiter velox velox, Accipiter atricapillus atricapillus, Falco sparverius sparverius, Aquila chrysaëtos canadensis, Buteo borealis borealis, Buteo lineatus lineatus, Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis, Cathartes aura septentrionalis, Buteo platypterus platypterus.It is concluded that two ways by which organs may disappear are realized in the right ovary and oviduct of the hawks. (1) by failure of an embryonic inductor in the case of the ovary, and (2) in the right oviduct by secondary atrophy of an originally well-developed embryonic structure.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 433-451 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nasal capsule of the chameleon differs greatly from that of other lizards in several respects. Cartilage is extremely persistent, particularly in the roof. The anterior chamber is produced backward to form an accessory posterior chamber. This posterior extension lies lateral to the olfactory chamber, from which it is incompletely divided by a longitudinal fold which may represent the normal concha.The organ of Jacobson is extremely reduced and occupies an abnormal position with relation to other structures. The olfactory nerves and their branches are much reduced, and the olfactory epithelium is poorly developed. The chameleon is at best a microsmatic animal.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 473-484 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This work was undertaken in an effort to determine the reason why the hepatic cell mitochondria of some animals show a structural response to adrenalin while others show no such reaction.It was found that those animals whose mitochondria are altered by adrenalin undergo a relatively great increase in the percentage of water in the liver. This acquisition of fluid by the liver is accompanied by a disturbance of the cell-plasma ratio of the blood. Those species whose mitochondria show no reaction to adrenalin have no change of volatile liver water, haematocrit reading, and probably have no change of total blood volume.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
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  • 166
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 3-15 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparisons have been made of the weights of the suprarenals of 525 mature female dogs in dioestrus, oestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Tables and graphs show that there was a slight increase in the size of the suprarenals during oestrus. There was hypertrophy of both the cortex and the medulla in the oestrous dogs. Only slight increase was shown in the weights of the glands of pregnant animals when the net body weight was considered and no increase when the total body weight was used in the study. There was no hypertrophy of the glands of lactating animals.There was only a slight variation in the seasonal occurrence of oestrus. From 34 to 37% of the total numbers of mature females examined in the seasons were found to be in oestrus. From 13 to 16% of the total numbers were found to be pregnant.
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  • 167
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    Notes: Nucleoli in the germ cells of certain Orthoptera, Hemiptera and the crayfish have been studied. In Ceuthophilus (camel cricket) these bodies are found to be definitely connected with chromatin threads and are believed to be products of chromatin.The large structure in the ova of Nemobius (cricket) is interpreted as a nucleolus because of its very irregular behavior and apparent complete disappearance.It is found that some of the nucleoli of Gelastocoris (toad bug) arise within the chromatin threads.Observations on Cambarus (crayfish) fail to show nucleolar extrusion, a phenomenon which has formerly been reported for this form.The unique behavior and fate of the nucleolar material in Pselliopus (true bug) is described. In this species the nucleolar material is added to and becomes part of the general oxychromatin network of the nucleus.This study fully supports the opinion that nucleoli have a chromatin origin.
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  • 168
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    Notes: A new limb skeleton will form in regenerating limbs of the larval Amblystoma in which the humerus had been completely removed. The cartilage of the new limb skeleton develops out of a blastema in which there are no cells of cartilage origin. This regeneration blastema is a composite structure made up of cells derived from a dedifferentiation of the injured tissues of the limb. The tissues which have been observed as contributing to the regeneration blastema are: muscles, especially the muscles of the shoulder; connective tissue of the sheath of the brachial nerve plexus; muscle connective tissue; and, to a certain extent, subcutaneous connective tissue. The new cartilage of the limb skeleton develops out of this composite blastema by means of a differentiation of cells in the central axis of the blastema.The amount of cartilage regenerated appears to depend on the mass of the blastema. When the blastema does not extend fully into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the head of the developing humerus is deficient in size and structure. However, a complete limb skeleton is regenerated when the blastema does extend fully into the glenoid cavity.Since the new cartilage of the regenerated limb has no genetic continuity with the old limb skeleton, it would appear that the limb field exerts some kind of histogenetic determining action.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 263-297 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning.The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands - the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar.The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment.The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 503-521 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: In early embryonic stages of Passalus there are, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and ten abdominal ganglia; one ganglion to each body segment. Before hatching the tenth, ninth and eighth abdominal ganglia coalesce. During the three larval instars the terminal ganglion remains in the sixth abdominal segment and only minor changes occur. By the end of the third day of pupal life the adult form of the nervous system is practically assumed. All abdominal ganglia are fused into a single, solid, elongated ganglionic mass. Connectives have disappeared between meso- and meta-thoracic and between metathoracic and abdominal ganglia; and with exception of the brain, sub-oesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, the entire ventral chain has come to lie in the mesothorax. The peripheral nerves still arise from the ganglia and ganglionic mass in their same relative positions and still supply the same segments in which they were originally located.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 599-607 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Analysis of measurements of the trunk region of the vertebral column and of the various segments of the wing and leg skeleton in sixty-four specimens (thirty-four males, thirty females) of Fulica americana shows that: The males average about 7% larger (longer) than females in all parts of the skeleton; the difference is uniform throughout the body. The coefficient of variability ranges from about 3.00 (humerus, et al.) to about 5.00 (hind toe). The correlation between lengths of parts is very high between different segments of the wing skeleton, or of the leg; it is somewhat less between homologous segments of the wing and leg; and it is still less between limbs and trunk. This decreasing order of correlation indicates an increasing order of independence of variability. The wing proportions in Fulica are those characteristic of the type of flight called flatterflug. The proportions of the leg are those of a bird moderately adapted for cursorial locomotion; the very long toes characterize a swimming bird.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 173
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 31-59 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The little capsules in which snails of this family deposit eggs are so durable as sometimes to be found adherent to museum specimens; hitherto, however, detailed descriptions of such capsules have been restricted to the capsules long known as made by Neritina fluviatilis in fresh waters of Europe. The present paper adds descriptions, with measurements and sketches, of Neritina reclivata from Florida, Neritina virginea, Neritina punctulata, Theodoxus mneleagris, Nerita peloronta, Nerita alticola, Nerita tesselata and Neritilia succinea from Jamaica, British West Indies.These capsules are found to be remarkable in that the digestive tract aids in their formation; that is, the capsules are made as secretions of the lower oviduct to which mineral particles are added, and these mineral particles are supplied from the intestine and stored up in a special sac opening into the oviduct. Moreover, the mineral particles are of twofold origin; in some Neritinas they come from the ooze taken in with the food and passed through the intestine; in some Neritas they come from the liver as calcospherites, to be passed through the intestine.It is hoped that the data given will aid future descriptions of capsules from other species till a firm foundation is built for utilization of these capsules as aids in taxonomy.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 105-112 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: There is as yet no proof that the prepollex and postminimus ever occurred as actual digits. Romer's discovery of previous confusion of the preaxial with the postaxial fin border of Sauripterus allows a more accurate interpretation of primitive conditions. The latter involved essential asymmetry. The carpal cartilages of the Sauripterus type offin must have split into transverse rows. When the radius and ulna had become of equal length there was redistribution of the most proximal carpals, thus displacing elements in the other rows. It seems that eventually the original first carpale assumed the position and function of a first metacarpal, while the original fifth metacarpale assumed the position and function of a fifth carpale.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 113-129 
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    Notes: The external genitalia of female termites are readily homologized with those of female roaches. Mastotermes and other representative termites from every family are compared and their phylogenetic relationships within the group are found to agree, with the exception of the Hodotermitidae, with those based on studies of other structures.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 131-145 
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    Notes: A hitherto unknown secondary sex character in male frogs consists of a series of connective tissue bands which extends the entire length of both layers of the Obliquus muscle, at both their dorsal and ventral borders. Extensions of the ventral bands may be carried inward toward the midline at certain of the inscriptiones tendinae. These bands are named the Lineae masculinae. They are clearly visible in specimens from which the skin has been removed, and are visible even through the skin in living specimens of certain species of Kaloula.Ninety-one genera and 553 species of the frogs and toads of the world were examined for the presence or absence of this structure. It is distinct in the common American and European ranids, such as Rana pipiens and Rana esculenta. It is entirely absent in many genera. When present it is found only in adult males, being absent in sexually immature males and females of all ages. Examination revealed no seasonal variations in males of Rana pipiens. This indicates that there is some correlation between the expression of this character and the sexual hormones. No function is assigned to the Linea masculina, although it is suggested that it may be associated in some way with voice production. A discussion of the taxonomic distribution of the character is included.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 213-251 
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    Notes: The hyobranchial apparatus and throat musculature of the plethodontid salamanders are examined. The interhyoideus is thought to be the homologue of the intermandibularis posterior and the posterior part of the intermandibularis anterior. The quadrato-pectoralis is found only in Desmognathus (Leurognathus?), and Aneides. Its presence in the former is a primitive condition; in the latter, secondary. The gularis had its phylogenetical origin as a slip from the quadrato-pectoralis. The lingual cartilage is found only in Gyrinophilus, Pseudotriton, Eurycea, and Manculus. It is the homologue of the [sehnenplatte] of Salamandra; not the otoglossal. The presence of the suprapeduncularis and the absence of the genioglossus is not peculiar to adult free tongued genera. The anatomical evidence allies Batrachoseps with Hydromantes and Oedipus. The latter two genera are derived from ancient Plethodon stock, not from Gyrinophilus stock. Stereochilus, Typhlotriton, and Typholomolge are the degenerate descendants from ancient Gyrinophilus stock.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 429-459 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Accounts of binary fission for two species of Chilomastix by Bélar ('21) and Boeck and Tanable ('26) differ. Consequently, investigations were initiated to study the cytology and to determine the nature of binary filssion in Chilomastix mesnili of man, Chilomastix mesnili (?) of anthropoid apes and monkeys, and Chilomastix intestinalis of guinea pigs.The material used for the study included the following: four heavily infected human cases of Chilomastix mesnili, twenty-one infections of Chilomastix mesnili (?) from a survey of thirty-six anthropoid apes and monkeys at the Philadelphia Zoölogical Gardens, and Chilomastix intestinalis from six guinea pigs.The results of the investigations indicate that binary fission of the above three species of Chilomastix are similar in essential details. Encystment is described for the species from man and from anthropoid apes and monkeys. No evidence for mitosis within the cysts was obtained for C. mesnili of man. In C. mesnili (?) from primates other than man, the appearance of cyst nuclei resembling mitotic processes is explained as variations occurring in nuclei. Binucleate cysts are believed to be formed by the encystment of abnormal binucleate individuals which never had undergone plasmotomy after division of the nuclei.
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  • 179
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    Notes: Studies of regeneration in a denuded area 3 to 5 mm. square made by dissecting away the epidermis and underlying dermis were carried out both in the living animal and with the aid of histological sections. During the reconstitution of the area pigmented cells appeared in the new epidermis. There was no evidence that they wandered in from the surrounding epidermis. They developed in situ and most of them later disappeared. In the deeper tissues of the regenerating area, pigmented cells appeared in localized areas which gradually increased in size and density of color and formed typical black spots. These remained permanently.If the incision passed through or close to an original spot there was migration of melanophores into the adjacent territory and the subsequent formation of a spot. All other new spots were formed from melanophores which appeared in situ, by the formation of pigment in cells which had previously been unpigmented.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 573-583 
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    Notes: The number and behavior of the chromosomes have been investigated in the spermatogenesis of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis. The spermatogonium contains sixty-two chromosomes, which are composed of twelve atelomitic V-shaped ones, and eighteen long and thirty-two short telomitic ones. The haploid number of chromosomes is ascertained to be thirty-one in both of the primary and secondary spermatocytes.The chromosomal relation between the present species and Megalobatrachus japonicus, a closely related form, has been discussed.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 585-613 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: 1. The developing chick thyroid consists of epithelial plates or cords suspended in a sinus, probably lymphoid. These cords in cross section have the appearance of follicles.2. Growth in size is accomplished by fusion of follicles. Growth in number of the latter by proliferation of inter-follicular epithelial cells.3. Colloid first appears on the tenth day of incubation. The tadpole test indicates the beginning of functional activity at this time.4. During development there is a progressive decrease in the cytoplasm-nucleus ratio from 3.3: 1 on the third to 1.5: 1 on the nineteenth day, as measured in area, not volume.5. Not only is chromophobe and chromophile colloid present in different cells of the same follicle at the same time, but both are occasionally present in the same cell at the same time.6. Evidence of heightened activity in the chick thyroid are as Uhlenhuth (′28) describes them in salamanders: namely, high columnar cells, apically located secretion granules, and vacuoles of chromophobe colloid.7. Follicles in late developmental stages have, at some time during their functional cycles, tubular exits, which are thought to represent one path through which colloid reaches the circulatory spaces.8. Vital staining indicates that elements of the reticulo-endothelial system are present in the developing thyroid. Phagocytic cells in the gland of one embryo were observed phagocytosing entire erythrocytes.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 11-67 
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    Notes: In a study of the nuclear behavior of Paramecium aurelia, a process of self-fertilization, autogamy, has been discovered and traced through its essential steps. Autogamy is the counterpart, in a single animal, of conjugation. In autogamy, three micronuclear divisions lead to the formation of the gametic nuclei. These divisions are considered to be maturation divisions. The first division is characterized by a great increase in the size of the two vegetative micronuclei and the occurrence of long thread-like crescents. The second division results in the formation of eight nuclei, variable numbers of which continue to divide giving rise to the potential gametic nuclei. Two of the latter unite to form a synkaryon. The old macronucleus disintegrates. The fusion nucleus divides twice: two of the daughter nuclei become macronuclear anlagen, while the other two remain micronuclei. The macronuclear anlagen are distributed to two daughter cells at the time of the first cell division, when the micronuclei divide.The macronuclear changes in hemixis can be classified into three main types: (1) the extrusion of a relatively small number of spherical chromatin fragments; (2) the splitting of the macronucleus into two (generally) large independent portions - accompanied, or not, by the extrusion of smaller spherical bodies; (3) the complete disorganization by fragmentation of the macronucleus.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 353-427 
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    Notes: In ascidians the development of eggs and of buds are in sharp contrast. In bud development cell sizes are minimal throughout. Gross differentiation of form becomes apparent from the beginning, histological differentiation only when cell division is ending. The position of a cell relative to the whole determines its nature. Multiplication of cells continues until sufficient have been formed for the expression of all specific and other characters. In sexual development the egg is a large cell which divides until the minimal cell sizes characteristic of the species are obtained. The course of cleavage is a curve suggesting the attainment of a state of equlibrium. Commencing before fertilization and continuing during cleavage is a precocious differentiation of certain parts that inhibits further cell division and results in the formation of special larval structures that function when a mere fraction of the whole developmental period has elapsed. This differentiation may be suppressed, or may be retarded, without affecting the development of the rest of the egg. In the remaining parts cell division continues until minimal cell sizes are reached and only then does histological differentiation become apparent, as in asexual development. The number of cells thus formed is very small compared with that necessary for the expression of the full character of the species, and the newly functional postlarval organism is necessarily peculiar in structure.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 313-325 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Parabrotula dentiens is a viviparous deep sea Brotulid fish. The embryos at the 6 mm. stage are held within the ovarian cavity as are the embryos of Zoarces, the Embiotocidae, the Goodeidae, the Jenynsiidae and the Anablepidae in the later stages. The embryos of Parabrotula dentiens are equipped with external processes which are attached around the anus and to the ventral wall of the embryo for a short distance in front of the anus. The processes have a spongy connective tissue stroma and are covered with a syncytial layer. It is assumed that the processes augment the body surface of the embryos and have a nutrition-absorbing and an oxygen-absorbing function.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 265-311 
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    Notes: The development of the dorsal axial musculature is traced from Eryops, through Diadectes, to Dimetrodon. lguana, a modern form, is used for comparison. The axial muscles of a primitive form, such as Eryops, were thick, fleshy, and metameric; those of more advanced types, such as Dimetrodon, were light, highly tendinous, and largely unsegmented. Diadectes represents an intermediate stage. The changes in the muscles and related changes in the axial skeleton are closelyassociated with the development of active, terrestrial animals.
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  • 186
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    Notes: Fundulus and goldfish were subjected to varying degrees of temperature from 0° to 60°C. Heat rigor and lethal temperatures (37° to 40°C.) cause mitochondria to vesiculate, fragment, globulate and dissolve. The Golgi apparatus becomes swollen, breaks into small dictyosomes which migrate to the peripheral cytoplasm, and dissolves. Osmicated fat increases in amount. The vacuoles (vacuome) increase in number. Evidence is presented to show that dissolution of mitochondria takes place by three distinct methods; namely, (1) vesiculation, (2) fragmentation, (3) globulation. The mixochondriome hypothesis is proposed. This is based on the idea that the mitochondria differ in their chemical constitution, an idea which is supported by the fact that each kind of mitochondrion shows a characteristic manner of dissolution. It is believed that the semi-lunar vesicles of goldfish liver cells are not of mitochondrial origin, and that they and the Golgi apparatus are concerned in fat formation.
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  • 187
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    Notes: Cyto-centrosomes containing centrioles but lacking asters originate de novo in great number throughout the ooplasm of Habrobracon eggs during the formation of the first maturation metaphase. These cyto-centrosomes apparently arise from accessory nuclei which are formed from granules extruded by the germinal vesicle. The accessory nuclei react negatively to the Feulgen nucleal test.Asters similar to those present in artificially parthenogenetic eggs appear around many of the cyto-centrosomes, thus forming cytasters. These are manifest only after the female pronucleus establishes an association with a cyto-centrosome, which thus becomes the nuclear centrosome.In the parthenogenetic egg the centriole of the nuclear centrosome is continuous from one cell generation to the next, whereas the centrioles of the cyto-centrosomes which are unassociated with nuclear material are not perpetuated and disappear during early cleavage.Concerning the origin of the first cleavage centrioles in fertilized eggs, evidence shows that in some ova it is entirely maternal, that is, from two cyto-centrosomes, one associated with the female pronucleus and occupying one pole of the first mitotic spindle, and the other associated with the male pronucleus and located at the opposite pole; while in other ova it is maternal-paternal; from two centrosomes, one the sperm centrosome which occupies one pole of the first cleavage spindle, and the other a cyto-centrosome associated with the female pronucleus and situated at the opposite pole.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 243-261 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Collections of Campeloma rufum were made at all seasons of the year from the Salt Fork River at Homer Park, Illinois, for gross anatomical and histological studies. No males nor male reproductive cells were found, all individuals showing definite female structures. The gonad, found on the columellar surface of the digestive gland, shows ovarian cells. A U-shaped tube from the albumen gland to the uterus receives the oviduct near its proximal end. This duct leads into a glandular pocket, the shell gland, which in turn empties into the sac-like uterus. The uterus terminates near the edge of the mantle in a muscular vaginal tube. The previously undescribed kidney, a glandular, pyramidal organ, lies posterior and to the left of the upper end of the mantle cavity. The kidney possesses two orifices opening into the pericardium and ureter respectively. The ureter opens between the vagina and the anus. Intra-uterine young were observed during all seasons of the year varying progressively from small veliger to fully formed young. A later paper on oogenesis, will attempt to substantiate parthenogentic reproduction for C. rufum.
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  • 189
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    Notes: A detailed study of Wright's polydactylous monster (produced by a semi-dominant lethal gene) indicates that it belongs to a general type found also in rare human cases. The diagnostic characteristics are: clubbed feet and approximately double the usual number of digits, embryonic posture, microphthalmia and enlargement of the diencephalon, and missing tibia and telescoped sternum; all organ systems in the body except the genital and circulatory are grossly abnormal. The defects appear to be produced by an arrest of morphogenesis and an alteration of relative growth rates. It is indicated that a controlling center of digit formation exists on the lateral (postaxial) side of the foot, that skeletal and dermal structures are controlled by it, but that muscles are differentiated according to the area of the limb in which they lie. The gene itself is not atavistic, although its effects in the heterozygote have that appearance.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 393-413 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The microscopical examination of the first haploid salamander to live through metamorphosis shows that the transformation to a terrestrial vertebrate was normal and practically completed at the time of its death. All the organs and structures that develop shortly before and during metamorphosis and are typical for the adult salamander, e.g., the integument, the pharyngeal derivatives, and various glands of special function, are present.The nuclei in all organs and tissues of the haploid animal are smaller than normal. This is indirect evidence of the uniformly haploid condition of the animal. The majority of the organs are smaller than in the control but contain a larger number of cells. In some glands, the reduced cell size has been completely compensated by the increase in cell number.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 375-391 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the pancreatic islands in Rana clamitans, R. catesbiana, R. sylvatica and Hyla versicolor during various stages of development. The islands, which were first seen in the 8-mm. R. clamitans larvae, originate from the endodermal cells of the primitive pancreatic anlagen. Following early larval development in all of the species, new islands differentiate from the cells of the pancreatic ductules. During metamorphosis, much of the acinous tissue degenerates, but the islands persist. They become aggregated and the definitive islands are formed from the primary islands before the mature adult stage is reached.With the azure-eosin technique, two types of island cells were distinguishable before, or at the time of metamorphosis, in all of the anurans studied. They are designated as the red and blue types. The blue cells are considered the primitive or embryonic type, and may transform into the red type; or the red type may originate independently.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 523-557 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries of bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and M. grisescens, have been studied in all phases, except gestation, of the annual reproductive cycle. Oocytes arise in the germinal epithelium and grow with an orderly differentiation of the storage products of metabolism - chondriosomes, fat drops, and yolk vesicles. The evidence indicates that the zona pellucida is derived from the oocyte. Squamous cells of the primary follicle become cuboidal and then columnar as follicular growth begins (unilaminar secondary stage). The secondary follicle becomes multilaminar and in a very few cases gives rise to a tertiary follicle by antrum formation. Most growing follicles undergo retrogression by one of two methods. Degeneration of type I is common in multilaminar follicles and begins in the granulosa which is almost completely obliterated before the oocyte is affected. Spindles occur in some of these oocytes and fragmentation is common; phagocytes eliminate the contents of the zona. In type II, which is rare and has been found only in unilaminar secondary follicles, the oocyte degenerates, leaving an uninjured granulosa. Medullary cords are common embryonic vestiges in these ovaries; epithelial nodules are less frequent. Interstitial cells are very numerous in newborn bats, arise throughout life from the hypertrophied thecae internae of retrogressing follicles of type I, are phagocytized and, also, undergo hyaline degeneration, are hypertrophied in late pregnancy, and continue so during lactation.
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  • 193
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    Notes: Separation of the mantle from the visceral mass on the right side in deeply cupped species of oyster provides a shorter channel for egress of water from the right demibranchs. Correlated with this change is reduction in size of the right epibranchial chamber beneath the adductor together with backward displacement of the adductor itself. This water passage, designated the promyal chamber, develops during the first week after attachment of the oyster larva. The greatest displacement of the adductor and the largest promyal chamber occur in O. frons. The mantle border shows three reduplications of which the innermost, the pallial curtain, controls the amount and the place of entrance and egress of water. The importance of pallial curtains and promyal chamber to survival in turbid waters is discussed; oysters with the promyal chamber have invaded the river mouths, the flat oysters without this chamber have remained in the clear waters of high salinity near the sea. The bearing of these factors on the disappearance of fossil oysters is considered. It is proposed to relate to the genus Ostrea all flat, larviparous oysters which lack the promyal chamber and to raise the subgenus Gryphaea to generic rank to include all deeply cupped oviparous oysters with the promyal chamber. Anatomical and histological features of the pallium and branchial chambers are considered in detail.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 169-183 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 195
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chlamydoselachus anguineus has, extending across the upper front mouth just behind the origin of the rear teeth of each row, a shelf of tissue forming a functional breathing valve. Valves of three types were found in five specimens. One has the hinder edge crescentic, another is like the head of a ‘broad arrow,’ and the third is intermediate in outline. A similar valve, crescentic in outline has been found in the upper front mouth of a 13-foot specimen of Cetorhinus maximus dissected in the American Museum.Breathing valves are briefly described in thirteen marine teleosts at Tortugas, Florida. Some fishes had only maxillary valves, some mandibular, and a few had both. These consist of thin folds of tissue which swing back and forth as the fish breathes. A brief summary is given of breathing valves in other teleosts and in sharks and rays.The function of breathing valves in fishes is to prevent regurgitation of water during expiration as the fish swims along with partly open mouth. It is also correlated with feeding where the food is impaled on the teeth and held for swallowing, or where the fish feeds on pelagic organisms collected by swimming along with open mouth.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 147-167 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoplasmic structures in the spermioteleosis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus were studied, using various fixatives and stains including vital and smear techniques.Mitochondria appear in all stages following spermatogonia, exhibiting characteristic appearances during mitoses and in the spermatids. The [central substance] in the halves of the nebenkern becomes localized along the edges of the outgrowing [ribbons] as the source of the marginal filament. The undulating membrane apparently is formed by the fusion of these [ribbons.] The axial filament arises from the distal centriole, being permanently attached thereto, and lies along one edge of the undulating membrane of the tail.Golgi bodies are first observed in the secondary spermatocyte; they behave characteristically during spermiogenesis, producing the acrosome and leaving a residuum, the Golgi remnant, to be sloughed off with the cytoplasm from the tail.Chromatoid bodies occur in some spermatids but not in others. They migrate backward along the axial filament to be rejected with the Golgi remnant.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 198
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The left side of the coelom of the fish is occupied by the large liver and the right side by the remaining digestive organs. The alimentary tract makes one complete coil upon itself in the coelom and terminates in an anus behind the ventral fin. The spleen is in a position dorsolateral to the liver, and its typical histological structure is modified by the presence of pancreatic tissue. The pancreas is scattered through the mesenteries of the organs in this region.The swim bladder is dorsal to the visceral organs and outside of the abdominal peritoneum. It is extensively bifurcated in the male, but only slightly bifurcated in the female.The two kidneys lie posterior to the gills and ventral to the spinal column. Two wolffian ducts arise from their posterior ends and extend posteriorly, uniting near the end of the coelom to form one duct which extends to the urinary bladder which opens into the urogenital sinus.The gonads are posterior to the anterior portion of the digestive tract. Posteriorly, the gonads open into the urogenital sinus which opens anterior to the anal fin.The anatomy of the circulatory system is unusual in that the dorsal aorta is situated on the left side of the spinal column. The right posterior cardinal vein remains as the continuation of the caudal vein.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 317-333 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pigmentary system of Palaemonetes vulgaris contains four pigments. These are red, yellow, blue, and white. With the exception of the blue all are found exclusively within chromatophores and are capable of becoming either dispersed into chromatophore branches or concentrated into chromatophore centers. The state of dispersion or concentration of each pigment is quite independent of the state of any other pigment and is determined by the color of the background upon which the animal lies. It is by the mixing of appropriately colored pigments by dispersion of those pigments that the animal adapts itself to its background. The blue pigment appears to be in the same chromatophore with the red but its dispersal is not restricted by the confines of the pigment cells, and its disappearance from tissues seems to be a case of destruction in situ. The rates of measured in background changes. In the case of each pigment, concentration was more rapid than dispersion and the rates for the red and white pigments were approximately the same.
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  • 200
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial sections and dissections of the eye and orbit of Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck) reveal a relatively well-developed accommodation muscle (m. retractor lentis or campanula Halleri) supplied by a ramus of the short ciliary nerve which traverses the region of the vitreous humor in an invaginated fold of choroid, the processus falciformis. The ramus contains chiefly heavily myelinated nerve fibers with a few finely myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. The type, origin and probable function of these constituents follows: 1.Medullated postganglionic processes of ciliary ganglion cells about which end the preganglionic fibers of the oculomotor nerve.2.Medullated postganglionic fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion which traverse the ciliary ganglion to join the nerve. These and (4) may supply accompanying blood vessels.3.Medullated sensory fibers to the profundus ganglion.4.Unmedullated or finely medullated fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion.
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